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Ask someone to name a famous psychologist, and chances are they will pick Sigmund Freud. His ideas a...
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Rememberingnamesisanimportantsocialskill.Hereareso
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Rememberingnamesisanimportantsocialskill.Hereareso
Rememberingnamesisanimportantsocialskill.Hereareso
Rememberingnamesisanimportantsocialskill.Hereareso
Rememberingnamesisanimportantsocialskill.Hereareso
Rememberingnamesisanimportantsocialskill.Hereareso
Rememberingnamesisanimportantsocialskill.Hereareso
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Rememberingnamesisanimportantsocialskill.Hereareso
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Rememberingnamesisanimportantsocialskill.Hereareso
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Rememberingnamesisanimportantsocialskill.Hereareso
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CanadiansliketothinkthatalthoughtheyarethejuniorpartnerintheirtraderelationswiththeUnitedStatesthe174billionbarrelsofprovenreservesintheoilsandsofAlbertaprovideapowerfulaceuptheirsleeveinanydealingswiththeirenergy-hungryneighbor.ThatbeliefhasnowbeenshakenbyanAmericanlawthatappearstoprohibitAmericangovernmentagenciesfrombuyingcrudeproducedintheoilsandsofthewesternprovince.41.Butthatistheeffectofbanningfederalagenciesfrombuyingalternativeorsyntheticfuelincludingthatfromnon-conventionalsourcesiftheirproductionanduseresultinmoregreenhousegasesthanconventionaloil.TransformingAlberta’starrymuckintoabarrelofoilisanenergy-intensiveprocessthatproducesaboutthreetimestheemissionsofabarrelofconventionallightsweetcrude.HavingwokenbelatedlytothedangertheCanadiangovernmentisnowscramblingtosecureanexception.MichaelWilsonCanada’sambassadorinWashingtonhaswrittentoAmerica’ssecretaryofdefenseRobertGateswhosedepartmentisabigpurchaserofCanadianoilstressingAmericandependenceonCanadianoilelectricitynaturalgasanduraniumimportsandnotingthatsomeofthebiggestplayersintheAlbertaoilpatchareAmericancompanies.Mr.WilsonaddedplaintivelythatbothGeorgeBushandhisenergysecretarySamuelBodmanhavepubliclywelcomedexpandedoil-sandsproductiongiventheincreasedcontributiontoAmericanenergysecurity.42.ThefearinCanadaisthattheAmericanpurchasingrestrictionwhichatpresentappliesonlytofederalagenciesisthestartofawholesaleshifttogreeneraswellasmoreprotectionistpoliciesunderaCongressandpotentiallyaWhiteHousecontrolledbytheDemocrats.43.YetenvironmentalistspointoutthatCanadaisnowpayingforitsownfoot-draggingatthefederallevelongreeninitiatives.HavingsignedtheKyotoagreementunderapreviousliberalgovernmentCanadadidlittletostopitsemissionsrising.Theyarenowalmost35%abovetheKyototarget.AndalthoughMr.BairdlikestodescribehisplanastoughitwillnotbringCanadaintolinewithKyoto.44.ThevaguenessoftheproposedfederalrulesdidnotstopthepremierofAlbertaEdStelmachfromgivingadefinewarningthathewillstandupfortheinterestsofAlbertansreadoilindustryandwillbeexaminingtheconstitutiontoensurethatthefederalgovernment’sproposedplandoesnotintrudeonprovincialjurisdiction.HisprovincehasoneoftheweakestenvironmentalregimesinCanada.45.ButevenifadealisreachedwiththeoutgoingBushadministrationanyexceptionforCanadamaybeshort-livedifgreeningDemocratstaketheWhiteHouseinNovember.A.Since1999CanadahasbeenthelargestsupplierofU.S.crudeandrefinedoilimports.In2007Canadiancrudeoilandpetroleumproductsrepresented18%ofU.S.crudeoilimportsatnearly2.5millionbarrelsperclay.From2005to2007thevolumeofCanadiancrudeoilexportstotheUnitedStatesincreasedby7.4%peryear.B.JohnBairdtheCanadianenvironmentministerreferredthisweektotheAmericanmovewhenheunveilednewproposalstoreduceindustrialemissionsinCanadaincludingtheoilsandsby20%by2020.BigstateslikeCaliforniaweremakingsimilarpronouncementshetoldreporters.Theoilsandswereanimportantnationalresourcebuthadtobeexpandedinanenvironmentallyfriendlyway.C.AsCanada’srepresentativeinWashingtonMr.WilsonisthepointmanonCanada’slobbyingeffortseithertokilltheBuyAmericanclauseortogetaspecialexemptionforCanada.D.TheEnergyIndependenceandSecurityAct2007didnotsetouttodiscriminateagainstCanadaAmerica’sbiggestsupplierofoil.E.WithenergyexportsmainlyfromAlbertadrivingtheCanadianeconomythisisnotahappythoughtforCanadians.F.AlthoughtheCanadianembassysaysthattherehasbeennoofficialresponsetoMr.Wilson’slettertherearereportsoftalksgoingoninWashingtonaimedataddressingCanada’sconcerns.G.Therulesfortheoilsandsnowthefastestgrowingsourceofgreenhousegaseshaveyettobefinalizedandwillnotcomeintoforceuntil2010.Furthermoretheyrelyoncarboncaptureapromisingbutunproventechnology.
A.Withthedriveofmanywomentostrivetobeequalwithmenmanywomenhavechosentoworktoprovethemselves.Whilethisisaworthygoalitcanbeaccomplishedinmoremeaningfulways.Withthisdesiretoworklikemendowomenhavesacrificedthefamilyintheirpursuit.Donottakethisasanattackuponwomenbecausemenintheirpursuitofwealthhaveequallysacrificedtheirfamilytogainwealth.B.Governmentstooshouldembracethepotentialofwomen.Womencomplainrightlyofcenturiesofexploitation.Yettoaneconomistwomenarenotexploitedenough:theyaretheworld’smostunder-utilizedresource;gettingmoreofthemintoworkispartofthesolutiontomanyeconomicwoesincludingshrinkingpopulationsandpoverty.C.WhatisclearisthatincountriessuchasJapanGermanyandItalywhicharealltroubledbythedemographicsofshrinkingpopulationsfarfewerwomenworkthaninAmericaletaloneSweden.Iffemalelabor-forceparticipationinthesecountriesrosetoAmericanlevelsitwouldgiveahelpfulboosttothesecountries’growthrates.Likewiseindevelopingcountrieswheregirlsarelesslikelytogotoschoolthanboysinvestingineducationwoulddeliverhugeeconomicandsocialreturns.Notonlywilleducatedwomenbemoreproductivebuttheywillalsobringupbettereducatedandhealthierchildren.Morewomeningovernmentcouldalsoboosteconomicgrowth:studiesshowthatwomenaremorelikelytospendmoneyonimprovinghealtheducationinfrastructureandpovertyandlesslikelytowasteitontanksandbombs.D.Furthermoretheincreaseinfemaleemploymentintherichworldhasbeenthemaindrivingforceofgrowthinthepastcoupleofdecades.ThosewomenhavecontributedmoretoglobalGDPgrowththanhaveeithernewtechnologyorthenewgiantsChinaandIndia.Addthevalueofhouseworkandchildrearingandwomenprobablyaccountforjustoverhalfofworldoutput.Itistruethatwomenstillgetpaidlessandfewmakeittothetopofcompaniesbutasprejudicefadesovercomingyearswomenwillhavegreatscopetoboosttheirproductivity—andincomes.E.Girlsgetbettergradesatschoolthanboysandinmostdevelopedcountriesmorewomenthanmengotouniversity.Womenwillthusbebetterequippedforthenewjobsofthe21stcenturyinwhichbrainscountalotmorethanbrawn.InBritainfarmorewomenthanmenarenowbeingtrainedtobecomedoctors.Andwomenaremorelikelytoprovidesoundadviceoninvestingtheirparents’nestegg:surveysshowthatwomenconsistentlyachievehigherfinancialreturnsthanmendo.F.SomepeoplefretthatifmorewomenworkratherthanmindtheirchildrenthiswillboostGDPbutcreatenegativesocialexternalitiessuchasalowerbirthrate.YetdevelopedcountrieswheremorewomenworksuchasSwedenandAmericaactuallyhavehigherbirthratesthanJapanandItalywherewomenstayathome.Othersfearthatwomen’smoveintothepaidlaborforcecancomeattheexpenseofchildren.Yettheevidenceforthisismixed.ForinstanceastudybySuzanneBianchiatMarylandUniversityfindsthatmothersspentthesametimeonaverageonchildcarein2009asin1965.Theincreaseinworkoutsidethehomewasoffsetbylesshousework—andlesssparetimeandlesssleep.G.Eventodayinthemodemdevelopedworldsurveysshowthatparentsstillprefertohaveaboyratherthanagirl.Onelongstandingreasonwhyboyshavebeenseenasagreaterblessinghasbeenthattheyareexpectedtobecomebettereconomicprovidersfortheirparents’oldage.Yetitistimeforparentstothinkagain.Girlsmaynowbeabetterinvestment.
