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yī sī lán jiāo 的五功包括
念功
拜功
斋功
课功
朝觐
五功中的念功是指什么
中国戏曲讲四功和五法四功指四种基本功而五法指五种表演手段下列各项属于四功的有
念
唱
身
打
步
以下对yī sī lán jiāo 五功描述错误的有
念功是指念诵“万物非主， 唯有真主， 穆罕默德是主的使者” ， 中国穆斯林称为“清真言”
拜功是一日礼拜五次， 礼拜必须面向圣城麦加
斋功是指斋月期间必须吃斋
课功是指每天必须学习《古兰经》
朝功是指一生中必须亲自去麦加克尔白朝拜
yī sī lán jiāo 3个组成部分
六信
五功
善行
课功
朝功
五功是伊斯兰法的基础其中演变为一种税收的是
念功
斋功
朝功
课功
四功五法就是戏曲的基本功四功指五法指
五大功修或五大主命指什么
五功七艺阁提
对否认五功中某一项功修或虽然承认却傲慢不遵行的人教法怎样认定
以下属于yī sī lán jiāo 五功的是
念功
拜功
斋功
武功
做功
把生活用水用桶提到五楼对水做的功是_______功对桶做的功是________功对水桶做的功的总和叫
yī sī lán jiāo 3个组成部分P95
六信
五功
善行
课功
朝功
四功五法是指戏曲演员的基本功四功指的是唱念做打五法则是指身步法
手
腿
眼
鼻
yī sī lán jiāo 教义中五功指的是
念功
借功
礼功
斋功
朝功
yī sī lán jiāo zōng jiāo 义务五功指
念功、礼功
课功、斋功
朝功、善行
课功、朝功
斋功、善攻
四功五法是戏曲表演的基本功法其中四功 即说学逗唱;五法即手眼身法步
yī sī lán jiāo 教义的五功是指念功礼功斋功课功和_________
四功五法
什么是五功
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旨在刺激出口的政策可以影响
为什么说企业最优决策的基本规则是边际成本等于边际收益
偏好原则
Text4Sciencehaslongsincehadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGalileo’s17th-centurytrifil’forhisrebellingbelieftheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlack’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury~Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics-butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattacked’antiscience’inseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason"heldinNewYorkCityin1995and"ScienceintheAgeofMissinformation"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople;GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedsciencesobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenpmenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberthosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalutopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarnfingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm’antiscience’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science."Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened." Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwo.extrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsHere’safamiliarversionoftheboy-meets-girlsituation.Ayoungmanhasatlastpluckedupcouragetoinviteadazzlingyoungladyouttodinner.Shehasacceptedhisinvitationandheisoverjoyed.Heisdeterminedtotakehertothebestrestaurantintownevenifitmeansthathewillhavetoliveonmemoriesandhopesduringthemonthtocome.Whentheygettotherestauranthediscoversthatthisetherial轻飘的creatureisonadiet.Shemustn’teatthisandshemustn’tthat.Ohbutofcourseshedoesn’twanttospoilhisenjoyment.Lethimbyallmeanseatasmuchfatteningfoodashewants:it’sthesurestwaytoanearlygrave.41______42______.Theyspendmostoftheirtimeturningtheirnosesupatfood.Theyareforeverconsultingcalorie卡路里charts;gazingatthemselvesinmirrors;andleapingontoweighing-machinesinthebathroom.Theyspendalifetimefightingalosingbattleagainstspreadinghipsprotrudingtummiesanddoublechins.Somewageall-outwaronFAT.Meredietingisnotenough.Theyexhaustthemselvesdoingexercisessweatinginsaunabathsbeingpummelledandmassagedbyweirdmachines.Thereallywealthydiet-mongerspayvastsumsfor’healthcures’.Fortwoweekstheycanenteranatureclinicandbestarvedtodeathforahundredguineasaweek.Don’tthinkit’sonlythemiddle-agedwhogoinforthesefadseither.43______44______wellforonethingthey’realwayshungry.Youcan’tbehungryandhappyatthesametime.Allthehorribleconcoctionstheyeatinsteadoffoodleavethempermanentlydissatisfied.’Wonderfoodisacompletefoodtheadvertisementsays.’Justdissolveateaspoonfulinwater...’Acompletefooditmaybebutnotquiteascompleteasajuicysteak.Andofcoursethey’realwaysmiserablebecausetheyfeelsoguilty.Hungerjustprovestoomuchforthemandintheendtheylashoutanddevourfivehugeguilt-inducingcreamcakesatasitting.AndwhocanblamethemAtleastthreetimesadaytheyareexposedtotemptation.45______What’sallthisself-inflictedtortureforSaintlypeopledeprivethemselvesoffoodtoattainastateofgrace.Unsaintlypeopledosotoattainastateofmisery.Itwillbeagreatdaywhenallthedietersintheworldabandontheirslimmingcourses;whentheyhatdouttheirplatesanddemandsecondhelpings! A.Manyoftheseb.rightyoungthingsyouseearesufferingfromchronicmalnutrition:theyarelivingonnothingbutairwaterandthegoodwillofGod. B.Dietersdeprivethemselvesof’deliciousfoodtoattainagracestaturebutsomepeoplethinkitismiserableandfoolishforthemtodoso. C.Dietersundertaketostarvefftemselvesoftheirownfreewill;sowhyaretheysomiserable D.Theyspendatrulymemorableeveningtogetherandneverseeeachotheragain. E.Whatanuttertortureitis’alwayswatchingotherstuckingintopilesofmouth-wateringfoodwhileyoumunchawaterbiscuitandsipunsweetenedlemonjuice! F.Peoplewhoareonadietmustn’thavechocolateandthisishardforsomegirls. G.Whatamiserablelotofdietersare!Youcanalwaysrecognisethemfromthesourexpressionontheirfaces. 44
