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遵义会议是一个转折点,主要是因为它
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遵义会议成为中国__从幼稚走向成熟的标志主要是因为这次会议
结束了王明“左倾”错误在中__的统治
确立了以__为核心的新__的正确领导
成为中共历史上生死攸关的转折点
是中共独立地运用马克思主义原理解决自己问题的开始
遵义会议是中共历史上一个生死攸关的转折点开始形成以__同志为 核心的党的第一代__集体
中国__历史上第一个生死攸关的转折点是
黎平会议
遵义会议
会理会议
两河口会议
下列对遵义会议的描述中正确的是
会议集中解决了具有决定意义的军事和组织问题
会议增选__为中央__常委
会后决定由叶挺代替博古负中央总的责
遵义会议是中共历史上一个生死攸关的转折点
遵义会议开始形成以__同志为核心的党的第一代__集体
民主革命时期成为中国__历史上一个生死攸关的转折点的会议是
八七会议
遵义会议
瓦窑堡会议
洛川会议
成为民主革命时期中国__历史上一个生死枚关的转折点的会议是
八七会议
洛川会议
中共六大
遵义会议
遵义会议是一个转折点主要是因为它
解决了军事问题
解决了组织问题
解决了__思想路线问题
事实上确立__的领导地位
为什么说遵义会议是中国__历史上一个伟大的转折点
成为中国__历史上一个生死攸关转折点的会议是
中共一大
中共二大
遵义会议
八七会议
1935年1月召开的成为党的历史上一个生死攸关的转折点
黎平会议
古田会议
遵义会议
中华民族由衰落走向振兴的历史转折点是遵义会议的召开
确立了__在__和红军的领导地位成为党的历史上一个生死攸关的转折点
八七会议
遵义会议
洛川会议
瓦窑堡会议
中华民族由危亡走向振兴的历史转折点是遵义会议的召开
1935年1月召开的成为党的历史上一个生死攸关的转折点
黎平会议
古田会议
遵义会议
遵义会议是中国__历史上一个生死攸关的转折点
1935年1月在革命的危急关头中__召开了遵义会议它是中国__历史上一个生死攸关的转折点它主要讨
军事和组织
工农运动
土地革命
是我党历史上一个生死攸关的转折点
遵义会议
红军长征
五四运动
西安事变
有关遵义会议与长征的关系说法正确的是
进行长征是遵义会议作出的重要决定
遵义会议是红军长征的转折点,结束了王明“左”倾__在中央的统治
遵义会议对长征的得失进行了充分的总结
遵义会议的召开标志着长征取得了伟大的胜利
发生在抗日战争时期的遵义会议是党的历史上一个生死攸关的转折点
长征途中召开的遵义会议是党的历史上一个生死攸关的转折点它着重解决的问题是
组织路线问题
军事路线问题
思想路线问题
革命纲领问题
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Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Thehumanbraincandoalotofwonderfulthings;manyoftheminclude1masteryofcomplexfeedbacksystemswithlong2Forexampleconsiderhowdifficultraisingachildtrulyis.Manyfactorsare3includingthenutritionalphysicalemotionalandmentalconditionofthechildandthefeedbackofthesefactors4thebehaviorofthoseinvolvedinraisingthechild.To5mattersmanyoftheresponsesofthechild/parentsystemtakeyearsto6themselves.Yetbillionsofparentshavesomehow7tofeedclotheprotectnurturehealteachandlovetheirchildren8successfuladulthood. 9allourintuitivesophisticationindealingwithcomplicatedsituationsit’’sa10toseehowpoorlywedealwithsomenewersystemsmostof11broughtaboutbytechnology. BothraisingchildrenandprotectingEarth’’slife-supportsystemsare12oflifeanddeath;inthelongtermtheyareequallyimportant.But13ourbrainsseemfairlywellpreparedforthelong-termprocessofraisingkidsweseemtohave14built-inskillfortakingcareoftheenvironmentthatsupportsusanychildrenwemighthaveandallother15.Itseemsthatthethinkingpartsofourbrainscan’’tdealwithcomplicatedsystemsandtheirlong-term16andthe17partsofourbrainsthatcandealwithcomplexsystemsdon’’thelpusmuchoutsideoftheir18areas.Oneofthegoalsofsystemsscienceistousemathandcomputerstohelppeoplegetbetter19takingcareofEarth’’slife-supportsystems.Thetaskinvolvesteachingourthinkingbrainsabout20complicatedsystemswork.
