首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《填空》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
热门试题
更多
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
AlbertEinsteinoncesaidThewholeofscienceisnothingmorethanarefinementofeverydaythinking. Thefirstthingscientistsmustdoistoaskaquestionoridentifyaproblemtobeinvestigated.46Thenscientistsworkingonthisproblemcollectscientificdataorfactsbymakingobservationsandtakingmeasurementswhichmustbeverifiedorconfirmedbyrepeatedobservationsandmeasurementsideallybyseveraldifferentinvestigators. 47Theprimarygoalofscienceisnotfactsinandofthemselvesbutanewideaprincipleormodelthatconnectsandexplainscertainfactsandleadstousefulpredictionsaboutwhatshouldhappeninnature.Scientistsworkingonaparticularproblemtrytocomeupwithavarietyofpossibleexplanationsorscientifichypothesesofwhattheyorotherscientistsobserveinnature.Thenexperimentsareconductedandrepeatedtobesuretheyarereproducibletotestthedeductionsorpredictionsforeachhypothesissoastoarriveatthemostplausibleorusefulhypothesis. 48Ifmanyexperimentsbydifferentscientistssupportaparticularhypothesisitbecomesascientifictheory―awell-testedandwidelyacceptedideaprincipleormodelthatusuallytiestogetherandexplainsmanyfactsthatpreviouslyappearedtobeunrelated.Convertingascientifichypothesistoascientifictheoryisadifficultprocessoftenrequiringdecadesevenhundredsofyears.Toscientiststheoriesarenottobetakenlightlyfortheyareideasorprinciplesstatedwithahighdegreeofcertaintybecausetheyaresupportedbyagreatdealofevidence. Anotherendresultofscienceisascientificlaw―adescriptionofwhatwefindhappeninginnatureoverandoverinthesamewaywithoutknownexception.Themorecomplexthepartsofnaturescientistsstudythemoredifficultitbecomestodiscoverscientificlaws.49Therearemanyscientificlawsofphysicsandchemistryonlyafewinbiologyandevenfewerandlessreliableonesinfieldsinvolvingcomplexinteractionsofmultiplefactorsvariablessuchasecologyclimatologystudyofclimateandsocialsciencessuchaseconomicsandpolitics. Thescientificprocessrequiresnotonlylogicalreasoningbutalsoimaginationcreativityandintuition.AccordingtophysicistAlbertEinsteinThereisnocompletelylogicalwaytoanewscientificidea.50IntuitionimaginationandcreativityareasimportantinscienceastheyareinpoetryartmusicandothergreatadventuresofthehumanspiritthatawakenustothewondermysteryandbeautyoflifetheEarthandtheuniverse.
Throughouthistorygoldhasbeenapreciousmaterialeagerlysoughtandcherished.Itwasprobablythefirstmetaltobeminedbecauseitisbeautifulandimperishablewhichwillalwaysexistorcannotwearoutandbecausebeautifulobjectscanbemadefromit-evenwithprimitivetools.Theamountofgoldknowntoancientpeoplesprobablytotalednotmuchmorethantheamountproducedeachyearbytheworld’’slargestgoldminelocatedintheWitwatersranddistrictofSouthAfrica.StoresofgolddiscoveredbyarchaeologistsinGreeceScythiaandEgyptaswellasthegoldfromIndiantreasuriesinMexicoandPerurepresentedyearsofpatientcollectionofsmallquantitiesfromstreamsandveins矿脉oftenbyslavelabor. Theessentialvalueofgoldhasalwaysbeenknownevenbeforegoldwasusedincoinage.Itremainstheonlyuniversallyrecognizedstandardofvalueininternationalmonetaryexchange.Mostoftheworld’’srefinedgoldisabsorbedbygovernmentsandcentralbankstoprovidebackingforpapercurrency.Buttheamountofgoldusedinartsandinindustryisincreasing.Inadditiontoitsuseforjewelrydecorativefinishesanddentistryitsspecialpropertieshaveledtomanyapplicationsinmodernscienceandtechnology.Surfacecoatingsofgoldprotectearthsatellitesfromheatandcorrosionandcertainelectricalcomponentsandcircuitsofspacecraftaremadeofgoldwhenextremereliabilityisrequired. GoldwasfirstproducedintheUnitedStatesfromthesouthernAppalachianregionbeginningabout1792.Thesedepositsthoughrichwererelativelysmallandwerequicklydepleted.ThediscoveryofgoldatSutter’’sMillinCaliforniasparkedthegoldrushof1849-50.Hundredsofminingcampssprangtolifeasnewdepositswerediscovered.Asaresulttheproductionofgoldincreasedrapidly. DuringWorldWarIandforsomeyearsthereafterannualproductiondeclinedtoabouttwomillionounces.Whenthepriceofgoldwasraisedin1934to$35anounceproductionincreasedrapidly.ShortlyafterthestartofWorldWarⅡgoldmineswereclosedandthegovernmentdidnotpermitthemtoreopenuntil1945.Sincethentheproductionofgoldhasnotexceededtwomillionouncesayear. ThelargestproducinggoldmineintheUnitedStatesistheHomestakeMineinSouthDakotawhichyieldsabout575000ouncesofgoldeachyear.Otherminesscatteredthroughoutvariouspartsoftheworldproduceevenlargeramountsofthishighlyprizedandeagerlysoughtyellowishmaterial. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