Rebeluprisingkillsseventy!Planecrashleavesnosurvivors!Rockstardiesofoverdose! Eveningnewscastsandmetropolitannewspapersscreamthebadnewsthesensationalandtheaction. Audiencesoftodayfocusuponthesensationalactiontheviolencethelosstheterror.Individuallyourlivesareredirectedourworldsreshapedandourimageschanged.Whilewaryofthedangerofchangewehumanbeingssurrenderdailytoexploitationofvaluesopportunitiesandsensitivity.Theevolutionhasbroughtustothepointthatwebelievelittleofwhatispresentedtousasgoodandvaluable;insteadweoptforsuspicionanddisbeliefdemandingproofandsomethingfornothing. Thereinliesthedangerforthewriterseekingtobreakintothemarketoftoday.Joumalistssellsensationalism.Thejournalistwholosessightofthesimpletruthandoptsonlyforthesensationlosestheaudienceoverthelongrun.Onlythoseseekingashort-termthrillareinterestedinfollowingthejoumalisticthinking. HowthendowecapturetheaudienceoftodayandholditwhenthecompetitionforattentionissofierceTheansweriswritingtoconveyactionandthewaytoaccomplishthisisasimpleone-actionverbs. Thewriterwhoseproductsuspendstimeforthereaderorvieweristhesuccessfulwriterwhoseworkissoughtandreread.Why Timeoftenwillmeltawayinthefaceoftherealityoflife’slittleresponsibilitiesforthereader.Insteadofpuzzlingoveramoreactiveandmoreaccurateverbsomejoumalistsoftenlimpthroughpassivevoiceanduselesstensetosqueezethelifeoutofanaction-filledworldandfilltheirwritingwithmissedopportunitiestoappealtothereaderwhoseeksthatmomentofsuspendedtime. Recentlyareporterwroteaboutobservingthebuildingsinacommunityrobbedbyrebeluprisingas"thousandsofbulletholeswereinthehotel."Averygeneralobservation.Supposehehadwritten"Thehotelwaspockedwithbulletholes."Thevisualimageconjuredupbythelatterisfarsuperiortotheformer.Hereisthereader..comfortableintheeasychairbeforethefirewiththedogathisfeet.Theverb"pocked"speakstohim. Thejournalistmissedtheopportunitytoconveythereality. Whichofthefollowingservesasthebesttitleforthetext
Aslongasherparentscanremember13-year-oldKatieHarthasbeentalkingaboutgoingtocollege.HermotherTallyafinancial-aidofficerataCaliforniaUniversityknowsalltoowellthedauntingthingofpayingforacollegeeducation.Lastyeartheaverageyearlytuitionataprivatefour-yearschoolclimbed5.5percenttomorethan$17000.TheHartshavestartedsavingandfiguretheycanaffordapublicuniversitywithoutaproblem.ButwhatifKatieappliestoPrincetonshe’sthreateningwhereoneyear’stuitionroomandboard—almost$34000in2007—willcostmorethansomeluxurycarsEvenanumbercruncherlikeTallyadmitsit’salittlescaryespeciallysinceshe’llretireandKatiewillgotocollegeataroundthesametime. Payingforcollegehasalwaysbeenahardendeavor.Thegoodnews:lastyearstudentscollected$74billioninfinancialaidthemostever.Mostfamiliespaylessthanfullfreight.Sixtypercentofpublic-universitystudentsandthreequartersofthoseatprivatecollegesreceivesomeformoffinancialaid—mostlythesedaysintheformofloans.Butthosenumbersarenotasencouragingastheyappearforlower-incomefamiliesbecauseschoolsarechangingtheirformulasfordistributingaid.Eagertoboosttheirmagazinerankingswhicharebasedinpartonthetestscoresofenteringfreshmenthey’rethrowingmoreaidatsmarterkids—whethertheyneeditornot. Thebestwaytoprepareistostartsavingearly.Anewlawpassedlastyearmakesthateasierforsomefamilies.So-called529plansallowparentstosockawayfundsinfederal-tax-free-investmentaccountsaslongasthemoneyisusedfor"qualifiededucationexpenses"liketuitionroomandboard.Theplansaren’tforeveryone.Fortaxreasonssomelowerandmiddleincomefamiliesmaybebetteroffchoosingotherinvestments.Butsavingisvital.When’sthebesttimetostart"Sometime"saysJackJoyceoftheCollegeBoard"betweenthematernitywardandmiddleschool." Aidpackagesusuallycomeinsomecombinationofgrantsloansandjobs.Thesedays60percentofallaidcomesintheformoflow-interestloans.Allstudentsareeligiblefor"unsubsidized"federalStaffordloanswhichletthemdeferinterestpaymentsuntilaftergraduation.StudentswhocandemonstrateneedcanalsoqualifyforfederalPerkinsloansor"subsidized"Staffordswherethegovernmentpaystheinterestduringschool.Fortunatelythisisaborrower’smarket."Interestratesareattheirlowestlevelinthehistoryofstudentloans"saysMarkKantrowitzpublisherofFinaid.Kantrowitzexpectsratestofallevenfurtherwhenthey’rereviewedthissummer. Traditionalscholarshipsacademicorathleticarestillapartofmanyfamilies’planning.MackReitera17-year-oldnationalwrestlingchampiongetssomanyrecruitinglettershethrowsmostaway.He’llalmostcertainlygetafreeride.Withoutit"wewouldreallybeinabind"sayshismotherJanet.Foreveryoneelseit’sworththeefforttopickthroughlocalandnationalscholarshipofferingswhichcanbefoundonWebsiteslikecollegeboard.com. WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewiththeexampleoftheHarts
Genetherapyandgenebaseddrugsaretwowayswecouldbenefitfromourgrowingmasteryofgeneticscience.Buttherewillbeothersaswell.Hereisoneoftheremarkabletherapiesonthecuttingedgeofgeneticresearchthatcouldmaketheirwayintomainstreammedicineinthecomingyears.Whileit’struethatjustabouteverycellinthebodyhastheinstructionstomakeacompletehumanmostofthoseinstructionsareinactivatedandwithgoodreason:thelastthingyouwantforyourbraincellsistostartchurningoutstomachacidoryournosetoturnintoakidney.Theonlytimecellstrulyhavethepotentialtoturnintoanyandallbodypartsisveryearlyinapregnancywhensocalledstemcellshaven’tbeguntospecialize.Yetthisuntappedpotentialcouldbeaterrificboontomedicine.Mostdiseasesinvolvethedeathofhealthycells—braincellsinAlzheimer’scardiaccellsinheartdiseasepancreaticcellsindiabetestonameafew;ifdoctorscouldisolatestemcellsthendirecttheirgrowththeymightbeabletofurnishpatientswithhealthyreplacementtissue.ItwasincrediblydifficultbutlastfallscientistsattheUniversityofWisconsinmanagedtoisolatestemcellsandgetthemtogrowintoneuralgutmuscleandbonecells.Theprocessstillcan’tbecontrolledandmayhaveunforeseenlimitations;butifeffortstounderstandandmasterstemcelldevelopmentprovesuccessfuldoctorswillhaveatherapeutictoolofincrediblepower.Thesameappliestocloningwhichisreallyjusttheothersideofthecoin.TruecloningasfirstshownwiththesheepDollytwoyearsagoinvolvestakingadevelopedcellandreactivatingthegenomewithinresettingitsdevelopmentalinstructionstoapristinestate.Oncethathappenstherejuvenatedcellcandevelopintoafull-fledgedanimalgeneticallyidenticaltoitsparent.Foragricultureinwhichpurelyphysicalcharacteristicslikemilkproductioninacoworlowfatinahoghaverealmarketvaluebiologicalcarboncopiescouldbecomeroutinewithinafewyears.ThispastyearscientistshavedoneformiceandcowswhatIanWilmutdidforDollyandothercreaturesareboundtojointheclonedmenagerieinthecomingyear.Humancloningontheotherhandmaybetechnicallyfeasiblebutlegallyandemotionallymoredifficult.Stillonedayitwillhappen.Theabilitytoresetbodycellstoapristineundevelopedstatecouldgivedoctorsexactlythesameadvantagestheywouldgetfromstemcells:thepotentialtomakehealthybodytissuesofallsortsandthustocuredisease.Thatcouldprovetobeatruemiraclecure.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14% Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar. 16
Ithinkthatasuccessfuloldageiseasiestforthosewhohavestrongimpersonalinterestsinvolvingappropriateactivities.Itisinthisspherethatlongexperienceisreallyfruitfulanditisinthisspherethatthewisdombornofexperiencecanbeexercisedwithoutbeingoppressive.Itisnousetellinggrown-upchildrennottomakemistakesbothbecausetheywillnotbelieveyou.andbecausemistakesareanessentialpartofeducation.Butifyouareoneofthosewhoareincapableofimpersonalinterestsyoumayfindthatyourlifewillbeemptyunlessyouconcernyourselfwithyourchildrenandgrandchildren.Inthatcaseyoumustrealizethatwhileyoucanstillrenderthemmaterialservicessuchasmakingthemanallowanceorknittingthemjumpersyoumustnotexpectthattheywillenjoyyourcompany.Someoldpeopleareoppressedbythefearofdeath.Intheyoungthereisajustificationforthisfeeling.Youngmenwhohavereasontofearthattheywillbekilledinbattlemayjustifiablyfeelbitterinthethoughtthattheyhavebeencheatedofthebestthingsthatlifehastooffer.Butinanoldmanwhohasknownhumanjoysandsorrowsandhasachievedwhateverworkitwasinhimtodothefearofdeathissomewhatabjectandignoble.Thebestwaytoovercomeit—soatleastitseemstome—istomakeyourinterestsgraduallywiderandmoreimpersonaluntilbitbybitthewallsoftheegorecedeandyourlifebecomesincreasinglymergedintheuniversallife.Anindividualhumanexistenceshouldbelikeariver—smallatfirstnarrowlycontainedwithinitsbanksandrushingpassionatelypastrocksandoverwaterfalls.Graduallytherivergrowswiderthebanksrecedethewatersflowmorequietlyandintheendwithoutanyvisiblebreaktheybecomemergedintheseaandpainlesslylosetheirindividualbeing.Themanwhoinoldagecanseehislifeinthiswaywillnotsufferfromthefearofdeathsincethethingshecaresforwillcontinue.Andifwiththedecayofvitalitywearinessincreasesthethoughtofrestwillnotbeunwelcome.IshouldwishtodiewhilestillatworkknowingthatotherswillcarryonwhatIcannolongerdoandcontentinthethoughtthatwhatwaspossiblehasbeendone.
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14% Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar. 18
Thereareagreatmanyreasonsforstudyingwhatphilosophershavesaidinthepast.Oneisthatwecannotseparatethehistoryofphilosophyfromthatofscience.Philosophyislargelydiscussionaboutmattersonwhichfewpeoplearequitecertainandthosefewholdoppositeopinions.Asknowledgeincreasesphilosophybudsoffthesciences.Wealsoseehoweveryphilosopherreflectsthesociallifeofhisday.Butwecanhardlyguesswhattheworldwilllookliketomenandwomenwithseveralgenerationsofcommunismbehindthemwhotakethebrotherhoodofmanforgrantednotasanidealtobeaimedatbutafactoflifeandyetknowthatthisbrotherhoodwasonlyachievedbyghastlystruggles.Thestudyofphilosophiesshouldmakeourownideasflexible.Weareallofusapttofakecertaingeneralideasforgrantedandcallthemcommonsense.Weshouldlearnthatotherpeoplehaveheldquitedifferentideasandthatourownhavestartedasveryoriginalguessesofphilosophers.Ifadogcouldspeakitwouldprobablynotdistinguishbetweenmotionandlife.Someprimitivemendonotdosoandtravelersinterpretthemassayingtherearespiritseverywhere.InourageofmachinesweareapttolookformechanicalexplanationsofeverythingyetitisonlythreehundredyearssincemachineshadbeendevelopedsofarthatDescartesfirstsuggestedthatanimalandhumanbodiesweremachines.Ascientistisapttothinkthatalltheproblemsofphilosophywillultimatelybesolvedbyscience.Ithinkthisistrueforagreatmanyofthequestionsonwhichphilosophersstillargue.ForexamplePlatothoughtthatwhenwesawsomethingonerayoflightcametoitfromthesunandanotherfromoureyesandthatseeingwassomethinglikefeelingwithastick.Wenowknowthatthelightcomesfromthesunandisreflectedintooureyes.Wedon’tknowinmuchdetailhowthechangesinoureyesgiverisetosensation.Butthereiseveryreasontothinkthatwelearnmoreaboutthephysiologyofthebrainweshalldosoandthatthegreatphilosophicalproblemsaboutknowledgeandwillaregoingtobeprettyfullyclearedup.Butifourdescendantsknowtheanswerstothesequestionsandotherswhichperplexustodaytherewillstillbeonefieldofwhichtheydonotknownamelythefuture.Howeverexactoursciencewecannotknowitasweknowthepast.Philosophymaybedescribedasargumentaboutthingsofwhichweareignorant.Andwheresciencegivesusahopeofknowledgeitisoftenreasonabletosuspendjudgment.ThatisonereasonwhyMarxandEngelsquiterightlywrotesolittleonmanyphilosophicalproblemswhichinterestedtheircontemporaries.