Whatoursocietysuffersfrommosttodayistheabsenceofconsensusaboutwhatitandlifeinitoughttobe.Suchconsensuscannotbegainedfromsociety’’spresentstageorfromfantasiesaboutwhatitoughttobe.Forthatthepresentistoocloseandtoodiversifiedandthefuturetoouncertaintomakebelievableclaimsaboutit.AconsensusinthepresenthencecanbeachievedonlythroughasharedunderstandingofthepastasHomer’’sepics史诗informedthosewholivedcenturieslaterwhatitmeanttobeGreekandbywhatimagesandidealstheyweretolivetheirlivesandorganizetheirsocieties. Mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistoryalanguagealltheirownacommonreligioncommonancestry.Themythsbywhichtheylivearebasedonallofthese.ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrantscomingfromagreatvarietyofnations.Latelyithasbeenemphasizedthatanasocialnarcissistic自我陶醉的personalityhasbecomecharacteristicofAmericansandthatitisthistypeofpersonalitythatmakesforthelackofwell-beingbecauseitpreventsusfromachievingconsensusthatwouldcounteractatendencytowithdrawintoprivateworlds.InhisstudyofnarcissismChristopherLaschsaysthatmodernmantorturedbyself-consciousnessturnstonewtherapiesnottofreehimselfofhispersonalworriesbuttofindmeaningandpurposeinlifetofindsomethingtolivefor.Thereiswidespreaddistressbecausenationalmoralehasdeclinedandwehavelostanearliersenseofnationalvisionandpurpose. Contrarytorigidreligionsorpoliticalbeliefsasarefoundintotalitarian极权主义的societiesourcultureisoneofgreatindividualdifferencesatleastinprincipleandintheory.Butthisleadstodisunityevenchaos.Americansbelieveinthevalueofdiversitybutjustbecauseoursisasocietybasedonindividualdiversityitneedsconsensusaboutsomedominatingideasmorethansocietiesbasedonuniformoriginoftheircitizens.Henceifwearetohaveconsensusitmustbebasedonamyth―avision―aboutacommonexperienceaconquestthatmadeusAmericansasthemythabouttheconquestofTroyformedtheGreeks.Onlyacommonmythcanofferrelieffromthefearthatlifeiswithoutmeaningorpurpose.Mythspermitustoexamineourplaceintheworldbycomparingittoasharedidea.Mythsaresharedfantasiesthatformthetiethatbindstheindividualtoothermembersofhisgroup.Suchmythshelptowardofffeelingsofisolationguiltanxietyandpurposelessness―inshorttheycombatisolationandthebreakdownofsocialstandardsandvalues. Intheauthor’’sviewthegreatesttroublewiththeU.S.societyliesinthe
Oneofthequestionsthatiscomingintofocusaswefacegrowingscarcityofresourcesofmanykindsintheworldishowtodividelimitedresourcesamongcountries.Intheinternationaldevelopmentcommunitytheconventionalwisdomhasbeenthatthe2billionpeoplelivinginpoorcountriescouldneverexpecttoreachthestandardoflivingthatmostofusinNorthAmericaenjoysimplybecausetheworlddoesnotcontainenoughironoreproteinpetroleumandsoon.AtthesametimeweintheUnitedStateshavecontinuedtopursuesuperaffluenceasthoughtherewerenolimitsonhowmuchwecouldconsume.Wemakeup6percentoftheworld’’speople;yetweconsumeone-thirdoftheworld’’sresources. Aslongastheresourcesweconsumedeachyearcameprimarilyfromwithinourownboundariesthiswaslargelyaninternalmatter.Butasourresourcescomemoreandmorefromtheoutsideworldoutsiders’’’aregoingtohavesomesayovertherateatwhichandtermsunderwhichweconsume.Wewillnolongerbeabletothinkintermsofourresourcesandtheirresourcesbutonlyofcommonresources. AsAmericansconsumingsuchadisproportionateshareoftheworld’’sresourceswehavetoquestionwhetherornotwecancontinueourpursuitofsuperaffluenceinaworldofscarcity.Wearenowreachingthepointwherewemustcarefullyexaminethepresumedlinkbetweenourlevelofwell-beingandthelevelofmaterialgoodsconsumed.Ifyouhaveonlyonecrustofbreadandgetanothercrustofbreadyourwell-beingisgreatlyenhanced.Butifyouhavealoafofbreadthenanadditionalcrustofbreaddoesn’’tmakethatmuchdifference.IntheeyesofmostoftheworldtodayAmericanshavetheirloafofbreadandareaskingforstillmore.Peopleelsewherearebeginningtoaskwhy.Thisisthequestionwe’’regoingtohavetoanswerwhetherwe’’retryingtopersuadecountriestostepuptheirexportsofoiltousortryingtoconvincethemthatweoughttobepermittedtomaintainourshareoftheworldfishcatch. Theprospectofascarcityofandcompetitionfortheworld’’sresourcesrequiresthatwereexaminethewayinwhichwerelatetotherestoftheworld.Itmeanswefindwaysofcuttingbackonresourceconsumptionthatisdependentontheresourcesandcooperationofothercountries.Wecannotexpectpeopleinthesecountriestoconcernthemselveswithourworseningenergyandfoodshortagesunlesswedemonstratesomeconcernforthehungerilliteracyanddiseasethatarediminishinglifeforthem. ThewriterwarnsAmericansthat
Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicapbutifproperlyhandleditmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWarithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitorgivingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld’’sbestitsworkerswerethemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed. Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitablytheretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustriessuchasconsumerelectronicshadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleftZenith.Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea’’sLGElectronicsinJuly.Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America’’smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.ForawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductorswhichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputeragewasgoingtobethenextcasualty. Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailingandthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica’’sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas. Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructurehasgoneonadiethaslearnttobemorequick-wittedaccordingtoRichardCavanaghexecutivedeanofHarvard’’sKennedySchoolofGovernment.ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivitysaysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstituteathink-tankinWashingtonD.C.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodasagoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates. Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’’ssleepdreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreamsawindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.AcenturyagoFreudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970sneurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjustmentalnoise―therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’’semotionalthermostatregulatingmoodswhilethebrainisoff-line.Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontroltohelpussleepandfeelbetter.It’’syourdreamsaysRosalindCartwrightchairofpsychologyatChicago’’sMedicalCenter.Ifyoudon’’tlikeitchangeit. Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREMrapideyemovementsleep―whenmostvividdreamsoccur―asitiswhenfullyawakesaysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystemtheemotionalbrainisespeciallyactivewhiletheprefrontalcortexthecenterofintellectandreasoningisrelativelyquiet.WewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressedandthosefeelingscanstaywithusalldaysaysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement. ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenightprogressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakeningsuggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’’sevents―untilitappearswebegintodream. Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawakenidentifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurstrytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearntoliterallydoitintheirsleep. Attheendofthedaythere’’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingorwewakeupinapanicCartwrightsays.Terrorismeconomicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople’’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofusthebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleeporratherdream―onitandyou’’llfeelbetterinthemorning. Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Manycountrieshaveatraditionofinvitingforeignerstorulethem.TheEnglishcalledinWilliamofOrangein1688anddependingonyourinterpretationofhistoryWilliamofNormandyin1066.Bothdidratheragoodjob.ReturningthecomplimentAlbaniaaskedawell-bredEnglishmancalledAubgreyHerberttobetheirkinginthe1920s.Herefused-andtheyendedupwithseveralcovescalledZog. Americathecountryofimmigrantshasnotruckwithimportedforeigntalent.Articletwooftheconstitutionsaysthat"nopersonexceptanatural-borncitizen..shallbeeligibletotheofficeofthepresident".Thisisnowbeingchallengedbyaparticularlyirresistibleimmigrant:ArnoldSchwarzenegger. BarelyayearhaspassedsincetheerstwhilecyborgswepttovictoryinCalifornia’srecallelectionyetthereisalreadyanAmend-for-ArnoldcampaigncollectingsignaturestolettheAustrian-borngovernorhaveagoattheWhiteHouse.GeorgeBushseniorhasweighedinonhisbehalf.Thereareseveral"Arnoldamendments"inCongress.oneallowsforeignerswhohavebeennaturalizedcitizensfor20yearstobecomepresident.TheAustrianbecameAmericanin1983. Itiseasytodismissthehooplaasanotherregrettableexampleofloopycelebritypolitics.Mr.Schwarzeneggerhasmadeadecentstartasgovernorbuthehasdonelittleasyettochangethestructureofhisdysfunctionalstate.IndeedevenifthelawwerechangedhecouldwellbeelbowedasidebyanotherincomerthistimefromCanada.theDemocraticgovernorofMichiganJenniferGranholmwhoappearstohavefewerskeletonsinherclosetthanthehedonisticactor. MoreoverchangingtheAmericanconstitutionisnododdle.Ithashappenedonly17timessince1791whenthefirsttenamendmentswerecodifiedasthebillofrights.Tochangetheconstitutionanamendmenthastobeapprovedbytwo-thirdsofbothhousesofCongressandthentoberatifiedbythree-quartersofthe50states.TheArnoldamendmentishardlyinthesamecategoryasabolishingslaveryorgivingwomenthevote.AndassomewagspointoutAustrianimportshaveaprettydodgyrecordofrunningmilitarysuperpowers ComparedwithJenniferGranholmMr.Schwarzeneggerisatdisadvantagedueto
Oneofthequestionsthatiscomingintofocusaswefacegrowingscarcityofresourcesofmanykindsintheworldishowtodividelimitedresourcesamongcountries.Intheinternationaldevelopmentcommunitytheconventionalwisdomhasbeenthatthe2billionpeoplelivinginpoorcountriescouldneverexpecttoreachthestandardoflivingthatmostofusinNorthAmericaenjoysimplybecausetheworlddoesnotcontainenoughironoreproteinpetroleumandsoon.AtthesametimeweintheUnitedStateshavecontinuedtopursuesuperaffluenceasthoughtherewerenolimitsonhowmuchwecouldconsume.Wemakeup6percentoftheworld’’speople;yetweconsumeone-thirdoftheworld’’sresources. Aslongastheresourcesweconsumedeachyearcameprimarilyfromwithinourownboundariesthiswaslargelyaninternalmatter.Butasourresourcescomemoreandmorefromtheoutsideworldoutsiders’’’aregoingtohavesomesayovertherateatwhichandtermsunderwhichweconsume.Wewillnolongerbeabletothinkintermsofourresourcesandtheirresourcesbutonlyofcommonresources. AsAmericansconsumingsuchadisproportionateshareoftheworld’’sresourceswehavetoquestionwhetherornotwecancontinueourpursuitofsuperaffluenceinaworldofscarcity.Wearenowreachingthepointwherewemustcarefullyexaminethepresumedlinkbetweenourlevelofwell-beingandthelevelofmaterialgoodsconsumed.Ifyouhaveonlyonecrustofbreadandgetanothercrustofbreadyourwell-beingisgreatlyenhanced.Butifyouhavealoafofbreadthenanadditionalcrustofbreaddoesn’’tmakethatmuchdifference.IntheeyesofmostoftheworldtodayAmericanshavetheirloafofbreadandareaskingforstillmore.Peopleelsewherearebeginningtoaskwhy.Thisisthequestionwe’’regoingtohavetoanswerwhetherwe’’retryingtopersuadecountriestostepuptheirexportsofoiltousortryingtoconvincethemthatweoughttobepermittedtomaintainourshareoftheworldfishcatch. Theprospectofascarcityofandcompetitionfortheworld’’sresourcesrequiresthatwereexaminethewayinwhichwerelatetotherestoftheworld.Itmeanswefindwaysofcuttingbackonresourceconsumptionthatisdependentontheresourcesandcooperationofothercountries.Wecannotexpectpeopleinthesecountriestoconcernthemselveswithourworseningenergyandfoodshortagesunlesswedemonstratesomeconcernforthehungerilliteracyanddiseasethatarediminishinglifeforthem. ThewritergivestheexampleofbreadtoshowthattheUnitedStates
