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Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should: 1) descri...
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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
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IntheangrydebateoverhowmuchofIQcomesfromthegenesthatchildreninheritfromparentsandhowmuchcomesfromexperiencesonelittlefactgetsoverlooked:noonehasidentifiedanygenesotherthanthosethatcauseretardationthataffectintelligence.SoresearchersledbyRobertPlominofLondon’sInstituteofPsychiatrydecidedtolookforsome:Plomin’scolleaguesdrewbloodfromtwogroupsof51childreneach.TheyareallWhitelivinginsixcountiesaroundCleveland.InonegrouptheaverageIQis136.IntheothergrouptheaverageIQis103.Isolatingthebloodcellstheresearchersthenexaminedeachchild’schromosome6Oneofthe23humanchromosomes.Ofthe37landmarksonchromosome6thattheresearcherslookedforonejumpedout:aformofgenecalledIGF2RoccurredintwiceasmanychildreninhighIQgroupasintheaveragegrouw-32percentversus16percent.ThestudyconcludesthatitisthisformoftheIGF2Rgenecalledallele5thatcontributestointelligence.PlomincautionsthatThisisnotageniusgene.Itisoneofmany.Abouthalfthedifferencesinintelligencebetweenonepersonandanotherarethoughttoreflectdifferentgenesandhalfreflectdifferentlifeexperiences.ThegeneaccountsfornomorethanfourextraIQpoints.AnditisneithernecessarynorsufficientforhighIQ:23percentoftheaverage-IQkidsdidhaveitbut54percentofgeniuskidsdidnot.Thesmartgeneisknownbythesnappynameinsulinlikegrowthfactor2receptorIGH2Rtoitsfun.Itletshormoneslikeonesimilartoinsulindockwithcells.AlthoughageneinvolvedwithinsulinisnotthemostobviouscandidateforanIQgenenewevidencesuggestsitmightindeedplaytherole.Sometimeswhenshormonedockswiththecellitmakesthecellgrow;sometimesitmakesthecellcommitsuicide.Bothresponsescouldchoreographthedevelopmentofthebrain.ScientistsattheNationalInstitutesofHealthfindthatinsulincanstimulatenervestogrow.Andinratbrainsregionsinvolvedinlearningandmemoryarechockfullofinsulinreceptors.EventhoughthissupportstheideathatIGF2RcanaffectthebrainandhenceintelligencesomegeneticistsseemajorproblemswiththeIQ-genestudy.OneisthepossibilitythatPlomin’sgroupfellforwhat’scalledthechopsticksfallacy.Geneticistsmightthinkthey’vefoundageneforchopsticksdexteritybutallthey’vereallyfoundisagenemorecommoninAsiansthansayAfricans.SimilarlyPlomin’sIQgenemightsimplybeonethatismorecommoningroupsthatemphasizeacademicachievement.Whatifthegenethey’vefoundreflectsethnicityasksgeneticistAndrewFeinbergofJohnsHopkinsUniversity.Iwouldtakethesefindingswithawholeboxofsalt./Thephrasewithawholeboxofsaltinthelastparagraphmeans______.
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 2
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 11
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 14
CillianShephardistoannounceareviewofexaminationstandardstodayascontroversysurroundinguniversityentranceproceduresbringscriticismoverBritain’seducationalperformance.TheEducationandEmploymentSecretaryisworriedthatcontinuinguncertaintyoveralevelsinparticularwillunderminetheGovernment’sdrivetomeetambitioustargetsforimprovement.Shepostponedanannouncementuntilthisyear’scandidateshadreceivedtheirresultsbutisnowdeterminedtocleartheair.Mrs.Shepard’smainadvisersonschoolshavealreadyaskedhertosanctiona100000researchprojectcomparingpapersoverthepast20years.Butsheisexpectedtogofurther.ReportsofuniversitiesadmittingA-levelfailurestofoundationcourseswillbereferredtoofficialscarryingoutareviewofhighereducation.Furtherresearchwillfocusonschoolexaminations.Mrs.ShepardreturnedmmholidaylastweektofindcriticschimingthataseventhsuccessiveriseinpassratesindicatedfallingstandardsatAlevelwhilenewvocationalequivalentshadanalarmingdrop-outrate.Sincethenshehasbecomeembroiledincontroversyoverhighereducationadmissionsinsistingthatitwasnottheroleofuniversitiestopreparestudentsfordegreecourses.Yesterdayaretiredmathematicslecturersaidhehadbeenorderedtoadmitstudentstoafoundationcourseafterrejecting:themforadegreeDavidSrnalleywhoteachespart-timeatBrunelUniversityinwestLondonsaidmanyofthestudentswhowereacceptedsubsequentlywouldneverbecapableofdegree-levelmathematics.Mr.Smalleysaidacourseforthosewithoutthenecessarygradestostudysciencehadbeensetupearlierthanplannedwhenundergraduaterecruitmentdriedup.Hehadbeentoldtoapproachpotentialstudentsfromapileofrejectedapplications.AuniversityspokeswomansaidstudentsenteringBrunel’sfoundationcoursesinscienceandengineeringhadanaverageoftwoCsatAlevelenoughtowinaplaceonmanydegreecourses.Halfofthefirstintakeinengineeringsecureduppersecondclassdegreesalterpassingthefoundationyear.ButMr.Smalleysaidhewasconvincedstandardshadplummetedsincetheintroductionofpre-degreecourses.Wehavehadoneortwosuccessstoriesonthembutotherscouldnotaddfractions.Someoftheworkwouldmakeyourhaircurl.IanWoodwhosetupBrunel’sfirstfoundationcoursemengineeringsaidsomeolderlecturersfounditdifficulttoadapttoteachinglessablestudents.Headded:Thisyear26studentsoutof60gotthroughafoundationyearandoneendedupwithafirst-classdegree.Iamsuretherearespuriouscourseselsewhereputonjusttobumpupnumbersbutourstandardsarehigh.TheHigherEducationFundingCouncilforEnglandsaidithadnoreasontoquestionstandardsonfoundationcourses.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout
Moreandmoreresidencesbusinessesandevengovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestotakemessagesorgiveinformationorinstructions.Sometimesthesemachinesgive1instructionsorplaymessagesthataredifficulttounderstand.Ifyou2telephonecallsyouneedtobereadytorespondifyougeta3.Themostcommonmachineisthe4usedinresidence.Ifyoucallahome5thereisatelephoneansweringmachineinoperationyou6hearseveralringsandthenarecordedmessage7usuallysayssomething8this:"Hello.Wecan’tcometothe9rightnow.Ifyouwantustocallyoubackpleaseleaveyournameandnumberafterthebeep."Thenyouwillheara"beep"10isabriefhigh-pitched11.Alterthebeepyoucansaywhoyouarewhomyouwanttospeaktoandwhatnumberthepersonshouldcallto12youoryoucanleavea13.Sometelephoneansweringmachines14foronly20or30secondsafterthebeepsoyoumustrespondquickly.Somelargebusinessesandgovernmentagenciesareusingtelephoneansweringmachinestoprovideinformationon15aboutwhichtheyreceivealargevolumeof16.Usingthesesystems17youtohaveatouch-tonephoneaphonewithbuttonsratherthanarotarydial.Thevoiceonthemachinewilltellyourtopushacertainbuttononyourtelephoneifyouwantin-formationonTopicAanotherbuttonforTopicBandsoon.Youlisten18youhearthetopicyouwanttolearnaboutandthenyoupushthe19button.Aftermakingyour20youwillheararecordedmessageonthetopic. 2
Directions: Studythepicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould: 1describethecartoonpointoutthemessageconveyedand; 2giveyourcomment. Youshouldwriteabout160～200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 6
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 12
Todayasmillionsofmenandwomenofchildbearingageandyoungeraresurvivingcancerthequestionofreproductionisarisingasaparamountconsiderationinplanningtreatment.46Amongtheissuesaretheabilitytopreservefertilitywhilecuringthediseaseandthesafetyofpregnancyforbothmotherswithcancerandtheirfuturechildren. Inacontinuingstudyofmorethan20000survivorsofchildhoodcancersthetwogreatestconcernsmentionedbyformerpatientstwoandthreedecadeslaterare"CanIhavechildren"and"IfIhavechildrenwilltheybehealthy"saidDr.LeslieRobisonanepidemiologist流行病学attheUniversityofMinnesotaMedicalSchoolwhodirectstheprojectinvolving25cancercenters.47"Todaymorethan75percentofchildrenwithcancerarebeingcuredyetweknowlittleaboutthesideeffectsoftreatmentbeyondthefirst10years." Whilesomecancertreatments-drugsaswellasradiation-cancausesterility不育orreducedfertility生育能力inmenandwomenpreliminaryevidencesuggeststhatcancertherapyingeneralaffectstheabilitytoreproduceandtoproducehealthychildrenlessthanpreviouslythought.48Atthesamerimenewwaysarebeingdevisedtoreducetheeffectsofcancertreatmentsonfertilityandonpregnanciesalreadyinprogresswhenacancerisdiscovered. Inthe.firstreportonreproductiveissuesfromthe25-centerstudysoontobepublishedinTheAmericanJournalofObstetricsandGynecologytheresearchersfoundthatwhilehigherratesofmiscarriage流产andlowerbirthweightswereobservedamongtheoffspringofformerpatients"therearealargenumberoflivebirthsbirthsofhealthychildrenalackofcongenital先天的abnormalitiesandverylowcancerrates"Dr.Robisonsaid. Dr.GiuseppeDelPrioredirect6rofgynecologiconcology妇产科肿瘤学atBellevueHospitalinNewYorkandhiscolleaguesattheNewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicinenotedintheJanuaryissueofContemporaryOb/Gyn:49"Lessthanagenerationagoreproductive-agedwomenwithcancergenerallyhadlittletohopeforandevenlesstolookforwardto.Butthingshavechanged.Manycancersarenolongeradeathsentence.Moreandmorewomenwithcancerarenowbecomingpregnantandraisinglegitimatefertilityconcerns." TodayadoctorcouldtellMs.ZeaofMinnesotaandotherwomenlikeherthatpregnancyisnolongerill-advised.50EvenwomenwhosebreastcancersarediscoveredduringpregnancyshouldnolongerbeadvisedtoterminatethepregnancybecausetherearenodataindicatingatherapeuticbenefitfromsuchanabortiontheNewYorkexpertssaid. Theestrogen雌激素producedmpregnancyisweakerthanestrogenproducedinotherwomenandislesslikelytostimulatebreastcancergrowthevenifthewoman’stumorisestrogen-sensitive. 48
E-mail—can’tlivewithitcan’tlivewithoutit.Conartistsandrealartistsadvertisersandfreedomfightersloversandswornenemies-they’veallflockedtoemailastheywouldtoanynewmediumofexpression.E-mailisconvenientsavestimebringsusclosertooneanotherhelpsusmanageourever-more-complexlives.Booksarewrittencampaignsconducted;crimescommitted-allviae-mail.Butitisalsoinconvenientwastesourtimeisolatesusinfrontofourcomputersandintroducesmorecomplexityintoouralreadytoo-harriedlives.ToskepticsE-mailsjustthelatestchapterintheevolvinghistoryofhumancommunication.Asnoopinghusbandnowdiscovershiswife’saffairbyreadingherprivatee-mail--buthecouldhaveuncoveredthesamesinbyfindinglettersagenerationago.YetE-mail-andallonlinecommunication-isinfactsomethingtrulydifferent;itcapturestheessenceoflifeatthecloseofthe20thcenturywithanauthoritythatfewotherproductsofdigitaltechnologycanclaim.DoesthepaceoflifeseameverfasterE-mailsimultaneouslyallowsustocopewiththataccelerationandcontributestoit.AreourattentionspansshrivelingunderbarragesofnewimprovedformsofstimulationThequickanddirtyE-mailismadetoorderforthosewhoseabilitytoconcentrateismeasuredinnanoseconds.IfweacceptthatthecreationoftheglobespanningInternetisoneofthemostimportanttechnologicalinnovationsofthelasthalfofthiscenturythenwemustgiveE-mail--thelivingembodimentofhumanconnectionsacrosstheNet--prideofplace.Thewayweinteractwitheachotherischanging;E-mailisbothcatalystandtheinstrumentofthatchange.Thescopeofthephenomenonismind-boggling.Worldwide225millionpeoplecanspendandreceiveE-mail.ForgetabouttheWebore-commerceorevenonlinepornography:E-mailistheInternet’struekillerapp—thesoftwareapplicationthatwesimplymusthaveevenifitmeansbuyinga$2000computerandplunkingdown＄20amonthtoAmericaOnline.AccordingtoDonnaHoffmanaprofessorofmarketingatVanderbiltUniversityonesurveyafteranotherfindsthatwhenonlineusersareaskedwhattheydoontheNetE-mailisalwaysNo.1.Oddlyenoughnooneplanneditandonepredictedit.WhenresearchscientistsfirstbegancookinguptheInternet’spredecessortheArpanetin1968theirprimarygoalwastoenabledisparatecomputingcenterstoshareresources.Butitdidn’ttakeverylongbeforetheydiscoveredthatthemostimportantthingwastheabilitytosendmailaroundwhichtheyhadnotanticipatedatallsaysEricAumanchieftechnicalofficerofSendmailInc.DespitethevastpopularityofE-mailtherearestillpeoplewhodon’tthinkmuchofitbecause______.
