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求下列函数的n阶导数： (Ⅰ) y=ln(6x2+7x-3)，(n≥1)；(Ⅱ) y=sin2(2x)，(n≥1)．
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函数fx=x2·2x在x=0处的n阶导数fn0=
函数y=ln1-2x在x=0处的n阶导数
求下列函数的n阶导数n≥1Ⅰy=ln6x2+7x-3Ⅱy=xcos4x．
求下列函数的导数.=x4-3x2-5x+6
凯恩斯认为对于消费函数fx有如下规律
一阶导数大于零，二阶导数大于零
一阶导数大于零，二阶导数小于零
一阶导数小于零，二阶导数小于零
一阶导数小于零，二阶导数大于零
已知一阶微分方程xdy／dx=ylny／x问该方程的通解是下列函数中的哪个
lny／x=x+2
lny／x=cex+1
=y／x+2
siny／x=y／x
求下列函数的导数y＝x＋1x＋2x＋3.
已知函数fx具有任意阶导数且f’x=[fx]2则当n为大于2的正整数时fx的n阶导数fnx为____
n![f(x)]
n+1
n[f(x)]
n+1
[f(x)]
2n
n![f(x)]
2n
设函数f具有二阶导数且f’≠1．求由方程x2ey=efy确定的隐函数y=yx的一二阶导数．
已知函数fx具有任意阶导数且f'x=[fx]2则当n为大于2的正整数时fx的n阶导数fnx是____
n![f(x)]
n-1
n[f(x)]
n+1
[f(x)]
2n
n![f(x)]
2n
求下列函数的导数.y=xnex
设函数fx具有二阶导数且满足fx+f’π-x=sinxfπ/2=0求fx．
设z=zxy是由方程x2+y2-z=φx+y+z所确定的函数其中φ具有二阶导数且φ’≠-1．求dz
函数y=ln1-2x在x=0处的n阶导数yn0=______．
设函数fx具有二阶导数且f’≠0求由方程x2ey=efy确定的隐函数y=yx的一阶二阶导数．
已知一阶微分方程xdy／dx=ylny／x问该方程的通解是下列函数中的哪个?
lny／x=ce
+1
=y／x+2
lny／x=x+2
siny／x=y／x
求下列函数的n阶导数Ⅰy=in6x2+7x-3n≥1Ⅱy=sin22xn≥1．
设函数fu具有二阶连续导数而z=fexsiny满足求fu．
求下列函数的导数y＝2x＋1nn∈N*
设函数u的全微分du=[ex+f’x]ydx+f’xdy其中f在-∞+∞内具有二阶连续的导数且f0=
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Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 11
APerpetualMotionMachineisafascinatingandlong-discussedtopicthatmoveswellbeyondthescopeofphysics.Inshortaperpetualmotionmachinecanbelikenedtoamagiccowthatcontinuestoliveandbreatheandyetneedsnosustenance.Aperpetualmotionengineinstalledinaearwouldcontinuetorunindefinitelybutwouldneedneithergastanknorpetrol.Ofcourseasaperpetualmotionmachineisinviolationofnaturallawsitwilllikelynevermoveoutoftherealmofimaginationandintoreality.WhenthephraseperpetualmotionmachineisenteredintoGoogle’ssearchengine34400itemsarereturned.Ofthese34400itemstheforty-firsttotheforty-fifthholdreasonableinterestandwillbefurtherdiscussedherein.41.MythsandlegendsLongbeforetheadventofthesteamenginehumanbeingshaveruminatedonthepossibilityofaperpetualmotionmachine.Throughouthistorymanyhaveattemptedtoinventsuchadevicethoughnonehavethusfarbeensuccessful.42.FameandglorySomepeopleholdthatanyinventorattemptingtocreateaperpetualmotionmachinemustonlybeinitforcreditandaccoladeswishingtobethefirstinhisfieldtodiscoverthemuch-covetedsecret.43.WealthandrichesItisalsosuspectedbysomethatthoseseekingtounlockthemysteryofperpetualmotionmachinemustbemotivatedbythemonetaryrewards.Ifsuchadeviceweretofallintopopularusetheinventorwouldbeawealthymanindeed.44.AnticsandcapersEvensomeofthosewhoareawareoftheimpossibilityofperpetualmotionmachinehaveinventedsomethingsimilarundertheguiseofperpetualmotionmachineinordertoteaseus.45.DeceptionandtrickerySomepeoplethoughfullyawarethattheyareincapableofinventingaperpetualmotionmachinepersistinarguingthattheycanwiththeintentionofscammingus.Thoughtheperpetualmotionmachineisadreamlong-soughtafterbythescientificcommunityitisimprobablethatitwilleverberealized.Wecanhoweverpourourresourcesintoresearchingmorepracticalenergyconservingformsofpowersuchasgeothermalhydroelectricandsolarpowersolutions.A.InancientChinatherewasanextremelyadroitmanbythenameofZhuGeliang.Itissaidthatheconstructedawoodenhorsewhichcouldwalkunaidedandcouldbeusedinthetransportationofmilitarysupplies.Asnorecordsofthisoccurrencehavebeenfoundthistalehaspassedintolegend.B.InventorFtoldmeexcitedlysomecomplexdetailsarecurrentlyunderdiscus-siontounearththekeytoperpetualmotion.IfmyexperimentprovestobeeffectualIwillbecomeaNobelPrizewinner.YouknowtheceremonyisheldannuallyinSwedenandisbroadcastedlivetoeverycorneroftheglobe.ItisnogreatwonderthatInventorFespousedenthusiasm.Afunctionalperpetualmotionmachineisawonderthatwouldbemarveledatforgenerationstocome.C.InventorKdeclaredtheexperimentswithperpetualmotionareonthevergeofsuccess.Myproductswillsoonbedistributedthroughouttheworldandusedinawiderangeofindustrialapplications.Whenthathappensmycompanywillexpandexponentially.I’llmakeafortune!D.OneoftheclosestthingstoaperpetualmotionenginewastheoneinstalledontheTraveler1spacecraftthefirstspaceshipinhumanhistorytoflybeyondtheedgesofoursolarsystem.ThoughTraveler’sengineisabletorunwithoutmaintenanceformanyyearsitstillrequiresenergy—nuclearenergy.SostrictlyspeakingTraveler1doesnotrunonaperpetualmotionenginebutinfactneedsenergyasdoallothermachines.E.Mr.Goofyannouncedthathehadeffectivelydiagrammedthefirstperpetualmotionmachine.Whenaprivatecorporatepartypurchasedthepatenttheyfoundtotheirdismaythatmanufacturingitaccordingtothedesignlayoutwastechnicallyinfeasible.FurioustheysuedMr.GoofyforfraudbuteveninthecourtroomMr.Goofywouldnotbeshamed.HesimplyretortedI’mjustjokingaround.F.Tomproudlyproclaimingthathehadinventedaclockthatranonperpetualmotionandhaditplacedinthecentralsquareofhistown.Theclockhesaidwouldworkperfectlydespitealackofspringsintheinternalmechanism.Ascientistlaterascertainedthesecretandrevealedittothetownspeople:theclockhadbeencleverlydevisedtorunontemperaturedifferentials.
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 15
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelpcontrolmacroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 9
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 13
In1956whenthecoldwarwasatitspeakAmericadeployedasecretsonicweaponasanewspaperheadlineputitatthetime.ThatweaponwasDizzyGillespieafamedjazzmusicianwhowasgiventhetaskofchangingtheworld’sviewofAmericanculturethroughrhythmandbeat.Crowdspouredintothestreettodance.Culturaldiplomacydieddownafterthecoldwarended.ButtheattacksofSeptember11th2001convincedtheStateDepartmenttosendoutAmerica’smusiciansonceagaintowooheartsandmindswithmelody.RhythmRoadaprogramrunbytheStateDepartmentandanon-profitorganizationJazzatLincolnCentrehasmadeinformaldiplomatsoutofbothmusiciansandaudiences.Sinceitbeganin2005musicianshavetravelledto96countries.OnebandwenttoMauritaniaacountryinnorthwesternAfricaafterlastyear’scoup;manydepartforcountriesthathavestrainedrelationshipswithAmerica.ThemusicianstraveltoplaceswheresomepeoplehaveneverseenanAmerican.Jazzsoparticipantsintheprogramiswell-suitedtodiplomacy.Itiscollaborativeallowingindividualsbothtoharmonizeandplaysolo—muchlikeademocracysaysAriRolandwhoplaysbassforabandthatleftNewYorktotourtheMiddleEastonMarch31st.Jazzisalsoareminderofmusic’spower.Ithelpedbreakdownracialbarriersasenthusiastsofallcolorsgatheredtolistentojazzwhensegregationwasstillthelawoftheland.TheStateDepartmentspent10millionU.S.dollarsonculturaldiplomacyprogramsintheyeartoSeptember30th2008.ButmostexpectfundingfortheinitiativetoincreaseunderBarackObamawhopledgedhissupportforculturaldiplomacyduringhiscampaign.RhythmRoadnowsendsouthip-hopandbluegrassbandsaswell.Therearesomedissenters.NickCullthedirectorofthePublicDiplomacyProgramattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniathinksthatthesediplomaticprojectswouldbemoreproductiveiftheywerenotadministeredbythesameagencythatoverseesthecountry’sforeign-policyagenda.AndthereisalsoclamorforMr.Obamatoappointasecretaryofcultureinhiscabinet.WhatgoodtheyaskissendingAmericancultureabroadwhenthecountryisnotgivingitproperattentionathomeThewordwell-suitedLine2Para.3mostprobablyimplies______.