Manycountrieshaveatraditionofinvitingforeignerstorulethem.TheEnglishcalledinWilliamofOrangein1688anddependingonyourinterpretationofhistoryWilliamofNormandyin1066.Bothdidratheragoodjob.ReturningthecomplimentAlbaniaaskedawell-bredEnglishmancalledAubgreyHerberttobetheirkinginthe1920s.Herefused-andtheyendedupwithseveralcovescalledZog. Americathecountryofimmigrantshasnotruckwithimportedforeigntalent.Articletwooftheconstitutionsaysthat"nopersonexceptanatural-borncitizen..shallbeeligibletotheofficeofthepresident".Thisisnowbeingchallengedbyaparticularlyirresistibleimmigrant:ArnoldSchwarzenegger. BarelyayearhaspassedsincetheerstwhilecyborgswepttovictoryinCalifornia’srecallelectionyetthereisalreadyanAmend-for-ArnoldcampaigncollectingsignaturestolettheAustrian-borngovernorhaveagoattheWhiteHouse.GeorgeBushseniorhasweighedinonhisbehalf.Thereareseveral"Arnoldamendments"inCongress.oneallowsforeignerswhohavebeennaturalizedcitizensfor20yearstobecomepresident.TheAustrianbecameAmericanin1983. Itiseasytodismissthehooplaasanotherregrettableexampleofloopycelebritypolitics.Mr.Schwarzeneggerhasmadeadecentstartasgovernorbuthehasdonelittleasyettochangethestructureofhisdysfunctionalstate.IndeedevenifthelawwerechangedhecouldwellbeelbowedasidebyanotherincomerthistimefromCanada.theDemocraticgovernorofMichiganJenniferGranholmwhoappearstohavefewerskeletonsinherclosetthanthehedonisticactor. MoreoverchangingtheAmericanconstitutionisnododdle.Ithashappenedonly17timessince1791whenthefirsttenamendmentswerecodifiedasthebillofrights.Tochangetheconstitutionanamendmenthastobeapprovedbytwo-thirdsofbothhousesofCongressandthentoberatifiedbythree-quartersofthe50states.TheArnoldamendmentishardlyinthesamecategoryasabolishingslaveryorgivingwomenthevote.AndassomewagspointoutAustrianimportshaveaprettydodgyrecordofrunningmilitarysuperpowers Theauthorofthetextmakesacontrastin
In1929JohnD.Rockefellerdecideditwastimetosellshareswhenevenashoe-shineboyofferedhimasharetip.DuringthepastweekTheEconomist’seconomicseditorhasbeenadvisedbyataxidriveraplumberandahairdresserthat"youcan’tgowrong"investinginhousing-themoreyouownthebetter.IsthisasignthatitistimetogetoutAttheveryleastashousepricesaroundtheworldclimbtoeverloftierheightsandmoreandmorepeoplejumpontothebuy-to-letladderitistimetoexposesomeofthefallaciesregularlytrottedoutbysomanyself-appointedhousingexperts. Onecommonerroristhathousepricesmustcontinuetorisebecauseofalimitedsupplyofland.Forinstanceitisarguedthat"housepriceswillalwaysriseinLondonbecauselotsofpeoplewanttolivehere".Butthisconfusesthelevelofpriceswiththeirrateofchange.Homepricesareboundtobehigherinbigcitiesbecauseoflandscarcitybutthisdoesnotguaranteethaturbanhousepriceswillkeeprisingindefinitely-justlookatTokyo’shugeprice-dropssince1990.Andthoughitistruethatafixedsupplyofhomesmaypushuphousepricesifthepopulationisrisingthiswouldimplyasteadyriseinpricesnotthe20%annualjumpsofrecentyears. Asecondflawedargumentisthatlowinterestratesmakebuyingahomecheaperandsopushupdemandandprices.Lowerinterestratesmayhaveallowedsomepeoplewhootherwisecouldnothaveaffordedamortgagetobuyahome.Butmanyborrowerswhothinkmortgagesarecheaperaresufferingfrommoneyillusion. Interestratesarenotverylowinrealinflation-adjustedterms.Initialinterestpaymentsmayseemlowinrelationtoincomebutbecauseinflationisalsolowitwillnoterodetherealburdenofdebtasswiftlyasitoncedid.Soinlateryearsmortgagepaymentswillbemuchlargerinrealterms.Toarguethatlownominalinterestratesmakebuyingahomecheaperislikearguingthatacarloanpaidoffoverfouryearsischeaperthanonerepaidovertwoyears. FallacynumberthreeisafavouriteclaimofAlanGreenspanchairmanofAmerica’sFederalReserve.Thisisthatpricebubblesarelesslikelyinhousingthaninthestockmarketbecausehighertransactioncostsdiscouragespeculation.Infactseveralstudieshaveshownthatbothintheoryandinpracticebubblesaremorelikelyinhousingthaninshares.AstudybytheIMFfindsthatasharpriseinhousepricesisfarmorelikelytobefollowedbyabustthanisashare-priceboom. Whatistherelationshipbetweentheopeningparagraphandtherestofthetext
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Whatoursocietysuffersfrommosttodayistheabsenceofconsensusaboutwhatitandlifeinitoughttobe.Suchconsensuscannotbegainedfromsociety’’spresentstageorfromfantasiesaboutwhatitoughttobe.Forthatthepresentistoocloseandtoodiversifiedandthefuturetoouncertaintomakebelievableclaimsaboutit.AconsensusinthepresenthencecanbeachievedonlythroughasharedunderstandingofthepastasHomer’’sepics史诗informedthosewholivedcenturieslaterwhatitmeanttobeGreekandbywhatimagesandidealstheyweretolivetheirlivesandorganizetheirsocieties. Mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistoryalanguagealltheirownacommonreligioncommonancestry.Themythsbywhichtheylivearebasedonallofthese.ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrantscomingfromagreatvarietyofnations.Latelyithasbeenemphasizedthatanasocialnarcissistic自我陶醉的personalityhasbecomecharacteristicofAmericansandthatitisthistypeofpersonalitythatmakesforthelackofwell-beingbecauseitpreventsusfromachievingconsensusthatwouldcounteractatendencytowithdrawintoprivateworlds.InhisstudyofnarcissismChristopherLaschsaysthatmodernmantorturedbyself-consciousnessturnstonewtherapiesnottofreehimselfofhispersonalworriesbuttofindmeaningandpurposeinlifetofindsomethingtolivefor.Thereiswidespreaddistressbecausenationalmoralehasdeclinedandwehavelostanearliersenseofnationalvisionandpurpose. Contrarytorigidreligionsorpoliticalbeliefsasarefoundintotalitarian极权主义的societiesourcultureisoneofgreatindividualdifferencesatleastinprincipleandintheory.Butthisleadstodisunityevenchaos.Americansbelieveinthevalueofdiversitybutjustbecauseoursisasocietybasedonindividualdiversityitneedsconsensusaboutsomedominatingideasmorethansocietiesbasedonuniformoriginoftheircitizens.Henceifwearetohaveconsensusitmustbebasedonamyth―avision―aboutacommonexperienceaconquestthatmadeusAmericansasthemythabouttheconquestofTroyformedtheGreeks.Onlyacommonmythcanofferrelieffromthefearthatlifeiswithoutmeaningorpurpose.Mythspermitustoexamineourplaceintheworldbycomparingittoasharedidea.Mythsaresharedfantasiesthatformthetiethatbindstheindividualtoothermembersofhisgroup.Suchmythshelptowardofffeelingsofisolationguiltanxietyandpurposelessness―inshorttheycombatisolationandthebreakdownofsocialstandardsandvalues. ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatChristopherLaschismostprobably
Whatoursocietysuffersfrommosttodayistheabsenceofconsensusaboutwhatitandlifeinitoughttobe.Suchconsensuscannotbegainedfromsociety’’spresentstageorfromfantasiesaboutwhatitoughttobe.Forthatthepresentistoocloseandtoodiversifiedandthefuturetoouncertaintomakebelievableclaimsaboutit.AconsensusinthepresenthencecanbeachievedonlythroughasharedunderstandingofthepastasHomer’’sepics史诗informedthosewholivedcenturieslaterwhatitmeanttobeGreekandbywhatimagesandidealstheyweretolivetheirlivesandorganizetheirsocieties. Mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistoryalanguagealltheirownacommonreligioncommonancestry.Themythsbywhichtheylivearebasedonallofthese.ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrantscomingfromagreatvarietyofnations.Latelyithasbeenemphasizedthatanasocialnarcissistic自我陶醉的personalityhasbecomecharacteristicofAmericansandthatitisthistypeofpersonalitythatmakesforthelackofwell-beingbecauseitpreventsusfromachievingconsensusthatwouldcounteractatendencytowithdrawintoprivateworlds.InhisstudyofnarcissismChristopherLaschsaysthatmodernmantorturedbyself-consciousnessturnstonewtherapiesnottofreehimselfofhispersonalworriesbuttofindmeaningandpurposeinlifetofindsomethingtolivefor.Thereiswidespreaddistressbecausenationalmoralehasdeclinedandwehavelostanearliersenseofnationalvisionandpurpose. Contrarytorigidreligionsorpoliticalbeliefsasarefoundintotalitarian极权主义的societiesourcultureisoneofgreatindividualdifferencesatleastinprincipleandintheory.Butthisleadstodisunityevenchaos.Americansbelieveinthevalueofdiversitybutjustbecauseoursisasocietybasedonindividualdiversityitneedsconsensusaboutsomedominatingideasmorethansocietiesbasedonuniformoriginoftheircitizens.Henceifwearetohaveconsensusitmustbebasedonamyth―avision―aboutacommonexperienceaconquestthatmadeusAmericansasthemythabouttheconquestofTroyformedtheGreeks.Onlyacommonmythcanofferrelieffromthefearthatlifeiswithoutmeaningorpurpose.Mythspermitustoexamineourplaceintheworldbycomparingittoasharedidea.Mythsaresharedfantasiesthatformthetiethatbindstheindividualtoothermembersofhisgroup.Suchmythshelptowardofffeelingsofisolationguiltanxietyandpurposelessness―inshorttheycombatisolationandthebreakdownofsocialstandardsandvalues. TheauthorconcludesthatonlysharedmythscanhelpAmericans
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Oneofthequestionsthatiscomingintofocusaswefacegrowingscarcityofresourcesofmanykindsintheworldishowtodividelimitedresourcesamongcountries.Intheinternationaldevelopmentcommunitytheconventionalwisdomhasbeenthatthe2billionpeoplelivinginpoorcountriescouldneverexpecttoreachthestandardoflivingthatmostofusinNorthAmericaenjoysimplybecausetheworlddoesnotcontainenoughironoreproteinpetroleumandsoon.AtthesametimeweintheUnitedStateshavecontinuedtopursuesuperaffluenceasthoughtherewerenolimitsonhowmuchwecouldconsume.Wemakeup6percentoftheworld’’speople;yetweconsumeone-thirdoftheworld’’sresources. Aslongastheresourcesweconsumedeachyearcameprimarilyfromwithinourownboundariesthiswaslargelyaninternalmatter.Butasourresourcescomemoreandmorefromtheoutsideworldoutsiders’’’aregoingtohavesomesayovertherateatwhichandtermsunderwhichweconsume.Wewillnolongerbeabletothinkintermsofourresourcesandtheirresourcesbutonlyofcommonresources. AsAmericansconsumingsuchadisproportionateshareoftheworld’’sresourceswehavetoquestionwhetherornotwecancontinueourpursuitofsuperaffluenceinaworldofscarcity.Wearenowreachingthepointwherewemustcarefullyexaminethepresumedlinkbetweenourlevelofwell-beingandthelevelofmaterialgoodsconsumed.Ifyouhaveonlyonecrustofbreadandgetanothercrustofbreadyourwell-beingisgreatlyenhanced.Butifyouhavealoafofbreadthenanadditionalcrustofbreaddoesn’’tmakethatmuchdifference.IntheeyesofmostoftheworldtodayAmericanshavetheirloafofbreadandareaskingforstillmore.Peopleelsewherearebeginningtoaskwhy.Thisisthequestionwe’’regoingtohavetoanswerwhetherwe’’retryingtopersuadecountriestostepuptheirexportsofoiltousortryingtoconvincethemthatweoughttobepermittedtomaintainourshareoftheworldfishcatch. Theprospectofascarcityofandcompetitionfortheworld’’sresourcesrequiresthatwereexaminethewayinwhichwerelatetotherestoftheworld.Itmeanswefindwaysofcuttingbackonresourceconsumptionthatisdependentontheresourcesandcooperationofothercountries.Wecannotexpectpeopleinthesecountriestoconcernthemselveswithourworseningenergyandfoodshortagesunlesswedemonstratesomeconcernforthehungerilliteracyanddiseasethatarediminishinglifeforthem. .Itcanbeconcludedfromthetextthat
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Sometimeswehavespecificproblemswithourmother;sometimeslifewithhercanjustbehardwork.Iftherearedifficultiesinyour1it’sbesttodealwiththem2rememberthatany3shouldbedone4personorbyletter.Thetelephoneisnotagood5becauseitistooeasy6eithersideto7theconversation. Explaintoher8youfinddifficultinyourrelationshipandthen9somenewarrangementsthatyouthinkwouldestablisha10balancebetweenyou.Sometimeswehold11fromestablishingsuchboundariesbecauseweareafraidthatdoing12impliesweare13her.Weneedtorememberthatbeing14fromourmotherdoesnot15meanthatwenolongerloveher.Iftheconflictis16andyoucannotfindawayto17ityoumightdecidetogiveupyourrelationshipwithyourmotherforawhile.Someofmypatientshad18"trialseparations".The19allowedthingstosimmerdownenabling20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