Todayasmillionsofmenandwomenofchildbearingageandyoungeraresurvivingcancerthequestionofreproductionisarisingasaparamountconsiderationinplanningtreatment.46Amongtheissuesaretheabilitytopreservefertilitywhilecuringthediseaseandthesafetyofpregnancyforbothmotherswithcancerandtheirfuturechildren. Inacontinuingstudyofmorethan20000survivorsofchildhoodcancersthetwogreatestconcernsmentionedbyformerpatientstwoandthreedecadeslaterare"CanIhavechildren"and"IfIhavechildrenwilltheybehealthy"saidDr.LeslieRobisonanepidemiologist流行病学attheUniversityofMinnesotaMedicalSchoolwhodirectstheprojectinvolving25cancercenters.47"Todaymorethan75percentofchildrenwithcancerarebeingcuredyetweknowlittleaboutthesideeffectsoftreatmentbeyondthefirst10years." Whilesomecancertreatments-drugsaswellasradiation-cancausesterility不育orreducedfertility生育能力inmenandwomenpreliminaryevidencesuggeststhatcancertherapyingeneralaffectstheabilitytoreproduceandtoproducehealthychildrenlessthanpreviouslythought.48Atthesamerimenewwaysarebeingdevisedtoreducetheeffectsofcancertreatmentsonfertilityandonpregnanciesalreadyinprogresswhenacancerisdiscovered. Inthe.firstreportonreproductiveissuesfromthe25-centerstudysoontobepublishedinTheAmericanJournalofObstetricsandGynecologytheresearchersfoundthatwhilehigherratesofmiscarriage流产andlowerbirthweightswereobservedamongtheoffspringofformerpatients"therearealargenumberoflivebirthsbirthsofhealthychildrenalackofcongenital先天的abnormalitiesandverylowcancerrates"Dr.Robisonsaid. Dr.GiuseppeDelPrioredirect6rofgynecologiconcology妇产科肿瘤学atBellevueHospitalinNewYorkandhiscolleaguesattheNewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicinenotedintheJanuaryissueofContemporaryOb/Gyn:49"Lessthanagenerationagoreproductive-agedwomenwithcancergenerallyhadlittletohopeforandevenlesstolookforwardto.Butthingshavechanged.Manycancersarenolongeradeathsentence.Moreandmorewomenwithcancerarenowbecomingpregnantandraisinglegitimatefertilityconcerns." TodayadoctorcouldtellMs.ZeaofMinnesotaandotherwomenlikeherthatpregnancyisnolongerill-advised.50EvenwomenwhosebreastcancersarediscoveredduringpregnancyshouldnolongerbeadvisedtoterminatethepregnancybecausetherearenodataindicatingatherapeuticbenefitfromsuchanabortiontheNewYorkexpertssaid. Theestrogen雌激素producedmpregnancyisweakerthanestrogenproducedinotherwomenandislesslikelytostimulatebreastcancergrowthevenifthewoman’stumorisestrogen-sensitive. 50
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowthatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetothreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployerShouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentersofproductionandwork TheindustrialagehasBeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.46Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmaxhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadaunting令人气馁的thought.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnomeanteconomicfreedom. 47Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thandthe18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseoflandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes.48Latertastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyboatpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. Itwasnotonlywomenwhoseworkstatussuffered.49Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcluded-aproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.50Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheidealistgoalofcreatingjobsforalltourgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. 50
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.HowwouldyoureactUnlesstherewassomethingdefinitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutittosaytheleast.Itisallthemoresurprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuchabnormalconditionsontheirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute!Anydiscussionofthistopicisboundtoquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeisfarfrombeingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationistoequipfuturecitizenswithalltheyrequiretotaketheirplaceinadultsociety.NowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschoolpossiblyoffertherightsortofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinforashock.Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothinglessthanatrueversionofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventheopportunitytogettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachotherintermsofacademicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextra-curricularactivitieswhicharepartofschoollife.Whatapracticaladvantageitistogivejustasmallexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!Whatnonsenseboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.Rivalrybetweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace.Butperhapsthegreatestcontributionofco-educationisthehealthyattitudetolifeitencourages.Boysdon’tgrowupbelievingthatwomenaremysteriouscreatures—airygoddessesmorelikebook-illustrationstoafairy-talethanhumanbeings.Girlsdon’tgrowupimaginingthatmenaxeromanticheroes.Yearsoflivingtogetheratschooldispelillusionsofthiskind.Thereaxenogoddesseswithfrecklespigtailspiercingvoicesandinkyfingers.Therearenoromanticheroeswithknobbykneesdirtyfingernailsandunkempthair.Theawkwardstageofadolescencebringsintosharpfocussomeofthephysicalandemotionalproblemsinvolvedingrowingup.Thesecanbetterbeovercomeinacoeducationalenvironment.Segregatedschoolssometimesprovidetherightconditionsforsexualdeviation.Thisishardlypossibleunderaco-educationalsystem.Whenthetimecomesforthepupilstoleaveschooltheyarefullypreparedtoentersocietyaswell-adjustedadults.Theyhavealreadyhadyearsofexperienceincopingwithmanyoftheproblemsthatfacemenandwomen.Whydoboysandgirlsinco-educationhavenoillusionabouteachother
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 4
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 8
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 16
Sincechildhoodmostofushavebeenbombardedwithroles—don’tbeselfishdon’tcomplaindon’tbeunreasonabledon’tinterruptetc.41__________DoyouwishyoucouldlearntodealwithminorirritationsbeforeangerfestersintointenseresentmentandexplosiveaggressionAssertivenesstrainingcanreducestressbyteachingyoutostandupforyourlegitimaterightswithoutbullyingorbeingbullied. Steponeisrealizingthatchangesareneeded.Thenyoumusttakeactiontomakethosechangesareality.Assertivenesstrainingmightbeofferedthroughyouremployeryouruniversityoraprivateconsultant.ItmightevenbeofferedthroughdistancelearningontheInternet.42__________. Suchaworkshopmightincludetwoworkshopleadersforupto18participantsinanall-daysix-houreventortwomorningsessionsoneweekapartwith"homework"beingassignedbetweenthetwosessions.WhatkindofhomeworkPracticingwhatyouhavelearnedanddescribingtheexperienceinapersonaldiary. 43__________.Longbreaksencouragefreetalkandgenerateenthusiasmamongparticipants.Ithelpstoknowthatotherslikeyourselfshareyourproblems. Atthebeginningoftheworkshopyoumaybeaskedtodescribespecificsituationsthatyouwouldliketohandlebetter.DuringtheworkshopyouwillhearlecturesseevignettesonDVDorvideoandreceiveprintedinformationonhowtobecomemoreforthright. Roleplayingisanimportantelementinassertivenesstraining.Theworkshopleaderwillpresentascenariosubmittedbyaworkshopparticipant.44__________ResearchhasshownthatanAmericanmanismuchlikeliertofeelateaseaskingforahigherstartingsalarythananAmericanwoman.Awomanwiththesamequalificationsbeingconsideredforthesamepositioniscommonlyinclinedtofret:"IfIaskforahighersalarymaybetheywon’thireme"or"MaybethecompanywillthinkIdon’thaveenoughexperienceforsuchahighsalary." 45__________.Thereal-lifesituationcanbethoughtofasagame;oncethatperceptiontakesrootsomeofthestressandinhibitiondisappears.Meanwhilethealreadymoreconfidentmalesintheworkshopgainabetterunderstandingofhowthesituationlooksandfeelsforaninhibitedjobseeker.Theyacquireabitofsympathy.Andofcoursewomenaren’ttheonlypeoplewhoeveraskforahigherstartingsalaryoraraise;thecommunicationtechniquestriedoutinassertivenessworkshopscanbeusedbyanyone. A.SinceassertivenesstrainingaroseintheUS.theprinciplestrainerstrytoinstillwouldneedtobeadjustedforanon-Westernculture.YetmanywoulddoubtlessbeasmuchinplaceinChinaastheyareinNorthAmericaorEurope. B.Butwhatifthose"rules"havemadeyouintoapassiveunassertiveaccommodatingcompliantpersonwhenyouwouldreallyprefertospeakupmoreaboutyourtruefeelingsanddesires C.Theroleplayingsessionhelpsfemaleworkshopparticipantsfindouthowitfeelstoaskforahighersalary.Theyseewhatthepossibleresponsesareandtheworkshopparticipantspooltheirbrainsandexperiencetocomeupwithusefultactics. D.Atypicalexamplemightbeasituationfromajobinterview:theemployerisofferingacertainsalarybuttheprospectiveemployeethinksit’stoolow.HowtomakeitclearthatyouwantahighersalarywithoutsacrificingyourchancesoflandingthejobTheworkshopleaderwillhavesmallgroupsworkoutstrategies.probablyinvolvingafemalejobseekerandamaleemployer. E.Ifyouarehighlymotivatedyoucouldreadandlearnabouthowtobecomemoreassertiveindependently.Probablythebestwaytobuildassertivenessisagoodassertivenesstrainingworkshop. F.ForexampleNorthAmericantraineesareurgedtofocuspositivelyongoalsnotgontheotherperson.Youmaynotliketheotherperson.Youmayinfactmistrustdespiseorfeartheotherpersonbutheisthefellowyouhavetonegotiatewith. G.Theworkshopshouldtakeplaceinahospitableatmospherewithplentyofroomacomfortabletemperatureandlightrefreshmentsduringbreaks. 44
