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以下对难复性腹外疝的描述，正确的是
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腹外疝的临床类型有
腹股沟疝
难复性疝
易复性疝
股疝
嵌顿疝
下列哪项不是腹外疝的临床类型
易复性疝
难复性疝
滑动性疝
嵌顿性疝
绞窄性疝
下列哪项不是腹外疝的临床类型
难复性疝
嵌顿性疝
易复性疝
溃疡性疝
绞窄性疝
腹外疝的临床类型不包括
易复性疝
难复性疝
嵌顿性疝
绞窄性疝
可变性疝
腹外疝引起肠瘘
易复性疝
难复性疝
嵌顿性疝
绞窄性疝
滑动性疝
以下对难复性腹外疝的描述恰当的是.
疝内容物回纳时有疼痛
疝内容物因与疝囊粘连还纳困难
疝内容物有血运障碍
疝内容物还纳很慢
疝体积较大
腹外疝的临床类型不包括
易复性疝
难复性疝
崁顿性疝
绞窄性疝
可变性疝
腹外疝急症手术的指征是
腹白线疝
股疝
巨大切口疝
难复性疝
绞窄疝
腹外疝临床类型包括
嵌顿性疝
绞窄性疝
易复性疝
难复性疝
切口疝
以下对难复性腹外疝的描述恰当的是
疝内容物回纳时有疼痛
疝内容物因与疝囊粘连还纳困难
疝内容物有血运障碍
疝内容物还纳很慢
疝体积较大
以下哪项不是腹外疝的临床类型
易复性疝
难复性疝
滑动性疝
嵌顿性疝
绞窄性疝
以下对难复性腹外疝的描述正确的是
疝内容物回纳时有疼痛
疝内容物因与疝囊黏连还纳困难
疝内容物还纳很慢
疝内容物有血运障碍
下列哪项不是腹外疝的临床类型
易复性疝
难复性疝
溃疡性疝
嵌顿性疝
绞窄性疝
腹外疝分为________难复性疝_________和绞窄性疝4种类型
以下对难复性腹外疝的描述正确的是
疝内容物回纳时有疼痛
疝内容物因与疝囊粘连还纳很慢
疝内容物还纳很慢
疝内容物血运障碍
疝体积较大
以下哪种类型的腹外疝应紧急手术
腹股沟疝
绞窄性疝
难复性疝
易复性疝
嵌顿性疝
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Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points17
Thereismuchdiscussionintheliteraturethesedaysabouthowone"defines"sustainabilitysustainabledevelopmentandrelatedconcepts.Manyarguethattheconceptisuselessbecauseitcannotbe"adequatelydefined".46Mostofthisdiscussionismisdirectedbecauseitattemptstocasttheproblemasdefinitionalwheninfactitisaproblemofpredictionanditfailstotakeintoaccountthemanytimeandspacescalesoverwhichtheconceptofsustainabilitymustapply.Definingsustainabilityisactuallyquiteeasy:Asustainablesystemisonethatsurvivesforsomespecifiedfinitetime.Theproblemisthatoneknowsonehasasustainablesystemonlyafterthefact.Thuswhatusuallypassfordefinitionsofsustainabilityareactuallypredictionsofwhatsetofconditionswillactuallyleadtoasustainablesystem.47Forexamplekeepingharvestratesofpotentiallyrenewableresourcessuchastreesandwildlifebelowratesofnaturalrenewalshouldonecouldargueleadtoasustainablenaturalresourceextractionsystem.Butthatisapredictionnotadefinition.Usuallythereissomuchuncertaintyinourabilitytoestimatenaturalratesofrenewalandourabilitytoobserveandregulateharvestratesthatasimplepredictionsuchasthisisalwayshighlysuspect.Likewisesustainableeconomicdevelopmentcanbeobservedonlyafterthefact.48Most"definitions"ofsustainabledevelopmentincludeelementsofasustainablescaleoftheeconomyrelativetoitsecologicallifesupportsystem;afairdistributionofresourcesandopportunitiesbetweencurrentandfuturegenerationsaswellasbetweenindividualsinthecurrentgeneration;andanefficientallocationofresourcesthatadequatelyaccountsfornaturalcapital.Notethatthesethreecomponentsofsustainableeconomicdevelopmentareactually"predictors"ofsustainabilityandnotreallyelementsofadefinition.Likeallpredictionstheyareuncertainandaresubjecttomuchdiscussionanddisagreement.49Thesecondproblemisthatwhenonesaysasystemhasachievedsustainabilityonedoesnotmeananinfinitelifespanbutratheralifespanthatisconsistentwiththesystem’’sexpectedtimeandspacescale.Weexpectanorganismtohavealongerlifespanthespeciestohaveanevenlongerlifespanandtheplanettolastmuchlonger.Butnosystemisexpectedtohaveaninfinitelifespan.Therealproblemsarenotsomuchdefiningthegoalaspredictingwhatpolicieswillleadtoitsachievement.Herethereisampleroomforandneedofvigorousdiscussiondebateanalysisandmodelinginordertodeterminewhichpolicieshavethebestchanceofachievingthegoalofsustainability.50Giventhehugeuncertaintiesinvolveditisofparticularimportanceinthisregardtoselectpoliciesthatareprecautionarythatistheydonottakeunnecessaryrisksthatcoulddecreasethechancesforsustainabilitytheydonotrelyonhoped-fortechnologicalfixesfortheirsuccesses. Thesecondproblemisthatwhenonesaysasystemhasachievedsustainabilityonedoesnotmeananinfinitelifespanbutratheralifespanthatisconsistentwiththesystem’’sexpectedtimeandspacescale.
