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Semco ? ?At 21, Ricardo Semler became boss of his father’s business in Brazil, Semco, which sold par...
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TheHealthcarecommunitywasshocked______RicardoPeter
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up
of
by
Semco??At21RicardoSemlerbecamebossofhisfather’sbus
RicardoSemlerbecamebossofhisfather'sbusinessSemcoi
SemcoAt21RicardoSemlerbecamebossofhisfather’sbusin
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TheHealthcarecommunitywasshockedRicardoPeter'sresi
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{{*HTML*}}WhatIsType1Diabetes???Whenyoueatyourbodytakesthesugarfromfoodandturnsitintofuel.?46?.Your?bodyusesglucose葡萄糖forenergysoitcandoeverythingfrombreathingairtoplayingavideogame.Butglucosecannotbeusedbythebodyonitsown--itneedshormonecalledinsulintobringisintothecellsofthebody.??Mostpeoplegettheinsulintheyneedfromthepancreas;alargeorgannearthestomach.The?pancreasmakesinsulin;insulinbringsglucoseintothecells;andthebodygetstheenergyitneeds.WhenapersonhasType1diabetesitisbecausethepancreasisnotmakinginsulin.Sosomeonecouldbeeatinglotsoffoodandgettingalltheglucoseheneedsbutwithoutinsulinthereisnowayforthebodytousetheglucoseforenergy.?47?.??Youmayhaveheardolderpeopletalkabouthavingdiabetesmaybepeopleofyour?grandparents’age.Usuallythisisadifferentkindofdiabetescalledtype2diabetesoradult-onsetdiabetes.?48?.??WhenakidisdiagnosedwithjuvenileType1diabeteshewillhavethattypeofdiabetesfor?hiswhalelife.Itwon’tewerchangetoType2diabeteswhenhegetsolder.??Scientistsnowthinkthatapersonwhohasjuvenilediabeteswasbornwithacertaingeneor?genesthatmadethepersonmorelikelytogettheillness.?49?.Manyscientistsbelievethatalongwithhavingcertaingenessomethingelseoutsidetheperson’sbodylikeaviralinfectionisnecessarytosetthediabetesinmotionbyaffectingthecellsinthepan-treesthatmakeinsulin.??Butthepersonmusthavethegeneorgenesfordiabetestostartoutwiththismeansyou?cannotgetdiabetesjustfromcatchingafluvirusorcold.Andthistypeofdiabetesisn’tcausedbyeatingtoomanysugaryfoodseither.Diabetescantakealongtimetodevelopinaperson’sbodysometimesmonthsoryears.Anotherimportantthingtorememberisthatdiabetesisnotcontagious.?50?.??A.Genesaresomethingthatyouinheritfromyourparentsandtheyareinyourbodyevenbefore?youareborn.??B.Thissugar-fueliscalledglucose.??C.Itmaybepossibletoheatinsulinresistancethroughlifestylechanges.??D.Youcan’tcatchdiabetesfrompeoplewhohaveitnomatterhowcloseyousittothemorifyou?kissthem.??E.Theglucosecan’tgetintothecellsofthebodywithoutinsulin.??F.Whenapersonhasthiskindofdiabetesthepancreasusuallycanstillmakeinsulincutthe?person’sbodyneedsmorethanthepancreascanmake.
Thedentisthasdecidedtoextractherbadtooth.
{{*HTML*}}A.EffectofEnvironmentonIntelligence??B.DifferenceBetweenGeneticIntelligenceandObservedIntelligence??C.MainResultsofRecentResearches??D.EnvironmentandAchievement??E.ImpactonSchoolEducation??F.AchangedViewofIntelligenceParagraph2______
WhereHaveAlltheFrogsGone Inthe1980sscientistsaroundtheworldbegantonoticesomethingstrange:Frogsweredisappearing.Morerecentresearchhasshownthatmanykindsofamphibians两栖动物aredecliningorhavebecomeextinct.Theyhavebeenaroundforalongtime-over350millionyears.Whyaretheydyingoutnow Scientistsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthisquestion.Firstofallamphibiansareanimportantsourceofscientificandmedicalknowledge.Bystudyingamphibiansscientistshavelearnedaboutnewsubstancesthatcouldbeveryusefulfortreatinghumandiseases.Furtherresearchcouldleadtomanymorediscoveriesbutthatwillbeimpossibleiftheamphibiansdisappear. Themostseriousaspectofamphibianlosshowevergoesbeyondtheamphibiansthemselves.Scientistsarebeginningtothinkaboutwhatamphibiandeclinemeansfortheplanetasawhole.Iftheearthisbecomingunlivableforamphibiansisitalsobecomingunlivableforotherkindsofanimalsandhumanbeingsaswell Scientistsnowbelievethatamphibiandeclineisduetoseveralenvironmentalfactors.Oneofthesefactorsisthedestructionofhabitatthenaturalareawhereananimallives.Amphibiansareverysensitivetochangesintheirhabitat.Iftheycannotfindtherightconditionstheywillnotlaytheireggs.Thesedaysaswildareasarecoveredwithhousesroadsfarmsorfactoriesmanykindsofamphibiansarenolongerlayingeggs.Forexamplethearroyotoad蟾蜍ofsouthernCaliforniawillonlylayitseggsonthesandybottomofaslow-movingstream.ThereareveryfewstreamsleftinsouthernCaliforniaandthosestreamsareoftenmuddybecauseofbuildingprojects.Notsurprisinglythearroyotoadisnowindangerofextinction. Thereareanumberofotherfactorsinamphibiandecline.Pollutionisoneofthem.Inmanyindustrialareasairpollutionhaspoisonedtherainwhichthenfallsonpondsandkillsthefrogsandtoadsthatlivethere.Infarmingareastheheavyuseofchemicalsoncropshasalsokilledoffamphibians.AnotherfactoristhatairpollutionhasledtoincreasedlevelsofultravioletUVlight.ThisendangersamphibianswhichseemtobeespeciallysensitivetoUVlight.Andfinallyscientistshavediscoveredanewdiseasethatseemstobekillingmanyspeciesofamphibiansindifferentpartsoftheworld