In1956whenthecoldwarwasatitspeakAmericadeployedasecretsonicweaponasanewspaperheadlineputitatthetime.ThatweaponwasDizzyGillespieafamedjazzmusicianwhowasgiventhetaskofchangingtheworld’sviewofAmericanculturethroughrhythmandbeat.Crowdspouredintothestreettodance.Culturaldiplomacydieddownafterthecoldwarended.ButtheattacksofSeptember11th2001convincedtheStateDepartmenttosendoutAmerica’smusiciansonceagaintowooheartsandmindswithmelody.RhythmRoadaprogramrunbytheStateDepartmentandanon-profitorganizationJazzatLincolnCentrehasmadeinformaldiplomatsoutofbothmusiciansandaudiences.Sinceitbeganin2005musicianshavetravelledto96countries.OnebandwenttoMauritaniaacountryinnorthwesternAfricaafterlastyear’scoup;manydepartforcountriesthathavestrainedrelationshipswithAmerica.ThemusicianstraveltoplaceswheresomepeoplehaveneverseenanAmerican.Jazzsoparticipantsintheprogramiswell-suitedtodiplomacy.Itiscollaborativeallowingindividualsbothtoharmonizeandplaysolo—muchlikeademocracysaysAriRolandwhoplaysbassforabandthatleftNewYorktotourtheMiddleEastonMarch31st.Jazzisalsoareminderofmusic’spower.Ithelpedbreakdownracialbarriersasenthusiastsofallcolorsgatheredtolistentojazzwhensegregationwasstillthelawoftheland.TheStateDepartmentspent10millionU.S.dollarsonculturaldiplomacyprogramsintheyeartoSeptember30th2008.ButmostexpectfundingfortheinitiativetoincreaseunderBarackObamawhopledgedhissupportforculturaldiplomacyduringhiscampaign.RhythmRoadnowsendsouthip-hopandbluegrassbandsaswell.Therearesomedissenters.NickCullthedirectorofthePublicDiplomacyProgramattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniathinksthatthesediplomaticprojectswouldbemoreproductiveiftheywerenotadministeredbythesameagencythatoverseesthecountry’sforeign-policyagenda.AndthereisalsoclamorforMr.Obamatoappointasecretaryofcultureinhiscabinet.WhatgoodtheyaskissendingAmericancultureabroadwhenthecountryisnotgivingitproperattentionathomeWhywasDizzyGillespieregardedasasecretsonicweaponin1956
APerpetualMotionMachineisafascinatingandlong-discussedtopicthatmoveswellbeyondthescopeofphysics.Inshortaperpetualmotionmachinecanbelikenedtoamagiccowthatcontinuestoliveandbreatheandyetneedsnosustenance.Aperpetualmotionengineinstalledinaearwouldcontinuetorunindefinitelybutwouldneedneithergastanknorpetrol.Ofcourseasaperpetualmotionmachineisinviolationofnaturallawsitwilllikelynevermoveoutoftherealmofimaginationandintoreality.WhenthephraseperpetualmotionmachineisenteredintoGoogle’ssearchengine34400itemsarereturned.Ofthese34400itemstheforty-firsttotheforty-fifthholdreasonableinterestandwillbefurtherdiscussedherein.41.MythsandlegendsLongbeforetheadventofthesteamenginehumanbeingshaveruminatedonthepossibilityofaperpetualmotionmachine.Throughouthistorymanyhaveattemptedtoinventsuchadevicethoughnonehavethusfarbeensuccessful.42.FameandglorySomepeopleholdthatanyinventorattemptingtocreateaperpetualmotionmachinemustonlybeinitforcreditandaccoladeswishingtobethefirstinhisfieldtodiscoverthemuch-covetedsecret.43.WealthandrichesItisalsosuspectedbysomethatthoseseekingtounlockthemysteryofperpetualmotionmachinemustbemotivatedbythemonetaryrewards.Ifsuchadeviceweretofallintopopularusetheinventorwouldbeawealthymanindeed.44.AnticsandcapersEvensomeofthosewhoareawareoftheimpossibilityofperpetualmotionmachinehaveinventedsomethingsimilarundertheguiseofperpetualmotionmachineinordertoteaseus.45.DeceptionandtrickerySomepeoplethoughfullyawarethattheyareincapableofinventingaperpetualmotionmachinepersistinarguingthattheycanwiththeintentionofscammingus.Thoughtheperpetualmotionmachineisadreamlong-soughtafterbythescientificcommunityitisimprobablethatitwilleverberealized.Wecanhoweverpourourresourcesintoresearchingmorepracticalenergyconservingformsofpowersuchasgeothermalhydroelectricandsolarpowersolutions.A.InancientChinatherewasanextremelyadroitmanbythenameofZhuGeliang.Itissaidthatheconstructedawoodenhorsewhichcouldwalkunaidedandcouldbeusedinthetransportationofmilitarysupplies.Asnorecordsofthisoccurrencehavebeenfoundthistalehaspassedintolegend.B.InventorFtoldmeexcitedlysomecomplexdetailsarecurrentlyunderdiscus-siontounearththekeytoperpetualmotion.IfmyexperimentprovestobeeffectualIwillbecomeaNobelPrizewinner.YouknowtheceremonyisheldannuallyinSwedenandisbroadcastedlivetoeverycorneroftheglobe.ItisnogreatwonderthatInventorFespousedenthusiasm.Afunctionalperpetualmotionmachineisawonderthatwouldbemarveledatforgenerationstocome.C.InventorKdeclaredtheexperimentswithperpetualmotionareonthevergeofsuccess.Myproductswillsoonbedistributedthroughouttheworldandusedinawiderangeofindustrialapplications.Whenthathappensmycompanywillexpandexponentially.I’llmakeafortune!D.OneoftheclosestthingstoaperpetualmotionenginewastheoneinstalledontheTraveler1spacecraftthefirstspaceshipinhumanhistorytoflybeyondtheedgesofoursolarsystem.ThoughTraveler’sengineisabletorunwithoutmaintenanceformanyyearsitstillrequiresenergy—nuclearenergy.SostrictlyspeakingTraveler1doesnotrunonaperpetualmotionenginebutinfactneedsenergyasdoallothermachines.E.Mr.Goofyannouncedthathehadeffectivelydiagrammedthefirstperpetualmotionmachine.Whenaprivatecorporatepartypurchasedthepatenttheyfoundtotheirdismaythatmanufacturingitaccordingtothedesignlayoutwastechnicallyinfeasible.FurioustheysuedMr.GoofyforfraudbuteveninthecourtroomMr.Goofywouldnotbeshamed.HesimplyretortedI’mjustjokingaround.F.Tomproudlyproclaimingthathehadinventedaclockthatranonperpetualmotionandhaditplacedinthecentralsquareofhistown.Theclockhesaidwouldworkperfectlydespitealackofspringsintheinternalmechanism.Ascientistlaterascertainedthesecretandrevealedittothetownspeople:theclockhadbeencleverlydevisedtorunontemperaturedifferentials.
