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巴尔干同盟成立于( )。
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同盟会成立于
广州
香港
东京
台湾民主自治同盟于成立于香港
中国同盟会成立于
檀香山
武昌
日本东京
南京
中国同盟会成立于
檀香山
武昌
日本东京
南京
1905年成立于日本东京的中国同盟会是中国第一个全国性的资产阶级革命团体
为加强对革命力量的联合孙中山等人成立了中国近代第一个资产阶级革命政党——中国同盟会这一政党建立于
南京
北京
东京
广州
中国同盟会的成立大大推动了全国资产阶级革命运动的开展它成立于
檀香山
武昌
日本东京
南京
同盟会成立于哪里
中国
日本
美国
法国
中国同盟会成立于
檀香山
武昌
日本东京
南京
下列关于近代历史的说法全部不正确的是①欧洲协调的第一次会议是指亚琛会议欧洲协调的最后一次会议是维也纳
①③⑤⑥
②③④⑤
①②③⑥
①④⑤⑥
下列成立于解放战争时期的中国民主党派有
中国民主同盟
中国民主建国会
中国国民党革命委员会
台湾民主自治同盟
驱除鞑虏恢复中华创立民国平均地权是同盟会的政治纲领其中的民国成立于
1911年10月
1912年1月
1912年10月
1913年1月
1905年中国同盟会成立于
广州
上海
香港
东京
欧盟消费者同盟成立于
1961年
1962年
1963年
1964年
该组织于1905年8月成立于日本东京孙中山提出了驱除鞑虏恢复中华创立民国平均地权的政治纲领该组织是
兴中会
华兴会
光复会
中国同盟会
中国同盟会成立于
檀香山
北京
南京
日本东京
19世纪末20世纪初围绕巴尔干问题的争端而形成了三国同盟和三国协约两大军事集团请你列举三国同盟和三国
表明中国同盟会的性质是资产阶级政党的是①提出三民主义②推举孙中山为__③制定了同盟会章程④1905
①②③④
①②③
①②
①③
一战前夕三国同盟和三国协约争夺的焦点地区是
北非
巴尔干半岛
东南欧
远东地区
1912年10月巴尔干同盟对土耳其发动战争巴尔干同盟的成员国有
保加利亚
希腊
罗马尼亚
塞尔维亚
门第内格罗
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1interpretthefollowingpicture. 2possiblereasonsforthephenomenon. 3yourcomments. YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET2.
IfBillGateseverhadreasontodoubtthatthebrashyoungbillionairesofGooglewereouttogethimthetimeforsuchuncertaintyisnowofficiallyover.Lastmonth’sdramaticallyrevisedversionofitsprogramGoogleDesktopisagloveslapacrossthefaceofMicrosoft’sfabledchiefsoftwarearchitect.ObviouslyGoogle’supdatetoaprevioustoolthatsearchedpeople’sharddrivesinadditiontotheusuallightning-quicksurveyoftheentireWorldWideWebGoogleDesktop2turnsouttobeanot-so-stealthyattempttohijackthedesktopfromMicrosoft.AndinamovethatmustbeparticularlygallingtoGatestheprogramdoesitinawaythatdirectlystealsthunderfromMicrosoft’supcomingWindowsupdateVista. SpecificallyI’mtalkingaboutGoogle’sfeaturecalledSidebarastackofsmallwindowsthatsitonthesideofthescreenanddynamicallydrawonWebandpersonalinformationtotrackthingslikeweatherstockpricesyoure-mailyourphotosrecentlyopeneddocumentsandWebdestinations.SeveralyearsagodemonstratinganearlyversionofVistaMicrosoftproudlyshowedacolumnofon-screen"tiles"thatdidthesamekindsofthings.Microsoft’snameforthisupcomingfeaturewhichitstillplanstoincludeinVistawhenitshipsinlate2006:Sidebar. That’snotall.GoogleproductmanagerNakhilBhatlaexplainsthatanotherpurposeofDesktopistousethesearchboxtoquicklylocateprogramsandfilesthatyouwanttoopen--bypassingtheWindowswayofclickingonaniconorusingtheStartmenu. ClearlyGoogleissquattingonMicrosoft’sturfaskinguserstoliveinitsenvironmentasopposedtoBill’s.Microsoftstillbelievesthatthecentralpointofpersonalcomputingisproductivity.That’swhythedesktopsearchinVistawilllimititselftoprobingtheuser’sharddisk.Microsoft’sexplanationforthisapproachisthatmixingWeb-searchresultswithhitsfromyourowninformationisjusttooconfusing.Thingsgomoreefficientlythetheorygoeswhenyourpersonaldatapondissegregatedfromtheoceanofinformationdatalocatedelsewhereintheworld.MicrosoftoffersWebsearchasaseparateprogram. IncontrastGoogleDesktopsearchesbringresultsfromeverywhere--yourharddiskyouremailandbillionsofWebsites.That’sbecausetheGooglemissionisorganizingandmanagingalltheworld’sinformation."Youshouldn’thavetothinkaboutwheretheinformationcomesfrom"saysGoogleVPSusanWojcicki.ThoughGoogle-sitesacknowledgedifficultiesinmergingthepersonalwiththepublictheircorebeliefisthattheessenceof21st-centurycomputingspringsfromtheconnectivitythatallowsallhumanknowledgefrombookstoinstantmessagestobepotentiallyshared. AsGoogletriestoannexnewinformationflowsitincreasinglyrunssmackagainstissuesofprivacycopyrightandcensorship.That’sonepartofGoogle’schallenge.TheotherwillbefendingoffBillGatesundoubtedlydeterminedtoprovethathisvisionofcomputingstilldominates. WhichoneistrueaboutGoogleDesktopsearch
