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现代欧美教育思潮中，提倡zōng jiāo 教育的是( )
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在现代欧美教育史上重视通过教育建设理想社会教学以社会问题为中心培养学生社会一致精神的教育思潮是
要素主义教育
改造主义教育
永恒主义教育
存在主义教育
在现代欧美教育思潮中主张把人类文化的共同要素作为学校教育的核心强调教学过程是一个训练智慧的过程强调教
改造主义教育
要素主义教育
永恒主义教育
结构主义教育
简述现代欧美教育思潮中人文主义教育思潮的基本内容
试评述现代欧美教育思潮中新传统教育流派的主要代表人物基本思想以及其影响
关于欧美教育流派现代人文主义教育思潮忽视了社会环境和学校教育对个体发展的重要影响
在现代欧美教育思潮中主张教育的本质和目的在于使学生实现自我生成强调品格教育提倡学生自由选择道德标准推
改造主义
永恒主义
存在主义
建构主义
在现代欧美教育思潮中主张传授学科的基本概念和原理提倡发现学习的是
在现代欧美教育思潮中主张教育的本质和目的在于使学生实现自我生成强调品格教育提倡学生自由选择道德标准推
改造主义
永恒主义
存在主义
建构主义
在现代欧美教育思潮中主张教育的目的是培养真正的基督徒和有用的公民的是
要素主义
永恒主义
存在主义
新托马斯主义
文艺复兴与zōng jiāo 改革时期存在的三种教育势力不包括
人文主义教育
新教教育
tiān zhǔ jiāo 教育
jī dū jiāo 教育
欧洲的zōng jiāo 改革运动对教育的实施与发展有很大影响各新教教派积极提倡把教育扩大到就这一点比人文主义的世俗
下列属于新托马斯主义教育思想的是
提倡zōng jiāo 教育，认为教育应该以zōng jiāo 为基础，以神性为最高原则
强调教师在教育和教学中的核心地位，认为教育应该把人类文化中的共同要素作为核心
认为教育教学就是塑造人的行为，提倡程序教学
认为教育的目标是培养“完整的人”
在现代欧美教育思潮中盛行于20世纪50年代的欧美强调运用逻辑方法和语言分析方法来澄清一些基本概念其影
分析教育哲学
存在主义教育
结构主义教育
现代人文主义教育思潮
在现代欧美教育思潮中主张传授学科的基本概念和原理提倡发现学习的是
改造主义教育
要素主义教育
永恒主义教育
结构主义教育
我国实行zōng jiāo 与教育相分离的原则在普通的学校及其他教育机构不得进行zōng jiāo 教育
数学最早是zōng jiāo 教育中的内容
在现代欧美教育史上重视通过教育建设理想社会教学以社会问题为中心培养学生社会一致精神的教育思潮是
简述现代欧美的重要教育思潮或流派
在现代欧美教育思潮中永恒主义教育是一种提倡的教育理论
zōng jiāo
进步
复古
实用
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ToJournaliststhreeofanythingmakesatrend.SoafterthreeschoolshootingsinsixdaysspeculationaboutanepidemicofviolenceinAmericanclassroomswasinevitableandwrong.Violenceinschoolshasfallenbyhalfsincethemid-1990s;childrenaremorethan100timesmorelikelytobemurderedoutsidetheschoolwallsthanwithinthem. OnSeptember27tha53-year-oldpettycriminalDuaneMorrisonwalkedintoaschoolinBaileyColoradowithtwoguns.Hetooksixgirlshostagemolestedsomeofthemandkilledonebeforecommittingsuicideaspolicestormedtheroom. AndonSeptember29thaboybroughttwogunsintohisschoolinCazenoviaWisconsin.Prosecutorssaythat15-year-oldEricHainstockmayhaveplannedtokillseveralpeople.Butstaffactedquicklywhentheysawhimwithashotguncallingthepoliceandputtingtheschoolinto"lock-down".Theheadteacherwhoconfrontedhiminacorridorwastheonlyonekilled. October2nda32-year-oldmilk-truckdriverCharlesRobertsenteredaone-roomAmishschoolinNickelMinesPennsylvania.Helinedthegirlsuptiedtheirfeetandafteranhourshotthemkillingatleastfive.Hekilledhimselfaspolicebrokeintotheclassroom. WhattomakeofsuchhorrorsSomeexpertsseetheColoradoandPennsylvaniacasesasanextrememanifestationofacultureofviolenceagainstwomen.Bothkillersappearedtohaveasexualmotiveandbothletalltheboysintheclassroomgofree.Butitishardtoinferfromsuchunusualexamplesandonemustnotethatviolenceagainstwomenislessthanhalfwhatitwasin1995. Otherexpertsseeallthreecasesassymptomaticofachangeinthewaymencommitsuicide.HelenSmithaforensicpsychologisttoldaradioaudience"menaredecidingtotaketheirlives"andthey’renotgoingaloneanymore.They’retakingpeopledownwiththem."Truebutnotveryoften. Gun-controlenthusiaststhinkschoolmassacresshowtheneedfortighterrestrictions.ItistooeasytheysayforcriminalssuchasMr.MorrisonandjuvenilessuchasMr.Hainstocktoobtainguns.Gunenthusiastsdrawtheoppositeconclusion:thatifmoreteacherscarriedconcealedhandgunstheycouldshootpotentialchild-killersbeforetheykill. GeorgeBushhasnowcalledforaconferenceonschoolviolence.WillitunearthanythingneworvaluableAftertheColumbinemassacrein1999theFBIproducedareportonschoolshooters.Itconcludedthatitwasimpossibletodrawupausefulprofileofapotentialshooterbecause"agreatmanyadolescentswhowillnevercommitviolentactswillshowsomeofthebehavioursonanychecklistofwarningsigns." Gunenthusiastsbelievethat