Allthesereasonsforthedisappearanceofamphibiansarealsogoodreasonsformoregeneralconcern.Thedestructionoflandthepollutionoftheairandthewaterthechangesinouratmospherethespreadofdiseases-thesefactorsaffecthumanbeingstoo.Amphibiansareespeciallysensitivetoenvironmentalchange.Perhapstheyarelikethecanary金丝雀birdthatcoalminersonceusedtotakedownintotheminestodetectpoisonousgases.Whenthecanarybecameiiiordiedtheminersknewthatdangerousgaseswerenearandtheirownliveswereindanger. Scientiststhinkthatthedeclineofamphibianscould
{{*HTML*}}A.EffectofEnvironmentonIntelligence??B.DifferenceBetweenGeneticIntelligenceandObservedIntelligence??C.MainResultsofRecentResearches??D.EnvironmentandAchievement??E.ImpactonSchoolEducation??F.AchangedViewofIntelligenceParagraph5______
AsheisgoingtoworkinHollandfortwoyearshewillbepartedfromhistwochildren.
Water Fromthebeginningwaterhasfurnishedmanwithasourceoffoodandahighwaytotravelupon.Thefirst51arosewherewaterwasadominantelementintheenvironmentachallengetoman’singenuity.TheEgyptiansinventedthe365-daycalendar52theNile’sannualflooding.TheBabylonianswhowereamongthemostfamouslaw-makersinancienttimesinventedlaws53waterusage.WaterinspiredtheChinesetobuilda1000-54canalacomplexsystemwhichafternearly2500yearsremainsstillpractically55andstillcommandstheastonishmentofengineers.Butthe56neverfoundcompletesolutionstotheirwaterproblems.TheYellowRiverisalsoknown57"China’sSorrow";itissounpredictableanddangerous58inasingleflooditmaycauseamillion59.FloodsslowedthegreatcivilizationoftheIndusRiverValleyandinadequatedrainageruined60itsland.Todaywaterdominates61asitalwayshasdone.Itspresencecontinuesto62thelocationofhishomesandcities;itsviolentvariabilitycan63manorhisherdsorhiscrops;itsrouteslinkshim64hisfellows;itsimmensevaluemay65toalreadydangerouspoliticalconflicts.Therearemanyexamplesofthisinourowntime. 60
Heexpressedconcernthattheshipmightbeindistress.
Techniquestoemploytheenergyofthesunarebeingdeveloped.
{{*HTML*}}WhatIsType1Diabetes???Whenyoueatyourbodytakesthesugarfromfoodandturnsitintofuel.?46?.Your?bodyusesglucose葡萄糖forenergysoitcandoeverythingfrombreathingairtoplayingavideogame.Butglucosecannotbeusedbythebodyonitsown--itneedshormonecalledinsulintobringisintothecellsofthebody.??Mostpeoplegettheinsulintheyneedfromthepancreas;alargeorgannearthestomach.The?pancreasmakesinsulin;insulinbringsglucoseintothecells;andthebodygetstheenergyitneeds.WhenapersonhasType1diabetesitisbecausethepancreasisnotmakinginsulin.Sosomeonecouldbeeatinglotsoffoodandgettingalltheglucoseheneedsbutwithoutinsulinthereisnowayforthebodytousetheglucoseforenergy.?47?.??Youmayhaveheardolderpeopletalkabouthavingdiabetesmaybepeopleofyour?grandparents’age.Usuallythisisadifferentkindofdiabetescalledtype2diabetesoradult-onsetdiabetes.?48?.??WhenakidisdiagnosedwithjuvenileType1diabeteshewillhavethattypeofdiabetesfor?hiswhalelife.Itwon’tewerchangetoType2diabeteswhenhegetsolder.??Scientistsnowthinkthatapersonwhohasjuvenilediabeteswasbornwithacertaingeneor?genesthatmadethepersonmorelikelytogettheillness.?49?.Manyscientistsbelievethatalongwithhavingcertaingenessomethingelseoutsidetheperson’sbodylikeaviralinfectionisnecessarytosetthediabetesinmotionbyaffectingthecellsinthepan-treesthatmakeinsulin.??Butthepersonmusthavethegeneorgenesfordiabetestostartoutwiththismeansyou?cannotgetdiabetesjustfromcatchingafluvirusorcold.Andthistypeofdiabetesisn’tcausedbyeatingtoomanysugaryfoodseither.Diabetescantakealongtimetodevelopinaperson’sbodysometimesmonthsoryears.Anotherimportantthingtorememberisthatdiabetesisnotcontagious.?50?.??A.Genesaresomethingthatyouinheritfromyourparentsandtheyareinyourbodyevenbefore?youareborn.??B.Thissugar-fueliscalledglucose.??C.Itmaybepossibletoheatinsulinresistancethroughlifestylechanges.??D.Youcan’tcatchdiabetesfrompeoplewhohaveitnomatterhowcloseyousittothemorifyou?kissthem.??E.Theglucosecan’tgetintothecellsofthebodywithoutinsulin.??F.Whenapersonhasthiskindofdiabetesthepancreasusuallycanstillmakeinsulincutthe?person’sbodyneedsmorethanthepancreascanmake.