虚金本位制
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwo.extrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsHere’safamiliarversionoftheboy-meets-girlsituation.Ayoungmanhasatlastpluckedupcouragetoinviteadazzlingyoungladyouttodinner.Shehasacceptedhisinvitationandheisoverjoyed.Heisdeterminedtotakehertothebestrestaurantintownevenifitmeansthathewillhavetoliveonmemoriesandhopesduringthemonthtocome.Whentheygettotherestauranthediscoversthatthisetherial轻飘的creatureisonadiet.Shemustn’teatthisandshemustn’tthat.Ohbutofcourseshedoesn’twanttospoilhisenjoyment.Lethimbyallmeanseatasmuchfatteningfoodashewants:it’sthesurestwaytoanearlygrave.41______42______.Theyspendmostoftheirtimeturningtheirnosesupatfood.Theyareforeverconsultingcalorie卡路里charts;gazingatthemselvesinmirrors;andleapingontoweighing-machinesinthebathroom.Theyspendalifetimefightingalosingbattleagainstspreadinghipsprotrudingtummiesanddoublechins.Somewageall-outwaronFAT.Meredietingisnotenough.Theyexhaustthemselvesdoingexercisessweatinginsaunabathsbeingpummelledandmassagedbyweirdmachines.Thereallywealthydiet-mongerspayvastsumsfor’healthcures’.Fortwoweekstheycanenteranatureclinicandbestarvedtodeathforahundredguineasaweek.Don’tthinkit’sonlythemiddle-agedwhogoinforthesefadseither.43______44______wellforonethingthey’realwayshungry.Youcan’tbehungryandhappyatthesametime.Allthehorribleconcoctionstheyeatinsteadoffoodleavethempermanentlydissatisfied.’Wonderfoodisacompletefoodtheadvertisementsays.’Justdissolveateaspoonfulinwater...’Acompletefooditmaybebutnotquiteascompleteasajuicysteak.Andofcoursethey’realwaysmiserablebecausetheyfeelsoguilty.Hungerjustprovestoomuchforthemandintheendtheylashoutanddevourfivehugeguilt-inducingcreamcakesatasitting.AndwhocanblamethemAtleastthreetimesadaytheyareexposedtotemptation.45______What’sallthisself-inflictedtortureforSaintlypeopledeprivethemselvesoffoodtoattainastateofgrace.Unsaintlypeopledosotoattainastateofmisery.Itwillbeagreatdaywhenallthedietersintheworldabandontheirslimmingcourses;whentheyhatdouttheirplatesanddemandsecondhelpings! A.Manyoftheseb.rightyoungthingsyouseearesufferingfromchronicmalnutrition:theyarelivingonnothingbutairwaterandthegoodwillofGod. B.Dietersdeprivethemselvesof’deliciousfoodtoattainagracestaturebutsomepeoplethinkitismiserableandfoolishforthemtodoso. C.Dietersundertaketostarvefftemselvesoftheirownfreewill;sowhyaretheysomiserable D.Theyspendatrulymemorableeveningtogetherandneverseeeachotheragain. E.Whatanuttertortureitis’alwayswatchingotherstuckingintopilesofmouth-wateringfoodwhileyoumunchawaterbiscuitandsipunsweetenedlemonjuice! F.Peoplewhoareonadietmustn’thavechocolateandthisishardforsomegirls. G.Whatamiserablelotofdietersare!Youcanalwaysrecognisethemfromthesourexpressionontheirfaces. `42
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsIntoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved.Forexamplethe’UnitedStatesisamajorConsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.46OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.47ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinmmcanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates.Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.48Firstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem.Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar.Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.49Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparative’advantageinthedesireditems.Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.50EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapan’andSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsIntoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved.Forexamplethe’UnitedStatesisamajorConsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.46OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.47ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinmmcanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates.Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.48Firstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem.Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar.Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.49Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparative’advantageinthedesireditems.Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.50EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapan’andSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapan’andSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates.