"What’sthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllison"asksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeeduntilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero. NarcissusinGreekmythmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheself-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample. Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.Forthefirsttimeanewstudy"It’sAllAboutMe"tobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambriekofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperechelonsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries. Todothistheyhadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhis"Who’sWho"entry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive. Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmorevolatilethanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad TheauthorusestheexampleofLarryEllisontoshowthat
以下几项中在颁布时间上不属于20世纪80～90年代的是
以下不属于富尔法案中提出的法国高等教育改革的三条中心原则的是
TheenlightenmentneedsrescuingorsothinksJonathanIsraelthepre-eminenthistorianof17th-centuryHolland.In2001hepublishedRadicalEnlightenment.HenowoffersasecondVolumewithathirdtocome.46ThethreevolumeswillbethefirstcomprehensivehistoryoftheEnlightenmentfordecades--andMr.Israel’sgroundbreakinginterpretationlookssettoestablishitselfastheonetobeat. Theperiodwasoncethoughtofasagloriouschapterinthehistoryofmankindatimewhentheforcesoflightscienceprogressandtolerancetriumphedovertheforcesofdarknesssuperstitionandprejudice.TodaytheEnlightenmenttendstobedismissed.47Post-modernistsattackitforbeingbiasedself-deceivedandultimatelyresponsiblefortheworstinWesterncivilization.Post-colonialistsaccuseitofbeingEurocentricanapologyforimperialism.NationalisthistoriansrejecttheideaofacoherentuniversalmovementpreferringtotalkabouttheEnglishFrenchevenIcelandicEnlightenments. Mr.Israelhassethimselfthetaskoilrepellingthesecriticsandre-establishingtheperiodasthedefiningepisodeintheliberationofman.Hisargumentsareconvincing.HecontendsthatthereweretwoEnlightenmentsoneRadicalandtheotherModerate.TheRadicalsinspiredbySpinozawerematerialistsatheistsandequalities.48TheModerateswhofollowedLockeandNewtonwereconservativeandmoreathomethantheRadicalsinthehierarchicalanddeeplyreligiousworldof18th-centuryEurope.TheyadvocatedonlyapartialEnlightenment. InMr.Israel’sopiniontheRadicalsofferedtheonlytrueEnlightenmentgivingusdemocracyequalityindividuallibertyandsecularmorality.TheModeratesontheotherhandhaveleftanambiguousandintheendharmfullegacy.Whilepromotingtolerancetheyremaineduncomfortablewiththeideaofuniversalequality.Whileadvancingreasontheyfailedtodivorcemoralityfromreligionandtriedtorationalizefaith.49Mr.IsraelarguesthatforaslongashistorianstreatthetwowingsoftheEnlightenmentasasinglemovementtheyhavemisunderstoodthephenomenon.Worststilltheysupplytoday’scriticswiththeevidencetheyneedtoblackenthemovement. Thisre-evaluationmakesforanunfamiliarpictureoftheEnlightenmentanditstorchbearers.AccordingtoMr.Israel"enlightenedvalues"werebornnotinEnglandbutinHollandandhere-castsmensuchasLockeVoltaireandevenHumeoncethoughtofaschampionsofthepartyoflightasapologistsforcolonialismandenemiesofequality.InadditionMr.Israelwouldlikehisbooktobestudiedbeyondacademia.Inanidealworldeveryonewouldbereadingit.50HisstupendousresearchandgraspofthesourcesaresuchthatfewwillcontesthiscoreargumentthattheEnlightenmentwasacoherentEurope-widephenomenonintellectualinoriginwhichrepresentedaprofoundshiftinthewaythatmenthoughtaboutthemselvesandtheworldaroundthem. Post-modernistsattackitforbeingbiasedself-deceivedandultimatelyresponsiblefortheworstinWesterncivilization.