DostudentslearnfromprogrammedinstructionTheresearchleavesusinnodoubtofthis.Theydoindeedlearn.46.Manykindsofstudentslearn--collegehighschoolsecondaryprimarypreschooladultprofessionalskilledlaborclericalemployeesmilitarydeafretardedimprisoned-everykindofstudentsthatprogramshavebeentriedon.UsingprogramsthesestudentsareabletolearnmathematicsandscienceatdifferentlevelsforeignlanguagesEnglishlanguagecorrectnessspellingelectronicscomputersciencepsychologystatisticsbusinessskillsreadingskillsinstrumentflyingrulesandmanyothersubjects;thelimitsofthetopicswhichcanbestudiedefficientlybymeansofprogramsarenotyetknown. Foreachofthekindsofsubjectmatterandthekindsofstudentmentionedaboveexperimentshavedemonstratedthataconsiderableamountoflearningcanbederivedfromprograms;thislearninghasbeenmeasuredeitherbycomparingpre-andpost-testsorthetimeandtrialsneededtoreachasetcriterionofperformance.47.Butthequestionhowwelldostudentslearnfromprogramsascomparedtohowwelltheylearnfromotherkindsofinstructionwecannotanswerquiteconfidently. Experimentalpsychologiststypicallydonottakeveryseriouslytheevaluativeexperimentsinwhichlearningfromprogramsiscomparedwithlearningfromconventionalteaching.Suchexperimentsaredoubtlesslyusefultheysayforschooladministratorsorteacherstoprovetothemselvesortheirboardsofeducationthatprogramswork.48.ButwhereasonecandescribefairlywellthecharacteristicsofaprogramcanonedescribethecharacteristicsofaclassroomteachingsituationsothattheresultofthecomparisonwillhaveanygeneralityWhatkindofteacherisbeingcomparedtowhatkindofprogramFurthermoretheseearlyevaluativeexperimentswithprogramsarelikelytosufferfromtheHawthorneeffect;thatistosaystudentsareinthespotlightwhentestingsomethingnewandarechallengedtodowell.49.Itisveryhardtomakeallowanceforthiseffect;thereforetheevaluativetestsmaybeusefuladministrativelysaymanyoftheexperimentsbutdonotcontributemuchtoscienceandshouldproperlybekeptforprivateuse. Theseobjectionsarewelltaken.AndyetdotheyjustifyusinignoringtheevaluativestudiesThegreatstrengthofaprogramisthatitpermitsthestudenttolearnefficientlybyhimself.50.IsitnotthereforeimportanttoknowhowmuchandwhatkindofskillsconceptsinsightsorattitudeshecanlearnbyhimselffromaprogramascomparedtowhathecanlearnfromateacherAdmittedlythisisaverydifficultandcomplexresearchproblembutthatshouldnotkeepusfromtryingtosolveit. Isitnotthereforeimportanttoknowhowmuchandwhatkindofskillsconceptsinsightsorattitudeshecanlearnbyhimselffromaprogramascomparedtowhathecanlearnfromateacher
Therearestillsignificantgapsbetweenwomenandmenintermsoftheirinvolvementinfamilylifethetaskstheyperformandtheresponsibilitiestheytake.YetatleastindevelopedWesterncountriesbothwomenandmenexpressadesireforgreaterequalityinfamilylife.Itisevidentthatintermsofattitudesandbeliefstheproblemcannotsimplybethoughtofintermsofwomenwantingmentosharemoreequallyandmenbeingreluctanttodoso.Thechallengenowistodeveloppoliciesandpracticesbasedonapresumptionofsharedresponsibilitybetweenmenandwomenandapresumptionthattherearepotentialbenefitsformenandwomenaswellasforfamiliesandthecommunityifthereisgreatergenderequalityintheresponsibilitiesandpleasuresoffamilylife.Thesearebecomingkeyconcernsofresearcherspolicymakerscommunityworkersandmoreimportantlyfamilymembersthemselves. 