In1929JohnD.Rockefellerdecideditwastimetosellshareswhenevenashoe-shineboyofferedhimasharetip.DuringthepastweekTheEconomist’seconomicseditorhasbeenadvisedbyataxidriveraplumberandahairdresserthat"youcan’tgowrong"investinginhousing-themoreyouownthebetter.IsthisasignthatitistimetogetoutAttheveryleastashousepricesaroundtheworldclimbtoeverloftierheightsandmoreandmorepeoplejumpontothebuy-to-letladderitistimetoexposesomeofthefallaciesregularlytrottedoutbysomanyself-appointedhousingexperts. Onecommonerroristhathousepricesmustcontinuetorisebecauseofalimitedsupplyofland.Forinstanceitisarguedthat"housepriceswillalwaysriseinLondonbecauselotsofpeoplewanttolivehere".Butthisconfusesthelevelofpriceswiththeirrateofchange.Homepricesareboundtobehigherinbigcitiesbecauseoflandscarcitybutthisdoesnotguaranteethaturbanhousepriceswillkeeprisingindefinitely-justlookatTokyo’shugeprice-dropssince1990.Andthoughitistruethatafixedsupplyofhomesmaypushuphousepricesifthepopulationisrisingthiswouldimplyasteadyriseinpricesnotthe20%annualjumpsofrecentyears. Asecondflawedargumentisthatlowinterestratesmakebuyingahomecheaperandsopushupdemandandprices.Lowerinterestratesmayhaveallowedsomepeoplewhootherwisecouldnothaveaffordedamortgagetobuyahome.Butmanyborrowerswhothinkmortgagesarecheaperaresufferingfrommoneyillusion. Interestratesarenotverylowinrealinflation-adjustedterms.Initialinterestpaymentsmayseemlowinrelationtoincomebutbecauseinflationisalsolowitwillnoterodetherealburdenofdebtasswiftlyasitoncedid.Soinlateryearsmortgagepaymentswillbemuchlargerinrealterms.Toarguethatlownominalinterestratesmakebuyingahomecheaperislikearguingthatacarloanpaidoffoverfouryearsischeaperthanonerepaidovertwoyears. FallacynumberthreeisafavouriteclaimofAlanGreenspanchairmanofAmerica’sFederalReserve.Thisisthatpricebubblesarelesslikelyinhousingthaninthestockmarketbecausehighertransactioncostsdiscouragespeculation.Infactseveralstudieshaveshownthatbothintheoryandinpracticebubblesaremorelikelyinhousingthaninshares.AstudybytheIMFfindsthatasharpriseinhousepricesisfarmorelikelytobefollowedbyabustthanisashare-priceboom. TheviewsofAlanGreenspanandtheauthorofthetextonpricebubblesare
Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’’ssleepdreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreamsawindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.AcenturyagoFreudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970sneurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjustmentalnoise―therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’’semotionalthermostatregulatingmoodswhilethebrainisoff-line.Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontroltohelpussleepandfeelbetter.It’’syourdreamsaysRosalindCartwrightchairofpsychologyatChicago’’sMedicalCenter.Ifyoudon’’tlikeitchangeit. Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREMrapideyemovementsleep―whenmostvividdreamsoccur―asitiswhenfullyawakesaysDr.EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystemtheemotionalbrainisespeciallyactivewhiletheprefrontalcortexthecenterofintellectandreasoningisrelativelyquiet.WewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressedandthosefeelingscanstaywithusalldaysaysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement. ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenightprogressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakeningsuggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’’sevents―untilitappearswebegintodream. Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawakenidentifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurstrytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearntoliterallydoitintheirsleep. Attheendofthedaythere’’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingorwewakeupinapanicCartwrightsays.Terrorismeconomicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople’’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofusthebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleeporratherdream―onitandyou’’llfeelbetterinthemorning. Byreferringtothelimbicsystemtheauthorintendstoshow
Thereismuchdiscussionintheliteraturethesedaysabouthowonedefinessustainabilitysustainabledevelopmentandrelatedconcepts.Manyarguethattheconceptisuselessbecauseitcannotbeadequatelydefined.46Mostofthisdiscussionismisdirectedbecauseitattemptstocasttheproblemasdefinitionalwheninfactitisaproblemofpredictionanditfailstotakeintoaccountthemanytimeandspacescalesoverwhichtheconceptofsustainabilitymustapply.Definingsustainabilityisactuallyquiteeasy:Asustainablesystemisonethatsurvivesforsomespecifiedfinitetime.Theproblemisthatoneknowsonehasasustainablesystemonlyafterthefact.Thuswhatusuallypassfordefinitionsofsustainabilityareactuallypredictionsofwhatsetofconditionswillactuallyleadtoasustainablesystem. 47Forexamplekeepingharvestratesofpotentiallyrenewableresourcessuchastreesandwildlifebelowratesofnaturalrenewalshouldonecouldargueleadtoasustainablenaturalresourceextractionsystem.Butthatisapredictionnotadefinition.Usuallythereissomuchuncertaintyinourabilitytoestimatenaturalratesofrenewalandourabilitytoobserveandregulateharvestratesthatasimplepredictionsuchasthisisalwayshighlysuspect. Likewisesustainableeconomicdevelopmentcanbeobservedonlyafterthefact.48Mostdefinitionsofsustainabledevelopmentincludeelementsofasustainablescaleoftheeconomyrelativetoitsecologicallifesupportsystem;afairdistributionofresourcesandopportunitiesbetweencurrentandfuturegenerationsaswellasbetweenindividualsinthecurrentgeneration;andanefficientallocationofresourcesthatadequatelyaccountsfornaturalcapital.Notethatthesethreecomponentsofsustainableeconomicdevelopmentareactuallypredictorsofsustainabilityandnotreallyelementsofadefinition.Likeallpredictionstheyareuncertainandaresubjecttomuchdiscussionanddisagreement. 49Thesecondproblemisthatwhenonesaysasystemhasachievedsustainabilityonedoesnotmeananinfinitelifespanbutratheralifespanthatisconsistentwiththesystem’’sexpectedtimeandspacescale.Weexpectanorganismtohavealongerlifespanthespeciestohaveanevenlongerlifespanandtheplanettolastmuchlonger.Butnosystemisexpectedtohaveaninfinitelifespan. Therealproblemsarenotsomuchdefiningthegoalaspredictingwhatpolicieswillleadtoitsachievement.Herethereisampleroomforandneedofvigorousdiscussiondebateanalysisandmodelinginordertodeterminewhichpolicieshavethebestchanceofachievingthegoalofsustainability.50Giventhehugeuncertaintiesinvolveditisofparticularimportanceinthisregardtoselectpoliciesthatareprecautionarythatistheydonottakeunnecessaryrisksthatcoulddecreasethechancesforsustainabilitytheydonotrelyonhoped-fortechnologicalfixesfortheirsuccesses.