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Forcollegestudentsandtheirparentsthesteadyhightuitionpricesinrecentdecadeshasbeennotonlytroublingbutmysterious:whyonearthistuitioninflationdoublethegeneralinflationrateWhat’sbehindthesehugetuitionbills:LesspublicfundingThecostofacquiringrealestateOverthelasttwodecadescollegesanduniversitiesdoubledtheirfull-timesupportstaffwhileenrollmentincreasedonly40percentaccordingtoanewanalysisofgovernmentdatabytheCenterforCollegeAfford-abilityandProductivity.Duringthesameperiodthestaffoffull-timeinstructorsorequivalentpersonnelroseabout50percentwhilethenumberofmanagersincreasedslightlymorethan50percent.ThedatabasedonUnitedStatesDepartmentofEducationfilingsfrommorethan2782collegescomefrom1987to2007.Neitherthereportnoroutsideexpertsoncollegeaffordabilitywentsofarastoarguethattheincreaseinsupportstaffwasdirectlyresponsibleforspiralingtuition.Mostexpertssaythatthelargestdriveroftuitionincreaseshasbeenthedeclineinstatefinancingforhighereduction.Stillthedatafindingsraiseconcernsaboutadministrativebloat膨胀.Onacase-by-casebasismanyofthesehiringdecisionsmightbegoodonesbutoverallit’snotasustainabletrendsaidPatCallanpresidentoftheNationalCenterforPublicPolicyandHigherEducation.Thegrowthinsupportstaffincludedsomejobsthatdidnotexist20yearsagolikeenvironmentalsustainabilityofficersandabroadarrayofinformationtechnologyworkers.Thesupportstaffcategoryincludesmanydifferentjobslikeresidential-lifestaffadmissionsandrecruitmentofficersfund-raisersloancounselorsandalltheback-officestaffpositionsresponsibleforcomplyingwiththenewregulations.AlotofitisdefinitelytryingtokeepupwiththeJonesessaidDanielBennettalaboreconomistUniversitiesandcollegesarecateringmoretostudentstryingtomakecollegealifestylenotjustpeoplegettinganeducation.There’smoresocialprogramsmoreathleticsmoretrainersmoresustainableenvironmentalprograms.Inthe20-yearperiodthereportfoundthegreatestnumberofjobsaddedmorethan630000wereinstructors—butthree-quartersofthosewerepart-time.Convertedtofull-timeequivalentsthoseresultedinatotalof939000teachingjobsupfrom641000in1987.Collegeshavealteredthecompositionoftheirworkforcebysteadilyincreasingthenumberofmanagerialpositionsandsupportorservicestaffwhileatthesametimedisproportionatelyincreasingthenumberofpart-timestaffthatprovidesinstructionthereportsaidmeanwhileemployeeproductivityrelativetoenrollmentanddegreesawardedhasbeenrelativelyflatinthemidstofrisingcompensation./WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthedatafindingsfromthereport
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 17
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 19
Inmanyplaceswaterisbecomingscarcer.Treatingitasarightmakesthescarcityworse.Ideallyefficientwaterusewouldbeencouragedbychargingforitbutattemptstodosohavemostlyprovedpoliticallyimpossible.Amorepracticablealternativeisasystemoftradablewaterusagerights.Asourexplainsmanywaterproblemshaveglobalcauses:populationgrowthclimatechangeurbanizationandespeciallychangingdiets.Ittakes2000litersofwatertogrowakiloofvegetablesbut15000literstoproduceakiloofbeef—andpeopleareeatingmoremeat.Theproblemsalsohaveglobalimplications.Withoutanewgreenrevolutionfarmerswillneed60%morewatertofeedthe2billionextrapeoplewhowillbebornbetweennowand2025.Yetthereisgloballynoshortageofwater.Unlikeothernaturalresourcessuchasoilwatercannotbeusedup.Itisrecycledendlesslyasrainsnoworevaporation.Onaveragepeopleareextractingfortheirownuseslessthanatenthofwhatfallsasrainandsnoweachyear.Thecentralproblemisthatsomuchwateriswastedmainlybyfarmers.Agri-cultureusesthree-quartersoftheworld’swater.Becausewaterisusuallyfreethirstycropslikealfalfa苜蓿aregrowninaridCalifornia.WheatinIndiaandBrazilusestwiceasmuchwateraswheatinAmerica.DrycountrieslikePakistanexporttextilesthougha1kgboltofclothrequires11000litersofwater.Anyeconomistknowswhattodo:pricewatertoreflectitsvalue.Butdecadesoftryingtodothatforagriculturehaverunintopowerfulresistancefromfarmers.Theyrejectscarcitypricingforthereasonthatwaterfallsfromtheskies.Nogovernmentownsitsonogovernmentshouldchargeforit.Thereisawayout.Australianfarmershavetherighttouseacertainamountofwaterfree.Theycansellthatrighttoothers.Butiftheywantmorewaterthemselvestheymustbuyitfromaneighbor.Theresultofthistradingisamarketthathasdonewhatmarketsdo:allocateresourcestomoreproductiveuse.Australiahasendureditsworstdroughtinmodernhistoryinthepasttenyears.Watersuppliesinsomefarmingareashavefallenbyhalf.Yetfarmershaverespondedtothenewmarketsignalsbyswitchingtolessthirstycropsandkeptthevalueoffarmoutputstable.Waterproductivityhasdoubled.Australia’ssystemovercomestheusualobjectionsbecauseitconfirmsfarmers’rightstowaterandletsthemhavemuchofitfornothing.TheauthormentionsIttakes2000litersofwatertogrowakiloofvegetablesbut15000literstoproduceakiloofbeef—andpeopleareeatingmoremeat.Lines2～4Para.2to______.