1937年法国教育部长提出学制改革实现初级中学教育的统一有力冲击了双轨制
在进步主义教育运动当中杜威创办了
以下不属于1944年教育法的内容的是
ToJournaliststhreeofanythingmakesatrend.SoafterthreeschoolshootingsinsixdaysspeculationaboutanepidemicofviolenceinAmericanclassroomswasinevitableandwrong.Violenceinschoolshasfallenbyhalfsincethemid-1990s;childrenaremorethan100timesmorelikelytobemurderedoutsidetheschoolwallsthanwithinthem. OnSeptember27tha53-year-oldpettycriminalDuaneMorrisonwalkedintoaschoolinBaileyColoradowithtwoguns.Hetooksixgirlshostagemolestedsomeofthemandkilledonebeforecommittingsuicideaspolicestormedtheroom. AndonSeptember29thaboybroughttwogunsintohisschoolinCazenoviaWisconsin.Prosecutorssaythat15-year-oldEricHainstockmayhaveplannedtokillseveralpeople.Butstaffactedquicklywhentheysawhimwithashotguncallingthepoliceandputtingtheschoolinto"lock-down".Theheadteacherwhoconfrontedhiminacorridorwastheonlyonekilled. October2nda32-year-oldmilk-truckdriverCharlesRobertsenteredaone-roomAmishschoolinNickelMinesPennsylvania.Helinedthegirlsuptiedtheirfeetandafteranhourshotthemkillingatleastfive.Hekilledhimselfaspolicebrokeintotheclassroom. WhattomakeofsuchhorrorsSomeexpertsseetheColoradoandPennsylvaniacasesasanextrememanifestationofacultureofviolenceagainstwomen.Bothkillersappearedtohaveasexualmotiveandbothletalltheboysintheclassroomgofree.Butitishardtoinferfromsuchunusualexamplesandonemustnotethatviolenceagainstwomenislessthanhalfwhatitwasin1995. Otherexpertsseeallthreecasesassymptomaticofachangeinthewaymencommitsuicide.HelenSmithaforensicpsychologisttoldaradioaudience"menaredecidingtotaketheirlives"andthey’renotgoingaloneanymore.They’retakingpeopledownwiththem."Truebutnotveryoften. Gun-controlenthusiaststhinkschoolmassacresshowtheneedfortighterrestrictions.ItistooeasytheysayforcriminalssuchasMr.MorrisonandjuvenilessuchasMr.Hainstocktoobtainguns.Gunenthusiastsdrawtheoppositeconclusion:thatifmoreteacherscarriedconcealedhandgunstheycouldshootpotentialchild-killersbeforetheykill. GeorgeBushhasnowcalledforaconferenceonschoolviolence.WillitunearthanythingneworvaluableAftertheColumbinemassacrein1999theFBIproducedareportonschoolshooters.Itconcludedthatitwasimpossibletodrawupausefulprofileofapotentialshooterbecause"agreatmanyadolescentswhowillnevercommitviolentactswillshowsomeofthebehavioursonanychecklistofwarningsigns." WhichOfthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraphs2-4
杜威全部教学理论的基本原则是
[A]Energisingmoney[B]Thedilemmaofsmart-cardsystems [C]Thefutureofmoney[D]Sendingmoneyhome [E]Flashingtheplastic[F]Acashcall [G]HowtopayinTokyo Smartcardsandmobilephonesarequicklyemergingaswaystopaywithelectroniccash. 41.______. NowadayssomeofthehottestnightclubshaveanewtrickforcheckingtheidentityoftheirVIPguests:theysendanentrypassintheformofasuperbarcodetotheirmobilephones.Mobilephonesarebecominganincreasinglypopularwaytomakeallsortsofpayments.InAmericafansoftheAtlantaHawkshavebeentestingspeciallyadaptedNokiahandsetslinkedtotheirVisacardstoentertheirlocalstadiumandtobuyrefreshments.Itreckonsworldwidepaymentsusingmobilephoneswillclimbfromjust$3.2billionin2003tomorethan$37billionby2008. 42.______. Morebankingservicesarealsobeingofferedonmobiles.OnFebruary12th19telephoneoperatorswithnetworksinover100countriessaidthatpeoplewouldbeabletousetheirhandsetstosendmoneyabroad.MasterCardwilloperatethesysteminwhichremittanceswillbesentastextmessages.SirJohnBondformerlychairmanoftheHSBCbankinggroupandnowchairmanofVodafonehas10rigbeenconvincedthatpaymentsandmobileswouldsomehowconverge."MobilephoneshavetheabilitytomakeadramaticchangetovillagelifeinAfrica"hesays. 43.______. Thevarious"contactless"paymentsystemsrelyonatechnologycalled"near-fieldcommunication"NFC.Butmobilephonescanbemuchsmarter.Theycanbede-activatedremotely;theyhaveascreenwhichcanshowinformationlikeacreditbalanceandproductinformation;theyhaveakeyboardtoenterinformationandtheycancommunicate.Thismeanstheycanalsobeusedtoauth0riselargerpaymentsbyenteringPINcodesdirectlyonthehandsetortoppedupwithstoredcreditfromanonlinebankaccountwithouthavingtogotoanATM. 44.______. Toseethepotentialofmobile-phonemoneystartinJapan.MostJapanesehaveatleastonecreditcardbuttheytendtostayintheirowners’pockets.HousewivesroutinelypeeloffcrispYI0000$82notestopayfortheirshopping.Utilitybillsandotherinvoicesaredutifullytakentothebankandpaidincashormorelikelythesedaysatthelocalconveniencestore.YetdespitethepopularityofcashthemobilephoneisstartingtochangeevenJapan’straditionalhabits." Howevermanysmart-cardsystemsdonotworkwitheachotherbutthatwillchangeonMarch18thwhen26railwaysand75buscompaniesinthegreaterTokyoareawillbeginsharinganewstored-valuesystemcalledPasmo.Thistoowillbeavailablebothasaplasticsmart-cardorbuiltintomobilephones. 45.______. UnliketheJapaneseAmericansprefertouseplasticfortheirpurchases.Cardsaccountformorethanhalfofalltransactionsupfrom29%adecadeagoaccordingtoNilsonReportatradepublication.Morethan1.5billioncreditcardsarestuffedintoAmericans’wallets.Theaveragehouseholdhasmorethanten.Banksandcredit-cardfirmshopetoconvertmorecashandchequepaymentstoplasticwithnewsmartcards.Someversionsarealreadyverysuccessful.ManyAmericansuseEasyPassinwhichdriverspayforhighwaytollswirelessly. Adecadeagosomeobserverspredictedthatinternetbankingwouldrenderretailbankingfromhigh-streetbranchesobsolete.ButJPMorganBankofAmericaandothersareadamantthatpeoplearenowadaysusingbankbranchesmorethanever.Evenifthephoneandthesmartcardreplacecashwhogetstocollectthefeesremainsopentocontention. 45
KevinHinesamanic-depressivewas19andinoneofhisweeklydownswingsonanovercastMondaymorningin2000.HewenttothenearbyGoldenGateBridgetokillhimselfmostlybecausewithonlyafour-foot1.2-metrerailingtoleap"Ifigureditwastheeasiestway."Hedivedoverbutflippedandhitthewaterat75mphwithhisfeetfirst.HislegswerecrushedbuthesomehowstayedconsciousandstartedpaddlingwithhisupperbodyuntiltheCoastGuardfishedhimout. Mr.Hinesisoneof26peoplewhohavesurvivedsuicideattemptsatthebridgebut1223areknowntohavesucceededi.e.wereseenjumpingorfoundfloating.Peoplearethrowingthemselvesoffthebridgeattherateoftwoamonthwhichmakesitthemostpopularplaceintheworldforsuicides.OnebookonthesubjectsaysthattheGoldenGateis"tosuicidewhatNiagaraFallsistohoneymooners". ManySanFranciscansthinkthatthesolutionistoemulatetheEmpireStateBuildingtheSydneyHarbourBridgetheEiffelTowerSt.Peter’sbasilicaandothersuchplacesandputupasimplebarrier.Thishoweverisadecisionforthe19boardmembersoftheGoldenGateBridgeHighwayandTransportationDistrictanentitythatoverseesthebridgeitselfandthebusesandferriesthatoperateinthearea.Mostofitsrevenues’comefromtollsandfaresandthedistrictlosesmoney.Abarrierwouldcostbetween$15millionand$25million. SothePsychiatricFoundationofNorthernCaliforniawhichhasadoptedthebarrierasitscauseconsidersitasuccessthattheboardhasmerelyallowedafeasibilitystudyforwhichvariousprivateandpublicdonorshaveraised $2million.MelBlausteinadirectoratthefoundationhasheardseveralargumentsagainstabarrierovertheyears-toouglytooexpensiveandsoforth--butthemostpersistenthasbeenthatpeoplewouldsimplykillthemselvessomewhereelsesowhybother.’Thisisnonsensehesays"Mostsuicidesareimpulsiveandpreventable."AbridgewithoutabarrieraddsPatHinesKevin’sfatheris"likeleavingaloadedguninthepsychiatricward." WhatwilltheauthormentionafterParagraph4