某公司准备上一个新项目假定该项目同企业现有业务市场风险相同据分析该项目的现金流如下 假定 项目预期寿命为10年 初始资本投入t=02100万元 初始资本投资可以在7年内按直线折旧法折旧完毕残值为0 营运资本支出t=0为1000万元 营运中以在t=4时收回500万元在t=10时收回另外500万元 该企业没有债务其权益资本的β值为1.2无风险利率为5%市场风险回报为7%该项目可以利用企业现有部分生产设施这些设施如果出租可以每年获得100万元租金收入但租金收入要缴纳企业所得税 为了研究本项目的可行性企业已经花费了500万元调查研究与咨询费当本项目开始进行初始资本投入t=0时还要再花费1300万元市场推广费用税后该企业的所得税税率为35% 要求计算该项目的净现值
有两个猎人以在公共猎场捕获兔子为生猎场一共有1000只兔子每个猎人面临的选择是决定捕获兔子的速率ηi=12猎人i的净效用取决于兔子捕获量qi和捕获的速率ri即其中qi=1000ri/r1+r2a如果两位猎人能够达成一个最优的捕获率那么它等于多少b如果每个猎人各自决策那么他们选择的捕获率将是多少请简要解释为什么猎人各自决策的结果和a得到的结果会存在差异c上述问题在经济学上被称为公共地悲剧TheTragedyoftheCommons请用文字简要说明什么是公共地悲剧另请列举一种解决该问题的方法并简要说明你的办法发挥作用的条件和理由
略述外部性外部经济对资源优化配置的影响
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacomer;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquite4. 5thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhichoncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8. SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastaddhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurateastheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"Althoughtheforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitis18pointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutisatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Text4Sciencehaslongsincehadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGalileo’s17th-centurytrifil’forhisrebellingbelieftheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlack’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury~Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics-butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattacked’antiscience’inseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason"heldinNewYorkCityin1995and"ScienceintheAgeofMissinformation"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople;GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedsciencesobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenpmenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberthosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalutopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarnfingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm’antiscience’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science."Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened." Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle
投机性需求
我国现行的增值税属于
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsIntoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved.Forexamplethe’UnitedStatesisamajorConsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.46OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.47ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinmmcanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates.Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.48Firstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem.Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar.Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.49Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparative’advantageinthedesireditems.Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.50EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapan’andSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. Firstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.
1.Thereareatleastthreemajoradvantagestolivinginasmalltown.Thefirstistheeasewithwhichapersoncangetaround. 2.Thesecondadvantagesisthelowcostofliving. 3.Thegreatestbenefitofsmall-townlifeisthefriendliness.
假定经济实现充分就业总供给曲线是垂直线减税将
如果中央银行试图增加GDP可以采取的措施有
什么是规模经济并以汽车工业为例结合我国的情况来说明规模经济的重要性
下列选项中属于实证经济学的是
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacomer;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquite4. 5thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhichoncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8. SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastaddhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurateastheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"Althoughtheforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitis18pointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutisatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
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