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( )是中国历史上第一次大规模的群众性武装暴动。
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中国历史上第一次大规模的翻译传经的僧人是
佛图澄
道安
鸠摩罗什
玄奘
公元前209年陈胜吴广起义是中国历史上第一次大规模的农民起义具有革命首创精神
陈胜吴广发动了中国历史上第一次大规模的农民起义推翻了秦朝统治建立了农民政权
史记·陈涉世家给我们描述了中国历史上第一次大规模的农民起义这次具有革命首创精神的起义是
国人暴动
项羽、刘邦起义
陈胜、吴广起义
绿林赤眉起义
中国历史上第一次大规模的农民战争
陈胜、吴广起义
楚汉战争
刘邦起义
项羽起义
中国历史上第一次爆发的大规模农民起义战争是____________
中国历史上第一次大规模的农民战争建立政权的地点是
陈
大泽乡
沛
垓下
中国历史上第一次大规模的农民起义是
城濮之战
巨鹿之战
大泽乡起义
牧野之战
领导中国历史上第一次大规模农民起义的是
刘邦
陈胜
项羽
韩信
中国历史上第一次大规模的农民起义是
陈胜、吴广起义
项羽、刘邦起义
国人暴动
晋楚争霸
中国历史上第一次大规模的农民起义是A.陈胜吴广起义B.项羽刘邦起义C.国人暴动D.晋楚争霸
21公元前209年刘邦项羽在大泽乡发动了中国历史上第一次大规模农民起义
中国历史上第一次大规模农民起义的发动者是陈胜吴广
中国历史上第一次大规模农民起义——大泽乡起义的领导者是①陈胜②项羽③吴广④刘邦
①②
②③
①③
②④
中国历史上第一次大规模农民起义——大泽乡起义的领导者是①陈胜②项羽③吴广④刘邦
①②
②③
①③
②④
1839年在皇帝的支持下林则徐发动了中国历史上第一次大规模 的禁烟运动
道光
同治
光绪
中国历史上第一次大规模的群众性武装暴动是
陈胜、吴广起义
国人暴动
牧野之战
周公东征
______________领导了中国历史上第一次大规模的农民起义_______撰写了二十四史的开山
我国历史上发生过很多次农民起义中国历史上第一次大规模的农民起义是
黄巾军起义
刘邦起义
项羽起义
陈胜、吴广起义
中国历史上第一次大规模的农民起义的领导者有①陈胜②刘邦③项羽④吴广
①②
②③
①③
①④
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SomeoilcompaniesplantogetridofsomeofthepollutiontheyproducebypumpingitintorocksdeepinsidetheEarthwheretheysayitwillstayforthousandsofyears.Otherpeoplethougharen’tsosurethisisadvisable;environmentalgroupssaythatputtingthispollutionbackintotheEarthisabadidea.Whenoilburnsitdoesn’tjustproduceheat:italsoproducescarbondioxide.Carbondioxideisanaturalpartoftheairbutbecausepeopleburnsomuchoilthere’stoomuchcarbondioxideintheair.Thisextracarbondioxideispollution;somescientificstudiesshowthatcarbondioxideisoneofthegreenhousegases’thatiscausingtheEarth’stemperaturetorise.Environmentalistssaythattheoilcompanies’plansmaynotwork.Theoilcompaniessaytheyaremakingsurethatthegaswillneverescapebutenvironmentalistswonderhowtheoilcompaniescanbesosurethatthegaswon’tseepintotheair.Theyalsopointoutthatthere’snowaytochecktomakesurethegasisn’tleaking.Inadditiontheenvironmentalistspointoutthatthepumpingcostsmoney—forresearchandforequipment—thattheoilcompaniesshouldbespendingonpreventingpollutionratherthanonjustmovingitsomeplaceelse.AnotherproblemsaysomepeoplewhoareconcernedabouttheEarthisthatiftheoilcompaniesfindacheapwaytogetridoftheirpollutiontheywon’tlookfornewkindsofenergy.Theseenvironmentalistssaythatenergycompaniesshouldberesearchingwaystousehydrogenwindpowerandsolarpowerinsteadoffindingbetterwaystouseoil.Theyarguethatcontinuingtouseoilmeansthatwewillstillneedtobuyoilfromothercountriesinsteadofproducingourowncheapcleanenergy.Environmentalistsalsosaythatburyingpollutionjustpushestheproblemintothefutureratherthanreallysolvingit.TheysaythatiftheoilcompaniespumpcarbondioxideintotherocksinsidetheEarthitwillbethereforthousandsofyearsandthatnooneknowsifthisplan—evenifitworks—mightturnintoapollutionproblemforallofusinthefuture.TheoilcompaniesinsistthattheirplanissafeandthatputtingthegasinsidetheEarthisareasonablewaytodealwithit.TheypointoutthatthereisalotofroomintheEarthforthisextragasandthatputtingcarbondioxideinsidetheEarthmeansthatthegaswon’tbeintheairandifit’snotintheairitwon’tmaketheEarthwarmer.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthisideaofburyingpollutionseemstobe
Directions:ZhangLiisaclassmateofyours.Hesufferedfromaseriousillness.Writealetterto1callonthestudentstohelpZhangLiand2tellthemhowtohelpZhangLi.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdon’thavetowritetheaddress.