41.______ DespitethesignificantincreaseinthenumberofwomenwithdependentchildrenwhoareinthepaidworkforceAustralianresearchstudiesoverthelast15yearsareconsistentinshowingthatdivisionsoflabourforfamilyworkareveryrigidindeedWatson1991.Intermsoftimewomenperformapproximately90percentofchildcaretasksand70percentofallfamilyworkandonly14percentoffathersarehighlyparticipantintermsoftimespentonfamilyworkRussell1983.DemoandAcock1993inarecentUSstudyalsofoundthatwomencontinuetoperformaConstantandmajorproportionofhouseholdlabour68percentto95percentacrossallfamilytypesfirstmarriagedivorcedstep-familyornevermarriedregardlessofwhethertheyareemployedornon-employedinpaidwork. 42.______ Divisionsoflabourforfamilyworkareparticularlyproblematicinfamiliesinwhichbothparentsareemployedoutsidethehomedual-workerfamilies.Employedmothersadjusttheirjobsandpersonallivestoaccommodatefamilycommitmentsmorethanemployedfathersdo.Mothersarelesslikelytoworkovertimeandaremorelikelytotaketimeoffworktoattendtochildren’sneedsVandenHeuvel1993.MothersspendlesstimeonpersonalleisureactivitiesthantheirpartnersafactorthatoftenleadstoresentmentDemoandAcock1993. 43.______ Theparentalroleiscentraltothestress-relatedanxietyreportedbyemployedmothersandamajorcontributortosuchstressistheirtakingagreaterroleinchildcareVandenHenvel1993.EdgarandGiezer1992foundthatcloseto90percentofbothhusbandsandwivesagreedthatthemanshouldshareequallyinchildcareyet55percentofhusbandsandwivesclaimedthatthemenactuallydidthis.Theseclaimsaredespitethefindingsmentionedearlierthatpointtoamuchlowerparticipationratebyfathers.Amother’swantingherpartnertodomorehouseworkandchildcareisabetterpredictorofpoorfamilyadjustmentthanisactualtimespentbyfathersinthesetasksDemoandAcock1993.Itisthisdesiretogetherwithitslackoffulfillmentinmostfamiliesthatbringaboutstressinthefemaleparent. 44.______ FamilytherapistsandsocialworkresearchersareincreasinglydefiningfamilyproblemsintermsofalackofinvolvementandsupportfromfathersandareconcernedwithdifficultiesinvolvedinhavingfatherstakeresponsibilityforthesolutionoffamilyandchildbehaviourproblemsEdgarandGlezer1986.Yetafatheracceptingresponsibilityforbehaviourproblemsislinkedwithpositiveoutcomes. 45.______ Researchstudieslendstrongsupporttotheargumentthattherearebenefitsforfamiliesconsideringachangetoafairerormoreequitabledivisionofthepleasuresandpainsoffamilylife.Greaterequalityintheperformanceoffamilyworkisassociatedwithlowerlevelsoffamilystressandhigherself-esteembetterhealthandhighermaritalsatisfactionformothers.Thereisalsohighermaritalsatisfactionoffathersespeciallywhentheytakemoreresponsibilityfortheneedsoftheirchildren--fathersarehappierwhentheyaremoreinvolvedRussell1984. [A]Originsofanxietyinworkingmothers [B]Thepresumptionsofpolicymakers [C]Theexperts’viewofthemaleparent’srole [D]Comparisonofemployedandnon-employedmothers [E]Thebenefitsofbalancedresponsibility [F]Theunchangedroleofthefemaleparent [G]Theimpactofdualemployment 42
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacomer;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquite4. 5thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhichoncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8. SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastaddhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurateastheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"Althoughtheforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitis18pointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutisatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