AGreatQuakeComingEveryonewholivesinSanFranciscoknowsthatearthquakesarecommonintheBayArea-andtheycanbedevastating．In1906forexampleamajorquakedestroyedabout28000buildingsandkilledhundredsperhapsthousandsofpeople．ResidentsnowwonderwhenthenextBigOnewillstrike．It’sboundtohappensomeday．Atleastsevenactivefault断层linesrunthroughtheSanFranciscoarea．FaultsareplaceswherepiecesofEarth’scrust地壳slidepasteachother．Whenthesepiecesslipthegroundshakes．Toprepareforthatdayscientistsareusingnewtechniquestoreanalyzethe1906earthquakeandpredicthowbadthedamagemightbewhenthenextonehappens．Onenewfindingaboutthe1906quakeisthattheSanAndreasFaultsplitapartfasterthanscientistshadassumedatthetime．Duringsmallearthquakesfaultsrupture断裂atabout2.7kilometerspersecond．Duringbiggerquakeshoweverrupturescanhappenatratesfasterthan3.5kilometerspersecond．Atsuchhighspeedsmassiveamountsofpressurebuildupgeneratingundergroundwavesthatcancausemoredamagethanthequakeitself．LuckyforSanFranciscothesepressurepulses脉冲traveledawayfromthecityduringthe1906event．Asbadasthedamagewasitcouldhavebeenfarworse．Lookingaheadscientistsaretryingtopredictwhenthenextmajorquakewilloccur．Recordsshowthatearthquakeswerecommonbefore1906．Sincethentheareahasbeenrelativelyquiet．PatternsinthedatahoweversuggestthattheprobabilityofamajorearthquakestrikingtheBayAreabefore2032isatleast62percent．NewbuildingsinSanFranciscoarequitesafeincaseoffuturequakes．Stillmorethan84percentofthecity’sbuildingsareoldandweak．Analysessuggestthatanothermassiveearthquakewouldcauseextensivedamage．PeoplewholivetheretodaytendtofeelsafebecauseSanFranciscohasremainedprettyquietforawhile．Accordingtothenewresearchhoweverit’snotamatterofiftheBigOnewillhit．It’sjustamatterofwhen．The1906earthquakeinSanFranciscoisthemostsevereoneinAmericanhistory．
Ifinallysubmitmyreportbeforethedeadline.