Thephraseprogressiveeducationisoneifnotofprotestatleastofcontrastofcontrastwithaneducationwhichwaspredominantlystaticinsubject-matterauthoritarianinmethodsandmainlypassiveandreceptivefromthesideoftheyoung.Butthephilosophyofeducationmustgobeyondanyideaofeducationthatisformedbywayofcontrastreactionandprotest.Foritisanattempttodiscoverwhateducationisandhowittakesplace.Onlywhenweidentifyeducationwithschoolingdoesitseemtobeasimplethingtotellwhateducationactuallyisandyetaclearideaofwhatitisgivesusouronlycriterionforjudginganddirectingwhatgoesoninschools. Itissometimessupposedthatitisthebusinessofthephilosophyofeducationtotellwhateducationshouldbe.Buttheonlywayofdecidingwhateducationshouldbeatleasttheonlywaywhichdoesnotleadusintothecloudsisdiscoveryofwhatactuallytakesplacewheneducationreallyoccurs.Andbeforewecanformulateaphilosophyofeducationwemustknowhowhumannatureisconstitutedintheconcrete;wemustknowabouttheworkingofactualsocialforces;wemustknowabouttheoperationsthroughwhichbasicrawmaterialsaremodifiedintosomethingofgreatervalue.Theneedforaphilosophyofeducationisthusfundamentallytheneedforfindingoutwhateducationreallyis.Wehavetotakethosecasesinwhichwefindthereisarealdevelopmentofdesirablepowersandthenfindouthowthisdevelopmenttookplace.Thenwecanprojectwhathastakenplaceintheseinstancesasaguidefordirectingourotherefforts.Theneedforthisdiscoveryandthisprojectionistheneedforaphilosophyofeducation. WhattheniseducationwhenwefindactualsatisfactoryspecimensofitinexistenceInthefirstplaceitisaprocessofdevelopmentofgrowth.Anditistheprocessandnotmerelytheresultthatisimportant.Atrulyhealthypersonisnotsomethingfixedandcompleted.Heisapersonwhoseprocessesandactivitiesgooninsuchawaythathewillcontinuetobehealthy.Similarlyaneducatedpersonisthepersonwhohasthepowertogoonandgetmoreeducation. Inanycasedevelopmentgrowthinvolvechangemodificationandmodificationindefinitedirections.Itisquitepossibleforateacherunderthesupposedsanctionoftheideaofcultivatingindividualitytofixateapupilmoreorlessathisexistinglevel.Respectforindividualityisprimarilyintellectual.Itsignifiesstudyingtheindividualtoseewhatistheretoworkwith.Havingthissympatheticunderstandingthepracticalworkthenbeginsforthepracticalworkisoneofmodificationofchangingofreconstructioncontinuedwithoutend.Thechangemustatleastbetowardsmoreeffectivetechniquestowardsgreaterself-reliancetowardsamorethoughtfulandinquiringdispositiononemorecapableofpersistenteffortinmeetingobstacles. Thesignificanceofdesirableeducationlies
Thereismuchdiscussionintheliteraturethesedaysabouthowone"defines"sustainabilitysustainabledevelopmentandrelatedconcepts.Manyarguethattheconceptisuselessbecauseitcannotbe"adequatelydefined".46Mostofthisdiscussionismisdirectedbecauseitattemptstocasttheproblemasdefinitionalwheninfactitisaproblemofpredictionanditfailstotakeintoaccountthemanytimeandspacescalesoverwhichtheconceptofsustainabilitymustapply.Definingsustainabilityisactuallyquiteeasy:Asustainablesystemisonethatsurvivesforsomespecifiedfinitetime.Theproblemisthatoneknowsonehasasustainablesystemonlyafterthefact.Thuswhatusuallypassfordefinitionsofsustainabilityareactuallypredictionsofwhatsetofconditionswillactuallyleadtoasustainablesystem.47Forexamplekeepingharvestratesofpotentiallyrenewableresourcessuchastreesandwildlifebelowratesofnaturalrenewalshouldonecouldargueleadtoasustainablenaturalresourceextractionsystem.Butthatisapredictionnotadefinition.Usuallythereissomuchuncertaintyinourabilitytoestimatenaturalratesofrenewalandourabilitytoobserveandregulateharvestratesthatasimplepredictionsuchasthisisalwayshighlysuspect.Likewisesustainableeconomicdevelopmentcanbeobservedonlyafterthefact.48Most"definitions"ofsustainabledevelopmentincludeelementsofasustainablescaleoftheeconomyrelativetoitsecologicallifesupportsystem;afairdistributionofresourcesandopportunitiesbetweencurrentandfuturegenerationsaswellasbetweenindividualsinthecurrentgeneration;andanefficientallocationofresourcesthatadequatelyaccountsfornaturalcapital.Notethatthesethreecomponentsofsustainableeconomicdevelopmentareactually"predictors"ofsustainabilityandnotreallyelementsofadefinition.Likeallpredictionstheyareuncertainandaresubjecttomuchdiscussionanddisagreement.49Thesecondproblemisthatwhenonesaysasystemhasachievedsustainabilityonedoesnotmeananinfinitelifespanbutratheralifespanthatisconsistentwiththesystem’’sexpectedtimeandspacescale.Weexpectanorganismtohavealongerlifespanthespeciestohaveanevenlongerlifespanandtheplanettolastmuchlonger.Butnosystemisexpectedtohaveaninfinitelifespan.Therealproblemsarenotsomuchdefiningthegoalaspredictingwhatpolicieswillleadtoitsachievement.Herethereisampleroomforandneedofvigorousdiscussiondebateanalysisandmodelinginordertodeterminewhichpolicieshavethebestchanceofachievingthegoalofsustainability.50Giventhehugeuncertaintiesinvolveditisofparticularimportanceinthisregardtoselectpoliciesthatareprecautionarythatistheydonottakeunnecessaryrisksthatcoulddecreasethechancesforsustainabilitytheydonotrelyonhoped-fortechnologicalfixesfortheirsuccesses. Mostofthisdiscussionismisdirectedbecauseitattemptstocasttheproblemasdefinitionalwheninfactitisaproblemofpredictionanditfailstotakeintoaccountthemanytimeandspacescalesoverwhichtheconceptofsustainabilitymustapply
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points3
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Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points5
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AsAmerica’’sairbecomessteadilymorecontaminatedactivitiesacrossthenationtocopewithsmogappeartobelaggingfurtherandfurtherbehindactualneedsdespitearisingpublicclamorforimprovement. Therehasbeenaconsiderableprogressinthelastcoupleofyears.Buttheover-allpictureisthatsomanylocalitieshaven’’treallycometogripswiththeairpollutionproblemthatpeoplemightbedismayediftheyknewhowtheirwelfarewasbeingtrifledwith. Airpollutionsourcesarenowhurlingmorethan140milliontonsofcontaminantsintotheatmosphereeveryyearbyFederalestimates.Twoyearsagoitwasonly130milliontons. Theincreasehasbeencausedbymanythings--morepeoplemoreautomobilesmoreindustrymorespaceheatinglittleifanyreductionthatmoreoftenthannotareinadequate. Theadversehealtheffectsofairpollutionarebecomingmorewidelyrecognizedalthoughspecificmedicalevidenceisstillfragmentary.Asapsychologicalannoyanceoftencalledanestheticfactorittranslatesintodecreasedpropertyvalues.Indamagetocropsandotherplantsitscostisreckonedinmillionsofdollars;indamagetostructuresandmaterialsinbillions. Federalandstatepollutioncontrolofficialsreportthefollowinghighlightofthecurrentsituation. Statesandlocalitiesgenerallystillhavepenaltiesforairpollutionthatarelittlemorethanawristslapwithfinesaslowas＄10.Enforcementisgenerallysketchyandweak.Andtheremedialproceduresaresocumbersomethatmoreandmoretheyarebeingbypassedbysimplelawsuitsbroughtbypublicofficialsorcitizens. AlthoughFederallawhasrequiredautomakerstoprovidevehicleswithfumecontrolequipmentfewstateshavedoneanythingtoassureitseffectivenessafteracarhasleftthefactorybyprovidingforregularinspectionoftheequipment. Publicofficialsinmanyplacesstillseemtoconsiderburstsofcomplaintsfromcitizenspreferabletocomplaintstheymightgetfrominstitutingeffectiveairqualityprograms.Industriesandotherpolluterssuchasmunicipalitiesstillexertgreatinfluenceopposingorweakeningregulatorylawsandpackingregulatoryboardswiththeirownspokesmen. Publicresentmentoverairpollutionisgrowingasisshownbyrecurringincidentsofpicketing设置纠察员andincreasingnumberoflegalactions. ThebigFederalprogramtocombatairpollutionunderwayforseveralyearsisproceedingfairlyclosetoschedule.ButFederalauto-fumeregulationswillnotbeveryproductivefornearlyadecadeuntilaround100millionunregulatedolder-generationcarshavebeenreplacedonthehighways. ThepartoftheFederaleffortthatdealswithstationarypollutionsourceslikefactoriesisstilllargelyinanorganizationalphaseyieldinglittleimmediatereductioninfumes. ThewordhurlinginPar.3maybebestreplacedby
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points19
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points11
Maybeit’’sasignofamaturemindwhensomeoflife’’sbiggerquestions-aboutlovefaithambition-suddenlyseemmoremanageablethansmalleronessuchas:WhydidIjustopentherefrigeratorWhereonearthdidIputmykeysWheredidIwritedownthatphonenumber Ourcapacityforstoringandrecallinginformationdoesnotstreamdownlikesandthroughanhourglassasneurologistsoncebelieved.Onthecontrarynewresearchsuggeststhatwhenstimulatedintherightwaybrainsofalmostanyagecangivebirthtocellsandforgefreshpathwaystofileawaynewinformation.Thisemergingpicturehasnotonlyencouragedthosewhotreatandcareforthe5%ofolderadultswhohavedementia痴呆症suchasAlzheimer’’sdiseasebutalsogeneratedawaveofoptimismamongthosestudyingmemorychangesintheother95%aswellasanincreasingpublicfascinationwithmemoryenhancementdietarysupplementsbooksandbrain-improvingtechniques. Theslightfailuresofmemorythatmanyofusattributetoafailingbrainareoftenduetosomethingentirelydifferent:anxietysleepproblemsdepressionevenheartdisease.Thebiologicalnutsandboltsoflearningandmemoryinfactchangelittleovertimeinhealthypeopleresearcherssay.There’’sverylittlecelllossandstructurallyallthemachineryisthereevenverylateinlifesaidaneuroscientistGregCole.It’’sthecells’’speedandabilitytosendandreceivesignalsthatdiminishgraduallywhichiswhatmakesthemindgoblankwhentryingtorecallfamiliarwordsandnames. Formorethanadecaderesearchershaveknownthatpeoplewhohaveactiveintellectuallychallenginglivesarelesslikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhodonot.Partofthisdifferenceisattributabletointelligencesomedoctorsbelieve:Themoreyoustartwiththelongerittakestoloseit.Andnewevidencesuggeststhattheactofusingyourbrainisinitselfprotectivenomatterwhoyouare. AlloftheactivitiessuchasreadingnewspaperswatchingTVplayinggamesetc.canimprovepeople’’sscoresonstandardtestsmeasuringrecallofnumbersandnamesexpertssay.Theyalsoacknowledgehoweverthatthereisabigdifferencebetweenplayingchesswithafriendanddoingamentalexercisesuchasmemorizingnumbers.Oneisanorganicpartofaperson’’slifetheotherapurelyintellectualexercisedoneinisolation.Thefirstisfun;thesecondoftenisatiringtask. Asassertedbyresearchersourinabilitytomemorizewordsornamesmainly
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points15
Maybeit’’sasignofamaturemindwhensomeoflife’’sbiggerquestions-aboutlovefaithambition-suddenlyseemmoremanageablethansmalleronessuchas:WhydidIjustopentherefrigeratorWhereonearthdidIputmykeysWheredidIwritedownthatphonenumber Ourcapacityforstoringandrecallinginformationdoesnotstreamdownlikesandthroughanhourglassasneurologistsoncebelieved.Onthecontrarynewresearchsuggeststhatwhenstimulatedintherightwaybrainsofalmostanyagecangivebirthtocellsandforgefreshpathwaystofileawaynewinformation.Thisemergingpicturehasnotonlyencouragedthosewhotreatandcareforthe5%ofolderadultswhohavedementia痴呆症suchasAlzheimer’’sdiseasebutalsogeneratedawaveofoptimismamongthosestudyingmemorychangesintheother95%aswellasanincreasingpublicfascinationwithmemoryenhancementdietarysupplementsbooksandbrain-improvingtechniques. Theslightfailuresofmemorythatmanyofusattributetoafailingbrainareoftenduetosomethingentirelydifferent:anxietysleepproblemsdepressionevenheartdisease.Thebiologicalnutsandboltsoflearningandmemoryinfactchangelittleovertimeinhealthypeopleresearcherssay.There’’sverylittlecelllossandstructurallyallthemachineryisthereevenverylateinlifesaidaneuroscientistGregCole.It’’sthecells’’speedandabilitytosendandreceivesignalsthatdiminishgraduallywhichiswhatmakesthemindgoblankwhentryingtorecallfamiliarwordsandnames. Formorethanadecaderesearchershaveknownthatpeoplewhohaveactiveintellectuallychallenginglivesarelesslikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhodonot.Partofthisdifferenceisattributabletointelligencesomedoctorsbelieve:Themoreyoustartwiththelongerittakestoloseit.Andnewevidencesuggeststhattheactofusingyourbrainisinitselfprotectivenomatterwhoyouare. AlloftheactivitiessuchasreadingnewspaperswatchingTVplayinggamesetc.canimprovepeople’’sscoresonstandardtestsmeasuringrecallofnumbersandnamesexpertssay.Theyalsoacknowledgehoweverthatthereisabigdifferencebetweenplayingchesswithafriendanddoingamentalexercisesuchasmemorizingnumbers.Oneisanorganicpartofaperson’’slifetheotherapurelyintellectualexercisedoneinisolation.Thefirstisfun;thesecondoftenisatiringtask. Accordingtothetextadultpersonsusually
Directions: SupposeyouareLiMingafreshmanonthecampus.YouareeagertoobtainthemembershipofanyclubattheuniversitysoyoudecidetowritealettertoPresidentofStudentUnionto 1askforrelevantinformation 2expressyourstrongdesireand 3givesomeclosingremarks. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Thephraseprogressiveeducationisoneifnotofprotestatleastofcontrastofcontrastwithaneducationwhichwaspredominantlystaticinsubject-matterauthoritarianinmethodsandmainlypassiveandreceptivefromthesideoftheyoung.Butthephilosophyofeducationmustgobeyondanyideaofeducationthatisformedbywayofcontrastreactionandprotest.Foritisanattempttodiscoverwhateducationisandhowittakesplace.Onlywhenweidentifyeducationwithschoolingdoesitseemtobeasimplethingtotellwhateducationactuallyisandyetaclearideaofwhatitisgivesusouronlycriterionforjudginganddirectingwhatgoesoninschools. Itissometimessupposedthatitisthebusinessofthephilosophyofeducationtotellwhateducationshouldbe.Buttheonlywayofdecidingwhateducationshouldbeatleasttheonlywaywhichdoesnotleadusintothecloudsisdiscoveryofwhatactuallytakesplacewheneducationreallyoccurs.Andbeforewecanformulateaphilosophyofeducationwemustknowhowhumannatureisconstitutedintheconcrete;wemustknowabouttheworkingofactualsocialforces;wemustknowabouttheoperationsthroughwhichbasicrawmaterialsaremodifiedintosomethingofgreatervalue.Theneedforaphilosophyofeducationisthusfundamentallytheneedforfindingoutwhateducationreallyis.Wehavetotakethosecasesinwhichwefindthereisarealdevelopmentofdesirablepowersandthenfindouthowthisdevelopmenttookplace.Thenwecanprojectwhathastakenplaceintheseinstancesasaguidefordirectingourotherefforts.Theneedforthisdiscoveryandthisprojectionistheneedforaphilosophyofeducation. WhattheniseducationwhenwefindactualsatisfactoryspecimensofitinexistenceInthefirstplaceitisaprocessofdevelopmentofgrowth.Anditistheprocessandnotmerelytheresultthatisimportant.Atrulyhealthypersonisnotsomethingfixedandcompleted.Heisapersonwhoseprocessesandactivitiesgooninsuchawaythathewillcontinuetobehealthy.Similarlyaneducatedpersonisthepersonwhohasthepowertogoonandgetmoreeducation. Inanycasedevelopmentgrowthinvolvechangemodificationandmodificationindefinitedirections.Itisquitepossibleforateacherunderthesupposedsanctionoftheideaofcultivatingindividualitytofixateapupilmoreorlessathisexistinglevel.Respectforindividualityisprimarilyintellectual.Itsignifiesstudyingtheindividualtoseewhatistheretoworkwith.Havingthissympatheticunderstandingthepracticalworkthenbeginsforthepracticalworkisoneofmodificationofchangingofreconstructioncontinuedwithoutend.Thechangemustatleastbetowardsmoreeffectivetechniquestowardsgreaterself-reliancetowardsamorethoughtfulandinquiringdispositiononemorecapableofpersistenteffortinmeetingobstacles. Theauthorarguesthatrespectforindividualitymeans
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points1
AsAmerica’’sairbecomessteadilymorecontaminatedactivitiesacrossthenationtocopewithsmogappeartobelaggingfurtherandfurtherbehindactualneedsdespitearisingpublicclamorforimprovement. Therehasbeenaconsiderableprogressinthelastcoupleofyears.Buttheover-allpictureisthatsomanylocalitieshaven’’treallycometogripswiththeairpollutionproblemthatpeoplemightbedismayediftheyknewhowtheirwelfarewasbeingtrifledwith. Airpollutionsourcesarenowhurlingmorethan140milliontonsofcontaminantsintotheatmosphereeveryyearbyFederalestimates.Twoyearsagoitwasonly130milliontons. Theincreasehasbeencausedbymanythings--morepeoplemoreautomobilesmoreindustrymorespaceheatinglittleifanyreductionthatmoreoftenthannotareinadequate. Theadversehealtheffectsofairpollutionarebecomingmorewidelyrecognizedalthoughspecificmedicalevidenceisstillfragmentary.Asapsychologicalannoyanceoftencalledanestheticfactorittranslatesintodecreasedpropertyvalues.Indamagetocropsandotherplantsitscostisreckonedinmillionsofdollars;indamagetostructuresandmaterialsinbillions. Federalandstatepollutioncontrolofficialsreportthefollowinghighlightofthecurrentsituation. Statesandlocalitiesgenerallystillhavepenaltiesforairpollutionthatarelittlemorethanawristslapwithfinesaslowas＄10.Enforcementisgenerallysketchyandweak.Andtheremedialproceduresaresocumbersomethatmoreandmoretheyarebeingbypassedbysimplelawsuitsbroughtbypublicofficialsorcitizens. AlthoughFederallawhasrequiredautomakerstoprovidevehicleswithfumecontrolequipmentfewstateshavedoneanythingtoassureitseffectivenessafteracarhasleftthefactorybyprovidingforregularinspectionoftheequipment. Publicofficialsinmanyplacesstillseemtoconsiderburstsofcomplaintsfromcitizenspreferabletocomplaintstheymightgetfrominstitutingeffectiveairqualityprograms.Industriesandotherpolluterssuchasmunicipalitiesstillexertgreatinfluenceopposingorweakeningregulatorylawsandpackingregulatoryboardswiththeirownspokesmen. Publicresentmentoverairpollutionisgrowingasisshownbyrecurringincidentsofpicketing设置纠察员andincreasingnumberoflegalactions. ThebigFederalprogramtocombatairpollutionunderwayforseveralyearsisproceedingfairlyclosetoschedule.ButFederalauto-fumeregulationswillnotbeveryproductivefornearlyadecadeuntilaround100millionunregulatedolder-generationcarshavebeenreplacedonthehighways. ThepartoftheFederaleffortthatdealswithstationarypollutionsourceslikefactoriesisstilllargelyinanorganizationalphaseyieldinglittleimmediatereductioninfumes. Anexampleoftheestheticfactorassociatedwithairpollutionwouldbe