IfBillGateseverhadreasontodoubtthatthebrashyoungbillionairesofGooglewereouttogethimthetimeforsuchuncertaintyisnowofficiallyover.Lastmonth’sdramaticallyrevisedversionofitsprogramGoogleDesktopisagloveslapacrossthefaceofMicrosoft’sfabledchiefsoftwarearchitect.ObviouslyGoogle’supdatetoaprevioustoolthatsearchedpeople’sharddrivesinadditiontotheusuallightning-quicksurveyoftheentireWorldWideWebGoogleDesktop2turnsouttobeanot-so-stealthyattempttohijackthedesktopfromMicrosoft.AndinamovethatmustbeparticularlygallingtoGatestheprogramdoesitinawaythatdirectlystealsthunderfromMicrosoft’supcomingWindowsupdateVista. SpecificallyI’mtalkingaboutGoogle’sfeaturecalledSidebarastackofsmallwindowsthatsitonthesideofthescreenanddynamicallydrawonWebandpersonalinformationtotrackthingslikeweatherstockpricesyoure-mailyourphotosrecentlyopeneddocumentsandWebdestinations.SeveralyearsagodemonstratinganearlyversionofVistaMicrosoftproudlyshowedacolumnofon-screen"tiles"thatdidthesamekindsofthings.Microsoft’snameforthisupcomingfeaturewhichitstillplanstoincludeinVistawhenitshipsinlate2006:Sidebar. That’snotall.GoogleproductmanagerNakhilBhatlaexplainsthatanotherpurposeofDesktopistousethesearchboxtoquicklylocateprogramsandfilesthatyouwanttoopen--bypassingtheWindowswayofclickingonaniconorusingtheStartmenu. ClearlyGoogleissquattingonMicrosoft’sturfaskinguserstoliveinitsenvironmentasopposedtoBill’s.Microsoftstillbelievesthatthecentralpointofpersonalcomputingisproductivity.That’swhythedesktopsearchinVistawilllimititselftoprobingtheuser’sharddisk.Microsoft’sexplanationforthisapproachisthatmixingWeb-searchresultswithhitsfromyourowninformationisjusttooconfusing.Thingsgomoreefficientlythetheorygoeswhenyourpersonaldatapondissegregatedfromtheoceanofinformationdatalocatedelsewhereintheworld.MicrosoftoffersWebsearchasaseparateprogram. IncontrastGoogleDesktopsearchesbringresultsfromeverywhere--yourharddiskyouremailandbillionsofWebsites.That’sbecausetheGooglemissionisorganizingandmanagingalltheworld’sinformation."Youshouldn’thavetothinkaboutwheretheinformationcomesfrom"saysGoogleVPSusanWojcicki.ThoughGoogle-sitesacknowledgedifficultiesinmergingthepersonalwiththepublictheircorebeliefisthattheessenceof21st-centurycomputingspringsfromtheconnectivitythatallowsallhumanknowledgefrombookstoinstantmessagestobepotentiallyshared. AsGoogletriestoannexnewinformationflowsitincreasinglyrunssmackagainstissuesofprivacycopyrightandcensorship.That’sonepartofGoogle’schallenge.TheotherwillbefendingoffBillGatesundoubtedlydeterminedtoprovethathisvisionofcomputingstilldominates. Fromthefirstsentencewecaninferthat
"Whatadifferenceawordmakes."Theissueofsemanticshasbeenanongoingcomplainagainstthemediawhichhasbeencharacterizedbyanincreasinglevelofsensationalismandirresponsiblereportingovertheyearsfosteredbyincreasinglyfiercecompetitionandstruggleforwiderdistributionsandreaderships. Afocalpointforthecriticismisthecoverageofhigh-profilecriminalcases.Withsuchheadlinesas"Mr.XArrestforFirst-DegreeMurder"prominentlydisplayedacrossthefrontpageithasbeenarguedthatsuchprovocativelanguageinfluencespublicopinioncausingprematureassumptionsofguiltbeforethemattercanbeproperlyandlegallydecidedinacourtoflaw.Thepowerofthemediatoinfluencepublicopinionandbyextensionlegalandpoliticalperceptionshaslongbeenestablishedandrecognizedspurringoutcrieswheninaccurateoroverlyembellishedstoriesresultinunwarranteddestructionofpublicimageorintrusionintoprivacyofunwillingindividuals. Reportersandeditorstaketheutmostcareintheirchoiceofwordsforuseintheirarticlesbutwithconstantpressuretocreateprovocativeheadlinesinordertoselltheirpapersthedistinctionbetweenrespectableperiodicalsandtrashytabloidsisbecomingthinnereveryday.Thedilemmaisexacerbatedbythepublic’sseemingshortattentionspanputtingthepapersunderpressuretomaketheirstoriesasattention-grabbingastheyareaccurate.Furtherobfuscatingthesituationisthefactthatthesamephrasecanbeinterpretedinamyriadofdifferentwaysdependingonwhoreadsitmakingithardforonetojudgewhetheralineisexcessiveornot. WhateverthecausesandeffectshoweverthefreedomofpreslawsintheUnitedStatesmeanthatanychangetothestyleemployedbythemediamustbeself-imposed.Inthatrespectitappearsthatnothingwillbechanginginthenearfuturesincethepublic’sinsatiablehungerforcontroversyandscandalcontinuestodominateandsetthepaceformarketablereporting.Asthesensationalismanditsrelatedeffectscontinueintothelongertermhowevertherewillnodoubtbemoreoutcryasthetrendcontinues.Thiswillpossiblyresultinanupheavalofthesystem;favoringmoreaccurateunembellishedreportingconsistingofhardfactswithaminimumofsuppositionorcommentaryanddevoidofrumorsandotherquestionablesourcesofinformation.Ifandwhenthatoccurswecantrulystatewithpridethatourmediaindustryisonlyafreeonebataresponsibleandreliableone. Attractivebutmisleadingheadlinesareusedbysomemediasourcesto
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacomer;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquite4. 5thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhichoncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8. SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastaddhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurateastheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"Althoughtheforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitis18pointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutisatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Themythologyofaculturecanprovidesomevitalinsightsintothebeliefsandvaluesofthatculture.Byusingfantasticandsometimesincrediblestoriestocreateanoraltraditionbywhichtoexplainthewondersofthenaturalworldandteachlessonstoyoungergenerationsasocietyexposesthoseideasandconceptsheldmostimportant.Justasimportantasthefinallessontobegatheredfromthestorieshoweverarethecharactersandtherolestheyplayinconveyingthatmessage. PerhapstheepitomeofmythologyanditsuseasatooltopassonculturalvaluescanbefoundinAesop’sFablestoldandretoldduringtheeraoftheGreekEmpire.Aesopaslavewhowonthefavorofthecourtthroughhisimaginativeanddescriptivetalesalmostexclusivelyusedanimalstofilltherolesinhisshortstories.Humanswhenatallpresentalmostalwaysplayedthepartofbumblingfoolsstrugglingtolearnthelessonbeingpresented.ThischoiceofcharacterizationallowsustoseethattheGreeksplacedwisdomonalevelslightlybeyondhumansimplyingthatdeepwisdomandunderstandingisauniversalqualitysoughtbyratherthansteanningfromhumanbeings. Aesop’sfablesillustratedthecentralthemesofhumilityandself-reliancereflectingtheimportanceofthosetraitsinearlyGreeksociety.Thefollyofhumanswasusedtocontrastagainsttheultimategoalofattainingahigherlevelofunderstandingandawarenessoftruthsaboutnatureandhumanity.Forexampleonenotablefablefeaturesafoxrepeatedlytryingtoreachabunchofgrapesonaveryhighvine.Afterfailingatseveralattemptsthefoxgivesupmakingupitsmindthatthegrapeswereprobablysouranyway.Thefable’slessonthatweoftenplaydownthatwhichwecan’tachievesoastomakeourselvesfeelbetterteachesthereaderorlistenerinanentertainingwayaboutoneoftheweaknessesofthehumanpsyche. ThemythologyofotherculturesandsocietiesrevealtheunderlyingtraitsoftheirrespectiveculturesjustasAesop’sfablesdid.ThestoriesofRomangodsAztecghostsandEuropeanelvesallservedtotrainancientgenerationsthoselessonsconsideredmostimportanttotheircommunityandtodaytheyofferapowerfullookingglassbywhichtoevaluateandconsiderthecontextualenvironmentinwhichthosecultureexisted. Thewaythatfableswereusedinthepastismostsimilartotoday’s
Therearestillsignificantgapsbetweenwomenandmenintermsoftheirinvolvementinfamilylifethetaskstheyperformandtheresponsibilitiestheytake.YetatleastindevelopedWesterncountriesbothwomenandmenexpressadesireforgreaterequalityinfamilylife.Itisevidentthatintermsofattitudesandbeliefstheproblemcannotsimplybethoughtofintermsofwomenwantingmentosharemoreequallyandmenbeingreluctanttodoso.Thechallengenowistodeveloppoliciesandpracticesbasedonapresumptionofsharedresponsibilitybetweenmenandwomenandapresumptionthattherearepotentialbenefitsformenandwomenaswellasforfamiliesandthecommunityifthereisgreatergenderequalityintheresponsibilitiesandpleasuresoffamilylife.Thesearebecomingkeyconcernsofresearcherspolicymakerscommunityworkersandmoreimportantlyfamilymembersthemselves. 41.______ DespitethesignificantincreaseinthenumberofwomenwithdependentchildrenwhoareinthepaidworkforceAustralianresearchstudiesoverthelast15yearsareconsistentinshowingthatdivisionsoflabourforfamilyworkareveryrigidindeedWatson1991.Intermsoftimewomenperformapproximately90percentofchildcaretasksand70percentofallfamilyworkandonly14percentoffathersarehighlyparticipantintermsoftimespentonfamilyworkRussell1983.DemoandAcock1993inarecentUSstudyalsofoundthatwomencontinuetoperformaConstantandmajorproportionofhouseholdlabour68percentto95percentacrossallfamilytypesfirstmarriagedivorcedstep-familyornevermarriedregardlessofwhethertheyareemployedornon-employedinpaidwork. 42.______ Divisionsoflabourforfamilyworkareparticularlyproblematicinfamiliesinwhichbothparentsareemployedoutsidethehomedual-workerfamilies.Employedmothersadjusttheirjobsandpersonallivestoaccommodatefamilycommitmentsmorethanemployedfathersdo.Mothersarelesslikelytoworkovertimeandaremorelikelytotaketimeoffworktoattendtochildren’sneedsVandenHeuvel1993.MothersspendlesstimeonpersonalleisureactivitiesthantheirpartnersafactorthatoftenleadstoresentmentDemoandAcock1993. 43.______ Theparentalroleiscentraltothestress-relatedanxietyreportedbyemployedmothersandamajorcontributortosuchstressistheirtakingagreaterroleinchildcareVandenHenvel1993.EdgarandGiezer1992foundthatcloseto90percentofbothhusbandsandwivesagreedthatthemanshouldshareequallyinchildcareyet55percentofhusbandsandwivesclaimedthatthemenactuallydidthis.Theseclaimsaredespitethefindingsmentionedearlierthatpointtoamuchlowerparticipationratebyfathers.Amother’swantingherpartnertodomorehouseworkandchildcareisabetterpredictorofpoorfamilyadjustmentthanisactualtimespentbyfathersinthesetasksDemoandAcock1993.Itisthisdesiretogetherwithitslackoffulfillmentinmostfamiliesthatbringaboutstressinthefemaleparent. 44.______ FamilytherapistsandsocialworkresearchersareincreasinglydefiningfamilyproblemsintermsofalackofinvolvementandsupportfromfathersandareconcernedwithdifficultiesinvolvedinhavingfatherstakeresponsibilityforthesolutionoffamilyandchildbehaviourproblemsEdgarandGlezer1986.Yetafatheracceptingresponsibilityforbehaviourproblemsislinkedwithpositiveoutcomes. 45.______ Researchstudieslendstrongsupporttotheargumentthattherearebenefitsforfamiliesconsideringachangetoafairerormoreequitabledivisionofthepleasuresandpainsoffamilylife.Greaterequalityintheperformanceoffamilyworkisassociatedwithlowerlevelsoffamilystressandhigherself-esteembetterhealthandhighermaritalsatisfactionformothers.Thereisalsohighermaritalsatisfactionoffathersespeciallywhentheytakemoreresponsibilityfortheneedsoftheirchildren--fathersarehappierwhentheyaremoreinvolvedRussell1984. [A]Originsofanxietyinworkingmothers [B]Thepresumptionsofpolicymakers [C]Theexperts’viewofthemaleparent’srole [D]Comparisonofemployedandnon-employedmothers [E]Thebenefitsofbalancedresponsibility [F]Theunchangedroleofthefemaleparent [G]Theimpactofdualemployment 44
Themythologyofaculturecanprovidesomevitalinsightsintothebeliefsandvaluesofthatculture.Byusingfantasticandsometimesincrediblestoriestocreateanoraltraditionbywhichtoexplainthewondersofthenaturalworldandteachlessonstoyoungergenerationsasocietyexposesthoseideasandconceptsheldmostimportant.Justasimportantasthefinallessontobegatheredfromthestorieshoweverarethecharactersandtherolestheyplayinconveyingthatmessage. PerhapstheepitomeofmythologyanditsuseasatooltopassonculturalvaluescanbefoundinAesop’sFablestoldandretoldduringtheeraoftheGreekEmpire.Aesopaslavewhowonthefavorofthecourtthroughhisimaginativeanddescriptivetalesalmostexclusivelyusedanimalstofilltherolesinhisshortstories.Humanswhenatallpresentalmostalwaysplayedthepartofbumblingfoolsstrugglingtolearnthelessonbeingpresented.ThischoiceofcharacterizationallowsustoseethattheGreeksplacedwisdomonalevelslightlybeyondhumansimplyingthatdeepwisdomandunderstandingisauniversalqualitysoughtbyratherthansteanningfromhumanbeings. Aesop’sfablesillustratedthecentralthemesofhumilityandself-reliancereflectingtheimportanceofthosetraitsinearlyGreeksociety.Thefollyofhumanswasusedtocontrastagainsttheultimategoalofattainingahigherlevelofunderstandingandawarenessoftruthsaboutnatureandhumanity.Forexampleonenotablefablefeaturesafoxrepeatedlytryingtoreachabunchofgrapesonaveryhighvine.Afterfailingatseveralattemptsthefoxgivesupmakingupitsmindthatthegrapeswereprobablysouranyway.Thefable’slessonthatweoftenplaydownthatwhichwecan’tachievesoastomakeourselvesfeelbetterteachesthereaderorlistenerinanentertainingwayaboutoneoftheweaknessesofthehumanpsyche. ThemythologyofotherculturesandsocietiesrevealtheunderlyingtraitsoftheirrespectiveculturesjustasAesop’sfablesdid.ThestoriesofRomangodsAztecghostsandEuropeanelvesallservedtotrainancientgenerationsthoselessonsconsideredmostimportanttotheircommunityandtodaytheyofferapowerfullookingglassbywhichtoevaluateandconsiderthecontextualenvironmentinwhichthosecultureexisted. TheRomanAztecandEuropeanculturesarementionedinorderto
有两个猎人以在公共猎场捕获兔子为生猎场一共有1000只兔子每个猎人面临的选择是决定捕获兔子的速率ηi=12猎人i的净效用取决于兔子捕获量qi和捕获的速率ri即其中qi=1000ri/r1+r2a如果两位猎人能够达成一个最优的捕获率那么它等于多少b如果每个猎人各自决策那么他们选择的捕获率将是多少请简要解释为什么猎人各自决策的结果和a得到的结果会存在差异c上述问题在经济学上被称为公共地悲剧TheTragedyoftheCommons请用文字简要说明什么是公共地悲剧另请列举一种解决该问题的方法并简要说明你的办法发挥作用的条件和理由