AGreatQuakeComingEveryonewholivesinSanFranciscoknowsthatearthquakesarecommonintheBayArea-andtheycanbedevastating．In1906forexampleamajorquakedestroyedabout28000buildingsandkilledhundredsperhapsthousandsofpeople．ResidentsnowwonderwhenthenextBigOnewillstrike．It’sboundtohappensomeday．Atleastsevenactivefault断层linesrunthroughtheSanFranciscoarea．FaultsareplaceswherepiecesofEarth’scrust地壳slidepasteachother．Whenthesepiecesslipthegroundshakes．Toprepareforthatdayscientistsareusingnewtechniquestoreanalyzethe1906earthquakeandpredicthowbadthedamagemightbewhenthenextonehappens．Onenewfindingaboutthe1906quakeisthattheSanAndreasFaultsplitapartfasterthanscientistshadassumedatthetime．Duringsmallearthquakesfaultsrupture断裂atabout2.7kilometerspersecond．Duringbiggerquakeshoweverrupturescanhappenatratesfasterthan3.5kilometerspersecond．Atsuchhighspeedsmassiveamountsofpressurebuildupgeneratingundergroundwavesthatcancausemoredamagethanthequakeitself．LuckyforSanFranciscothesepressurepulses脉冲traveledawayfromthecityduringthe1906event．Asbadasthedamagewasitcouldhavebeenfarworse．Lookingaheadscientistsaretryingtopredictwhenthenextmajorquakewilloccur．Recordsshowthatearthquakeswerecommonbefore1906．Sincethentheareahasbeenrelativelyquiet．PatternsinthedatahoweversuggestthattheprobabilityofamajorearthquakestrikingtheBayAreabefore2032isatleast62percent．NewbuildingsinSanFranciscoarequitesafeincaseoffuturequakes．Stillmorethan84percentofthecity’sbuildingsareoldandweak．Analysessuggestthatanothermassiveearthquakewouldcauseextensivedamage．PeoplewholivetheretodaytendtofeelsafebecauseSanFranciscohasremainedprettyquietforawhile．Accordingtothenewresearchhoweverit’snotamatterofiftheBigOnewillhit．It’sjustamatterofwhen．Scientistswillbeabletopredicttheexacttimeofanearthquakesoon．
AGreatQuakeComingEveryonewholivesinSanFranciscoknowsthatearthquakesarecommonintheBayArea-andtheycanbedevastating．In1906forexampleamajorquakedestroyedabout28000buildingsandkilledhundredsperhapsthousandsofpeople．ResidentsnowwonderwhenthenextBigOnewillstrike．It’sboundtohappensomeday．Atleastsevenactivefault断层linesrunthroughtheSanFranciscoarea．FaultsareplaceswherepiecesofEarth’scrust地壳slidepasteachother．Whenthesepiecesslipthegroundshakes．Toprepareforthatdayscientistsareusingnewtechniquestoreanalyzethe1906earthquakeandpredicthowbadthedamagemightbewhenthenextonehappens．Onenewfindingaboutthe1906quakeisthattheSanAndreasFaultsplitapartfasterthanscientistshadassumedatthetime．Duringsmallearthquakesfaultsrupture断裂atabout2.7kilometerspersecond．Duringbiggerquakeshoweverrupturescanhappenatratesfasterthan3.5kilometerspersecond．Atsuchhighspeedsmassiveamountsofpressurebuildupgeneratingundergroundwavesthatcancausemoredamagethanthequakeitself．LuckyforSanFranciscothesepressurepulses脉冲traveledawayfromthecityduringthe1906event．Asbadasthedamagewasitcouldhavebeenfarworse．Lookingaheadscientistsaretryingtopredictwhenthenextmajorquakewilloccur．Recordsshowthatearthquakeswerecommonbefore1906．Sincethentheareahasbeenrelativelyquiet．PatternsinthedatahoweversuggestthattheprobabilityofamajorearthquakestrikingtheBayAreabefore2032isatleast62percent．NewbuildingsinSanFranciscoarequitesafeincaseoffuturequakes．Stillmorethan84percentofthecity’sbuildingsareoldandweak．Analysessuggestthatanothermassiveearthquakewouldcauseextensivedamage．PeoplewholivetheretodaytendtofeelsafebecauseSanFranciscohasremainedprettyquietforawhile．Accordingtothenewresearchhoweverit’snotamatterofiftheBigOnewillhit．It’sjustamatterofwhen．EarthquakesrarelyhappenedinSanFranciscobefore1906．
Water Fromthebeginningwaterhasfurnishedmanwithasourceoffoodandahighwaytotravelupon.Thefirst51arosewherewaterwasadominantelementintheenvironmentachallengetoman’singenuity.TheEgyptiansinventedthe365-daycalendar52theNile’sannualflooding.TheBabylonianswhowereamongthemostfamouslaw-makersinancienttimesinventedlaws53waterusage.WaterinspiredtheChinesetobuilda1000-54canalacomplexsystemwhichafternearly2500yearsremainsstillpractically55andstillcommandstheastonishmentofengineers.Butthe56neverfoundcompletesolutionstotheirwaterproblems.TheYellowRiverisalsoknown57"China’sSorrow";itissounpredictableanddangerous58inasingleflooditmaycauseamillion59.FloodsslowedthegreatcivilizationoftheIndusRiverValleyandinadequatedrainageruined60itsland.Todaywaterdominates61asitalwayshasdone.Itspresencecontinuesto62thelocationofhishomesandcities;itsviolentvariabilitycan63manorhisherdsorhiscrops;itsrouteslinkshim64hisfellows;itsimmensevaluemay65toalreadydangerouspoliticalconflicts.Therearemanyexamplesofthisinourowntime. 54
SincetheGreatDepressiontheUnitedStatesgovernmenthasprotectedfarmersfromdamagingdropsingrainprices.
Thelatestcensusisencouraging.
ThepeoplewhospeakEsperanto世界语hopethatthelanguagesomedaywillbecometheinternationallanguagefortradescienceanddiplomacy.