IntheangrydebateoverhowmuchofIQcomesfromthegenesthatchildreninheritfromparentsandhowmuchcomesfromexperiencesonelittlefactgetsoverlooked:noonehasidentifiedanygenesotherthanthosethatcauseretardationthataffectintelligence.SoresearchersledbyRobertPlominofLondon’sInstituteofPsychiatrydecidedtolookforsome:Plomin’scolleaguesdrewbloodfromtwogroupsof51childreneach.TheyareallWhitelivinginsixcountiesaroundCleveland.InonegrouptheaverageIQis136.IntheothergrouptheaverageIQis103.Isolatingthebloodcellstheresearchersthenexaminedeachchild’schromosome6Oneofthe23humanchromosomes.Ofthe37landmarksonchromosome6thattheresearcherslookedforonejumpedout:aformofgenecalledIGF2RoccurredintwiceasmanychildreninhighIQgroupasintheaveragegrouw-32percentversus16percent.ThestudyconcludesthatitisthisformoftheIGF2Rgenecalledallele5thatcontributestointelligence.PlomincautionsthatThisisnotageniusgene.Itisoneofmany.Abouthalfthedifferencesinintelligencebetweenonepersonandanotherarethoughttoreflectdifferentgenesandhalfreflectdifferentlifeexperiences.ThegeneaccountsfornomorethanfourextraIQpoints.AnditisneithernecessarynorsufficientforhighIQ:23percentoftheaverage-IQkidsdidhaveitbut54percentofgeniuskidsdidnot.Thesmartgeneisknownbythesnappynameinsulinlikegrowthfactor2receptorIGH2Rtoitsfun.Itletshormoneslikeonesimilartoinsulindockwithcells.AlthoughageneinvolvedwithinsulinisnotthemostobviouscandidateforanIQgenenewevidencesuggestsitmightindeedplaytherole.Sometimeswhenshormonedockswiththecellitmakesthecellgrow;sometimesitmakesthecellcommitsuicide.Bothresponsescouldchoreographthedevelopmentofthebrain.ScientistsattheNationalInstitutesofHealthfindthatinsulincanstimulatenervestogrow.Andinratbrainsregionsinvolvedinlearningandmemoryarechockfullofinsulinreceptors.EventhoughthissupportstheideathatIGF2RcanaffectthebrainandhenceintelligencesomegeneticistsseemajorproblemswiththeIQ-genestudy.OneisthepossibilitythatPlomin’sgroupfellforwhat’scalledthechopsticksfallacy.Geneticistsmightthinkthey’vefoundageneforchopsticksdexteritybutallthey’vereallyfoundisagenemorecommoninAsiansthansayAfricans.SimilarlyPlomin’sIQgenemightsimplybeonethatismorecommoningroupsthatemphasizeacademicachievement.Whatifthegenethey’vefoundreflectsethnicityasksgeneticistAndrewFeinbergofJohnsHopkinsUniversity.Iwouldtakethesefindingswithawholeboxofsalt./AsforhowmuchofIQcomesfromthegenesandhowmuchcomefromexperiences______.
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 20
IntheangrydebateoverhowmuchofIQcomesfromthegenesthatchildreninheritfromparentsandhowmuchcomesfromexperiencesonelittlefactgetsoverlooked:noonehasidentifiedanygenesotherthanthosethatcauseretardationthataffectintelligence.SoresearchersledbyRobertPlominofLondon’sInstituteofPsychiatrydecidedtolookforsome:Plomin’scolleaguesdrewbloodfromtwogroupsof51childreneach.TheyareallWhitelivinginsixcountiesaroundCleveland.InonegrouptheaverageIQis136.IntheothergrouptheaverageIQis103.Isolatingthebloodcellstheresearchersthenexaminedeachchild’schromosome6Oneofthe23humanchromosomes.Ofthe37landmarksonchromosome6thattheresearcherslookedforonejumpedout:aformofgenecalledIGF2RoccurredintwiceasmanychildreninhighIQgroupasintheaveragegrouw-32percentversus16percent.ThestudyconcludesthatitisthisformoftheIGF2Rgenecalledallele5thatcontributestointelligence.PlomincautionsthatThisisnotageniusgene.Itisoneofmany.Abouthalfthedifferencesinintelligencebetweenonepersonandanotherarethoughttoreflectdifferentgenesandhalfreflectdifferentlifeexperiences.ThegeneaccountsfornomorethanfourextraIQpoints.AnditisneithernecessarynorsufficientforhighIQ:23percentoftheaverage-IQkidsdidhaveitbut54percentofgeniuskidsdidnot.Thesmartgeneisknownbythesnappynameinsulinlikegrowthfactor2receptorIGH2Rtoitsfun.Itletshormoneslikeonesimilartoinsulindockwithcells.AlthoughageneinvolvedwithinsulinisnotthemostobviouscandidateforanIQgenenewevidencesuggestsitmightindeedplaytherole.Sometimeswhenshormonedockswiththecellitmakesthecellgrow;sometimesitmakesthecellcommitsuicide.Bothresponsescouldchoreographthedevelopmentofthebrain.ScientistsattheNationalInstitutesofHealthfindthatinsulincanstimulatenervestogrow.Andinratbrainsregionsinvolvedinlearningandmemoryarechockfullofinsulinreceptors.EventhoughthissupportstheideathatIGF2RcanaffectthebrainandhenceintelligencesomegeneticistsseemajorproblemswiththeIQ-genestudy.OneisthepossibilitythatPlomin’sgroupfellforwhat’scalledthechopsticksfallacy.Geneticistsmightthinkthey’vefoundageneforchopsticksdexteritybutallthey’vereallyfoundisagenemorecommoninAsiansthansayAfricans.SimilarlyPlomin’sIQgenemightsimplybeonethatismorecommoningroupsthatemphasizeacademicachievement.Whatifthegenethey’vefoundreflectsethnicityasksgeneticistAndrewFeinbergofJohnsHopkinsUniversity.Iwouldtakethesefindingswithawholeboxofsalt./Itisfoundthatinsulin______.