[A]Energisingmoney[B]Thedilemmaofsmart-cardsystems [C]Thefutureofmoney[D]Sendingmoneyhome [E]Flashingtheplastic[F]Acashcall [G]HowtopayinTokyo Smartcardsandmobilephonesarequicklyemergingaswaystopaywithelectroniccash. 41.______. NowadayssomeofthehottestnightclubshaveanewtrickforcheckingtheidentityoftheirVIPguests:theysendanentrypassintheformofasuperbarcodetotheirmobilephones.Mobilephonesarebecominganincreasinglypopularwaytomakeallsortsofpayments.InAmericafansoftheAtlantaHawkshavebeentestingspeciallyadaptedNokiahandsetslinkedtotheirVisacardstoentertheirlocalstadiumandtobuyrefreshments.Itreckonsworldwidepaymentsusingmobilephoneswillclimbfromjust$3.2billionin2003tomorethan$37billionby2008. 42.______. Morebankingservicesarealsobeingofferedonmobiles.OnFebruary12th19telephoneoperatorswithnetworksinover100countriessaidthatpeoplewouldbeabletousetheirhandsetstosendmoneyabroad.MasterCardwilloperatethesysteminwhichremittanceswillbesentastextmessages.SirJohnBondformerlychairmanoftheHSBCbankinggroupandnowchairmanofVodafonehas10rigbeenconvincedthatpaymentsandmobileswouldsomehowconverge."MobilephoneshavetheabilitytomakeadramaticchangetovillagelifeinAfrica"hesays. 43.______. Thevarious"contactless"paymentsystemsrelyonatechnologycalled"near-fieldcommunication"NFC.Butmobilephonescanbemuchsmarter.Theycanbede-activatedremotely;theyhaveascreenwhichcanshowinformationlikeacreditbalanceandproductinformation;theyhaveakeyboardtoenterinformationandtheycancommunicate.Thismeanstheycanalsobeusedtoauth0riselargerpaymentsbyenteringPINcodesdirectlyonthehandsetortoppedupwithstoredcreditfromanonlinebankaccountwithouthavingtogotoanATM. 44.______. Toseethepotentialofmobile-phonemoneystartinJapan.MostJapanesehaveatleastonecreditcardbuttheytendtostayintheirowners’pockets.HousewivesroutinelypeeloffcrispYI0000$82notestopayfortheirshopping.Utilitybillsandotherinvoicesaredutifullytakentothebankandpaidincashormorelikelythesedaysatthelocalconveniencestore.YetdespitethepopularityofcashthemobilephoneisstartingtochangeevenJapan’straditionalhabits." Howevermanysmart-cardsystemsdonotworkwitheachotherbutthatwillchangeonMarch18thwhen26railwaysand75buscompaniesinthegreaterTokyoareawillbeginsharinganewstored-valuesystemcalledPasmo.Thistoowillbeavailablebothasaplasticsmart-cardorbuiltintomobilephones. 45.______. UnliketheJapaneseAmericansprefertouseplasticfortheirpurchases.Cardsaccountformorethanhalfofalltransactionsupfrom29%adecadeagoaccordingtoNilsonReportatradepublication.Morethan1.5billioncreditcardsarestuffedintoAmericans’wallets.Theaveragehouseholdhasmorethanten.Banksandcredit-cardfirmshopetoconvertmorecashandchequepaymentstoplasticwithnewsmartcards.Someversionsarealreadyverysuccessful.ManyAmericansuseEasyPassinwhichdriverspayforhighwaytollswirelessly. Adecadeagosomeobserverspredictedthatinternetbankingwouldrenderretailbankingfromhigh-streetbranchesobsolete.ButJPMorganBankofAmericaandothersareadamantthatpeoplearenowadaysusingbankbranchesmorethanever.Evenifthephoneandthesmartcardreplacecashwhogetstocollectthefeesremainsopentocontention. 43
马卡连柯的集体主义教育原则不包括
蒙台梭利方法的最基本原则是
与新教育运动相比以下不属于进步主义教育的特征的是