{{*HTML*}}WhatIsType1Diabetes???Whenyoueatyourbodytakesthesugarfromfoodandturnsitintofuel.?46?.Your?bodyusesglucose葡萄糖forenergysoitcandoeverythingfrombreathingairtoplayingavideogame.Butglucosecannotbeusedbythebodyonitsown--itneedshormonecalledinsulintobringisintothecellsofthebody.??Mostpeoplegettheinsulintheyneedfromthepancreas;alargeorgannearthestomach.The?pancreasmakesinsulin;insulinbringsglucoseintothecells;andthebodygetstheenergyitneeds.WhenapersonhasType1diabetesitisbecausethepancreasisnotmakinginsulin.Sosomeonecouldbeeatinglotsoffoodandgettingalltheglucoseheneedsbutwithoutinsulinthereisnowayforthebodytousetheglucoseforenergy.?47?.??Youmayhaveheardolderpeopletalkabouthavingdiabetesmaybepeopleofyour?grandparents’age.Usuallythisisadifferentkindofdiabetescalledtype2diabetesoradult-onsetdiabetes.?48?.??WhenakidisdiagnosedwithjuvenileType1diabeteshewillhavethattypeofdiabetesfor?hiswhalelife.Itwon’tewerchangetoType2diabeteswhenhegetsolder.??Scientistsnowthinkthatapersonwhohasjuvenilediabeteswasbornwithacertaingeneor?genesthatmadethepersonmorelikelytogettheillness.?49?.Manyscientistsbelievethatalongwithhavingcertaingenessomethingelseoutsidetheperson’sbodylikeaviralinfectionisnecessarytosetthediabetesinmotionbyaffectingthecellsinthepan-treesthatmakeinsulin.??Butthepersonmusthavethegeneorgenesfordiabetestostartoutwiththismeansyou?cannotgetdiabetesjustfromcatchingafluvirusorcold.Andthistypeofdiabetesisn’tcausedbyeatingtoomanysugaryfoodseither.Diabetescantakealongtimetodevelopinaperson’sbodysometimesmonthsoryears.Anotherimportantthingtorememberisthatdiabetesisnotcontagious.?50?.??A.Genesaresomethingthatyouinheritfromyourparentsandtheyareinyourbodyevenbefore?youareborn.??B.Thissugar-fueliscalledglucose.??C.Itmaybepossibletoheatinsulinresistancethroughlifestylechanges.??D.Youcan’tcatchdiabetesfrompeoplewhohaveitnomatterhowcloseyousittothemorifyou?kissthem.??E.Theglucosecan’tgetintothecellsofthebodywithoutinsulin.??F.Whenapersonhasthiskindofdiabetesthepancreasusuallycanstillmakeinsulincutthe?person’sbodyneedsmorethanthepancreascanmake.
Water Fromthebeginningwaterhasfurnishedmanwithasourceoffoodandahighwaytotravelupon.Thefirst51arosewherewaterwasadominantelementintheenvironmentachallengetoman’singenuity.TheEgyptiansinventedthe365-daycalendar52theNile’sannualflooding.TheBabylonianswhowereamongthemostfamouslaw-makersinancienttimesinventedlaws53waterusage.WaterinspiredtheChinesetobuilda1000-54canalacomplexsystemwhichafternearly2500yearsremainsstillpractically55andstillcommandstheastonishmentofengineers.Butthe56neverfoundcompletesolutionstotheirwaterproblems.TheYellowRiverisalsoknown57"China’sSorrow";itissounpredictableanddangerous58inasingleflooditmaycauseamillion59.FloodsslowedthegreatcivilizationoftheIndusRiverValleyandinadequatedrainageruined60itsland.Todaywaterdominates61asitalwayshasdone.Itspresencecontinuesto62thelocationofhishomesandcities;itsviolentvariabilitycan63manorhisherdsorhiscrops;itsrouteslinkshim64hisfellows;itsimmensevaluemay65toalreadydangerouspoliticalconflicts.Therearemanyexamplesofthisinourowntime. 62
Water Fromthebeginningwaterhasfurnishedmanwithasourceoffoodandahighwaytotravelupon.Thefirst51arosewherewaterwasadominantelementintheenvironmentachallengetoman’singenuity.TheEgyptiansinventedthe365-daycalendar52theNile’sannualflooding.TheBabylonianswhowereamongthemostfamouslaw-makersinancienttimesinventedlaws53waterusage.WaterinspiredtheChinesetobuilda1000-54canalacomplexsystemwhichafternearly2500yearsremainsstillpractically55andstillcommandstheastonishmentofengineers.Butthe56neverfoundcompletesolutionstotheirwaterproblems.TheYellowRiverisalsoknown57"China’sSorrow";itissounpredictableanddangerous58inasingleflooditmaycauseamillion59.FloodsslowedthegreatcivilizationoftheIndusRiverValleyandinadequatedrainageruined60itsland.Todaywaterdominates61asitalwayshasdone.Itspresencecontinuesto62thelocationofhishomesandcities;itsviolentvariabilitycan63manorhisherdsorhiscrops;itsrouteslinkshim64hisfellows;itsimmensevaluemay65toalreadydangerouspoliticalconflicts.Therearemanyexamplesofthisinourowntime. 56