__思想__理论和三个代表重要思想是中国化了的马克思主义它们都
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproducttheotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotionthestudentwhosegradesimprovetheforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage―alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts. Bycontrasttheprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodeterminesincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditselfbutrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehavetheircautionorcourageastheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocessthejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworldnewideastotrynewchallengestoaccept. Inordertogrowtotravelnewroadspeopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakeriskstoconfronttheunknownandtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymayfailatfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.DoweperceiveourselvesasquickandcuriousIfsothenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe’’reshyandindecisiveThenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitatetomoveslowlyandnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkwe’’reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe’’renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallengeThenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall. Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubtsifweprotectourselvestoomuchthenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking. Intheauthor’’seyesonewhoviewspersonalgrowthasaprocesswould________________.
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
马克思主义在中国迅速传播的思想条件有
下列关于__思想的说法正确的有
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveproducedawealthofnewmaterialsandnewwaysofusingoldmaterials.Fortheartistthismeanswideropportunities.Thereisnodoubtthatthelimitationsofmaterialsandnatureoftoolsbothrestrictandshapeaman’’swork.Observehowthedevelopmentofplasticsandlightmetalsalongwithnewmethodsofweldinghaschangedthedirectionofsculpture.TransparentplasticmaterialsallowonetolookthroughanobjecttoseeitsvarioussidessuperimposedoneachotherasinCubismorinanX-ray.Todayweldingisasprevalentascastingwasinthepast.Thisnewmethodencouragesopendesignswheresurroundingandinterveningspacebecomesasimportantasformitself. MoreambiguousthanotherscientificinventionsfamiliartomodernartistsbutnolessinfluentialarethepsychoanalyticstudiesofFreudandhisfollowersdiscoveriesthathaveinfiltratedrecentartespeciallySurrealism超现实主义.TheSurrealistsintheirstruggletoescapethemonotonyandfrustrationsofeverydaylifeclaimedthatdreamsweretheonlyhope.Turningtotheirrationalworldoftheirunconscioustheybanishedalltimebarriersandmoraljudgmentstocombinedisconnecteddreamexperiencesfromthepastpresentandinterveningpsychologicalstates.TheSurrealistswereconcernedwithoverlappingemotionsmorethanwithoverlappingforms.Theirpaintingsoftenbecomesegmentedcapsulesofassociativeexperiences.ForthemobsessiveandoftenunrelatedimagesreplacedthedirectemotionalmessagesofExpressionism.Theydidnotneedtosmashpaintandcanvas;theywentbeyondthistosmashthewholecontinuityoflogicalthought. Thereislittledoubtthatcontemporaryarthastakenmuchfromcontemporarylife.Inaperiodwhensciencehasmaderevolutionarystridesartistsintheirstudioshavenotbeenunawareofscientistsintheirlaboratories.Butthishasrarelybeenaone-waystreet.Paintersandsculptorsthoughadmittedlyinfluencedbymodernsciencehavealsomoldedandchangedourworld.Ifbreak-uphasbeenavitalpartoftheirexpressionithasnotalwaysbeenasymbolofdestruction.Quitethecontrary:ithasbeenusedtoexaminemorefullytopenetratemoredeeplytoanalyzemorethoroughlytoenlargeisolateandmakemorefamiliarcertainaspectsoflifethatearlierwewereapttoneglect.Inadditionitsometimesprovidesrichmultipleexperiencessoorganizedasnotmerelytoreflectourworldbutinfacttointerpretit. Theinventionsofnewmaterialsandweldingtechniques