Thereismuchdiscussionintheliteraturethesedaysabouthowonedefinessustainabilitysustainabledevelopmentandrelatedconcepts.Manyarguethattheconceptisuselessbecauseitcannotbeadequatelydefined.46Mostofthisdiscussionismisdirectedbecauseitattemptstocasttheproblemasdefinitionalwheninfactitisaproblemofpredictionanditfailstotakeintoaccountthemanytimeandspacescalesoverwhichtheconceptofsustainabilitymustapply.Definingsustainabilityisactuallyquiteeasy:Asustainablesystemisonethatsurvivesforsomespecifiedfinitetime.Theproblemisthatoneknowsonehasasustainablesystemonlyafterthefact.Thuswhatusuallypassfordefinitionsofsustainabilityareactuallypredictionsofwhatsetofconditionswillactuallyleadtoasustainablesystem. 47Forexamplekeepingharvestratesofpotentiallyrenewableresourcessuchastreesandwildlifebelowratesofnaturalrenewalshouldonecouldargueleadtoasustainablenaturalresourceextractionsystem.Butthatisapredictionnotadefinition.Usuallythereissomuchuncertaintyinourabilitytoestimatenaturalratesofrenewalandourabilitytoobserveandregulateharvestratesthatasimplepredictionsuchasthisisalwayshighlysuspect. Likewisesustainableeconomicdevelopmentcanbeobservedonlyafterthefact.48Mostdefinitionsofsustainabledevelopmentincludeelementsofasustainablescaleoftheeconomyrelativetoitsecologicallifesupportsystem;afairdistributionofresourcesandopportunitiesbetweencurrentandfuturegenerationsaswellasbetweenindividualsinthecurrentgeneration;andanefficientallocationofresourcesthatadequatelyaccountsfornaturalcapital.Notethatthesethreecomponentsofsustainableeconomicdevelopmentareactuallypredictorsofsustainabilityandnotreallyelementsofadefinition.Likeallpredictionstheyareuncertainandaresubjecttomuchdiscussionanddisagreement. 49Thesecondproblemisthatwhenonesaysasystemhasachievedsustainabilityonedoesnotmeananinfinitelifespanbutratheralifespanthatisconsistentwiththesystem’’sexpectedtimeandspacescale.Weexpectanorganismtohavealongerlifespanthespeciestohaveanevenlongerlifespanandtheplanettolastmuchlonger.Butnosystemisexpectedtohaveaninfinitelifespan. Therealproblemsarenotsomuchdefiningthegoalaspredictingwhatpolicieswillleadtoitsachievement.Herethereisampleroomforandneedofvigorousdiscussiondebateanalysisandmodelinginordertodeterminewhichpolicieshavethebestchanceofachievingthegoalofsustainability.50Giventhehugeuncertaintiesinvolveditisofparticularimportanceinthisregardtoselectpoliciesthatareprecautionarythatistheydonottakeunnecessaryrisksthatcoulddecreasethechancesforsustainabilitytheydonotrelyonhoped-fortechnologicalfixesfortheirsuccesses.
Thereismuchdiscussionintheliteraturethesedaysabouthowonedefinessustainabilitysustainabledevelopmentandrelatedconcepts.Manyarguethattheconceptisuselessbecauseitcannotbeadequatelydefined.46Mostofthisdiscussionismisdirectedbecauseitattemptstocasttheproblemasdefinitionalwheninfactitisaproblemofpredictionanditfailstotakeintoaccountthemanytimeandspacescalesoverwhichtheconceptofsustainabilitymustapply.Definingsustainabilityisactuallyquiteeasy:Asustainablesystemisonethatsurvivesforsomespecifiedfinitetime.Theproblemisthatoneknowsonehasasustainablesystemonlyafterthefact.Thuswhatusuallypassfordefinitionsofsustainabilityareactuallypredictionsofwhatsetofconditionswillactuallyleadtoasustainablesystem. 47Forexamplekeepingharvestratesofpotentiallyrenewableresourcessuchastreesandwildlifebelowratesofnaturalrenewalshouldonecouldargueleadtoasustainablenaturalresourceextractionsystem.Butthatisapredictionnotadefinition.Usuallythereissomuchuncertaintyinourabilitytoestimatenaturalratesofrenewalandourabilitytoobserveandregulateharvestratesthatasimplepredictionsuchasthisisalwayshighlysuspect. Likewisesustainableeconomicdevelopmentcanbeobservedonlyafterthefact.48Mostdefinitionsofsustainabledevelopmentincludeelementsofasustainablescaleoftheeconomyrelativetoitsecologicallifesupportsystem;afairdistributionofresourcesandopportunitiesbetweencurrentandfuturegenerationsaswellasbetweenindividualsinthecurrentgeneration;andanefficientallocationofresourcesthatadequatelyaccountsfornaturalcapital.Notethatthesethreecomponentsofsustainableeconomicdevelopmentareactuallypredictorsofsustainabilityandnotreallyelementsofadefinition.Likeallpredictionstheyareuncertainandaresubjecttomuchdiscussionanddisagreement. 