TheIcemanOnaSeptemberdayin1991twoGermanswereclimbingthemountainsbetweenAustriaandItaly．Highuponamountainpasstheyfoundthebodyofamanlyingontheice．Atthatheight10499feetor3200meterstheiceisusuallypermanentbut1991hadbeenanespeciallywarmyear．Themountainicehadmeltedmorethanusualandsothebodyhadcometothesurface．Itwaslyingfacedownward．Theskeleton骨架wasinperfectconditionexceptforawoundinthehead．Therewasstillskinonthebonesandtheremainsofsomeclothes．Thehandswerestillholdingthewoodenhandleofanaxandonthefeettherewereverysimpleleatherandclothboots．Nearbywasapairofglovesmadeoftreebark树皮andaholderforarrows．WhowasthismanHowandwhenhadhediedEverybodyhadadifferentanswertothesequestions．SomepeoplethoughtthatitwasfromthiscenturyperhapsthebodyofasoldierwhodiedinWorldWarIsinceseveralsoldiershadalreadybeenfoundinthearea．ASwisswomanbelieveditmightbeherfatherwhohaddiedinthosemountainstwentyyearsbeforeandwhosebodyhadneverbeenfound．Thescientistswhorushedtolookatthebodythoughtitwasprobablymucholdermaybeevenathousandyearsold．WithmoderndatingtechniquesthescientistssoonlearnedthattheIcemanwasabout5300yearsold．Borninabout3300B．C．helivedduringtheBronzeAgeinEurope．Atfirstscientiststhoughthewasprobablyahunterwhohaddiedfromanaccidentinthehighmountains．Morerecentevidencehowevertellsadifferentstory．AnewkindofX-rayshowsanarrowheadstillstuckinhisshoulder．Itleftonlyatinyholeinhisskinbutitcausedinternaldamageandbleeding．Healmostcertainlydiedfromthiswoundandnotfromthewoundonthebackofhishead．Thismeansthathewasprobablyinsortiekindofabattle．Itmayhavebeenpartofalargerwarorhemayhavebeenfightingbandits．Hemayevenhavebeenabandithimself．BystudyinghisclothesandtoolsscientistshavealreadylearnedagreatdealfromtheIcemanaboutthetimeshelivedin．Wemayneverknowthefullstoryofhowhediedbuthehasgivenusimportantcluestothehistoryofthosedistanttimes．Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph2
{{*HTML*}}A?EventsThatTookplaceBeforetheEarthExisted??B?PoweroftheTelescope??C?DetailsofEtaCarinae??D?InventionofaTimeMachine??E?BiggestTelescope??F?UltravioletLaserRaysParagraph3______
Water Fromthebeginningwaterhasfurnishedmanwithasourceoffoodandahighwaytotravelupon.Thefirst51arosewherewaterwasadominantelementintheenvironmentachallengetoman’singenuity.TheEgyptiansinventedthe365-daycalendar52theNile’sannualflooding.TheBabylonianswhowereamongthemostfamouslaw-makersinancienttimesinventedlaws53waterusage.WaterinspiredtheChinesetobuilda1000-54canalacomplexsystemwhichafternearly2500yearsremainsstillpractically55andstillcommandstheastonishmentofengineers.Butthe56neverfoundcompletesolutionstotheirwaterproblems.TheYellowRiverisalsoknown57"China’sSorrow";itissounpredictableanddangerous58inasingleflooditmaycauseamillion59.FloodsslowedthegreatcivilizationoftheIndusRiverValleyandinadequatedrainageruined60itsland.Todaywaterdominates61asitalwayshasdone.Itspresencecontinuesto62thelocationofhishomesandcities;itsviolentvariabilitycan63manorhisherdsorhiscrops;itsrouteslinkshim64hisfellows;itsimmensevaluemay65toalreadydangerouspoliticalconflicts.Therearemanyexamplesofthisinourowntime. 52
{{*HTML*}}A?EventsThatTookplaceBeforetheEarthExisted??B?PoweroftheTelescope??C?DetailsofEtaCarinae??D?InventionofaTimeMachine??E?BiggestTelescope??F?UltravioletLaserRaysParagraph1______
Water Fromthebeginningwaterhasfurnishedmanwithasourceoffoodandahighwaytotravelupon.Thefirst51arosewherewaterwasadominantelementintheenvironmentachallengetoman’singenuity.TheEgyptiansinventedthe365-daycalendar52theNile’sannualflooding.TheBabylonianswhowereamongthemostfamouslaw-makersinancienttimesinventedlaws53waterusage.WaterinspiredtheChinesetobuilda1000-54canalacomplexsystemwhichafternearly2500yearsremainsstillpractically55andstillcommandstheastonishmentofengineers.Butthe56neverfoundcompletesolutionstotheirwaterproblems.TheYellowRiverisalsoknown57"China’sSorrow";itissounpredictableanddangerous58inasingleflooditmaycauseamillion59.FloodsslowedthegreatcivilizationoftheIndusRiverValleyandinadequatedrainageruined60itsland.Todaywaterdominates61asitalwayshasdone.Itspresencecontinuesto62thelocationofhishomesandcities;itsviolentvariabilitycan63manorhisherdsorhiscrops;itsrouteslinkshim64hisfellows;itsimmensevaluemay65toalreadydangerouspoliticalconflicts.Therearemanyexamplesofthisinourowntime. 64