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’tcuttingfillingorpolishingasnailsasshe’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’magoodeconomicindicatorshesaysIprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcusIdon’tknowitotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetoo.Shesays.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.Fromcardealer-shipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses.SaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslow-down.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbuddlesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.ByEllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyetLine1Para.1theauthormeans
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelpcontrolmacroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 15
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelpcontrolmacroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 11
Forcollegestudentsandtheirparentsthesteadyhightuitionpricesinrecentdecadeshasbeennotonlytroublingbutmysterious:whyonearthistuitioninflationdoublethegeneralinflationrateWhat’sbehindthesehugetuitionbills:LesspublicfundingThecostofacquiringrealestateOverthelasttwodecadescollegesanduniversitiesdoubledtheirfull-timesupportstaffwhileenrollmentincreasedonly40percentaccordingtoanewanalysisofgovernmentdatabytheCenterforCollegeAfford-abilityandProductivity.Duringthesameperiodthestaffoffull-timeinstructorsorequivalentpersonnelroseabout50percentwhilethenumberofmanagersincreasedslightlymorethan50percent.ThedatabasedonUnitedStatesDepartmentofEducationfilingsfrommorethan2782collegescomefrom1987to2007.Neitherthereportnoroutsideexpertsoncollegeaffordabilitywentsofarastoarguethattheincreaseinsupportstaffwasdirectlyresponsibleforspiralingtuition.Mostexpertssaythatthelargestdriveroftuitionincreaseshasbeenthedeclineinstatefinancingforhighereduction.Stillthedatafindingsraiseconcernsaboutadministrativebloat膨胀.Onacase-by-casebasismanyofthesehiringdecisionsmightbegoodonesbutoverallit’snotasustainabletrendsaidPatCallanpresidentoftheNationalCenterforPublicPolicyandHigherEducation.Thegrowthinsupportstaffincludedsomejobsthatdidnotexist20yearsagolikeenvironmentalsustainabilityofficersandabroadarrayofinformationtechnologyworkers.Thesupportstaffcategoryincludesmanydifferentjobslikeresidential-lifestaffadmissionsandrecruitmentofficersfund-raisersloancounselorsandalltheback-officestaffpositionsresponsibleforcomplyingwiththenewregulations.AlotofitisdefinitelytryingtokeepupwiththeJonesessaidDanielBennettalaboreconomistUniversitiesandcollegesarecateringmoretostudentstryingtomakecollegealifestylenotjustpeoplegettinganeducation.There’smoresocialprogramsmoreathleticsmoretrainersmoresustainableenvironmentalprograms.Inthe20-yearperiodthereportfoundthegreatestnumberofjobsaddedmorethan630000wereinstructors—butthree-quartersofthosewerepart-time.Convertedtofull-timeequivalentsthoseresultedinatotalof939000teachingjobsupfrom641000in1987.Collegeshavealteredthecompositionoftheirworkforcebysteadilyincreasingthenumberofmanagerialpositionsandsupportorservicestaffwhileatthesametimedisproportionatelyincreasingthenumberofpart-timestaffthatprovidesinstructionthereportsaidmeanwhileemployeeproductivityrelativetoenrollmentanddegreesawardedhasbeenrelativelyflatinthemidstofrisingcompensation./WhatdoesDanielBennettmeanbysayingAlotofitisdefinitelytryingtokeepupwiththeJonesesLines5～6Para.4
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’tcuttingfillingorpolishingasnailsasshe’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy."I’magoodeconomicindicator"shesays"Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars."SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus"Idon’tknowitotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetoo."Shesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.Fromcardealer-shipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattan"there’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses."SaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets."Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthree"saysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslow-down.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbuddlesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. Whenmentioningthe$4millionto$10millionrangeLine3Para.3theauthoristalkingabout