49Thesecondproblemisthatwhenonesaysasystemhasachievedsustainabilityonedoesnotmeananinfinitelifespanbutratheralifespanthatisconsistentwiththesystem’’sexpectedtimeandspacescale.Weexpectanorganismtohavealongerlifespanthespeciestohaveanevenlongerlifespanandtheplanettolastmuchlonger.Butnosystemisexpectedtohaveaninfinitelifespan. Therealproblemsarenotsomuchdefiningthegoalaspredictingwhatpolicieswillleadtoitsachievement.Herethereisampleroomforandneedofvigorousdiscussiondebateanalysisandmodelinginordertodeterminewhichpolicieshavethebestchanceofachievingthegoalofsustainability.50Giventhehugeuncertaintiesinvolveditisofparticularimportanceinthisregardtoselectpoliciesthatareprecautionarythatistheydonottakeunnecessaryrisksthatcoulddecreasethechancesforsustainabilitytheydonotrelyonhoped-fortechnologicalfixesfortheirsuccesses. Thereismuchdiscussionintheliteraturethesedaysabouthowonedefinessustainabilitysustainabledevelopmentandrelatedconcepts.Manyarguethattheconceptisuselessbecauseitcannotbeadequatelydefined.46Mostofthisdiscussionismisdirectedbecauseitattemptstocasttheproblemasdefinitionalwheninfactitisaproblemofpredictionanditfailstotakeintoaccountthemanytimeandspacescalesoverwhichtheconceptofsustainabilitymustapply.Definingsustainabilityisactuallyquiteeasy:Asustainablesystemisonethatsurvivesforsomespecifiedfinitetime.Theproblemisthatoneknowsonehasasustainablesystemonlyafterthefact.Thuswhatusuallypassfordefinitionsofsustainabilityareactuallypredictionsofwhatsetofconditionswillactuallyleadtoasustainablesystem. 47Forexamplekeepingharvestratesofpotentiallyrenewableresourcessuchastreesandwildlifebelowratesofnaturalrenewalshouldonecouldargueleadtoasustainablenaturalresourceextractionsystem.Butthatisapredictionnotadefinition.Usuallythereissomuchuncertaintyinourabilitytoestimatenaturalratesofrenewalandourabilitytoobserveandregulateharvestratesthatasimplepredictionsuchasthisisalwayshighlysuspect. Likewisesustainableeconomicdevelopmentcanbeobservedonlyafterthefact.48Mostdefinitionsofsustainabledevelopmentincludeelementsofasustainablescaleoftheeconomyrelativetoitsecologicallifesupportsystem;afairdistributionofresourcesandopportunitiesbetweencurrentandfuturegenerationsaswellasbetweenindividualsinthecurrentgeneration;andanefficientallocationofresourcesthatadequatelyaccountsfornaturalcapital.Notethatthesethreecomponentsofsustainableeconomicdevelopmentareactuallypredictorsofsustainabilityandnotreallyelementsofadefinition.Likeallpredictionstheyareuncertainandaresubjecttomuchdiscussionanddisagreement. 49Thesecondproblemisthatwhenonesaysasystemhasachievedsustainabilityonedoesnotmeananinfinitelifespanbutratheralifespanthatisconsistentwiththesystem’’sexpectedtimeandspacescale.Weexpectanorganismtohavealongerlifespanthespeciestohaveanevenlongerlifespanandtheplanettolastmuchlonger.Butnosystemisexpectedtohaveaninfinitelifespan. Therealproblemsarenotsomuchdefiningthegoalaspredictingwhatpolicieswillleadtoitsachievement.Herethereisampleroomforandneedofvigorousdiscussiondebateanalysisandmodelinginordertodeterminewhichpolicieshavethebestchanceofachievingthegoalofsustainability.50Giventhehugeuncertaintiesinvolveditisofparticularimportanceinthisregardtoselectpoliciesthatareprecautionarythatistheydonottakeunnecessaryrisksthatcoulddecreasethechancesforsustainabilitytheydonotrelyonhoped-fortechnologicalfixesfortheirsuccesses.
Ahistoryoflongandeffortlesssuccesscanbeadreadfulhandicapbutifproperlyhandleditmaybecomeadrivingforce.WhentheUnitedStatesenteredjustsuchaglowingperiodaftertheendoftheSecondWorldWarithadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitorgivingitsindustriesunparalleledeconomiesofscale.Itsscientistsweretheworld’’sbestitsworkerswerethemostskilled.AmericaandAmericanswereprosperousbeyondthedreamsoftheEuropeansandAsianswhoseeconomiesthewarhaddestroyed. Itwasinevitablethatthisprimacyshouldhavenarrowedasothercountriesgrewricher.Justasinevitablytheretreatfrompredominanceprovedpainful.Bythemid-1980sAmericanshadfoundthemselvesatalossovertheirfadingindustrialcompetitiveness.SomehugeAmericanindustriessuchasconsumerelectronicshadshrunkorvanishedinthefaceofforeigncompetition.By1987therewasonlyoneAmericantelevisionmakerleftZenith.Nowthereisnone:ZenithwasboughtbySouthKorea’’sLGElectronicsinJuly.Foreign-madecarsandtextilesweresweepingintothedomesticmarket.America’’smachine-toolindustrywasontheropes.ForawhileitlookedasthoughthemakingofsemiconductorswhichAmericahadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputeragewasgoingtobethenextcasualty. Allofthiscausedacrisisofconfidence.Americansstoppedtakingprosperityforgranted.Theybegantobelievethattheirwayofdoingbusinesswasfailingandthattheirincomeswouldthereforeshortlybegintofallaswell.Themid-1980sbroughtoneinquiryafteranotherintothecausesofAmerica’’sindustrialdecline.Theirsometimessensationalfindingswerefilledwithwarningsaboutthegrowingcompetitionfromoverseas. Howthingshavechanged!In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.FewAmericansattributethissolelytosuchobviouscausesasadevalueddollarortheturningofthebusinesscycle.Self-doubthasyieldedtoblindpride.Americanindustryhaschangeditsstructurehasgoneonadiethaslearnttobemorequick-wittedaccordingtoRichardCavanaghexecutivedeanofHarvard’’sKennedySchoolofGovernment.ItmakesmeproudtobeanAmericanjusttoseehowourbusinessesareimprovingtheirproductivitysaysStephenMooreoftheCatoInstituteathink-tankinWashingtonD.C.AndWilliamSahlmanoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolbelievesthatpeoplewilllookbackonthisperiodasagoldenageofbusinessmanagementintheUnitedStates. TheU.S.achieveditspredominanceafterWorldWarⅡbecause__________.
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