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
Throughouthistorygoldhasbeenapreciousmaterialeagerlysoughtandcherished.Itwasprobablythefirstmetaltobeminedbecauseitisbeautifulandimperishablewhichwillalwaysexistorcannotwearoutandbecausebeautifulobjectscanbemadefromit-evenwithprimitivetools.Theamountofgoldknowntoancientpeoplesprobablytotalednotmuchmorethantheamountproducedeachyearbytheworld’’slargestgoldminelocatedintheWitwatersranddistrictofSouthAfrica.StoresofgolddiscoveredbyarchaeologistsinGreeceScythiaandEgyptaswellasthegoldfromIndiantreasuriesinMexicoandPerurepresentedyearsofpatientcollectionofsmallquantitiesfromstreamsandveins矿脉oftenbyslavelabor. Theessentialvalueofgoldhasalwaysbeenknownevenbeforegoldwasusedincoinage.Itremainstheonlyuniversallyrecognizedstandardofvalueininternationalmonetaryexchange.Mostoftheworld’’srefinedgoldisabsorbedbygovernmentsandcentralbankstoprovidebackingforpapercurrency.Buttheamountofgoldusedinartsandinindustryisincreasing.Inadditiontoitsuseforjewelrydecorativefinishesanddentistryitsspecialpropertieshaveledtomanyapplicationsinmodernscienceandtechnology.Surfacecoatingsofgoldprotectearthsatellitesfromheatandcorrosionandcertainelectricalcomponentsandcircuitsofspacecraftaremadeofgoldwhenextremereliabilityisrequired. GoldwasfirstproducedintheUnitedStatesfromthesouthernAppalachianregionbeginningabout1792.Thesedepositsthoughrichwererelativelysmallandwerequicklydepleted.ThediscoveryofgoldatSutter’’sMillinCaliforniasparkedthegoldrushof1849-50.Hundredsofminingcampssprangtolifeasnewdepositswerediscovered.Asaresulttheproductionofgoldincreasedrapidly. DuringWorldWarIandforsomeyearsthereafterannualproductiondeclinedtoabouttwomillionounces.Whenthepriceofgoldwasraisedin1934to$35anounceproductionincreasedrapidly.ShortlyafterthestartofWorldWarⅡgoldmineswereclosedandthegovernmentdidnotpermitthemtoreopenuntil1945.Sincethentheproductionofgoldhasnotexceededtwomillionouncesayear. ThelargestproducinggoldmineintheUnitedStatesistheHomestakeMineinSouthDakotawhichyieldsabout575000ouncesofgoldeachyear.Otherminesscatteredthroughoutvariouspartsoftheworldproduceevenlargeramountsofthishighlyprizedandeagerlysoughtyellowishmaterial. Withrespecttogoldtheauthorfavorsthestatementthat
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Forthreedecadeswe’’veheardendlesslyaboutthevirtuesofaerobicincreasingoxygenconsumptionexercise.MedicalauthoritieshavepraisedrunningandjumpingasthekeytogoodhealthandmillionsofAmericanshavetakentothetreadmill踏车toreaptherewards.Butthestoryischanging.EveryonefromtheAmericanHeartAssociationtothesurgeongeneral’’sofficehasrecentlyembracedstrengthtrainingasacomplementtoaerobics.AndasweightliftinghasgonemainstreamsohastheonceobscurepracticeknownasSuperSlowtraining.Enthusiastsclaimthatbypumpingironatasnail’’space-makingeachreprepeatlast14secondsinsteadoftheusualseven-youcansafelyplaceextraordinarydemandsonyourmusclesandcallforthanextraordinaryresponse.Slowliftingmaynotbetheonlyexerciseyouneedassomeadvocatesbelievebutthebenefitsareoftendramatic. Almostanyonecanhandlethisroutine.Theonlyrequirementsarecompletefocusandatolerancefordeepmuscularburn.Foxeachexercise-legpressbenchpressshoulderpressandsoon-yousetthemachinetoprovideonlymoderateresistance.Butasyoudrawouteachrepdeprivingyourselfofimpetustheweightsoonfeelsunbearable.Defyingtheimpulsetostopyoukeepgoinguntilyoucan’’tcompletearep.Thenyousustainyourvaineffortfor10moresecondswhiletheweightsinksgraduallytowarditscradle.IntenseUncomfortableTotally.Butonceyouembracemusclefailureasthegoaloftheworkoutitcanbecomealmostpleasure. Thegoalisnottoburncalorieswhileyou’’reexercisingbuttomakeyourbodyburnthemallthetime.Runningafewmilesmanymakeyousweatbutitexpendsonly100caloriespermileanditdoesn’’tstimulatemuchboneormuscledevelopment.Strengthtrainingdoesn’’tburnmanycalorieseither.Butwhenyoupushamuscletofailureyousetoffapourofphysiologicalchanges.Asthemusclerecoversoverseveraldaysitwillthicken-andthenewmuscletissuewilldemandsustenance.Bythetimeyouaddthreepoundsofmuscleyourbodyrequiresanextra9000caloriesamonthjusttobreakeven.Holdyourdietsteadyandveryquicklyyouarevaporizingbodyfat. Onemighthavebenefitedfromanystrength-trainingprogram.Butadvocatesinsisttheslowtechniqueissaferandmoreeffectivethantraditionalmethods. Slowweightliftersarerequiredtomakeeachrep