Inmanyplaceswaterisbecomingscarcer.Treatingitasarightmakesthescarcityworse.Ideallyefficientwaterusewouldbeencouragedbychargingforitbutattemptstodosohavemostlyprovedpoliticallyimpossible.Amorepracticablealternativeisasystemoftradablewaterusagerights.Asourexplainsmanywaterproblemshaveglobalcauses:populationgrowthclimatechangeurbanizationandespeciallychangingdiets.Ittakes2000litersofwatertogrowakiloofvegetablesbut15000literstoproduceakiloofbeef—andpeopleareeatingmoremeat.Theproblemsalsohaveglobalimplications.Withoutanewgreenrevolutionfarmerswillneed60%morewatertofeedthe2billionextrapeoplewhowillbebornbetweennowand2025.Yetthereisgloballynoshortageofwater.Unlikeothernaturalresourcessuchasoilwatercannotbeusedup.Itisrecycledendlesslyasrainsnoworevaporation.Onaveragepeopleareextractingfortheirownuseslessthanatenthofwhatfallsasrainandsnoweachyear.Thecentralproblemisthatsomuchwateriswastedmainlybyfarmers.Agri-cultureusesthree-quartersoftheworld’swater.Becausewaterisusuallyfreethirstycropslikealfalfa苜蓿aregrowninaridCalifornia.WheatinIndiaandBrazilusestwiceasmuchwateraswheatinAmerica.DrycountrieslikePakistanexporttextilesthougha1kgboltofclothrequires11000litersofwater.Anyeconomistknowswhattodo:pricewatertoreflectitsvalue.Butdecadesoftryingtodothatforagriculturehaverunintopowerfulresistancefromfarmers.Theyrejectscarcitypricingforthereasonthatwaterfallsfromtheskies.Nogovernmentownsitsonogovernmentshouldchargeforit.Thereisawayout.Australianfarmershavetherighttouseacertainamountofwaterfree.Theycansellthatrighttoothers.Butiftheywantmorewaterthemselvestheymustbuyitfromaneighbor.Theresultofthistradingisamarketthathasdonewhatmarketsdo:allocateresourcestomoreproductiveuse.Australiahasendureditsworstdroughtinmodernhistoryinthepasttenyears.Watersuppliesinsomefarmingareashavefallenbyhalf.Yetfarmershaverespondedtothenewmarketsignalsbyswitchingtolessthirstycropsandkeptthevalueoffarmoutputstable.Waterproductivityhasdoubled.Australia’ssystemovercomestheusualobjectionsbecauseitconfirmsfarmers’rightstowaterandletsthemhavemuchofitfornothing.Whatcausesthecentralproblemthatsomuchwateriswastedmainlybyfarmers
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelpcontrolmacroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 1
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelpcontrolmacroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 13
Tetsofreactiontimesalsoseemedtobackupthenotionthatthetwohemispheresdifferedintheirprocessingstyles.Atrickresearchersusetoensurethatanimagegoestoonehemispherefirstandthentotheoppositesideofthebrain.46Ifthenatureofthestimulusandthepreferenceofthehemispherematchupthenthepersoncanrespondslightlymorequicklyandaccuratelyinidentifyingthelocalorgloballetter.Stillmorestartlingresearchersfoundthatthesameappearstoholdforthebrainsofchimps黑猩猩andperhapsotherprimates灵长类.47Theassumptionhasalwaysbeenthathandednessandbrainasymmetryarestrictlyhumantraits—partofthegreatbrainreorganizationthatallowedourancestortousetoolsspeakandperhapseventhinkrationally.Buthandednessisnowwidelyclaimedforprimatesandevenbirdsamphibians两栖动物andwhalesandinthepastfewyearssomepsychologistshaveTestedchimpsandbaboons狒狒andsuggestedtheirtwohemispheresalsodifferinprocessingstyle.48Nowresearchershavecometoseethedistinctionbetweenthetwohemispheresasasubtleoneofprocessingstylewitheverymentalfacultysharedacrossthebrainandeachsidecontributinginacomplementarynotexclusivefashion.Asmartbrainbecameonethatsimultaneouslygraspedboththeforegroundandthebackgroundofthemoment.Thenextproblemwastoworkoutexactlyhowthebrainmanagestoproductthesetwocontrastingstyles.Manyresearchersoriginallylookedfortheexplanationinasimplewiringdifferencewithinthebrain.Thistheoryheldthatneurons神经元intheleftcortex脑皮质mightmakesparser稀少的short-rangeconnectionswiththeirneighborswithcellsontheothersidewouldbemorerichlyandwidelyconnected.49Theresultwouldbethattherepresentationofsensationsandmemorieswouldbeconfinedtosmallishdiscrete离散的areasinthelefthemispherewhileexactlythesameinputtoacorrespondingareaoftherightsidewouldformasprawlingevenimpressionisticpatternofactivity.Supportersofthisideaarguedthatthesestructuraldifferenceswouldexplainwhyleftbrainlanguageareasaresogoodatpreciseresonationofwordsandwordsequenceswhiletheright-brainseemstosupplyawidersenseofcontestandmeaning.Astrikingfindingfromsomepeoplewhosufferrightbrainstrokesisthattheycanunderstandtheliteralmeaningofsentences—theirleftbraincanstilldecodethewords—buttheycannolongergetjokesorallusions.50Askedtoexplainevenacommonproverbsuchasastitchintimesavesninetheycanonlysayitmusthavesomethingtodowithsewing—anintactrightbrainisneededtomakethemoreplayfulconnections.