Genetherapyandgenebaseddrugsaretwowayswecouldbenefitfromourgrowingmasteryofgeneticscience.Buttherewillbeothersaswell.Hereisoneoftheremarkabletherapiesonthecuttingedgeofgeneticresearchthatcouldmaketheirwayintomainstreammedicineinthecomingyears. Whileit’struethatjustabouteverycellinthebodyhastheinstructionstomakeacompletehumanmostofthoseinstructionsareinactivatedandwithgoodreason:thelastthingyouwantforyourbraincellsistostartchurningoutstomachacidoryournosetoturnintoakidney.Theonlytimecellstrulyhavethepotentialtoturnintoanyandallbodypartsisveryearlyinapregnancywhensocalledstemcellshaven’tbeguntospecialize. Yetthisuntappedpotentialcouldbeaterrificboontomedicine.Mostdiseasesinvolvethedeathofhealthycells—braincellsinAlzheimer’scardiaccellsinheartdiseasepancreaticcellsindiabetestonameafew;ifdoctorscouldisolatestemcellsthendirecttheirgrowththeymightbeabletofurnishpatientswithhealthyreplacementtissue. ItwasincrediblydifficultbutlastfallscientistsattheUniversityofWisconsinmanagedtoisolatestemcellsandgetthemtogrowintoneuralgutmuscleandbonecells.Theprocessstillcan’tbecontrolledandmayhaveunforeseenlimitations;butifeffortstounderstandandmasterstemcelldevelopmentprovesuccessfuldoctorswillhaveatherapeutictoolofincrediblepower. Thesameappliestocloningwhichisreallyjusttheothersideofthecoin.TruecloningasfirstshownwiththesheepDollytwoyearsagoinvolvestakingadevelopedcellandreactivatingthegenomewithinresettingitsdevelopmentalinstructionstoapristinestate.Oncethathappenstherejuvenatedcellcandevelopintoafull-fledgedanimalgeneticallyidenticaltoitsparent. Foragricultureinwhichpurelyphysicalcharacteristicslikemilkproductioninacoworlowfatinahoghaverealmarketvaluebiologicalcarboncopiescouldbecomeroutinewithinafewyears.ThispastyearscientistshavedoneformiceandcowswhatIanWilmutdidforDollyandothercreaturesareboundtojointheclonedmenagerieinthecomingyear. Humancloningontheotherhandmaybetechnicallyfeasiblebutlegallyandemotionallymoredifficult.Stillonedayitwillhappen.Theabilitytoresetbodycellstoapristineundevelopedstatecouldgivedoctorsexactlythesameadvantagestheywouldgetfromstemcells:thepotentialtomakehealthybodytissuesofallsortsandthustocuredisease.Thatcouldprovetobeatrue"miraclecure". ThewordrejuvenatedPara.5mostprobablymeans
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14% Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar. 4
Thereareagreatmanyreasonsforstudyingwhatphilosophershavesaidinthepast.Oneisthatwecannotseparatethehistoryofphilosophyfromthatofscience.Philosophyislargelydiscussionaboutmattersonwhichfewpeoplearequitecertainandthosefewholdoppositeopinions.Asknowledgeincreasesphilosophybudsoffthesciences.Wealsoseehoweveryphilosopherreflectsthesociallifeofhisday.Butwecanhardlyguesswhattheworldwilllookliketomenandwomenwithseveralgenerationsofcommunismbehindthemwhotakethebrotherhoodofmanforgrantednotasanidealtobeaimedatbutafactoflifeandyetknowthatthisbrotherhoodwasonlyachievedbyghastlystruggles.Thestudyofphilosophiesshouldmakeourownideasflexible.Weareallofusapttofakecertaingeneralideasforgrantedandcallthemcommonsense.Weshouldlearnthatotherpeoplehaveheldquitedifferentideasandthatourownhavestartedasveryoriginalguessesofphilosophers.Ifadogcouldspeakitwouldprobablynotdistinguishbetweenmotionandlife.Someprimitivemendonotdosoandtravelersinterpretthemassayingtherearespiritseverywhere.InourageofmachinesweareapttolookformechanicalexplanationsofeverythingyetitisonlythreehundredyearssincemachineshadbeendevelopedsofarthatDescartesfirstsuggestedthatanimalandhumanbodiesweremachines.Ascientistisapttothinkthatalltheproblemsofphilosophywillultimatelybesolvedbyscience.Ithinkthisistrueforagreatmanyofthequestionsonwhichphilosophersstillargue.ForexamplePlatothoughtthatwhenwesawsomethingonerayoflightcametoitfromthesunandanotherfromoureyesandthatseeingwassomethinglikefeelingwithastick.Wenowknowthatthelightcomesfromthesunandisreflectedintooureyes.Wedon’tknowinmuchdetailhowthechangesinoureyesgiverisetosensation.Butthereiseveryreasontothinkthatwelearnmoreaboutthephysiologyofthebrainweshalldosoandthatthegreatphilosophicalproblemsaboutknowledgeandwillaregoingtobeprettyfullyclearedup.Butifourdescendantsknowtheanswerstothesequestionsandotherswhichperplexustodaytherewillstillbeonefieldofwhichtheydonotknownamelythefuture.Howeverexactoursciencewecannotknowitasweknowthepast.Philosophymaybedescribedasargumentaboutthingsofwhichweareignorant.Andwheresciencegivesusahopeofknowledgeitisoftenreasonabletosuspendjudgment.ThatisonereasonwhyMarxandEngelsquiterightlywrotesolittleonmanyphilosophicalproblemswhichinterestedtheircontemporaries.