[A]Energisingmoney[B]Thedilemmaofsmart-cardsystems [C]Thefutureofmoney[D]Sendingmoneyhome [E]Flashingtheplastic[F]Acashcall [G]HowtopayinTokyo Smartcardsandmobilephonesarequicklyemergingaswaystopaywithelectroniccash. 41.______. NowadayssomeofthehottestnightclubshaveanewtrickforcheckingtheidentityoftheirVIPguests:theysendanentrypassintheformofasuperbarcodetotheirmobilephones.Mobilephonesarebecominganincreasinglypopularwaytomakeallsortsofpayments.InAmericafansoftheAtlantaHawkshavebeentestingspeciallyadaptedNokiahandsetslinkedtotheirVisacardstoentertheirlocalstadiumandtobuyrefreshments.Itreckonsworldwidepaymentsusingmobilephoneswillclimbfromjust$3.2billionin2003tomorethan$37billionby2008. 42.______. Morebankingservicesarealsobeingofferedonmobiles.OnFebruary12th19telephoneoperatorswithnetworksinover100countriessaidthatpeoplewouldbeabletousetheirhandsetstosendmoneyabroad.MasterCardwilloperatethesysteminwhichremittanceswillbesentastextmessages.SirJohnBondformerlychairmanoftheHSBCbankinggroupandnowchairmanofVodafonehas10rigbeenconvincedthatpaymentsandmobileswouldsomehowconverge."MobilephoneshavetheabilitytomakeadramaticchangetovillagelifeinAfrica"hesays. 43.______. Thevarious"contactless"paymentsystemsrelyonatechnologycalled"near-fieldcommunication"NFC.Butmobilephonescanbemuchsmarter.Theycanbede-activatedremotely;theyhaveascreenwhichcanshowinformationlikeacreditbalanceandproductinformation;theyhaveakeyboardtoenterinformationandtheycancommunicate.Thismeanstheycanalsobeusedtoauth0riselargerpaymentsbyenteringPINcodesdirectlyonthehandsetortoppedupwithstoredcreditfromanonlinebankaccountwithouthavingtogotoanATM. 44.______. Toseethepotentialofmobile-phonemoneystartinJapan.MostJapanesehaveatleastonecreditcardbuttheytendtostayintheirowners’pockets.HousewivesroutinelypeeloffcrispYI0000$82notestopayfortheirshopping.Utilitybillsandotherinvoicesaredutifullytakentothebankandpaidincashormorelikelythesedaysatthelocalconveniencestore.YetdespitethepopularityofcashthemobilephoneisstartingtochangeevenJapan’straditionalhabits." Howevermanysmart-cardsystemsdonotworkwitheachotherbutthatwillchangeonMarch18thwhen26railwaysand75buscompaniesinthegreaterTokyoareawillbeginsharinganewstored-valuesystemcalledPasmo.Thistoowillbeavailablebothasaplasticsmart-cardorbuiltintomobilephones. 45.______. UnliketheJapaneseAmericansprefertouseplasticfortheirpurchases.Cardsaccountformorethanhalfofalltransactionsupfrom29%adecadeagoaccordingtoNilsonReportatradepublication.Morethan1.5billioncreditcardsarestuffedintoAmericans’wallets.Theaveragehouseholdhasmorethanten.Banksandcredit-cardfirmshopetoconvertmorecashandchequepaymentstoplasticwithnewsmartcards.Someversionsarealreadyverysuccessful.ManyAmericansuseEasyPassinwhichdriverspayforhighwaytollswirelessly. Adecadeagosomeobserverspredictedthatinternetbankingwouldrenderretailbankingfromhigh-streetbranchesobsolete.ButJPMorganBankofAmericaandothersareadamantthatpeoplearenowadaysusingbankbranchesmorethanever.Evenifthephoneandthesmartcardreplacecashwhogetstocollectthefeesremainsopentocontention. 41
要素主义的主要代表人物是
苏联20世纪30年代的教育改革的突破口是
以下不属于永恒主义教育的观点的是
杜威教学哲学的核心概念是
"What’sthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllison"asksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeeduntilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero. NarcissusinGreekmythmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheself-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample. Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.Forthefirsttimeanewstudy"It’sAllAboutMe"tobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambriekofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperechelonsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries. Todothistheyhadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhis"Who’sWho"entry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive. Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmorevolatilethanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe
"What’sthedifferencebetweenGodandLarryEllison"asksanoldsoftwareindustryjoke.Answer:Goddoesn’tthinkhe’sLarryEllison.ThebossofOracleishardlyaloneamongcorporatechiefsinhavingareputationforbeingratherkeenonhimself.Indeeduntilthebubbleburstandthepublicturnednastyatthestartofthedecadethecultofthecelebritychiefexecutiveseemedtodemandbosslynarcissismasevidencethatafirmwasbeingledbyanall-conqueringhero. NarcissusinGreekmythmetanastyendofcourse.Andinrecentyearsboss-worshiphascometobeseenasbadforbusiness.InhismanagementbestellerGoodtoGreatJimCollinsarguedthatthetrulysuccessfulbosseswerenottheself-proclaimedstarswhoadornthecoversofForbesandFortunebutinsteadself-effacingthoughtfulmonkishsortswholeadbyinspiringexample. Astatisticalanswermaybeathand.Forthefirsttimeanewstudy"It’sAllAboutMe"tobepresentednextweekattheannualgatheringoftheAmericanAcademyofManagementoffersasystematicempiricalanalysisofwhateffectnarcissisticbosseshaveonthefirmstheyrun.TheauthorsArijitChatterjeeandDonaldHambriekofPennsylvaniaStateUniversityexaminednarcissismintheupperechelonsof105firmsinthecomputerandsoftwareindustries. Todothistheyhadtosolveapracticalproblem:studiesofnarcissismhavehithertoreliedonsurveyingindividualspersonallysomethingforwhichfewchiefexecutivesarelikelytohavetimeorinclination.Sotheauthorsdevisedanindexofnarcissismusingsixpubliclyavailableindicatorsobtainablewithouttheco-operationoftheboss.Theseare:theprominenceoftheboss’sphotointheannualreport;hisprominenceincompanypressreleases;thelengthofhis"Who’sWho"entry;thefrequencyofhisuseofthefirstpersonsingularininterviews;andtheratiosofhiscashandnon-cashcompensationtothoseofthefirm’ssecond-highestpaidexecutive. Narcissismnaturallydrivespeopletoseekpositionsofpowerandinfluenceandbecausegreatself-esteemhelpsyourprofessionaladvancesaytheauthorschiefexecutiveswilltendonaveragetobemorenarcissisticthanthegeneralpopulation.HowdoesthataffectafirmMessrsChatterjeeandHambrickfoundthathighlynarcissisticbossestendedtomakebiggerchangesintheuseofimportantresourcessuchasresearchanddevelopmentorinspendingandleverage;theycarriedoutmoreandbiggermergersandacquisitions;andtheirresultswerebothmoreextrememorebigwinsorbiglossesandmorevolatilethanthoseoffirmsrunbytheirhumblerpeers.Forshareholdersthatcouldbegoodorbad WhichofthefollowingisNOTthefeatureoftheboss’snarcissism
KevinHinesamanic-depressivewas19andinoneofhisweeklydownswingsonanovercastMondaymorningin2000.HewenttothenearbyGoldenGateBridgetokillhimselfmostlybecausewithonlyafour-foot1.2-metrerailingtoleap"Ifigureditwastheeasiestway."Hedivedoverbutflippedandhitthewaterat75mphwithhisfeetfirst.HislegswerecrushedbuthesomehowstayedconsciousandstartedpaddlingwithhisupperbodyuntiltheCoastGuardfishedhimout. Mr.Hinesisoneof26peoplewhohavesurvivedsuicideattemptsatthebridgebut1223areknowntohavesucceededi.e.wereseenjumpingorfoundfloating.Peoplearethrowingthemselvesoffthebridgeattherateoftwoamonthwhichmakesitthemostpopularplaceintheworldforsuicides.OnebookonthesubjectsaysthattheGoldenGateis"tosuicidewhatNiagaraFallsistohoneymooners". ManySanFranciscansthinkthatthesolutionistoemulatetheEmpireStateBuildingtheSydneyHarbourBridgetheEiffelTowerSt.Peter’sbasilicaandothersuchplacesandputupasimplebarrier.Thishoweverisadecisionforthe19boardmembersoftheGoldenGateBridgeHighwayandTransportationDistrictanentitythatoverseesthebridgeitselfandthebusesandferriesthatoperateinthearea.Mostofitsrevenues’comefromtollsandfaresandthedistrictlosesmoney.Abarrierwouldcostbetween$15millionand$25million. SothePsychiatricFoundationofNorthernCaliforniawhichhasadoptedthebarrierasitscauseconsidersitasuccessthattheboardhasmerelyallowedafeasibilitystudyforwhichvariousprivateandpublicdonorshaveraised $2million.MelBlausteinadirectoratthefoundationhasheardseveralargumentsagainstabarrierovertheyears-toouglytooexpensiveandsoforth--butthemostpersistenthasbeenthatpeoplewouldsimplykillthemselvessomewhereelsesowhybother.’Thisisnonsensehesays"Mostsuicidesareimpulsiveandpreventable."AbridgewithoutabarrieraddsPatHinesKevin’sfatheris"likeleavingaloadedguninthepsychiatricward." WhydoestheauthormentionNiagaraFallsandhoneymooners
TheenlightenmentneedsrescuingorsothinksJonathanIsraelthepre-eminenthistorianof17th-centuryHolland.In2001hepublishedRadicalEnlightenment.HenowoffersasecondVolumewithathirdtocome.46ThethreevolumeswillbethefirstcomprehensivehistoryoftheEnlightenmentfordecades--andMr.Israel’sgroundbreakinginterpretationlookssettoestablishitselfastheonetobeat. Theperiodwasoncethoughtofasagloriouschapterinthehistoryofmankindatimewhentheforcesoflightscienceprogressandtolerancetriumphedovertheforcesofdarknesssuperstitionandprejudice.TodaytheEnlightenmenttendstobedismissed.47Post-modernistsattackitforbeingbiasedself-deceivedandultimatelyresponsiblefortheworstinWesterncivilization.Post-colonialistsaccuseitofbeingEurocentricanapologyforimperialism.NationalisthistoriansrejecttheideaofacoherentuniversalmovementpreferringtotalkabouttheEnglishFrenchevenIcelandicEnlightenments. Mr.Israelhassethimselfthetaskoilrepellingthesecriticsandre-establishingtheperiodasthedefiningepisodeintheliberationofman.Hisargumentsareconvincing.HecontendsthatthereweretwoEnlightenmentsoneRadicalandtheotherModerate.TheRadicalsinspiredbySpinozawerematerialistsatheistsandequalities.48TheModerateswhofollowedLockeandNewtonwereconservativeandmoreathomethantheRadicalsinthehierarchicalanddeeplyreligiousworldof18th-centuryEurope.TheyadvocatedonlyapartialEnlightenment. InMr.Israel’sopiniontheRadicalsofferedtheonlytrueEnlightenmentgivingusdemocracyequalityindividuallibertyandsecularmorality.TheModeratesontheotherhandhaveleftanambiguousandintheendharmfullegacy.Whilepromotingtolerancetheyremaineduncomfortablewiththeideaofuniversalequality.Whileadvancingreasontheyfailedtodivorcemoralityfromreligionandtriedtorationalizefaith.49Mr.IsraelarguesthatforaslongashistorianstreatthetwowingsoftheEnlightenmentasasinglemovementtheyhavemisunderstoodthephenomenon.Worststilltheysupplytoday’scriticswiththeevidencetheyneedtoblackenthemovement. Thisre-evaluationmakesforanunfamiliarpictureoftheEnlightenmentanditstorchbearers.AccordingtoMr.Israel"enlightenedvalues"werebornnotinEnglandbutinHollandandhere-castsmensuchasLockeVoltaireandevenHumeoncethoughtofaschampionsofthepartyoflightasapologistsforcolonialismandenemiesofequality.InadditionMr.Israelwouldlikehisbooktobestudiedbeyondacademia.Inanidealworldeveryonewouldbereadingit.50HisstupendousresearchandgraspofthesourcesaresuchthatfewwillcontesthiscoreargumentthattheEnlightenmentwasacoherentEurope-widephenomenonintellectualinoriginwhichrepresentedaprofoundshiftinthewaythatmenthoughtaboutthemselvesandtheworldaroundthem. Mr.IsraelarguesthatforaslongashistorianstreatthetwowingsoftheEnlightenmentasasinglemovementtheyhavemisunderstoodthephenomenon
70～80年代法国教育改革的重点是
60年代末法国颁行的高等教育方向指导法案也称
实验教育学的理论基础是
20年代苏联设计的打破了学校教学科目的界限使教学与生活实际紧密联系起来的是
Directions:ChengLinwantstoapplyforanewjob.Sheasksherpre-supervisorwhoisadepartmentmanagerinYoudaTradeCompanytowritealetterofcommendation. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
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