WhereHaveAlltheFrogsGone Inthe1980sscientistsaroundtheworldbegantonoticesomethingstrange:Frogsweredisappearing.Morerecentresearchhasshownthatmanykindsofamphibians两栖动物aredecliningorhavebecomeextinct.Theyhavebeenaroundforalongtime-over350millionyears.Whyaretheydyingoutnow Scientistsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthisquestion.Firstofallamphibiansareanimportantsourceofscientificandmedicalknowledge.Bystudyingamphibiansscientistshavelearnedaboutnewsubstancesthatcouldbeveryusefulfortreatinghumandiseases.Furtherresearchcouldleadtomanymorediscoveriesbutthatwillbeimpossibleiftheamphibiansdisappear. Themostseriousaspectofamphibianlosshowevergoesbeyondtheamphibiansthemselves.Scientistsarebeginningtothinkaboutwhatamphibiandeclinemeansfortheplanetasawhole.Iftheearthisbecomingunlivableforamphibiansisitalsobecomingunlivableforotherkindsofanimalsandhumanbeingsaswell Scientistsnowbelievethatamphibiandeclineisduetoseveralenvironmentalfactors.Oneofthesefactorsisthedestructionofhabitatthenaturalareawhereananimallives.Amphibiansareverysensitivetochangesintheirhabitat.Iftheycannotfindtherightconditionstheywillnotlaytheireggs.Thesedaysaswildareasarecoveredwithhousesroadsfarmsorfactoriesmanykindsofamphibiansarenolongerlayingeggs.Forexamplethearroyotoad蟾蜍ofsouthernCaliforniawillonlylayitseggsonthesandybottomofaslow-movingstream.ThereareveryfewstreamsleftinsouthernCaliforniaandthosestreamsareoftenmuddybecauseofbuildingprojects.Notsurprisinglythearroyotoadisnowindangerofextinction. Thereareanumberofotherfactorsinamphibiandecline.Pollutionisoneofthem.Inmanyindustrialareasairpollutionhaspoisonedtherainwhichthenfallsonpondsandkillsthefrogsandtoadsthatlivethere.Infarmingareastheheavyuseofchemicalsoncropshasalsokilledoffamphibians.AnotherfactoristhatairpollutionhasledtoincreasedlevelsofultravioletUVlight.ThisendangersamphibianswhichseemtobeespeciallysensitivetoUVlight.Andfinallyscientistshavediscoveredanewdiseasethatseemstobekillingmanyspeciesofamphibiansindifferentpartsoftheworld Allthesereasonsforthedisappearanceofamphibiansarealsogoodreasonsformoregeneralconcern.Thedestructionoflandthepollutionoftheairandthewaterthechangesinouratmospherethespreadofdiseases-thesefactorsaffecthumanbeingstoo.Amphibiansareespeciallysensitivetoenvironmentalchange.Perhapstheyarelikethecanary金丝雀birdthatcoalminersonceusedtotakedownintotheminestodetectpoisonousgases.Whenthecanarybecameiiiordiedtheminersknewthatdangerousgaseswerenearandtheirownliveswereindanger. Losingamphibiansmeanslosing
WhereHaveAlltheFrogsGone Inthe1980sscientistsaroundtheworldbegantonoticesomethingstrange:Frogsweredisappearing.Morerecentresearchhasshownthatmanykindsofamphibians两栖动物aredecliningorhavebecomeextinct.Theyhavebeenaroundforalongtime-over350millionyears.Whyaretheydyingoutnow Scientistsareseriouslyconcernedaboutthisquestion.Firstofallamphibiansareanimportantsourceofscientificandmedicalknowledge.Bystudyingamphibiansscientistshavelearnedaboutnewsubstancesthatcouldbeveryusefulfortreatinghumandiseases.Furtherresearchcouldleadtomanymorediscoveriesbutthatwillbeimpossibleiftheamphibiansdisappear. Themostseriousaspectofamphibianlosshowevergoesbeyondtheamphibiansthemselves.Scientistsarebeginningtothinkaboutwhatamphibiandeclinemeansfortheplanetasawhole.Iftheearthisbecomingunlivableforamphibiansisitalsobecomingunlivableforotherkindsofanimalsandhumanbeingsaswell