Thephraseprogressiveeducationisoneifnotofprotestatleastofcontrastofcontrastwithaneducationwhichwaspredominantlystaticinsubject-matterauthoritarianinmethodsandmainlypassiveandreceptivefromthesideoftheyoung.Butthephilosophyofeducationmustgobeyondanyideaofeducationthatisformedbywayofcontrastreactionandprotest.Foritisanattempttodiscoverwhateducationisandhowittakesplace.Onlywhenweidentifyeducationwithschoolingdoesitseemtobeasimplethingtotellwhateducationactuallyisandyetaclearideaofwhatitisgivesusouronlycriterionforjudginganddirectingwhatgoesoninschools. Itissometimessupposedthatitisthebusinessofthephilosophyofeducationtotellwhateducationshouldbe.Buttheonlywayofdecidingwhateducationshouldbeatleasttheonlywaywhichdoesnotleadusintothecloudsisdiscoveryofwhatactuallytakesplacewheneducationreallyoccurs.Andbeforewecanformulateaphilosophyofeducationwemustknowhowhumannatureisconstitutedintheconcrete;wemustknowabouttheworkingofactualsocialforces;wemustknowabouttheoperationsthroughwhichbasicrawmaterialsaremodifiedintosomethingofgreatervalue.Theneedforaphilosophyofeducationisthusfundamentallytheneedforfindingoutwhateducationreallyis.Wehavetotakethosecasesinwhichwefindthereisarealdevelopmentofdesirablepowersandthenfindouthowthisdevelopmenttookplace.Thenwecanprojectwhathastakenplaceintheseinstancesasaguidefordirectingourotherefforts.Theneedforthisdiscoveryandthisprojectionistheneedforaphilosophyofeducation. WhattheniseducationwhenwefindactualsatisfactoryspecimensofitinexistenceInthefirstplaceitisaprocessofdevelopmentofgrowth.Anditistheprocessandnotmerelytheresultthatisimportant.Atrulyhealthypersonisnotsomethingfixedandcompleted.Heisapersonwhoseprocessesandactivitiesgooninsuchawaythathewillcontinuetobehealthy.Similarlyaneducatedpersonisthepersonwhohasthepowertogoonandgetmoreeducation. Inanycasedevelopmentgrowthinvolvechangemodificationandmodificationindefinitedirections.Itisquitepossibleforateacherunderthesupposedsanctionoftheideaofcultivatingindividualitytofixateapupilmoreorlessathisexistinglevel.Respectforindividualityisprimarilyintellectual.Itsignifiesstudyingtheindividualtoseewhatistheretoworkwith.Havingthissympatheticunderstandingthepracticalworkthenbeginsforthepracticalworkisoneofmodificationofchangingofreconstructioncontinuedwithoutend.Thechangemustatleastbetowardsmoreeffectivetechniquestowardsgreaterself-reliancetowardsamorethoughtfulandinquiringdispositiononemorecapableofpersistenteffortinmeetingobstacles. Intheauthor’’sviewthephilosophyofeducation
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points13
Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotionalintellectualandphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious________tohowtheycanbest________suchchanges.Growingbodiesneedmovementand________butnotjustinwaysthatemphasizecompetition.________theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallengesteenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe________thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare________byothers.Howeverthetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwouldbe________toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers________publishingnewsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews________studentartworkandsponsoringbookdiscussionclubs.Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide________opportunitiesforleadershipaswellasforpracticeinsuccessful________dynamics.Makingfriendsisextremelyimportanttoteenagersandmanyshystudentsneedthe________ofsomekindoforganizationwithasupportiveadult________visibleinthebackground.Intheseactivitiesitisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshave________attentionspans.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized________participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoonto________elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipants________.Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.________theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby________forrolesthatarewithintheir________andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedroles. SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorD.10points7
Thereismuchdiscussionintheliteraturethesedaysabouthowone"defines"sustainabilitysustainabledevelopmentandrelatedconcepts.Manyarguethattheconceptisuselessbecauseitcannotbe"adequatelydefined".46Mostofthisdiscussionismisdirectedbecauseitattemptstocasttheproblemasdefinitionalwheninfactitisaproblemofpredictionanditfailstotakeintoaccountthemanytimeandspacescalesoverwhichtheconceptofsustainabilitymustapply.Definingsustainabilityisactuallyquiteeasy:Asustainablesystemisonethatsurvivesforsomespecifiedfinitetime.Theproblemisthatoneknowsonehasasustainablesystemonlyafterthefact.Thuswhatusuallypassfordefinitionsofsustainabilityareactuallypredictionsofwhatsetofconditionswillactuallyleadtoasustainablesystem.47Forexamplekeepingharvestratesofpotentiallyrenewableresourcessuchastreesandwildlifebelowratesofnaturalrenewalshouldonecouldargueleadtoasustainablenaturalresourceextractionsystem.Butthatisapredictionnotadefinition.Usuallythereissomuchuncertaintyinourabilitytoestimatenaturalratesofrenewalandourabilitytoobserveandregulateharvestratesthatasimplepredictionsuchasthisisalwayshighlysuspect.Likewisesustainableeconomicdevelopmentcanbeobservedonlyafterthefact.48Most"definitions"ofsustainabledevelopmentincludeelementsofasustainablescaleoftheeconomyrelativetoitsecologicallifesupportsystem;afairdistributionofresourcesandopportunitiesbetweencurrentandfuturegenerationsaswellasbetweenindividualsinthecurrentgeneration;andanefficientallocationofresourcesthatadequatelyaccountsfornaturalcapital.Notethatthesethreecomponentsofsustainableeconomicdevelopmentareactually"predictors"ofsustainabilityandnotreallyelementsofadefinition.Likeallpredictionstheyareuncertainandaresubjecttomuchdiscussionanddisagreement.49Thesecondproblemisthatwhenonesaysasystemhasachievedsustainabilityonedoesnotmeananinfinitelifespanbutratheralifespanthatisconsistentwiththesystem’’sexpectedtimeandspacescale.Weexpectanorganismtohavealongerlifespanthespeciestohaveanevenlongerlifespanandtheplanettolastmuchlonger.Butnosystemisexpectedtohaveaninfinitelifespan.Therealproblemsarenotsomuchdefiningthegoalaspredictingwhatpolicieswillleadtoitsachievement.Herethereisampleroomforandneedofvigorousdiscussiondebateanalysisandmodelinginordertodeterminewhichpolicieshavethebestchanceofachievingthegoalofsustainability.50Giventhehugeuncertaintiesinvolveditisofparticularimportanceinthisregardtoselectpoliciesthatareprecautionarythatistheydonottakeunnecessaryrisksthatcoulddecreasethechancesforsustainabilitytheydonotrelyonhoped-fortechnologicalfixesfortheirsuccesses. Giventhehugeuncertaintiesinvolveditisofparticularimportanceinthisregardtoselectpoliciesthatareprecautionarythatistheydonottakeunnecessaryrisksthatcoulddecreasethechancesforsustainabilitytheydonotrelyonhoped-fortechnologicalfixesfortheirsuccesses.
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