Ithinkthatasuccessfuloldageiseasiestforthosewhohavestrongimpersonalinterestsinvolvingappropriateactivities.Itisinthisspherethatlongexperienceisreallyfruitfulanditisinthisspherethatthewisdombornofexperiencecanbeexercisedwithoutbeingoppressive.Itisnousetellinggrown-upchildrennottomakemistakesbothbecausetheywillnotbelieveyou.andbecausemistakesareanessentialpartofeducation.Butifyouareoneofthosewhoareincapableofimpersonalinterestsyoumayfindthatyourlifewillbeemptyunlessyouconcernyourselfwithyourchildrenandgrandchildren.Inthatcaseyoumustrealizethatwhileyoucanstillrenderthemmaterialservicessuchasmakingthemanallowanceorknittingthemjumpersyoumustnotexpectthattheywillenjoyyourcompany.Someoldpeopleareoppressedbythefearofdeath.Intheyoungthereisajustificationforthisfeeling.Youngmenwhohavereasontofearthattheywillbekilledinbattlemayjustifiablyfeelbitterinthethoughtthattheyhavebeencheatedofthebestthingsthatlifehastooffer.Butinanoldmanwhohasknownhumanjoysandsorrowsandhasachievedwhateverworkitwasinhimtodothefearofdeathissomewhatabjectandignoble.Thebestwaytoovercomeit—soatleastitseemstome—istomakeyourinterestsgraduallywiderandmoreimpersonaluntilbitbybitthewallsoftheegorecedeandyourlifebecomesincreasinglymergedintheuniversallife.Anindividualhumanexistenceshouldbelikeariver—smallatfirstnarrowlycontainedwithinitsbanksandrushingpassionatelypastrocksandoverwaterfalls.Graduallytherivergrowswiderthebanksrecedethewatersflowmorequietlyandintheendwithoutanyvisiblebreaktheybecomemergedintheseaandpainlesslylosetheirindividualbeing.Themanwhoinoldagecanseehislifeinthiswaywillnotsufferfromthefearofdeathsincethethingshecaresforwillcontinue.Andifwiththedecayofvitalitywearinessincreasesthethoughtofrestwillnotbeunwelcome.IshouldwishtodiewhilestillatworkknowingthatotherswillcarryonwhatIcannolongerdoandcontentinthethoughtthatwhatwaspossiblehasbeendone.
InthelasttenyearstheInternethasopenedupincredibleamountsofinformationtoordinarycitizens.ButusingtheInternetcanbelikewalkingintoalibrarywherethebooksarealllyingonthefloorinpiles.WhiletoolslikeGoogleallowsomestructuredsearchmuchofthedatafromsuchsearchesisoutdatedorofquestionablevalue.SomeWebenthusiastshavetakenupthetaskoforganizinginformationthroughademocraticmeansthatonlytheInternetallows:anencyclopediaofthepeoplebythepeopleandcompletelyfreetocopyanddistribute.Thispeople’sencyclopediaoftheWeb—afreesitecalledWikipedia—hasprovidedauniquesolutionbyinvitingindividualstoparticipateintheprocessofrationalizingandupdatingWebcontent.AttheheartofthismovementarewikisWebsitesthatallowuserstodirectlyeditanyWebpagewithoneclickofthemouse.Wikipedia—thelargestexampleofthesecollaborativeefforts—isafunctioninguser-contributedonlineencyclopediathathasbecomeapopularandhighlyregardedreferenceinjustthreeyearsofexistence.ThegoalofWikipediawastocreateanencyclopediathatcouldbesharedandcopiedfreelywhileencouragingpeopletochangeandimprovethecontent.EachandeveryarticlehasanEditthispagebuttonallowinganyoneevenanonymouspassers-bytoaddordeleteanycontentonthepage.Itseemslikearecipefordisasterandchaosbutithasproducedsurprisinglycrediblecontentthathasbeenevaluatedandrevisedbythethousandsofinternationalvisitorstothesite.FormanyitfinallyrealizestheoriginalconceptofWorldWideWebcreatorTimBerners-Lee—anonlineenvironmentwherepeoplenotonlybrowsecontentbutfreelyandactivelyexchangeinformation.TheWikipediaprojectwasstartedbyJimmyWalesheadofInternetstartupBomis.cornafterhisoriginalprojectforavolunteerbutstrictlycontrolledfreeencyclopediaranoutofmoneyandresourcesaftertwoyears.EditorswithPhDdegreeswereatthehelmoftheprojectthenbutitproducedonlyafewhundredarticles.NotwantingthecontenttolanguishWalesplacedthepagesonawikiwebsiteinJanuary2001andinvitedanyInternetvisitortoeditoraddtothecollection.Thesitebecamearunawaysuccessinthefirstyearandgainedaloyalfollowinggeneratingover20000articlesandspawningoveradozenlanguagetranslations.Aftertwoyearsithad100000articlesandinApril2004itexceeded250000articlesinEnglishand600000articlesin50otherlanguages.Over2000newarticlesareaddedeachdayacrossallthevariouslanguages.AndaccordingtowebsiterankingsatAlexa.comithasbecomemorepopularthantraditionalonlineencyclopediassuchasBritannica.comandisoneofthetop600mostheavilyvisitedwebsitesontheInternet.What’sthegoalofWikipediaaccordingtothetext
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14% Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar. 14
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14% Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar. 2
Aslongasherparentscanremember13-year-oldKatieHarthasbeentalkingaboutgoingtocollege.HermotherTallyafinancial-aidofficerataCaliforniaUniversityknowsalltoowellthedauntingthingofpayingforacollegeeducation.Lastyeartheaverageyearlytuitionataprivatefour-yearschoolclimbed5.5percenttomorethan$17000.TheHartshavestartedsavingandfiguretheycanaffordapublicuniversitywithoutaproblem.ButwhatifKatieappliestoPrincetonshe’sthreateningwhereoneyear’stuitionroomandboard—almost$34000in2007—willcostmorethansomeluxurycarsEvenanumbercruncherlikeTallyadmitsit’salittlescaryespeciallysinceshe’llretireandKatiewillgotocollegeataroundthesametime.Payingforcollegehasalwaysbeenahardendeavor.Thegoodnews:lastyearstudentscollected$74billioninfinancialaidthemostever.Mostfamiliespaylessthanfullfreight.Sixtypercentofpublic-universitystudentsandthreequartersofthoseatprivatecollegesreceivesomeformoffinancialaid—mostlythesedaysintheformofloans.Butthosenumbersarenotasencouragingastheyappearforlower-incomefamiliesbecauseschoolsarechangingtheirformulasfordistributingaid.Eagertoboosttheirmagazinerankingswhicharebasedinpartonthetestscoresofenteringfreshmenthey’rethrowingmoreaidatsmarterkids—whethertheyneeditornot.Thebestwaytoprepareistostartsavingearly.Anewlawpassedlastyearmakesthateasierforsomefamilies.So-called529plansallowparentstosockawayfundsinfederal-tax-free-investmentaccountsaslongasthemoneyisusedforqualifiededucationexpensesliketuitionroomandboard.Theplansaren’tforeveryone.Fortaxreasonssomelowerandmiddleincomefamiliesmaybebetteroffchoosingotherinvestments.Butsavingisvital.When’sthebesttimetostartSometimesaysJackJoyceoftheCollegeBoardbetweenthematernitywardandmiddleschool.Aidpackagesusuallycomeinsomecombinationofgrantsloansandjobs.Thesedays60percentofallaidcomesintheformoflow-interestloans.AllstudentsareeligibleforunsubsidizedfederalStaffordloanswhichletthemdeferinterestpaymentsuntilaftergraduation.StudentswhocandemonstrateneedcanalsoqualifyforfederalPerkinsloansorsubsidizedStaffordswherethegovernmentpaystheinterestduringschool.Fortunatelythisisaborrower’smarket.InterestratesareattheirlowestlevelinthehistoryofstudentloanssaysMarkKantrowitzpublisherofFinaid.Kantrowitzexpectsratestofallevenfurtherwhenthey’rereviewedthissummer.Traditionalscholarshipsacademicorathleticarestillapartofmanyfamilies’planning.MackReitera17-year-oldnationalwrestlingchampiongetssomanyrecruitinglettershethrowsmostaway.He’llalmostcertainlygetafreeride.WithoutitwewouldreallybeinabindsayshismotherJanet.Foreveryoneelseit’sworththeefforttopickthroughlocalandnationalscholarshipofferingswhichcanbefoundonWebsiteslikecollegeboard.com.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14% Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar. 6
Aslongasherparentscanremember13-year-oldKatieHarthasbeentalkingaboutgoingtocollege.HermotherTallyafinancial-aidofficerataCaliforniaUniversityknowsalltoowellthedauntingthingofpayingforacollegeeducation.Lastyeartheaverageyearlytuitionataprivatefour-yearschoolclimbed5.5percenttomorethan$17000.TheHartshavestartedsavingandfiguretheycanaffordapublicuniversitywithoutaproblem.ButwhatifKatieappliestoPrincetonshe’sthreateningwhereoneyear’stuitionroomandboard—almost$34000in2007—willcostmorethansomeluxurycarsEvenanumbercruncherlikeTallyadmitsit’salittlescaryespeciallysinceshe’llretireandKatiewillgotocollegeataroundthesametime.Payingforcollegehasalwaysbeenahardendeavor.Thegoodnews:lastyearstudentscollected$74billioninfinancialaidthemostever.Mostfamiliespaylessthanfullfreight.Sixtypercentofpublic-universitystudentsandthreequartersofthoseatprivatecollegesreceivesomeformoffinancialaid—mostlythesedaysintheformofloans.Butthosenumbersarenotasencouragingastheyappearforlower-incomefamiliesbecauseschoolsarechangingtheirformulasfordistributingaid.Eagertoboosttheirmagazinerankingswhicharebasedinpartonthetestscoresofenteringfreshmenthey’rethrowingmoreaidatsmarterkids—whethertheyneeditornot.Thebestwaytoprepareistostartsavingearly.Anewlawpassedlastyearmakesthateasierforsomefamilies.So-called529plansallowparentstosockawayfundsinfederal-tax-free-investmentaccountsaslongasthemoneyisusedforqualifiededucationexpensesliketuitionroomandboard.Theplansaren’tforeveryone.Fortaxreasonssomelowerandmiddleincomefamiliesmaybebetteroffchoosingotherinvestments.Butsavingisvital.When’sthebesttimetostartSometimesaysJackJoyceoftheCollegeBoardbetweenthematernitywardandmiddleschool.Aidpackagesusuallycomeinsomecombinationofgrantsloansandjobs.Thesedays60percentofallaidcomesintheformoflow-interestloans.AllstudentsareeligibleforunsubsidizedfederalStaffordloanswhichletthemdeferinterestpaymentsuntilaftergraduation.StudentswhocandemonstrateneedcanalsoqualifyforfederalPerkinsloansorsubsidizedStaffordswherethegovernmentpaystheinterestduringschool.Fortunatelythisisaborrower’smarket.InterestratesareattheirlowestlevelinthehistoryofstudentloanssaysMarkKantrowitzpublisherofFinaid.Kantrowitzexpectsratestofallevenfurtherwhenthey’rereviewedthissummer.Traditionalscholarshipsacademicorathleticarestillapartofmanyfamilies’planning.MackReitera17-year-oldnationalwrestlingchampiongetssomanyrecruitinglettershethrowsmostaway.He’llalmostcertainlygetafreeride.WithoutitwewouldreallybeinabindsayshismotherJanet.Foreveryoneelseit’sworththeefforttopickthroughlocalandnationalscholarshipofferingswhichcanbefoundonWebsiteslikecollegeboard.com.Thelastparagraphsuggeststhat______.
Ithinkthatasuccessfuloldageiseasiestforthosewhohavestrongimpersonalinterestsinvolvingappropriateactivities.Itisinthisspherethatlongexperienceisreallyfruitfulanditisinthisspherethatthewisdombornofexperiencecanbeexercisedwithoutbeingoppressive.Itisnousetellinggrown-upchildrennottomakemistakesbothbecausetheywillnotbelieveyou.andbecausemistakesareanessentialpartofeducation.Butifyouareoneofthosewhoareincapableofimpersonalinterestsyoumayfindthatyourlifewillbeemptyunlessyouconcernyourselfwithyourchildrenandgrandchildren.Inthatcaseyoumustrealizethatwhileyoucanstillrenderthemmaterialservicessuchasmakingthemanallowanceorknittingthemjumpersyoumustnotexpectthattheywillenjoyyourcompany.Someoldpeopleareoppressedbythefearofdeath.Intheyoungthereisajustificationforthisfeeling.Youngmenwhohavereasontofearthattheywillbekilledinbattlemayjustifiablyfeelbitterinthethoughtthattheyhavebeencheatedofthebestthingsthatlifehastooffer.Butinanoldmanwhohasknownhumanjoysandsorrowsandhasachievedwhateverworkitwasinhimtodothefearofdeathissomewhatabjectandignoble.Thebestwaytoovercomeit—soatleastitseemstome—istomakeyourinterestsgraduallywiderandmoreimpersonaluntilbitbybitthewallsoftheegorecedeandyourlifebecomesincreasinglymergedintheuniversallife.Anindividualhumanexistenceshouldbelikeariver—smallatfirstnarrowlycontainedwithinitsbanksandrushingpassionatelypastrocksandoverwaterfalls.Graduallytherivergrowswiderthebanksrecedethewatersflowmorequietlyandintheendwithoutanyvisiblebreaktheybecomemergedintheseaandpainlesslylosetheirindividualbeing.Themanwhoinoldagecanseehislifeinthiswaywillnotsufferfromthefearofdeathsincethethingshecaresforwillcontinue.Andifwiththedecayofvitalitywearinessincreasesthethoughtofrestwillnotbeunwelcome.IshouldwishtodiewhilestillatworkknowingthatotherswillcarryonwhatIcannolongerdoandcontentinthethoughtthatwhatwaspossiblehasbeendone.