Scientistsnowbelievethatamphibiandeclineisduetoseveralenvironmentalfactors.Oneofthesefactorsisthedestructionofhabitatthenaturalareawhereananimallives.Amphibiansareverysensitivetochangesintheirhabitat.Iftheycannotfindtherightconditionstheywillnotlaytheireggs.Thesedaysaswildareasarecoveredwithhousesroadsfarmsorfactoriesmanykindsofamphibiansarenolongerlayingeggs.Forexamplethearroyotoad蟾蜍ofsouthernCaliforniawillonlylayitseggsonthesandybottomofaslow-movingstream.ThereareveryfewstreamsleftinsouthernCaliforniaandthosestreamsareoftenmuddybecauseofbuildingprojects.Notsurprisinglythearroyotoadisnowindangerofextinction. Thereareanumberofotherfactorsinamphibiandecline.Pollutionisoneofthem.Inmanyindustrialareasairpollutionhaspoisonedtherainwhichthenfallsonpondsandkillsthefrogsandtoadsthatlivethere.Infarmingareastheheavyuseofchemicalsoncropshasalsokilledoffamphibians.AnotherfactoristhatairpollutionhasledtoincreasedlevelsofultravioletUVlight.ThisendangersamphibianswhichseemtobeespeciallysensitivetoUVlight.Andfinallyscientistshavediscoveredanewdiseasethatseemstobekillingmanyspeciesofamphibiansindifferentpartsoftheworld Allthesereasonsforthedisappearanceofamphibiansarealsogoodreasonsformoregeneralconcern.Thedestructionoflandthepollutionoftheairandthewaterthechangesinouratmospherethespreadofdiseases-thesefactorsaffecthumanbeingstoo.Amphibiansareespeciallysensitivetoenvironmentalchange.Perhapstheyarelikethecanary金丝雀birdthatcoalminersonceusedtotakedownintotheminestodetectpoisonousgases.Whenthecanarybecameiiiordiedtheminersknewthatdangerousgaseswerenearandtheirownliveswereindanger. Thearroyotoadisdisappearingbecause
Water Fromthebeginningwaterhasfurnishedmanwithasourceoffoodandahighwaytotravelupon.Thefirst51arosewherewaterwasadominantelementintheenvironmentachallengetoman’singenuity.TheEgyptiansinventedthe365-daycalendar52theNile’sannualflooding.TheBabylonianswhowereamongthemostfamouslaw-makersinancienttimesinventedlaws53waterusage.WaterinspiredtheChinesetobuilda1000-54canalacomplexsystemwhichafternearly2500yearsremainsstillpractically55andstillcommandstheastonishmentofengineers.Butthe56neverfoundcompletesolutionstotheirwaterproblems.TheYellowRiverisalsoknown57"China’sSorrow";itissounpredictableanddangerous58inasingleflooditmaycauseamillion59.FloodsslowedthegreatcivilizationoftheIndusRiverValleyandinadequatedrainageruined60itsland.Todaywaterdominates61asitalwayshasdone.Itspresencecontinuesto62thelocationofhishomesandcities;itsviolentvariabilitycan63manorhisherdsorhiscrops;itsrouteslinkshim64hisfellows;itsimmensevaluemay65toalreadydangerouspoliticalconflicts.Therearemanyexamplesofthisinourowntime. 58
TheIcemanOnaSeptemberdayin1991twoGermanswereclimbingthemountainsbetweenAustriaandItaly．Highuponamountainpasstheyfoundthebodyofamanlyingontheice．Atthatheight10499feetor3200meterstheiceisusuallypermanentbut1991hadbeenanespeciallywarmyear．Themountainicehadmeltedmorethanusualandsothebodyhadcometothesurface．Itwaslyingfacedownward．Theskeleton骨架wasinperfectconditionexceptforawoundinthehead．Therewasstillskinonthebonesandtheremainsofsomeclothes．Thehandswerestillholdingthewoodenhandleofanaxandonthefeettherewereverysimpleleatherandclothboots．Nearbywasapairofglovesmadeoftreebark树皮andaholderforarrows．WhowasthismanHowandwhenhadhediedEverybodyhadadifferentanswertothesequestions．SomepeoplethoughtthatitwasfromthiscenturyperhapsthebodyofasoldierwhodiedinWorldWarIsinceseveralsoldiershadalreadybeenfoundinthearea．ASwisswomanbelieveditmightbeherfatherwhohaddiedinthosemountainstwentyyearsbeforeandwhosebodyhadneverbeenfound．Thescientistswhorushedtolookatthebodythoughtitwasprobablymucholdermaybeevenathousandyearsold．WithmoderndatingtechniquesthescientistssoonlearnedthattheIcemanwasabout5300yearsold．Borninabout3300B．C．helivedduringtheBronzeAgeinEurope．Atfirstscientiststhoughthewasprobablyahunterwhohaddiedfromanaccidentinthehighmountains．Morerecentevidencehowevertellsadifferentstory．AnewkindofX-rayshowsanarrowheadstillstuckinhisshoulder．Itleftonlyatinyholeinhisskinbutitcausedinternaldamageandbleeding．Healmostcertainlydiedfromthiswoundandnotfromthewoundonthebackofhishead．Thismeansthathewasprobablyinsortiekindofabattle．Itmayhavebeenpartofalargerwarorhemayhavebeenfightingbandits．Hemayevenhavebeenabandithimself．BystudyinghisclothesandtoolsscientistshavealreadylearnedagreatdealfromtheIcemanaboutthetimeshelivedin．Wemayneverknowthefullstoryofhowhediedbuthehasgivenusimportantcluestothehistoryofthosedistanttimes．ThescientistsmadethedeductionthattheIceman
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