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
SomeoilcompaniesplantogetridofsomeofthepollutiontheyproducebypumpingitintorocksdeepinsidetheEarthwheretheysayitwillstayforthousandsofyears.Otherpeoplethougharen’tsosurethisisadvisable;environmentalgroupssaythatputtingthispollutionbackintotheEarthisabadidea.Whenoilburnsitdoesn’tjustproduceheat:italsoproducescarbondioxide.Carbondioxideisanaturalpartoftheairbutbecausepeopleburnsomuchoilthere’stoomuchcarbondioxideintheair.Thisextracarbondioxideispollution;somescientificstudiesshowthatcarbondioxideisoneofthegreenhousegases’thatiscausingtheEarth’stemperaturetorise.Environmentalistssaythattheoilcompanies’plansmaynotwork.Theoilcompaniessaytheyaremakingsurethatthegaswillneverescapebutenvironmentalistswonderhowtheoilcompaniescanbesosurethatthegaswon’tseepintotheair.Theyalsopointoutthatthere’snowaytochecktomakesurethegasisn’tleaking.Inadditiontheenvironmentalistspointoutthatthepumpingcostsmoney—forresearchandforequipment—thattheoilcompaniesshouldbespendingonpreventingpollutionratherthanonjustmovingitsomeplaceelse.AnotherproblemsaysomepeoplewhoareconcernedabouttheEarthisthatiftheoilcompaniesfindacheapwaytogetridoftheirpollutiontheywon’tlookfornewkindsofenergy.Theseenvironmentalistssaythatenergycompaniesshouldberesearchingwaystousehydrogenwindpowerandsolarpowerinsteadoffindingbetterwaystouseoil.Theyarguethatcontinuingtouseoilmeansthatwewillstillneedtobuyoilfromothercountriesinsteadofproducingourowncheapcleanenergy.Environmentalistsalsosaythatburyingpollutionjustpushestheproblemintothefutureratherthanreallysolvingit.TheysaythatiftheoilcompaniespumpcarbondioxideintotherocksinsidetheEarthitwillbethereforthousandsofyearsandthatnooneknowsifthisplan—evenifitworks—mightturnintoapollutionproblemforallofusinthefuture.TheoilcompaniesinsistthattheirplanissafeandthatputtingthegasinsidetheEarthisareasonablewaytodealwithit.TheypointoutthatthereisalotofroomintheEarthforthisextragasandthatputtingcarbondioxideinsidetheEarthmeansthatthegaswon’tbeintheairandifit’snotintheairitwon’tmaketheEarthwarmer.Accordingtothepassageoilresultsinairpollutionbecause
[A]Asasciencemanagemententailstheuseoforganizedknowledge.Manyofthethingsmanagersdoarearesultofinformationobtainedthroughformalresearchandstudy.Oneareainwhichagreatdealhasbeendoneisquantitativedecisionmakingorasitisknowntodaymanagementscience.Weknowthatbyusingcertainmathematicalformulaswecancontrolinventoryandprojectdemandmoreaccuratelythanbymerelyusingtrialanderror. [B]Managementistheprocessofgettingthingsdonethroughpeople.Weknowthatpartofthisprocessiscarriedoutwiththedevelopmentofanorganizationstructure. [C]Yetmanagementisalsoanart.Throughexperiencethemanagerdevelopsjudgmentandintuitionsubjectivefactorsthatareusefulinevaluationsituations.ForexamplethemanagermayhavetochoosebetweentwostrategiesAandB.Allresearchandstudymayindicatethatneitherofthetwoisanybetterthantheother. [D]Effectivemanagementisacombinationofartandscience.Neithershouldbeignored;neitheroughttobereliedonexclusively.Ingettingthingsdonethroughpeoplemanagementmustseektherightblendofartandscience.Attheupperlevelsofthehierarchytherewillbemoreemphasisontheformer;atthelowerlevelstherewillbemoreemphasisonthelatter. [E]HowdomanagerssucceedingettingthingsdonethroughpeopleInordertoanswerthisquestionitisnecessarytobreakdownthemanager’sjobintoitsbasicdutiesorfunctions.Managemententailsplanningorganizingdirectingandcontrolling.Byperformingwellineachoftheseareasthemanagercangetthingsdonethroughpeople. [F]HoweverwhatifthemanagerchoosesstrategyAonthebasisofintuitionandprovestoberightInthiscaseitisdifficulttosaypreciselywhythemanagerwasabletochoosesowellbuttheremustbesomespecialabilityheorshehas.Thissametypeofabilityisusefulinmanagingpeople.Effectivemanagersknowwhentoflattertheirsubordinatesandwhentobestern.Suchhumanbehaviorskillscannotbequantified;theycanonlybelearnedthroughexperienceandtraining. [G]Howeverthereismoretomanagementthanjustorganizingthepeopleandthework.Objectivesmustbesetplansformulatedpeopledirectedandoperationscontrolled.Inmakingthenecessarydecisionsmanagementmustrelyonalltheskillsatitscommand.Asaresultmanagementisbothascienceandanart. 45
[A]Asasciencemanagemententailstheuseoforganizedknowledge.Manyofthethingsmanagersdoarearesultofinformationobtainedthroughformalresearchandstudy.Oneareainwhichagreatdealhasbeendoneisquantitativedecisionmakingorasitisknowntodaymanagementscience.Weknowthatbyusingcertainmathematicalformulaswecancontrolinventoryandprojectdemandmoreaccuratelythanbymerelyusingtrialanderror. [B]Managementistheprocessofgettingthingsdonethroughpeople.Weknowthatpartofthisprocessiscarriedoutwiththedevelopmentofanorganizationstructure. [C]Yetmanagementisalsoanart.Throughexperiencethemanagerdevelopsjudgmentandintuitionsubjectivefactorsthatareusefulinevaluationsituations.ForexamplethemanagermayhavetochoosebetweentwostrategiesAandB.Allresearchandstudymayindicatethatneitherofthetwoisanybetterthantheother. [D]Effectivemanagementisacombinationofartandscience.Neithershouldbeignored;neitheroughttobereliedonexclusively.Ingettingthingsdonethroughpeoplemanagementmustseektherightblendofartandscience.Attheupperlevelsofthehierarchytherewillbemoreemphasisontheformer;atthelowerlevelstherewillbemoreemphasisonthelatter. [E]HowdomanagerssucceedingettingthingsdonethroughpeopleInordertoanswerthisquestionitisnecessarytobreakdownthemanager’sjobintoitsbasicdutiesorfunctions.Managemententailsplanningorganizingdirectingandcontrolling.Byperformingwellineachoftheseareasthemanagercangetthingsdonethroughpeople. [F]HoweverwhatifthemanagerchoosesstrategyAonthebasisofintuitionandprovestoberightInthiscaseitisdifficulttosaypreciselywhythemanagerwasabletochoosesowellbuttheremustbesomespecialabilityheorshehas.Thissametypeofabilityisusefulinmanagingpeople.Effectivemanagersknowwhentoflattertheirsubordinatesandwhentobestern.Suchhumanbehaviorskillscannotbequantified;theycanonlybelearnedthroughexperienceandtraining. [G]Howeverthereismoretomanagementthanjustorganizingthepeopleandthework.Objectivesmustbesetplansformulatedpeopledirectedandoperationscontrolled.Inmakingthenecessarydecisionsmanagementmustrelyonalltheskillsatitscommand.Asaresultmanagementisbothascienceandanart. 43
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity.Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts.TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.TheBasicFourcampaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries.Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.ThenewpyramidcalledMyPyramidabandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation.Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized.Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice.Thephrasecavedinlines3-4paragraph2mostprobablymeans