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
论述促进__思想成熟的条件以及我党历史上对__思想的两次具有历史意义的评价
Allthecharacteristicsandabilitiesapersonacquiresandalldevelopmentalchangesresultfromtwobasicthoughcomplexprocesses:learningandmaturation.Sincethetwoprocessesalmostalwaysinteractitisdifficulttoseparatetheireffectsfromeachotherortospecifytherelativecontributionofeachtoachild’’sdevelopment.Clearlygrowthinheightisnotlearnedbutdependsonmaturationabiologicalprocess.Butimprovementsinmotoractivitiessuchaswalkingdependonmaturationandlearningandtheinteractionbetweenthem. WhatthenarematurationandlearningDevelopmentalpsychologistsarenotentirelyinagreementthoughthereisacommoncoreofacceptedmeaning.Thusalldefinitionsofmaturationstressorganicprocessesorstructuralchangesoccurringwithinanindividual’’sbodythatarerelativelyindependentofexternalenvironmentalconditionsexperiencesorpractice.Bymaturationitismeantdevelopmentoftheorganismasafunctionoftimeorage. Learninghasalsobeendefinedindiversewaysbutthetermgenerallyreferstochangesinbehaviororperformanceasaconsequenceofexperience.Learningistheprocessbywhichanactivityoriginatesorischangedthroughtrainingproceduresasdistinguishedfromchangesnotattributabletotraining. Anumberofimportantandstimulatingtheoriesoflearninghavebeenproposedeachwithitsownsetofprinciplesandhypothesesforexplainingthelearningprocess.Forourpurposeswedonotneedtobeconcernedwiththespecificdetailsofthelearningprocesseventhoughlearningplaysthemostimportantroleinmostaspectsofdevelopmentandchange.Weshallemployonlyafewgenerallyacceptedprinciplesoflearninginthisdiscussion. Specificallyweaccepttheprinciplethatachildwilllearnaresponsemoreeffectivelyandmorethoroughlyifheismotivatedtolearnit.Moreoverhewilllearnaresponsebetterifheisrewardedforlearningit.Accordingtothisviewthemorearesponseisrewardedthestrongeritbecomesandthemorelikelyitistoberepeated.AlthoughmostlearninginvolvesmotivationandrewardIbelievesomelearningdoesoccurwithoutthem. Asfortheinterrelationshipsbetweenmaturationandlearningprocessageneralprinciplemaybeprovided:maturationisessentialtolearning. Asisstatedinthetextlearning
Forthreedecadeswe’’veheardendlesslyaboutthevirtuesofaerobicincreasingoxygenconsumptionexercise.MedicalauthoritieshavepraisedrunningandjumpingasthekeytogoodhealthandmillionsofAmericanshavetakentothetreadmill踏车toreaptherewards.Butthestoryischanging.EveryonefromtheAmericanHeartAssociationtothesurgeongeneral’’sofficehasrecentlyembracedstrengthtrainingasacomplementtoaerobics.AndasweightliftinghasgonemainstreamsohastheonceobscurepracticeknownasSuperSlowtraining.Enthusiastsclaimthatbypumpingironatasnail’’space-makingeachreprepeatlast14secondsinsteadoftheusualseven-youcansafelyplaceextraordinarydemandsonyourmusclesandcallforthanextraordinaryresponse.Slowliftingmaynotbetheonlyexerciseyouneedassomeadvocatesbelievebutthebenefitsareoftendramatic. Almostanyonecanhandlethisroutine.Theonlyrequirementsarecompletefocusandatolerancefordeepmuscularburn.Foxeachexercise-legpressbenchpressshoulderpressandsoon-yousetthemachinetoprovideonlymoderateresistance.Butasyoudrawouteachrepdeprivingyourselfofimpetustheweightsoonfeelsunbearable.Defyingtheimpulsetostopyoukeepgoinguntilyoucan’’tcompletearep.Thenyousustainyourvaineffortfor10moresecondswhiletheweightsinksgraduallytowarditscradle.IntenseUncomfortableTotally.Butonceyouembracemusclefailureasthegoaloftheworkoutitcanbecomealmostpleasure. Thegoalisnottoburncalorieswhileyou’’reexercisingbuttomakeyourbodyburnthemallthetime.Runningafewmilesmanymakeyousweatbutitexpendsonly100caloriespermileanditdoesn’’tstimulatemuchboneormuscledevelopment.Strengthtrainingdoesn’’tburnmanycalorieseither.Butwhenyoupushamuscletofailureyousetoffapourofphysiologicalchanges.Asthemusclerecoversoverseveraldaysitwillthicken-andthenewmuscletissuewilldemandsustenance.Bythetimeyouaddthreepoundsofmuscleyourbodyrequiresanextra9000caloriesamonthjusttobreakeven.Holdyourdietsteadyandveryquicklyyouarevaporizingbodyfat. Onemighthavebenefitedfromanystrength-trainingprogram.Butadvocatesinsisttheslowtechniqueissaferandmoreeffectivethantraditionalmethods. ManyAmericanshavetakentotreadmillforyearsbyvirtueof
Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproducttheotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotionthestudentwhosegradesimprovetheforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage―alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts. Bycontrasttheprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodeterminesincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditselfbutrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehavetheircautionorcourageastheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocessthejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworldnewideastotrynewchallengestoaccept. Inordertogrowtotravelnewroadspeopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakeriskstoconfronttheunknownandtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymayfailatfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.DoweperceiveourselvesasquickandcuriousIfsothenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe’’reshyandindecisiveThenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitatetomoveslowlyandnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkwe’’reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe’’renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallengeThenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall. Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubtsifweprotectourselvestoomuchthenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking. ForpersonalgrowththeauthoradvocatesallofthefollowingEXCEPT________________.
Throughouthistorygoldhasbeenapreciousmaterialeagerlysoughtandcherished.Itwasprobablythefirstmetaltobeminedbecauseitisbeautifulandimperishablewhichwillalwaysexistorcannotwearoutandbecausebeautifulobjectscanbemadefromit-evenwithprimitivetools.Theamountofgoldknowntoancientpeoplesprobablytotalednotmuchmorethantheamountproducedeachyearbytheworld’’slargestgoldminelocatedintheWitwatersranddistrictofSouthAfrica.StoresofgolddiscoveredbyarchaeologistsinGreeceScythiaandEgyptaswellasthegoldfromIndiantreasuriesinMexicoandPerurepresentedyearsofpatientcollectionofsmallquantitiesfromstreamsandveins矿脉oftenbyslavelabor. Theessentialvalueofgoldhasalwaysbeenknownevenbeforegoldwasusedincoinage.Itremainstheonlyuniversallyrecognizedstandardofvalueininternationalmonetaryexchange.Mostoftheworld’’srefinedgoldisabsorbedbygovernmentsandcentralbankstoprovidebackingforpapercurrency.Buttheamountofgoldusedinartsandinindustryisincreasing.Inadditiontoitsuseforjewelrydecorativefinishesanddentistryitsspecialpropertieshaveledtomanyapplicationsinmodernscienceandtechnology.Surfacecoatingsofgoldprotectearthsatellitesfromheatandcorrosionandcertainelectricalcomponentsandcircuitsofspacecraftaremadeofgoldwhenextremereliabilityisrequired. GoldwasfirstproducedintheUnitedStatesfromthesouthernAppalachianregionbeginningabout1792.Thesedepositsthoughrichwererelativelysmallandwerequicklydepleted.ThediscoveryofgoldatSutter’’sMillinCaliforniasparkedthegoldrushof1849-50.Hundredsofminingcampssprangtolifeasnewdepositswerediscovered.Asaresulttheproductionofgoldincreasedrapidly. DuringWorldWarIandforsomeyearsthereafterannualproductiondeclinedtoabouttwomillionounces.Whenthepriceofgoldwasraisedin1934to$35anounceproductionincreasedrapidly.ShortlyafterthestartofWorldWarⅡgoldmineswereclosedandthegovernmentdidnotpermitthemtoreopenuntil1945.Sincethentheproductionofgoldhasnotexceededtwomillionouncesayear. ThelargestproducinggoldmineintheUnitedStatesistheHomestakeMineinSouthDakotawhichyieldsabout575000ouncesofgoldeachyear.Otherminesscatteredthroughoutvariouspartsoftheworldproduceevenlargeramountsofthishighlyprizedandeagerlysoughtyellowishmaterial. Todevelophisideastheauthoruses