Todayasmillionsofmenandwomenofchildbearingageandyoungeraresurvivingcancerthequestionofreproductionisarisingasaparamountconsiderationinplanningtreatment.46Amongtheissuesaretheabilitytopreservefertilitywhilecuringthediseaseandthesafetyofpregnancyforbothmotherswithcancerandtheirfuturechildren. Inacontinuingstudyofmorethan20000survivorsofchildhoodcancersthetwogreatestconcernsmentionedbyformerpatientstwoandthreedecadeslaterare"CanIhavechildren"and"IfIhavechildrenwilltheybehealthy"saidDr.LeslieRobisonanepidemiologist流行病学attheUniversityofMinnesotaMedicalSchoolwhodirectstheprojectinvolving25cancercenters.47"Todaymorethan75percentofchildrenwithcancerarebeingcuredyetweknowlittleaboutthesideeffectsoftreatmentbeyondthefirst10years." Whilesomecancertreatments-drugsaswellasradiation-cancausesterility不育orreducedfertility生育能力inmenandwomenpreliminaryevidencesuggeststhatcancertherapyingeneralaffectstheabilitytoreproduceandtoproducehealthychildrenlessthanpreviouslythought.48Atthesamerimenewwaysarebeingdevisedtoreducetheeffectsofcancertreatmentsonfertilityandonpregnanciesalreadyinprogresswhenacancerisdiscovered. Inthe.firstreportonreproductiveissuesfromthe25-centerstudysoontobepublishedinTheAmericanJournalofObstetricsandGynecologytheresearchersfoundthatwhilehigherratesofmiscarriage流产andlowerbirthweightswereobservedamongtheoffspringofformerpatients"therearealargenumberoflivebirthsbirthsofhealthychildrenalackofcongenital先天的abnormalitiesandverylowcancerrates"Dr.Robisonsaid. Dr.GiuseppeDelPrioredirect6rofgynecologiconcology妇产科肿瘤学atBellevueHospitalinNewYorkandhiscolleaguesattheNewYorkUniversitySchoolofMedicinenotedintheJanuaryissueofContemporaryOb/Gyn:49"Lessthanagenerationagoreproductive-agedwomenwithcancergenerallyhadlittletohopeforandevenlesstolookforwardto.Butthingshavechanged.Manycancersarenolongeradeathsentence.Moreandmorewomenwithcancerarenowbecomingpregnantandraisinglegitimatefertilityconcerns." TodayadoctorcouldtellMs.ZeaofMinnesotaandotherwomenlikeherthatpregnancyisnolongerill-advised.50EvenwomenwhosebreastcancersarediscoveredduringpregnancyshouldnolongerbeadvisedtoterminatethepregnancybecausetherearenodataindicatingatherapeuticbenefitfromsuchanabortiontheNewYorkexpertssaid. Theestrogen雌激素producedmpregnancyisweakerthanestrogenproducedinotherwomenandislesslikelytostimulatebreastcancergrowthevenifthewoman’stumorisestrogen-sensitive. 46
Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 18
CillianShephardistoannounceareviewofexaminationstandardstodayascontroversysurroundinguniversityentranceproceduresbringscriticismoverBritain’seducationalperformance.TheEducationandEmploymentSecretaryisworriedthatcontinuinguncertaintyoveralevelsinparticularwillunderminetheGovernment’sdrivetomeetambitioustargetsforimprovement.Shepostponedanannouncementuntilthisyear’scandidateshadreceivedtheirresultsbutisnowdeterminedtocleartheair.Mrs.Shepard’smainadvisersonschoolshavealreadyaskedhertosanctiona100000researchprojectcomparingpapersoverthepast20years.Butsheisexpectedtogofurther.ReportsofuniversitiesadmittingA-levelfailurestofoundationcourseswillbereferredtoofficialscarryingoutareviewofhighereducation.Furtherresearchwillfocusonschoolexaminations.Mrs.ShepardreturnedmmholidaylastweektofindcriticschimingthataseventhsuccessiveriseinpassratesindicatedfallingstandardsatAlevelwhilenewvocationalequivalentshadanalarmingdrop-outrate.Sincethenshehasbecomeembroiledincontroversyoverhighereducationadmissionsinsistingthatitwasnottheroleofuniversitiestopreparestudentsfordegreecourses.Yesterdayaretiredmathematicslecturersaidhehadbeenorderedtoadmitstudentstoafoundationcourseafterrejecting:themforadegreeDavidSrnalleywhoteachespart-timeatBrunelUniversityinwestLondonsaidmanyofthestudentswhowereacceptedsubsequentlywouldneverbecapableofdegree-levelmathematics.Mr.Smalleysaidacourseforthosewithoutthenecessarygradestostudysciencehadbeensetupearlierthanplannedwhenundergraduaterecruitmentdriedup.Hehadbeentoldtoapproachpotentialstudentsfromapileofrejectedapplications.AuniversityspokeswomansaidstudentsenteringBrunel’sfoundationcoursesinscienceandengineeringhadanaverageoftwoCsatAlevelenoughtowinaplaceonmanydegreecourses.Halfofthefirstintakeinengineeringsecureduppersecondclassdegreesalterpassingthefoundationyear.ButMr.Smalleysaidhewasconvincedstandardshadplummetedsincetheintroductionofpre-degreecourses.Wehavehadoneortwosuccessstoriesonthembutotherscouldnotaddfractions.Someoftheworkwouldmakeyourhaircurl.IanWoodwhosetupBrunel’sfirstfoundationcoursemengineeringsaidsomeolderlecturersfounditdifficulttoadapttoteachinglessablestudents.Headded:Thisyear26studentsoutof60gotthroughafoundationyearandoneendedupwithafirst-classdegree.Iamsuretherearespuriouscourseselsewhereputonjusttobumpupnumbersbutourstandardsarehigh.TheHigherEducationFundingCouncilforEnglandsaidithadnoreasontoquestionstandardsonfoundationcourses.WhoisGillianShepard
E-mail—can’tlivewithitcan’tlivewithoutit.Conartistsandrealartistsadvertisersandfreedomfightersloversandswornenemies-they’veallflockedtoemailastheywouldtoanynewmediumofexpression.E-mailisconvenientsavestimebringsusclosertooneanotherhelpsusmanageourever-more-complexlives.Booksarewrittencampaignsconducted;crimescommitted-allviae-mail.Butitisalsoinconvenientwastesourtimeisolatesusinfrontofourcomputersandintroducesmorecomplexityintoouralreadytoo-harriedlives.ToskepticsE-mailsjustthelatestchapterintheevolvinghistoryofhumancommunication.Asnoopinghusbandnowdiscovershiswife’saffairbyreadingherprivatee-mail--buthecouldhaveuncoveredthesamesinbyfindinglettersagenerationago.YetE-mail-andallonlinecommunication-isinfactsomethingtrulydifferent;itcapturestheessenceoflifeatthecloseofthe20thcenturywithanauthoritythatfewotherproductsofdigitaltechnologycanclaim.DoesthepaceoflifeseameverfasterE-mailsimultaneouslyallowsustocopewiththataccelerationandcontributestoit.AreourattentionspansshrivelingunderbarragesofnewimprovedformsofstimulationThequickanddirtyE-mailismadetoorderforthosewhoseabilitytoconcentrateismeasuredinnanoseconds.IfweacceptthatthecreationoftheglobespanningInternetisoneofthemostimportanttechnologicalinnovationsofthelasthalfofthiscenturythenwemustgiveE-mail--thelivingembodimentofhumanconnectionsacrosstheNet--prideofplace.Thewayweinteractwitheachotherischanging;E-mailisbothcatalystandtheinstrumentofthatchange.Thescopeofthephenomenonismind-boggling.Worldwide225millionpeoplecanspendandreceiveE-mail.ForgetabouttheWebore-commerceorevenonlinepornography:E-mailistheInternet’struekillerapp—thesoftwareapplicationthatwesimplymusthaveevenifitmeansbuyinga$2000computerandplunkingdown＄20amonthtoAmericaOnline.AccordingtoDonnaHoffmanaprofessorofmarketingatVanderbiltUniversityonesurveyafteranotherfindsthatwhenonlineusersareaskedwhattheydoontheNetE-mailisalwaysNo.1.Oddlyenoughnooneplanneditandonepredictedit.WhenresearchscientistsfirstbegancookinguptheInternet’spredecessortheArpanetin1968theirprimarygoalwastoenabledisparatecomputingcenterstoshareresources.Butitdidn’ttakeverylongbeforetheydiscoveredthatthemostimportantthingwastheabilitytosendmailaroundwhichtheyhadnotanticipatedatallsaysEricAumanchieftechnicalofficerofSendmailInc.Whatdoesthewordmind-bogglingSentence1Paragraph3probablymean
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould: 1describethecartoonpointoutthemessageconveyed; 2giveyourcomment. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Imaginebeingaskedtospendtwelveorsoyearsofyourlifeinasocietywhichconsistedonlyofmembersofyourownsex.HowwouldyoureactUnlesstherewassomethingdefinitelywrongwithyouyouwouldn’tbetoohappyaboutittosaytheleast.Itisallthemoresurprisingthereforethatsomanyparentsintheworldchoosetoimposesuchabnormalconditionsontheirchildren--conditionswhichtheythemselveswouldn’tputupwithforoneminute!Anydiscussionofthistopicisboundtoquestiontheaimsofeducation.Stuffingchildren’sheadsfullofknowledgeisfarfrombeingforemostamongthem.Oneofthechiefaimsofeducationistoequipfuturecitizenswithalltheyrequiretotaketheirplaceinadultsociety.NowadultsocietyismadeupofmenandwomensohowcanasegregatedschoolpossiblyoffertherightsortofpreparationforitAnyoneenteringadultsocietyafteryearsofsegregationcanonlybeinforashock.Aco-educationalschoolofferschildrennothinglessthanatrueversionofsocietyinminiature.Boysandgirlsaregiventheopportunitytogettoknoweachothertolearntolivetogetherfromtheirearliestyears.Theyareputinapositionwheretheycancomparethemselveswitheachotherintermsofacademicabilityathleticachievementandmanyoftheextra-curricularactivitieswhicharepartofschoollife.Whatapracticaladvantageitistogivejustasmallexampletobeabletoputonaschoolplayinwhichthemalepartswillbetakenbyboysandthefemalepartsbygirls!Whatnonsenseboysandgirlsaremadetofeelthattheyarearaceapart.Rivalrybetweenthesexesisfostered.Inaco-educationalschooleverythingfallsintoitsproperplace.Butperhapsthegreatestcontributionofco-educationisthehealthyattitudetolifeitencourages.Boysdon’tgrowupbelievingthatwomenaremysteriouscreatures—airygoddessesmorelikebook-illustrationstoafairy-talethanhumanbeings.Girlsdon’tgrowupimaginingthatmenaxeromanticheroes.Yearsoflivingtogetheratschooldispelillusionsofthiskind.Thereaxenogoddesseswithfrecklespigtailspiercingvoicesandinkyfingers.Therearenoromanticheroeswithknobbykneesdirtyfingernailsandunkempthair.Theawkwardstageofadolescencebringsintosharpfocussomeofthephysicalandemotionalproblemsinvolvedingrowingup.Thesecanbetterbeovercomeinacoeducationalenvironment.Segregatedschoolssometimesprovidetherightconditionsforsexualdeviation.Thisishardlypossibleunderaco-educationalsystem.Whenthetimecomesforthepupilstoleaveschooltheyarefullypreparedtoentersocietyaswell-adjustedadults.Theyhavealreadyhadyearsofexperienceincopingwithmanyoftheproblemsthatfacemenandwomen.Whatdoesco-educationoffertochildren
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowthatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetothreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployerShouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentersofproductionandwork TheindustrialagehasBeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.46Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmaxhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadaunting令人气馁的thought.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnomeanteconomicfreedom. 47Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thandthe18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseoflandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes.48Latertastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyboatpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. Itwasnotonlywomenwhoseworkstatussuffered.49Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcluded-aproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.50Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheidealistgoalofcreatingjobsforalltourgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. 48
CillianShephardistoannounceareviewofexaminationstandardstodayascontroversysurroundinguniversityentranceproceduresbringscriticismoverBritain’seducationalperformance.TheEducationandEmploymentSecretaryisworriedthatcontinuinguncertaintyoveralevelsinparticularwillunderminetheGovernment’sdrivetomeetambitioustargetsforimprovement.Shepostponedanannouncementuntilthisyear’scandidateshadreceivedtheirresultsbutisnowdeterminedtocleartheair.Mrs.Shepard’smainadvisersonschoolshavealreadyaskedhertosanctiona100000researchprojectcomparingpapersoverthepast20years.Butsheisexpectedtogofurther.ReportsofuniversitiesadmittingA-levelfailurestofoundationcourseswillbereferredtoofficialscarryingoutareviewofhighereducation.Furtherresearchwillfocusonschoolexaminations.Mrs.ShepardreturnedmmholidaylastweektofindcriticschimingthataseventhsuccessiveriseinpassratesindicatedfallingstandardsatAlevelwhilenewvocationalequivalentshadanalarmingdrop-outrate.Sincethenshehasbecomeembroiledincontroversyoverhighereducationadmissionsinsistingthatitwasnottheroleofuniversitiestopreparestudentsfordegreecourses.Yesterdayaretiredmathematicslecturersaidhehadbeenorderedtoadmitstudentstoafoundationcourseafterrejecting:themforadegreeDavidSrnalleywhoteachespart-timeatBrunelUniversityinwestLondonsaidmanyofthestudentswhowereacceptedsubsequentlywouldneverbecapableofdegree-levelmathematics.Mr.Smalleysaidacourseforthosewithoutthenecessarygradestostudysciencehadbeensetupearlierthanplannedwhenundergraduaterecruitmentdriedup.Hehadbeentoldtoapproachpotentialstudentsfromapileofrejectedapplications.AuniversityspokeswomansaidstudentsenteringBrunel’sfoundationcoursesinscienceandengineeringhadanaverageoftwoCsatAlevelenoughtowinaplaceonmanydegreecourses.Halfofthefirstintakeinengineeringsecureduppersecondclassdegreesalterpassingthefoundationyear.ButMr.Smalleysaidhewasconvincedstandardshadplummetedsincetheintroductionofpre-degreecourses.Wehavehadoneortwosuccessstoriesonthembutotherscouldnotaddfractions.Someoftheworkwouldmakeyourhaircurl.IanWoodwhosetupBrunel’sfirstfoundationcoursemengineeringsaidsomeolderlecturersfounditdifficulttoadapttoteachinglessablestudents.Headded:Thisyear26studentsoutof60gotthroughafoundationyearandoneendedupwithafirst-classdegree.Iamsuretherearespuriouscourseselsewhereputonjusttobumpupnumbersbutourstandardsarehigh.TheHigherEducationFundingCouncilforEnglandsaidithadnoreasontoquestionstandardsonfoundationcourses.Thewriter’sattitudetowardthereviewis______.