Practicallyspeakingtheartisticmaturingofthecinemawasthesingle-handedachievementofDavidW.Griffith1875-1948.46BeforeGriffithphotographyindramaticfilmsconsistedoflittlemorethanplacingtheactorsbeforeastationarycameraandshowingtheminfulllengthastheywouldhaveappearedonstage.FromthebeginningofhiscareerasadirectorhoweverGriffithbecauseofhisloveofVictorianpaintingemployedcomposition.Heconceivedofthecameraimageashavingaforegroundandareargroundaswellasthemiddledistancepreferredbymostdirectors.By1910hewasusingclose-upstorevealsignificantdetailsofthesceneoroftheactingandextremelongshotstoachieveasenseofspectacleanddistance.Hisappreciationofthecamera’spossibilitiesproducednoveldramaticeffects.47Bysplittinganeventintofragmentsandrecordingeachfromthemostsuitablecamerapositionhecouldsignificantlyvarytheemphasisfromcamerashottocamerashot. Griffithalsoachieveddramaticeffectsbymeansofcreativeediting.Byjuxtaposingimagesandvaryingthespeedandrhythmoftheirpresentationhecouldcontroltiledramaticintensityoftheeventsasthestoryprogressed.48DespitethereluctanceofhisproducerswhofearedthatthepublicwouldnotbeabletofollowaplotthatwasmadeupofsuchjuxtaposedimagesGriffithpersistedandexperimentedaswellwithotherelementsofcinematicsyntaxthathavebecomestandardeversince.Theseincludedtheflashbackpermittingbroadpsychologicalandemotionalexplorationaswellasnarrativethatwasnotchronologicalandthecrosscutbetweentwoparallelactionstoheightensuspenseandexcitement.InthusexploitingfullythepossibilitiesofeditingGriffithtransposeddevicesoftheVictoriannoveltofilmandgavefilmmasteryoftimeaswellasspace. Besidesdevelopingthecinema’slanguageGriffithimmenselybroadeneditsrangeandtreatmentofsubjects.49Hisearlyoutputwasremarkablyeclectic:itincludednotonlythestandardcomediesmelodramaswesternsandthrillersbutalsosuchnoveltiesasadaptationsfromBrowningandTennysonandtreatmentsofsocialissues.AshissuccessesmountedhisambitionsgrewandwiththemthewholeofAmericancinema.WhenheremadeEnochArdenin1911heinsistedthatasubjectofsuchimportancecouldnotbetreatedinthethenconventionallengthofonereel.Griffith’sintroductionoftheAmerican-mademulti-reelpicturebegananimmenserevolution.TwoyearslaterJudithofBethuliaanelaboratehistoricphilosophicalspectaclereachedtheunprecedentedlengthoffourreelsoronehour’srunningtime.50Fromourcontemporaryviewpointthepretensionsofthisfilmmayseemalittleridiculousbutatthetimeitprovokedendlessdebateanddiscussionandgaveanewintellectualrespectabilitytothecinema. Bysplittinganeventintofragmentsandrecordingeachfromthemostsuitablecamerapositionhecouldsignificantlyvarytheemphasisfromcamerashottocamerashot.
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
SomeoilcompaniesplantogetridofsomeofthepollutiontheyproducebypumpingitintorocksdeepinsidetheEarthwheretheysayitwillstayforthousandsofyears.Otherpeoplethougharen’tsosurethisisadvisable;environmentalgroupssaythatputtingthispollutionbackintotheEarthisabadidea.Whenoilburnsitdoesn’tjustproduceheat:italsoproducescarbondioxide.Carbondioxideisanaturalpartoftheairbutbecausepeopleburnsomuchoilthere’stoomuchcarbondioxideintheair.Thisextracarbondioxideispollution;somescientificstudiesshowthatcarbondioxideisoneofthegreenhousegases’thatiscausingtheEarth’stemperaturetorise.Environmentalistssaythattheoilcompanies’plansmaynotwork.Theoilcompaniessaytheyaremakingsurethatthegaswillneverescapebutenvironmentalistswonderhowtheoilcompaniescanbesosurethatthegaswon’tseepintotheair.Theyalsopointoutthatthere’snowaytochecktomakesurethegasisn’tleaking.Inadditiontheenvironmentalistspointoutthatthepumpingcostsmoney—forresearchandforequipment—thattheoilcompaniesshouldbespendingonpreventingpollutionratherthanonjustmovingitsomeplaceelse.AnotherproblemsaysomepeoplewhoareconcernedabouttheEarthisthatiftheoilcompaniesfindacheapwaytogetridoftheirpollutiontheywon’tlookfornewkindsofenergy.Theseenvironmentalistssaythatenergycompaniesshouldberesearchingwaystousehydrogenwindpowerandsolarpowerinsteadoffindingbetterwaystouseoil.Theyarguethatcontinuingtouseoilmeansthatwewillstillneedtobuyoilfromothercountriesinsteadofproducingourowncheapcleanenergy.Environmentalistsalsosaythatburyingpollutionjustpushestheproblemintothefutureratherthanreallysolvingit.TheysaythatiftheoilcompaniespumpcarbondioxideintotherocksinsidetheEarthitwillbethereforthousandsofyearsandthatnooneknowsifthisplan—evenifitworks—mightturnintoapollutionproblemforallofusinthefuture.TheoilcompaniesinsistthattheirplanissafeandthatputtingthegasinsidetheEarthisareasonablewaytodealwithit.TheypointoutthatthereisalotofroomintheEarthforthisextragasandthatputtingcarbondioxideinsidetheEarthmeansthatthegaswon’tbeintheairandifit’snotintheairitwon’tmaketheEarthwarmer.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasadisadvantageofburyingpollution
DiscussionoftheassimilationofPuertoRicans波多黎各人intheUnitedStateshasfocusedontwofactors:socialstandingandthelossofnationalculture.IngeneralexcessivestressisplacedononefactorortheotherdependingonwhetherthecommentatorisNorthAmericanorPuertoRican.ManyNorthAmericansocialscientistssuchasOscarHandlinJosephFitzpatrickandOscarLewisconsiderPuertoRicansasthemostrecentinalonglineofethnicentrantstooccupythelowestrungonthesocialladder.46Sucha"sociodemographic"approachtendstoregardassimilationasabenignprocesstakingforgrantedincreasedeconomicadvantageandinevitableculturalintegrationinasupposedlyegalitariancontext.HoweverthisapproachfailstotakeintoaccountthecolonialnatureofthePuertoRicancasewiththisgroupunliketheirEuropeanpredecessorscomingfromanationpoliticallysubordinatedtotheUnitedStates.47Eventhe"radical"critiquesofthismainstreamresearchmodelsuchasthecritiquedevelopedinDividedSocietyattachtheissueofethnicassimilationtoomechanicallytofactorsofeconomicandsocialmobilityandarethusunabletoilluminatetheculturalsubordinationofPuertoRicansasacolonialminority. Incontrastthe"colonialist"approachofislandbasedwriterssuchasEduardoSeda-BonillaManuelMaldonado-DenisandLuisNieves-Falcontendstoviewassimilationastheforcedlossofnationalcultureinanunequalcontestwithimposedforeignvalues.ThereisofcourseastrongtraditionofculturalaccommodationamongotherPuertoRicanthinkers.ThewritingsofEugenioFernandezMendezclearlyexemplifythistraditionandmanysupportersofPuertoRico’scommonwealthstatussharethesameuniversalizingorientation.48ButthePuertoRicanintellectualswhohavewrittenmostabouttheassimilationprocessintheUnitedStatesalladvanceculturalnationalistviewsadvocatingthepreservationofminorityculturaldistinctionsandrejectingwhattheyseeasthesubmissionofcolonialnationalities. ThisculturalandpoliticalemphasisisappropriatebutthecolonialistthinkersmisdirectitoverlookingtheclassrelationsatworkinbothPuertoRicanandNorthAmericanhistory.Theyposetheclashofnationalculturesasanabsolutepolaritywitheachcultureunderstoodasstaticandundifferentiated.49YetboththePuertoRicanandNorthAmericantraditionshavebeensubjecttoconstantchallengefromculturalforceswithintheirownsocietiesforcesthatmaymovetowardeachotherinwaysthatcannotbewrittenoffasmere"assimilation."ConsiderforexampletheindigenousandAfro-CaribbeantraditionsinPuertoRicancultureandhowtheyinfluenceandareinfluencedbyotherCaribbeanculturesandBlackculturesintheUnitedStates.50Theelementsofcompulsionandinequalitysocentraltoculturalcontactaccordingtothecolonialistframeworkplaynoroleinthiskindofconvergenceofraciallyandethnicallydifferentelementsofthesamesocialclass. EventheradicalcritiquesofthismainstreamresearchmodelsuchasthecritiquedevelopedinDividedSocietyattachtheissueofethnicassimilationtoomechanicallytofactorsofeconomicandsocialmobilityandarethusunabletoilluminatetheculturalsubordinationofPuertoRicansasacolonialminority.