Forthreedecadeswe’’veheardendlesslyaboutthevirtuesofaerobicincreasingoxygenconsumptionexercise.MedicalauthoritieshavepraisedrunningandjumpingasthekeytogoodhealthandmillionsofAmericanshavetakentothetreadmill踏车toreaptherewards.Butthestoryischanging.EveryonefromtheAmericanHeartAssociationtothesurgeongeneral’’sofficehasrecentlyembracedstrengthtrainingasacomplementtoaerobics.AndasweightliftinghasgonemainstreamsohastheonceobscurepracticeknownasSuperSlowtraining.Enthusiastsclaimthatbypumpingironatasnail’’space-makingeachreprepeatlast14secondsinsteadoftheusualseven-youcansafelyplaceextraordinarydemandsonyourmusclesandcallforthanextraordinaryresponse.Slowliftingmaynotbetheonlyexerciseyouneedassomeadvocatesbelievebutthebenefitsareoftendramatic. Almostanyonecanhandlethisroutine.Theonlyrequirementsarecompletefocusandatolerancefordeepmuscularburn.Foxeachexercise-legpressbenchpressshoulderpressandsoon-yousetthemachinetoprovideonlymoderateresistance.Butasyoudrawouteachrepdeprivingyourselfofimpetustheweightsoonfeelsunbearable.Defyingtheimpulsetostopyoukeepgoinguntilyoucan’’tcompletearep.Thenyousustainyourvaineffortfor10moresecondswhiletheweightsinksgraduallytowarditscradle.IntenseUncomfortableTotally.Butonceyouembracemusclefailureasthegoaloftheworkoutitcanbecomealmostpleasure. Thegoalisnottoburncalorieswhileyou’’reexercisingbuttomakeyourbodyburnthemallthetime.Runningafewmilesmanymakeyousweatbutitexpendsonly100caloriespermileanditdoesn’’tstimulatemuchboneormuscledevelopment.Strengthtrainingdoesn’’tburnmanycalorieseither.Butwhenyoupushamuscletofailureyousetoffapourofphysiologicalchanges.Asthemusclerecoversoverseveraldaysitwillthicken-andthenewmuscletissuewilldemandsustenance.Bythetimeyouaddthreepoundsofmuscleyourbodyrequiresanextra9000caloriesamonthjusttobreakeven.Holdyourdietsteadyandveryquicklyyouarevaporizingbodyfat. Onemighthavebenefitedfromanystrength-trainingprogram.Butadvocatesinsisttheslowtechniqueissaferandmoreeffectivethantraditionalmethods. ThephrasetobreakevenLine7Par.3mostprobablymeans
AlbertEinsteinoncesaidThewholeofscienceisnothingmorethanarefinementofeverydaythinking. Thefirstthingscientistsmustdoistoaskaquestionoridentifyaproblemtobeinvestigated.46Thenscientistsworkingonthisproblemcollectscientificdataorfactsbymakingobservationsandtakingmeasurementswhichmustbeverifiedorconfirmedbyrepeatedobservationsandmeasurementsideallybyseveraldifferentinvestigators. 47Theprimarygoalofscienceisnotfactsinandofthemselvesbutanewideaprincipleormodelthatconnectsandexplainscertainfactsandleadstousefulpredictionsaboutwhatshouldhappeninnature.Scientistsworkingonaparticularproblemtrytocomeupwithavarietyofpossibleexplanationsorscientifichypothesesofwhattheyorotherscientistsobserveinnature.Thenexperimentsareconductedandrepeatedtobesuretheyarereproducibletotestthedeductionsorpredictionsforeachhypothesissoastoarriveatthemostplausibleorusefulhypothesis. 48Ifmanyexperimentsbydifferentscientistssupportaparticularhypothesisitbecomesascientifictheory―awell-testedandwidelyacceptedideaprincipleormodelthatusuallytiestogetherandexplainsmanyfactsthatpreviouslyappearedtobeunrelated.Convertingascientifichypothesistoascientifictheoryisadifficultprocessoftenrequiringdecadesevenhundredsofyears.Toscientiststheoriesarenottobetakenlightlyfortheyareideasorprinciplesstatedwithahighdegreeofcertaintybecausetheyaresupportedbyagreatdealofevidence. Anotherendresultofscienceisascientificlaw―adescriptionofwhatwefindhappeninginnatureoverandoverinthesamewaywithoutknownexception.Themorecomplexthepartsofnaturescientistsstudythemoredifficultitbecomestodiscoverscientificlaws.49Therearemanyscientificlawsofphysicsandchemistryonlyafewinbiologyandevenfewerandlessreliableonesinfieldsinvolvingcomplexinteractionsofmultiplefactorsvariablessuchasecologyclimatologystudyofclimateandsocialsciencessuchaseconomicsandpolitics. Thescientificprocessrequiresnotonlylogicalreasoningbutalsoimaginationcreativityandintuition.AccordingtophysicistAlbertEinsteinThereisnocompletelylogicalwaytoanewscientificidea.50IntuitionimaginationandcreativityareasimportantinscienceastheyareinpoetryartmusicandothergreatadventuresofthehumanspiritthatawakenustothewondermysteryandbeautyoflifetheEarthandtheuniverse.