Sincechildhoodmostofushavebeenbombardedwithroles—don’tbeselfishdon’tcomplaindon’tbeunreasonabledon’tinterruptetc.41__________DoyouwishyoucouldlearntodealwithminorirritationsbeforeangerfestersintointenseresentmentandexplosiveaggressionAssertivenesstrainingcanreducestressbyteachingyoutostandupforyourlegitimaterightswithoutbullyingorbeingbullied. Steponeisrealizingthatchangesareneeded.Thenyoumusttakeactiontomakethosechangesareality.Assertivenesstrainingmightbeofferedthroughyouremployeryouruniversityoraprivateconsultant.ItmightevenbeofferedthroughdistancelearningontheInternet.42__________. Suchaworkshopmightincludetwoworkshopleadersforupto18participantsinanall-daysix-houreventortwomorningsessionsoneweekapartwith"homework"beingassignedbetweenthetwosessions.WhatkindofhomeworkPracticingwhatyouhavelearnedanddescribingtheexperienceinapersonaldiary. 43__________.Longbreaksencouragefreetalkandgenerateenthusiasmamongparticipants.Ithelpstoknowthatotherslikeyourselfshareyourproblems. Atthebeginningoftheworkshopyoumaybeaskedtodescribespecificsituationsthatyouwouldliketohandlebetter.DuringtheworkshopyouwillhearlecturesseevignettesonDVDorvideoandreceiveprintedinformationonhowtobecomemoreforthright. Roleplayingisanimportantelementinassertivenesstraining.Theworkshopleaderwillpresentascenariosubmittedbyaworkshopparticipant.44__________ResearchhasshownthatanAmericanmanismuchlikeliertofeelateaseaskingforahigherstartingsalarythananAmericanwoman.Awomanwiththesamequalificationsbeingconsideredforthesamepositioniscommonlyinclinedtofret:"IfIaskforahighersalarymaybetheywon’thireme"or"MaybethecompanywillthinkIdon’thaveenoughexperienceforsuchahighsalary." 45__________.Thereal-lifesituationcanbethoughtofasagame;oncethatperceptiontakesrootsomeofthestressandinhibitiondisappears.Meanwhilethealreadymoreconfidentmalesintheworkshopgainabetterunderstandingofhowthesituationlooksandfeelsforaninhibitedjobseeker.Theyacquireabitofsympathy.Andofcoursewomenaren’ttheonlypeoplewhoeveraskforahigherstartingsalaryoraraise;thecommunicationtechniquestriedoutinassertivenessworkshopscanbeusedbyanyone. A.SinceassertivenesstrainingaroseintheUS.theprinciplestrainerstrytoinstillwouldneedtobeadjustedforanon-Westernculture.YetmanywoulddoubtlessbeasmuchinplaceinChinaastheyareinNorthAmericaorEurope. B.Butwhatifthose"rules"havemadeyouintoapassiveunassertiveaccommodatingcompliantpersonwhenyouwouldreallyprefertospeakupmoreaboutyourtruefeelingsanddesires C.Theroleplayingsessionhelpsfemaleworkshopparticipantsfindouthowitfeelstoaskforahighersalary.Theyseewhatthepossibleresponsesareandtheworkshopparticipantspooltheirbrainsandexperiencetocomeupwithusefultactics. D.Atypicalexamplemightbeasituationfromajobinterview:theemployerisofferingacertainsalarybuttheprospectiveemployeethinksit’stoolow.HowtomakeitclearthatyouwantahighersalarywithoutsacrificingyourchancesoflandingthejobTheworkshopleaderwillhavesmallgroupsworkoutstrategies.probablyinvolvingafemalejobseekerandamaleemployer. E.Ifyouarehighlymotivatedyoucouldreadandlearnabouthowtobecomemoreassertiveindependently.Probablythebestwaytobuildassertivenessisagoodassertivenesstrainingworkshop. F.ForexampleNorthAmericantraineesareurgedtofocuspositivelyongoalsnotgontheotherperson.Youmaynotliketheotherperson.Youmayinfactmistrustdespiseorfeartheotherpersonbutheisthefellowyouhavetonegotiatewith. G.Theworkshopshouldtakeplaceinahospitableatmospherewithplentyofroomacomfortabletemperatureandlightrefreshmentsduringbreaks. 42
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