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanightbutalotofusgetbyjustfineonlessandsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeadoctoritwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstrideconfidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessnessaperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiouslysurgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.IcouldtellyouhorrorstoriessaysJayaAgrawalpresidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociationwhichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying.Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hoursonewrites.Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromworkwritesanother.Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadsidegoing[105km/h].Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemywritesathirdbecausetheyaretheonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep.Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.ItskeyprovisionsmodeledonNewYorkState’sregulationsincludean80-hourworkweekanda24hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctorshoweverresistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkleyaseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichiganagreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelievesdoctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconsciencenotbythegovernment.TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctorspatientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouyoushouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehad.Doctorsfortheirparthavetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
ItmaynothavegeneratedmuchinterestoutsideenergyandinvestmentcirclesbutarecentcommentbyTidewaterInc.presidentDeanTaylorsentearthquakesthroughtheNewOrleansbusinesscommunity.InJuneTaylortoldtheHoustonChroniclethattheinternationalmarineservicescompany—theworld’slargestoperatorofshipsservingtheoffshoreoilindustry—wasseriouslyconsideringmovingitsheadquartersalongwithscoresofadministrativejobsfromtheCrescentCitytoHouston.WehavealotofsympathyforthecityTaylorsaid.Butourshareholdersdon’tpayustohavesympathy.Theypayustohaveresultsforthem.Itwasthelastthingthehurricane-scarredcityneededtohear.Tidewaterwasfoundedherealittlemorethan50yearsagoandkeptitsmainofficeinNewOrleansthroughouttheoilbustofthe1980sandthefollowingdecadesofindustryconsolidationwhendozensofenergyfirmsallbutabandonedNewOrleansforgreenerpasturesontheTexascoast.InthenearlytwoyearssinceHurricaneKatrinaravagedthecitythepaceofexodushasaccelerated.complicatingNewOrleans’haltingrecovery;accordingtothelocalbusinessweeklyCityBusinessthemetropolitanareahaslost12ofthe23publiclytradedcompaniesheadquarteredheretakingwhite-collarjobscorporatecommunitysupportandsorelyneededtaxpayerswiththem—andthreateningtoleavethecityevenmoredependentonatourismbasedeconomythanitwasbeforethestorm.Makingmattersworsesomeobserverssayisthecityleadership’sapparentindifference10thebloodletting.JustweeksafterHurricaneKatrinainAugust2005MayorRayNaginthenintheveryearlystagesofaheatedreelectionbiddismissedwarningsthatmanycompanieslikedisplacedresidentsmightopttorelocate.Naginsaidhehopedtheywouldstay.Butiftheydon’thesaidwithtypicalglibnessI’llsendthemapostcard.ThecommentmighthavebeenwrittenoffasoneofNagin’smanyverbalmissteps.Butinthemonthsthatfollowedthewarningsturnedoutinmanycasestobetrueevenasthecity’srebuildingeffortlanguishedinfrastructurerepairslimpedalongthestatereimbursementprogramfordamagedhomesfalteredandtheNewOrleans’infamouscrimeratemadeasickeningcomeback.NewOrleanswasn’tconsideredagreatcityfordoingbusinessbeforethestorm.PeoplewerealwaysdribblingoutsaysPeterRicchiutiaprofessorofeconomicsatTulaneUniversity.Whilemanyofthecompaniesthatmadeitthroughthestormcouldstandtobenefitfromthecity’srecoveryhesaysKatrinamayhavehastenedthelossofhigh-payingenergyjobs.We’relosingthewhite-collarjobsandkeepingtheblue-collarjobshesays.We’rebecomingmuchmoreofablue-collaroilindustry.OneofthelatestexamplesisChevronCorp.whichisbuildingnewofficesinthenorthernsuburbs40milesnorthofthecityacrossLakePontchartrainandplanstotransfer550employeesfromNewOrleanstoCovingtonbytheendoftheyear.Thatwouldtakewell-paidpeopleoutofdowntownNewOrleansamovethatwillimpactthecentralbusinessdistrict’seconomy.WemadethedecisioninMay2006whenouremployeesweremakingimportanthousingdecisionssaysQiWilsonaChevronspokesperson.Thecompanylikemanyemployeesdecidedthenorthshoreofferedbettersecurityshouldanotherhurricanestrikealongwithfewerofthepost-Katrinaheadachesthatstillplaguethecity.ThemovewillmakeiteasiertoretainthetalentwehaveandtoattractnewtalentWilsonsays.MayorRayNaginisquotedinthe3rdparagraphto
父权制确立的标志是
Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanightbutalotofusgetbyjustfineonlessandsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeadoctoritwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstrideconfidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessnessaperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiouslysurgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.IcouldtellyouhorrorstoriessaysJayaAgrawalpresidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociationwhichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying.Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hoursonewrites.Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromworkwritesanother.Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadsidegoing[105km/h].Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemywritesathirdbecausetheyaretheonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep.Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.ItskeyprovisionsmodeledonNewYorkState’sregulationsincludean80-hourworkweekanda24hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctorshoweverresistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkleyaseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichiganagreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelievesdoctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconsciencenotbythegovernment.TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctorspatientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouyoushouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehad.Doctorsfortheirparthavetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.Inthelastparagraphtheexpressionpatientsareontheirownmostprobablymeans
Practicallyspeakingtheartisticmaturingofthecinemawasthesingle-handedachievementofDavidW.Griffith1875-1948.46BeforeGriffithphotographyindramaticfilmsconsistedoflittlemorethanplacingtheactorsbeforeastationarycameraandshowingtheminfulllengthastheywouldhaveappearedonstage.FromthebeginningofhiscareerasadirectorhoweverGriffithbecauseofhisloveofVictorianpaintingemployedcomposition.Heconceivedofthecameraimageashavingaforegroundandareargroundaswellasthemiddledistancepreferredbymostdirectors.By1910hewasusingclose-upstorevealsignificantdetailsofthesceneoroftheactingandextremelongshotstoachieveasenseofspectacleanddistance.Hisappreciationofthecamera’spossibilitiesproducednoveldramaticeffects.47Bysplittinganeventintofragmentsandrecordingeachfromthemostsuitablecamerapositionhecouldsignificantlyvarytheemphasisfromcamerashottocamerashot. Griffithalsoachieveddramaticeffectsbymeansofcreativeediting.Byjuxtaposingimagesandvaryingthespeedandrhythmoftheirpresentationhecouldcontroltiledramaticintensityoftheeventsasthestoryprogressed.48DespitethereluctanceofhisproducerswhofearedthatthepublicwouldnotbeabletofollowaplotthatwasmadeupofsuchjuxtaposedimagesGriffithpersistedandexperimentedaswellwithotherelementsofcinematicsyntaxthathavebecomestandardeversince.Theseincludedtheflashbackpermittingbroadpsychologicalandemotionalexplorationaswellasnarrativethatwasnotchronologicalandthecrosscutbetweentwoparallelactionstoheightensuspenseandexcitement.InthusexploitingfullythepossibilitiesofeditingGriffithtransposeddevicesoftheVictoriannoveltofilmandgavefilmmasteryoftimeaswellasspace. Besidesdevelopingthecinema’slanguageGriffithimmenselybroadeneditsrangeandtreatmentofsubjects.49Hisearlyoutputwasremarkablyeclectic:itincludednotonlythestandardcomediesmelodramaswesternsandthrillersbutalsosuchnoveltiesasadaptationsfromBrowningandTennysonandtreatmentsofsocialissues.AshissuccessesmountedhisambitionsgrewandwiththemthewholeofAmericancinema.WhenheremadeEnochArdenin1911heinsistedthatasubjectofsuchimportancecouldnotbetreatedinthethenconventionallengthofonereel.Griffith’sintroductionoftheAmerican-mademulti-reelpicturebegananimmenserevolution.TwoyearslaterJudithofBethuliaanelaboratehistoricphilosophicalspectaclereachedtheunprecedentedlengthoffourreelsoronehour’srunningtime.50Fromourcontemporaryviewpointthepretensionsofthisfilmmayseemalittleridiculousbutatthetimeitprovokedendlessdebateanddiscussionandgaveanewintellectualrespectabilitytothecinema. Hisearlyoutputwasremarkablyeclectic:itincludednotonlythestandardcomediesmelodramaswesternsandthrillersbutalsosuchnoveltiesasadaptationsfromBrowningandTennysonandtreatmentsofsocialissues.
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity.Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts.TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.TheBasicFourcampaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries.Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.ThenewpyramidcalledMyPyramidabandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation.Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized.Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice.Thebiggestproblemwiththenewpyramidseemstobethat
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