AlbertEinsteinoncesaidThewholeofscienceisnothingmorethanarefinementofeverydaythinking. Thefirstthingscientistsmustdoistoaskaquestionoridentifyaproblemtobeinvestigated.46Thenscientistsworkingonthisproblemcollectscientificdataorfactsbymakingobservationsandtakingmeasurementswhichmustbeverifiedorconfirmedbyrepeatedobservationsandmeasurementsideallybyseveraldifferentinvestigators. 47Theprimarygoalofscienceisnotfactsinandofthemselvesbutanewideaprincipleormodelthatconnectsandexplainscertainfactsandleadstousefulpredictionsaboutwhatshouldhappeninnature.Scientistsworkingonaparticularproblemtrytocomeupwithavarietyofpossibleexplanationsorscientifichypothesesofwhattheyorotherscientistsobserveinnature.Thenexperimentsareconductedandrepeatedtobesuretheyarereproducibletotestthedeductionsorpredictionsforeachhypothesissoastoarriveatthemostplausibleorusefulhypothesis. 48Ifmanyexperimentsbydifferentscientistssupportaparticularhypothesisitbecomesascientifictheory―awell-testedandwidelyacceptedideaprincipleormodelthatusuallytiestogetherandexplainsmanyfactsthatpreviouslyappearedtobeunrelated.Convertingascientifichypothesistoascientifictheoryisadifficultprocessoftenrequiringdecadesevenhundredsofyears.Toscientiststheoriesarenottobetakenlightlyfortheyareideasorprinciplesstatedwithahighdegreeofcertaintybecausetheyaresupportedbyagreatdealofevidence. Anotherendresultofscienceisascientificlaw―adescriptionofwhatwefindhappeninginnatureoverandoverinthesamewaywithoutknownexception.Themorecomplexthepartsofnaturescientistsstudythemoredifficultitbecomestodiscoverscientificlaws.49Therearemanyscientificlawsofphysicsandchemistryonlyafewinbiologyandevenfewerandlessreliableonesinfieldsinvolvingcomplexinteractionsofmultiplefactorsvariablessuchasecologyclimatologystudyofclimateandsocialsciencessuchaseconomicsandpolitics. Thescientificprocessrequiresnotonlylogicalreasoningbutalsoimaginationcreativityandintuition.AccordingtophysicistAlbertEinsteinThereisnocompletelylogicalwaytoanewscientificidea.50IntuitionimaginationandcreativityareasimportantinscienceastheyareinpoetryartmusicandothergreatadventuresofthehumanspiritthatawakenustothewondermysteryandbeautyoflifetheEarthandtheuniverse. AlbertEinsteinoncesaidThewholeofscienceisnothingmorethanarefinementofeverydaythinking. Thefirstthingscientistsmustdoistoaskaquestionoridentifyaproblemtobeinvestigated.46Thenscientistsworkingonthisproblemcollectscientificdataorfactsbymakingobservationsandtakingmeasurementswhichmustbeverifiedorconfirmedbyrepeatedobservationsandmeasurementsideallybyseveraldifferentinvestigators. 47Theprimarygoalofscienceisnotfactsinandofthemselvesbutanewideaprincipleormodelthatconnectsandexplainscertainfactsandleadstousefulpredictionsaboutwhatshouldhappeninnature.Scientistsworkingonaparticularproblemtrytocomeupwithavarietyofpossibleexplanationsorscientifichypothesesofwhattheyorotherscientistsobserveinnature.Thenexperimentsareconductedandrepeatedtobesuretheyarereproducibletotestthedeductionsorpredictionsforeachhypothesissoastoarriveatthemostplausibleorusefulhypothesis. 48Ifmanyexperimentsbydifferentscientistssupportaparticularhypothesisitbecomesascientifictheory―awell-testedandwidelyacceptedideaprincipleormodelthatusuallytiestogetherandexplainsmanyfactsthatpreviouslyappearedtobeunrelated.Convertingascientifichypothesistoascientifictheoryisadifficultprocessoftenrequiringdecadesevenhundredsofyears.Toscientiststheoriesarenottobetakenlightlyfortheyareideasorprinciplesstatedwithahighdegreeofcertaintybecausetheyaresupportedbyagreatdealofevidence. Anotherendresultofscienceisascientificlaw―adescriptionofwhatwefindhappeninginnatureoverandoverinthesamewaywithoutknownexception.Themorecomplexthepartsofnaturescientistsstudythemoredifficultitbecomestodiscoverscientificlaws.49Therearemanyscientificlawsofphysicsandchemistryonlyafewinbiologyandevenfewerandlessreliableonesinfieldsinvolvingcomplexinteractionsofmultiplefactorsvariablessuchasecologyclimatologystudyofclimateandsocialsciencessuchaseconomicsandpolitics. Thescientificprocessrequiresnotonlylogicalreasoningbutalsoimaginationcreativityandintuition.AccordingtophysicistAlbertEinsteinThereisnocompletelylogicalwaytoanewscientificidea.50IntuitionimaginationandcreativityareasimportantinscienceastheyareinpoetryartmusicandothergreatadventuresofthehumanspiritthatawakenustothewondermysteryandbeautyoflifetheEarthandtheuniverse.