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelpcontrolmacroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 5
Anarrowingofyourworkinterestsisimpliedinalmostanytransitionfromastudyenvironmenttomanagerialorprofessionalwork.Inthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesyouwillatbestreuseonlyafractionofthematerial26inthreeorfouryears’study.Inmostcareerpathsacademicknowledgeonly2abackgroundtomuchmoreapplieddecision-making.Evenwitha"training"formofdegree3afewoftheproceduresormethods4inyourstudiesarelikelytobecontinuouslyrelevantinyourwork.Partly5reflectsthegreaterspecializationofmostworktaskscompared6studying.Manygraduatesarenot7withthevarietyinvolvedin8fromdegreestudyinatleastfourorfivesubjectsayear9verystandardizedjobdemands.Academicworkvalues10inventivenessoriginalityandthecultivationofself-realizationandself-development.Emphasisisplaced11generatingnewideasandknowledgeassembling12informationtomakea"rational"decisionappreciatingbasic13andtheoriesandgettinginvolvedinfundamentalcontroversiesanddebates.Thehumanisticvaluesofhigher14encouragesthefeelingofbeing15inaprocesswithaself-developmentalrhythm.16evenifyouremployerspursueenlightenedpersonneldevelopment17andinvestheavilyin"humancapital"—forexamplebyrotatinggraduatetraineesto18theirworkexperiences—youarestilllikelytonoticeandfeel19aboutsomemajorrestrictionsofyour20andactivitiescomparedwithastudyenvironment. 9
Directions: Writealetteraccordingtothesituationbelow: Youareplanningtohaveafarewellpartyatarestaurant.Youwritetothemanageroftherestaurantinquiringthesizethedecorationandtheequipment. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’tcuttingfillingorpolishingasnailsasshe’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’magoodeconomicindicatorshesaysIprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcusIdon’tknowitotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetoo.Shesays.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.Fromcardealer-shipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonuses.SaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslow-down.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbuddlesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelpcontrolmacroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.Althoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectionin1999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20. 7
In1956whenthecoldwarwasatitspeakAmericadeployedasecretsonicweaponasanewspaperheadlineputitatthetime.ThatweaponwasDizzyGillespieafamedjazzmusicianwhowasgiventhetaskofchangingtheworld’sviewofAmericanculturethroughrhythmandbeat.Crowdspouredintothestreettodance.Culturaldiplomacydieddownafterthecoldwarended.ButtheattacksofSeptember11th2001convincedtheStateDepartmenttosendoutAmerica’smusiciansonceagaintowooheartsandmindswithmelody.RhythmRoadaprogramrunbytheStateDepartmentandanon-profitorganizationJazzatLincolnCentrehasmadeinformaldiplomatsoutofbothmusiciansandaudiences.Sinceitbeganin2005musicianshavetravelledto96countries.OnebandwenttoMauritaniaacountryinnorthwesternAfricaafterlastyear’scoup;manydepartforcountriesthathavestrainedrelationshipswithAmerica.ThemusicianstraveltoplaceswheresomepeoplehaveneverseenanAmerican.Jazzsoparticipantsintheprogramiswell-suitedtodiplomacy.Itiscollaborativeallowingindividualsbothtoharmonizeandplaysolo—muchlikeademocracysaysAriRolandwhoplaysbassforabandthatleftNewYorktotourtheMiddleEastonMarch31st.Jazzisalsoareminderofmusic’spower.Ithelpedbreakdownracialbarriersasenthusiastsofallcolorsgatheredtolistentojazzwhensegregationwasstillthelawoftheland.TheStateDepartmentspent10millionU.S.dollarsonculturaldiplomacyprogramsintheyeartoSeptember30th2008.ButmostexpectfundingfortheinitiativetoincreaseunderBarackObamawhopledgedhissupportforculturaldiplomacyduringhiscampaign.RhythmRoadnowsendsouthip-hopandbluegrassbandsaswell.Therearesomedissenters.NickCullthedirectorofthePublicDiplomacyProgramattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniathinksthatthesediplomaticprojectswouldbemoreproductiveiftheywerenotadministeredbythesameagencythatoverseesthecountry’sforeign-policyagenda.AndthereisalsoclamorforMr.Obamatoappointasecretaryofcultureinhiscabinet.WhatgoodtheyaskissendingAmericancultureabroadwhenthecountryisnotgivingitproperattentionathomeThelastparagraphsuggeststhat______.
APerpetualMotionMachineisafascinatingandlong-discussedtopicthatmoveswellbeyondthescopeofphysics.Inshortaperpetualmotionmachinecanbelikenedtoamagiccowthatcontinuestoliveandbreatheandyetneedsnosustenance.Aperpetualmotionengineinstalledinaearwouldcontinuetorunindefinitelybutwouldneedneithergastanknorpetrol.Ofcourseasaperpetualmotionmachineisinviolationofnaturallawsitwilllikelynevermoveoutoftherealmofimaginationandintoreality.WhenthephraseperpetualmotionmachineisenteredintoGoogle’ssearchengine34400itemsarereturned.Ofthese34400itemstheforty-firsttotheforty-fifthholdreasonableinterestandwillbefurtherdiscussedherein.41.MythsandlegendsLongbeforetheadventofthesteamenginehumanbeingshaveruminatedonthepossibilityofaperpetualmotionmachine.Throughouthistorymanyhaveattemptedtoinventsuchadevicethoughnonehavethusfarbeensuccessful.42.FameandglorySomepeopleholdthatanyinventorattemptingtocreateaperpetualmotionmachinemustonlybeinitforcreditandaccoladeswishingtobethefirstinhisfieldtodiscoverthemuch-covetedsecret.43.WealthandrichesItisalsosuspectedbysomethatthoseseekingtounlockthemysteryofperpetualmotionmachinemustbemotivatedbythemonetaryrewards.Ifsuchadeviceweretofallintopopularusetheinventorwouldbeawealthymanindeed.44.AnticsandcapersEvensomeofthosewhoareawareoftheimpossibilityofperpetualmotionmachinehaveinventedsomethingsimilarundertheguiseofperpetualmotionmachineinordertoteaseus.45.DeceptionandtrickerySomepeoplethoughfullyawarethattheyareincapableofinventingaperpetualmotionmachinepersistinarguingthattheycanwiththeintentionofscammingus.Thoughtheperpetualmotionmachineisadreamlong-soughtafterbythescientificcommunityitisimprobablethatitwilleverberealized.Wecanhoweverpourourresourcesintoresearchingmorepracticalenergyconservingformsofpowersuchasgeothermalhydroelectricandsolarpowersolutions.A.InancientChinatherewasanextremelyadroitmanbythenameofZhuGeliang.Itissaidthatheconstructedawoodenhorsewhichcouldwalkunaidedandcouldbeusedinthetransportationofmilitarysupplies.Asnorecordsofthisoccurrencehavebeenfoundthistalehaspassedintolegend.B.InventorFtoldmeexcitedlysomecomplexdetailsarecurrentlyunderdiscus-siontounearththekeytoperpetualmotion.IfmyexperimentprovestobeeffectualIwillbecomeaNobelPrizewinner.YouknowtheceremonyisheldannuallyinSwedenandisbroadcastedlivetoeverycorneroftheglobe.ItisnogreatwonderthatInventorFespousedenthusiasm.Afunctionalperpetualmotionmachineisawonderthatwouldbemarveledatforgenerationstocome.C.InventorKdeclaredtheexperimentswithperpetualmotionareonthevergeofsuccess.Myproductswillsoonbedistributedthroughouttheworldandusedinawiderangeofindustrialapplications.Whenthathappensmycompanywillexpandexponentially.I’llmakeafortune!D.OneoftheclosestthingstoaperpetualmotionenginewastheoneinstalledontheTraveler1spacecraftthefirstspaceshipinhumanhistorytoflybeyondtheedgesofoursolarsystem.ThoughTraveler’sengineisabletorunwithoutmaintenanceformanyyearsitstillrequiresenergy—nuclearenergy.SostrictlyspeakingTraveler1doesnotrunonaperpetualmotionenginebutinfactneedsenergyasdoallothermachines.E.Mr.Goofyannouncedthathehadeffectivelydiagrammedthefirstperpetualmotionmachine.Whenaprivatecorporatepartypurchasedthepatenttheyfoundtotheirdismaythatmanufacturingitaccordingtothedesignlayoutwastechnicallyinfeasible.FurioustheysuedMr.GoofyforfraudbuteveninthecourtroomMr.Goofywouldnotbeshamed.HesimplyretortedI’mjustjokingaround.F.Tomproudlyproclaimingthathehadinventedaclockthatranonperpetualmotionandhaditplacedinthecentralsquareofhistown.Theclockhesaidwouldworkperfectlydespitealackofspringsintheinternalmechanism.Ascientistlaterascertainedthesecretandrevealedittothetownspeople:theclockhadbeencleverlydevisedtorunontemperaturedifferentials.
Tetsofreactiontimesalsoseemedtobackupthenotionthatthetwohemispheresdifferedintheirprocessingstyles.Atrickresearchersusetoensurethatanimagegoestoonehemispherefirstandthentotheoppositesideofthebrain.46Ifthenatureofthestimulusandthepreferenceofthehemispherematchupthenthepersoncanrespondslightlymorequicklyandaccuratelyinidentifyingthelocalorgloballetter.Stillmorestartlingresearchersfoundthatthesameappearstoholdforthebrainsofchimps黑猩猩andperhapsotherprimates灵长类.47Theassumptionhasalwaysbeenthathandednessandbrainasymmetryarestrictlyhumantraits—partofthegreatbrainreorganizationthatallowedourancestortousetoolsspeakandperhapseventhinkrationally.Buthandednessisnowwidelyclaimedforprimatesandevenbirdsamphibians两栖动物andwhalesandinthepastfewyearssomepsychologistshaveTestedchimpsandbaboons狒狒andsuggestedtheirtwohemispheresalsodifferinprocessingstyle.48Nowresearchershavecometoseethedistinctionbetweenthetwohemispheresasasubtleoneofprocessingstylewitheverymentalfacultysharedacrossthebrainandeachsidecontributinginacomplementarynotexclusivefashion.Asmartbrainbecameonethatsimultaneouslygraspedboththeforegroundandthebackgroundofthemoment.Thenextproblemwastoworkoutexactlyhowthebrainmanagestoproductthesetwocontrastingstyles.Manyresearchersoriginallylookedfortheexplanationinasimplewiringdifferencewithinthebrain.Thistheoryheldthatneurons神经元intheleftcortex脑皮质mightmakesparser稀少的short-rangeconnectionswiththeirneighborswithcellsontheothersidewouldbemorerichlyandwidelyconnected.49Theresultwouldbethattherepresentationofsensationsandmemorieswouldbeconfinedtosmallishdiscrete离散的areasinthelefthemispherewhileexactlythesameinputtoacorrespondingareaoftherightsidewouldformasprawlingevenimpressionisticpatternofactivity.Supportersofthisideaarguedthatthesestructuraldifferenceswouldexplainwhyleftbrainlanguageareasaresogoodatpreciseresonationofwordsandwordsequenceswhiletheright-brainseemstosupplyawidersenseofcontestandmeaning.Astrikingfindingfromsomepeoplewhosufferrightbrainstrokesisthattheycanunderstandtheliteralmeaningofsentences—theirleftbraincanstilldecodethewords—buttheycannolongergetjokesorallusions.50Askedtoexplainevenacommonproverbsuchasastitchintimesavesninetheycanonlysayitmusthavesomethingtodowithsewing—anintactrightbrainisneededtomakethemoreplayfulconnections.
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