Rebeluprisingkillsseventy!Planecrashleavesnosurvivors!Rockstardiesofoverdose!Eveningnewscastsandmetropolitannewspapersscreamthebadnewsthesensationalandtheaction.Audiencesoftodayfocusuponthesensationalactiontheviolencethelosstheterror.Individuallyourlivesareredirectedourworldsreshapedandourimageschanged.Whilewaryofthedangerofchangewehumanbeingssurrenderdailytoexploitationofvaluesopportunitiesandsensitivity.Theevolutionhasbroughtustothepointthatwebelievelittleofwhatispresentedtousasgoodandvaluable;insteadweoptforsuspicionanddisbeliefdemandingproofandsomethingfornothing.Thereinliesthedangerforthewriterseekingtobreakintothemarketoftoday.Joumalistssellsensationalism.Thejournalistwholosessightofthesimpletruthandoptsonlyforthesensationlosestheaudienceoverthelongrun.Onlythoseseekingashort-termthrillareinterestedinfollowingthejoumalisticthinking.HowthendowecapturetheaudienceoftodayandholditwhenthecompetitionforattentionissofierceTheansweriswritingtoconveyactionandthewaytoaccomplishthisisasimpleone-actionverbs.Thewriterwhoseproductsuspendstimeforthereaderorvieweristhesuccessfulwriterwhoseworkissoughtandreread.WhyTimeoftenwillmeltawayinthefaceoftherealityoflife’slittleresponsibilitiesforthereader.Insteadofpuzzlingoveramoreactiveandmoreaccurateverbsomejoumalistsoftenlimpthroughpassivevoiceanduselesstensetosqueezethelifeoutofanaction-filledworldandfilltheirwritingwithmissedopportunitiestoappealtothereaderwhoseeksthatmomentofsuspendedtime.Recentlyareporterwroteaboutobservingthebuildingsinacommunityrobbedbyrebeluprisingasthousandsofbulletholeswereinthehotel.Averygeneralobservation.SupposehehadwrittenThehotelwaspockedwithbulletholes.Thevisualimageconjuredupbythelatterisfarsuperiortotheformer.Hereisthereader..comfortableintheeasychairbeforethefirewiththedogathisfeet.Theverbpockedspeakstohim.Thejournalistmissedtheopportunitytoconveythereality.Whydothemediaalwaysreportsensationaltopics
A.Withthedriveofmanywomentostrivetobeequalwithmenmanywomenhavechosentoworktoprovethemselves.Whilethisisaworthygoalitcanbeaccomplishedinmoremeaningfulways.Withthisdesiretoworklikemendowomenhavesacrificedthefamilyintheirpursuit.Donottakethisasanattackuponwomenbecausemenintheirpursuitofwealthhaveequallysacrificedtheirfamilytogainwealth.B.Governmentstooshouldembracethepotentialofwomen.Womencomplainrightlyofcenturiesofexploitation.Yettoaneconomistwomenarenotexploitedenough:theyaretheworld’smostunder-utilizedresource;gettingmoreofthemintoworkispartofthesolutiontomanyeconomicwoesincludingshrinkingpopulationsandpoverty.C.WhatisclearisthatincountriessuchasJapanGermanyandItalywhicharealltroubledbythedemographicsofshrinkingpopulationsfarfewerwomenworkthaninAmericaletaloneSweden.Iffemalelabor-forceparticipationinthesecountriesrosetoAmericanlevelsitwouldgiveahelpfulboosttothesecountries’growthrates.Likewiseindevelopingcountrieswheregirlsarelesslikelytogotoschoolthanboysinvestingineducationwoulddeliverhugeeconomicandsocialreturns.Notonlywilleducatedwomenbemoreproductivebuttheywillalsobringupbettereducatedandhealthierchildren.Morewomeningovernmentcouldalsoboosteconomicgrowth:studiesshowthatwomenaremorelikelytospendmoneyonimprovinghealtheducationinfrastructureandpovertyandlesslikelytowasteitontanksandbombs.D.Furthermoretheincreaseinfemaleemploymentintherichworldhasbeenthemaindrivingforceofgrowthinthepastcoupleofdecades.ThosewomenhavecontributedmoretoglobalGDPgrowththanhaveeithernewtechnologyorthenewgiantsChinaandIndia.Addthevalueofhouseworkandchildrearingandwomenprobablyaccountforjustoverhalfofworldoutput.Itistruethatwomenstillgetpaidlessandfewmakeittothetopofcompaniesbutasprejudicefadesovercomingyearswomenwillhavegreatscopetoboosttheirproductivity—andincomes.E.Girlsgetbettergradesatschoolthanboysandinmostdevelopedcountriesmorewomenthanmengotouniversity.Womenwillthusbebetterequippedforthenewjobsofthe21stcenturyinwhichbrainscountalotmorethanbrawn.InBritainfarmorewomenthanmenarenowbeingtrainedtobecomedoctors.Andwomenaremorelikelytoprovidesoundadviceoninvestingtheirparents’nestegg:surveysshowthatwomenconsistentlyachievehigherfinancialreturnsthanmendo.F.SomepeoplefretthatifmorewomenworkratherthanmindtheirchildrenthiswillboostGDPbutcreatenegativesocialexternalitiessuchasalowerbirthrate.YetdevelopedcountrieswheremorewomenworksuchasSwedenandAmericaactuallyhavehigherbirthratesthanJapanandItalywherewomenstayathome.Othersfearthatwomen’smoveintothepaidlaborforcecancomeattheexpenseofchildren.Yettheevidenceforthisismixed.ForinstanceastudybySuzanneBianchiatMarylandUniversityfindsthatmothersspentthesametimeonaverageonchildcarein2009asin1965.Theincreaseinworkoutsidethehomewasoffsetbylesshousework—andlesssparetimeandlesssleep.G.Eventodayinthemodemdevelopedworldsurveysshowthatparentsstillprefertohaveaboyratherthanagirl.Onelongstandingreasonwhyboyshavebeenseenasagreaterblessinghasbeenthattheyareexpectedtobecomebettereconomicprovidersfortheirparents’oldage.Yetitistimeforparentstothinkagain.Girlsmaynowbeabetterinvestment.
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14% Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar. 12
Thereareagreatmanyreasonsforstudyingwhatphilosophershavesaidinthepast.Oneisthatwecannotseparatethehistoryofphilosophyfromthatofscience.Philosophyislargelydiscussionaboutmattersonwhichfewpeoplearequitecertainandthosefewholdoppositeopinions.Asknowledgeincreasesphilosophybudsoffthesciences.Wealsoseehoweveryphilosopherreflectsthesociallifeofhisday.Butwecanhardlyguesswhattheworldwilllookliketomenandwomenwithseveralgenerationsofcommunismbehindthemwhotakethebrotherhoodofmanforgrantednotasanidealtobeaimedatbutafactoflifeandyetknowthatthisbrotherhoodwasonlyachievedbyghastlystruggles.Thestudyofphilosophiesshouldmakeourownideasflexible.Weareallofusapttofakecertaingeneralideasforgrantedandcallthemcommonsense.Weshouldlearnthatotherpeoplehaveheldquitedifferentideasandthatourownhavestartedasveryoriginalguessesofphilosophers.Ifadogcouldspeakitwouldprobablynotdistinguishbetweenmotionandlife.Someprimitivemendonotdosoandtravelersinterpretthemassayingtherearespiritseverywhere.InourageofmachinesweareapttolookformechanicalexplanationsofeverythingyetitisonlythreehundredyearssincemachineshadbeendevelopedsofarthatDescartesfirstsuggestedthatanimalandhumanbodiesweremachines.Ascientistisapttothinkthatalltheproblemsofphilosophywillultimatelybesolvedbyscience.Ithinkthisistrueforagreatmanyofthequestionsonwhichphilosophersstillargue.ForexamplePlatothoughtthatwhenwesawsomethingonerayoflightcametoitfromthesunandanotherfromoureyesandthatseeingwassomethinglikefeelingwithastick.Wenowknowthatthelightcomesfromthesunandisreflectedintooureyes.Wedon’tknowinmuchdetailhowthechangesinoureyesgiverisetosensation.Butthereiseveryreasontothinkthatwelearnmoreaboutthephysiologyofthebrainweshalldosoandthatthegreatphilosophicalproblemsaboutknowledgeandwillaregoingtobeprettyfullyclearedup.Butifourdescendantsknowtheanswerstothesequestionsandotherswhichperplexustodaytherewillstillbeonefieldofwhichtheydonotknownamelythefuture.Howeverexactoursciencewecannotknowitasweknowthepast.Philosophymaybedescribedasargumentaboutthingsofwhichweareignorant.Andwheresciencegivesusahopeofknowledgeitisoftenreasonabletosuspendjudgment.ThatisonereasonwhyMarxandEngelsquiterightlywrotesolittleonmanyphilosophicalproblemswhichinterestedtheircontemporaries.
Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressayyoushould: 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14% Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar. 10
Rebeluprisingkillsseventy!Planecrashleavesnosurvivors!Rockstardiesofoverdose! Eveningnewscastsandmetropolitannewspapersscreamthebadnewsthesensationalandtheaction. Audiencesoftodayfocusuponthesensationalactiontheviolencethelosstheterror.Individuallyourlivesareredirectedourworldsreshapedandourimageschanged.Whilewaryofthedangerofchangewehumanbeingssurrenderdailytoexploitationofvaluesopportunitiesandsensitivity.Theevolutionhasbroughtustothepointthatwebelievelittleofwhatispresentedtousasgoodandvaluable;insteadweoptforsuspicionanddisbeliefdemandingproofandsomethingfornothing. Thereinliesthedangerforthewriterseekingtobreakintothemarketoftoday.Joumalistssellsensationalism.Thejournalistwholosessightofthesimpletruthandoptsonlyforthesensationlosestheaudienceoverthelongrun.Onlythoseseekingashort-termthrillareinterestedinfollowingthejoumalisticthinking. HowthendowecapturetheaudienceoftodayandholditwhenthecompetitionforattentionissofierceTheansweriswritingtoconveyactionandthewaytoaccomplishthisisasimpleone-actionverbs. Thewriterwhoseproductsuspendstimeforthereaderorvieweristhesuccessfulwriterwhoseworkissoughtandreread.Why Timeoftenwillmeltawayinthefaceoftherealityoflife’slittleresponsibilitiesforthereader.Insteadofpuzzlingoveramoreactiveandmoreaccurateverbsomejoumalistsoftenlimpthroughpassivevoiceanduselesstensetosqueezethelifeoutofanaction-filledworldandfilltheirwritingwithmissedopportunitiestoappealtothereaderwhoseeksthatmomentofsuspendedtime. Recentlyareporterwroteaboutobservingthebuildingsinacommunityrobbedbyrebeluprisingas"thousandsofbulletholeswereinthehotel."Averygeneralobservation.Supposehehadwritten"Thehotelwaspockedwithbulletholes."Thevisualimageconjuredupbythelatterisfarsuperiortotheformer.Hereisthereader..comfortableintheeasychairbeforethefirewiththedogathisfeet.Theverb"pocked"speakstohim. Thejournalistmissedtheopportunitytoconveythereality. Someworksaresoughtandrereadbecause
InthelasttenyearstheInternethasopenedupincredibleamountsofinformationtoordinarycitizens.ButusingtheInternetcanbelikewalkingintoalibrarywherethebooksarealllyingonthefloorinpiles.WhiletoolslikeGoogleallowsomestructuredsearchmuchofthedatafromsuchsearchesisoutdatedorofquestionablevalue.SomeWebenthusiastshavetakenupthetaskoforganizinginformationthroughademocraticmeansthatonlytheInternetallows:anencyclopediaofthepeoplebythepeopleandcompletelyfreetocopyanddistribute. This"people’sencyclopedia"oftheWeb—afreesitecalledWikipedia—hasprovidedauniquesolutionbyinvitingindividualstoparticipateintheprocessofrationalizingandupdatingWebcontent.AttheheartofthismovementarewikisWebsitesthatallowuserstodirectlyeditanyWebpagewithoneclickofthemouse. Wikipedia—thelargestexampleofthesecollaborativeefforts—isafunctioninguser-contributedonlineencyclopediathathasbecomeapopularandhighlyregardedreferenceinjustthreeyearsofexistence.ThegoalofWikipediawastocreateanencyclopediathatcouldbesharedandcopiedfreelywhileencouragingpeopletochangeandimprovethecontent.Eachandeveryarticlehasan"Editthispage"buttonallowinganyoneevenanonymouspassers-bytoaddordeleteanycontentonthepage.Itseemslikearecipefordisasterandchaosbutithasproducedsurprisinglycrediblecontentthathasbeenevaluatedandrevisedbythethousandsofinternationalvisitorstothesite.FormanyitfinallyrealizestheoriginalconceptofWorldWideWebcreatorTimBerners-Lee—anonlineenvironmentwherepeoplenotonlybrowsecontentbutfreelyandactivelyexchangeinformation. TheWikipediaprojectwasstartedbyJimmyWalesheadofInternetstartupBomis.cornafterhisoriginalprojectforavolunteerbutstrictlycontrolledfreeencyclopediaranoutofmoneyandresourcesaftertwoyears.EditorswithPhDdegreeswereatthehelmoftheprojectthenbutitproducedonlyafewhundredarticles.NotwantingthecontenttolanguishWalesplacedthepagesonawikiwebsiteinJanuary2001andinvitedanyInternetvisitortoeditoraddtothecollection. Thesitebecamearunawaysuccessinthefirstyearandgainedaloyalfollowinggeneratingover20000articlesandspawningoveradozenlanguagetranslations.Aftertwoyearsithad100000articlesandinApril2004itexceeded250000articlesinEnglishand600000articlesin50otherlanguages.Over2000newarticlesareaddedeachdayacrossallthevariouslanguages.AndaccordingtowebsiterankingsatAlexa.comithasbecomemorepopularthantraditionalonlineencyclopediassuchasBritannica.comandisoneofthetop600mostheavilyvisitedwebsitesontheInternet. AccordingtothetextJimmyWalesinitiatedWikipediaprojectinorderto
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14% Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar. 20
Intherarefiedworldofthecorporateboardagoodnetworkmatters.1ofteninvolvesword-of-mouthrecommendations:gettingona2iseasierifyouhavetherightconnections.Newresearchsuggestsmenuse3betterthanwomen. MarieLalanneandPaulSeabrightoftheToulouseSchoolofEconomics4theeffectofanetworkon5usingadatabaseofboardmembersinEuropeandAmerica.Theyfindthatifyouweretocomparetwoexecutivedirectors6ineverywayexceptthatonehad200ex-colleaguesnow7boardsandtheother400thelatter8wouldbepaid6%more.Fornon-executivesthegapis14% Thereally9findingconcernsthedifferencebetweenthesexes.Amongexecutive-boardmemberswomenearn17%lessthantheirmale10.Thereareplentyofplausibleexplanationsforthis11frominterruptionstowomen’scareerstoold-fashioned12.Buttheauthorsfindthatthispaygapcanbefully13bytheeffectofexecutives’networks.Mencanleveragealargenetworkintomoreseniorpositionsoraseatonamore14board;womendon’tseemtobeableto. Womencouldjusthave15connectionswithmembersoftheirnetworks."Womenseemmoreinclinedtobuildandrelyononlyafewstrongrelationships"saysMr.Seabright.Menarebetteratdeveloping16acquaintancesintoanetworkandbetteratmaintainingahighpersonal17throughthesecontacts.Womenmayofcoursealsobehurtbytheexisting18ofmenonboardsandamale19forfillingexecutivepositionswithothermen.Butatendencytothinkofothermenfirstwillbe20iftalentedwomendon’tstayontheradar. 8
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