Industrialsafetydoesnotjusthappen.Companies________lowaccidentratesplantheirsafetyprogramsworkhardtoorganizethemandcontinueworkingtokeepthem________andactive.Whentheworkiswelldonea________ofaccident-freeoperationsisestablished________timelostduetoinjuriesiskeptataminimum. Successfulsafetyprogramsmay______greatlyintheemphasisplacedoncertainaspectsoftheprogram.Someplacegreatemphasisonmechanicalguarding.Othersstresssafeworkpracticesby______rolesorregulations.______othersdependonanemotionalappealtotheworker.Buttherearecertainbasicideasthatmustbeusedineveryprogramifmaximumresultsaretobeobtained. Therecanbenoquestionaboutthevalueofasafetyprogram.Fromafinancialstandpointalonesafety________.Thefewertheinjury________thebettertheworkman’’sinsurancerate.Thismaymeanthedifferencebetweenoperatingat________orataloss.
关于马克思主义中国化的说法正确的有
Moderntechnologyandsciencehaveproducedawealthofnewmaterialsandnewwaysofusingoldmaterials.Fortheartistthismeanswideropportunities.Thereisnodoubtthatthelimitationsofmaterialsandnatureoftoolsbothrestrictandshapeaman’’swork.Observehowthedevelopmentofplasticsandlightmetalsalongwithnewmethodsofweldinghaschangedthedirectionofsculpture.TransparentplasticmaterialsallowonetolookthroughanobjecttoseeitsvarioussidessuperimposedoneachotherasinCubismorinanX-ray.Todayweldingisasprevalentascastingwasinthepast.Thisnewmethodencouragesopendesignswheresurroundingandinterveningspacebecomesasimportantasformitself. MoreambiguousthanotherscientificinventionsfamiliartomodernartistsbutnolessinfluentialarethepsychoanalyticstudiesofFreudandhisfollowersdiscoveriesthathaveinfiltratedrecentartespeciallySurrealism超现实主义.TheSurrealistsintheirstruggletoescapethemonotonyandfrustrationsofeverydaylifeclaimedthatdreamsweretheonlyhope.Turningtotheirrationalworldoftheirunconscioustheybanishedalltimebarriersandmoraljudgmentstocombinedisconnecteddreamexperiencesfromthepastpresentandinterveningpsychologicalstates.TheSurrealistswereconcernedwithoverlappingemotionsmorethanwithoverlappingforms.Theirpaintingsoftenbecomesegmentedcapsulesofassociativeexperiences.ForthemobsessiveandoftenunrelatedimagesreplacedthedirectemotionalmessagesofExpressionism.Theydidnotneedtosmashpaintandcanvas;theywentbeyondthistosmashthewholecontinuityoflogicalthought. Thereislittledoubtthatcontemporaryarthastakenmuchfromcontemporarylife.Inaperiodwhensciencehasmaderevolutionarystridesartistsintheirstudioshavenotbeenunawareofscientistsintheirlaboratories.Butthishasrarelybeenaone-waystreet.Paintersandsculptorsthoughadmittedlyinfluencedbymodernsciencehavealsomoldedandchangedourworld.Ifbreak-uphasbeenavitalpartoftheirexpressionithasnotalwaysbeenasymbolofdestruction.Quitethecontrary:ithasbeenusedtoexaminemorefullytopenetratemoredeeplytoanalyzemorethoroughlytoenlargeisolateandmakemorefamiliarcertainaspectsoflifethatearlierwewereapttoneglect.Inadditionitsometimesprovidesrichmultipleexperiencessoorganizedasnotmerelytoreflectourworldbutinfacttointerpretit. TheauthorarguesthatFreud’’sstudies
辛亥革命以后中国工人运动出现的新动向有
热门题库
更多
高考生物
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号