Ifyouhaveeverlongedforameatsubstitutethatsmeltandtastedliketherealthingbutdidnotinvolvekillingananimalthenyourordercouldbereadysoon.Researchersbelieveitwillsoonbepossibletogrowculturedmeatinquantitieslargeenoughtoofferthemeatindustryanalternativesourceofsupply. Growingmusclecellsthemaincomponentofmeatinanutrientbrothiseasy.Thedifficultyispersuadingthosecellstoformsomethingthatresemblesrealmeat.PaulKosniktheheadofengineeringatafirmcalledTissueGenesisishopingtodoitbystretchingthecellswithmechanicalanchors.Thisencouragesthemtoformsmallbundlessurroundedbyconnectivetissueanarrangementsimilartorealmuscle. RobertDennisabiomedicalengineerattheUniversityofNorthCarolinabelievesthesecretofgrowinghealthymuscletissueinalaboratoryistounderstandhowitinteractswithitssurroundings.Innaturetissuesexistaselementsinalargersystemandtheydependonothertissuesfortheirsurvival.Withoutappropriatestimulifromtheirneighbourstheydegenerate.DrDennisandhisteamhavebeenworkingontheseneighbourlyinteractionsforthepastthreeyearsandreportsomesuccessinengineeringtwoofthemostimportant--thosebetweenmusclesandtendonsandmusclesandnerves. AttheTouroCollegeSchoolofHealthSciencesinNewYorkMorrisBenjaminsonandhisteamareworkingonremovinglivingtissuefromfishandthengrowingitinculture.Thisapproachhastheadvantagethatthetissuehasafunctioningsystemofbloodvesselstodelivernutrientssoitshouldbepossibletogrowtissueculturesmorethanamillimetrethick--thecurrentlimit. HenkHaagsmanameatscientistattheUniversityofUtrechtintheNetherlandsistryingtomakemincedporkfromculturedstemcellswiththebackingofStegemanasausagecompany.Itcouldbeusedinsausagesburgersandsauces. ButwhywouldanyonewanttoeatculturedmeatratherthansomethingfreshlyslaughteredandjustofftheboneOneanswertomixmetaphorsisthatitwouldallowvegetarianstohavetheirmeatloafandeatittoo.Butthesausage-meatprojectsuggestsanotherreason:hygiene.AsIngridNewkirkofPETAananimal-rightsgroupputsit"noonewhoconsiderswhat’sinameathotdogcouldgenuinelyexpressanyreluctanceateatingacleanclonedmeatproduct." CulturedmeatcouldbegrowninsterileconditionsavoidingSalmonellaE.coliandothernasties.Itcouldalsobemadehealthierbyadjustingitscomposition--introducing.heart-friendlyomega-3fattyacidsforexample.Youcouldeventakeacellfromanendangeredanimalandwithoutthreateningitsextinctionmakemeatfromit. RobertDennisthinksthat
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacomer;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquite4. 5thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhichoncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8. SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastaddhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurateastheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"Althoughtheforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitis18pointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutisatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
DostudentslearnfromprogrammedinstructionTheresearchleavesusinnodoubtofthis.Theydoindeedlearn.46.Manykindsofstudentslearn--collegehighschoolsecondaryprimarypreschooladultprofessionalskilledlaborclericalemployeesmilitarydeafretardedimprisoned-everykindofstudentsthatprogramshavebeentriedon.UsingprogramsthesestudentsareabletolearnmathematicsandscienceatdifferentlevelsforeignlanguagesEnglishlanguagecorrectnessspellingelectronicscomputersciencepsychologystatisticsbusinessskillsreadingskillsinstrumentflyingrulesandmanyothersubjects;thelimitsofthetopicswhichcanbestudiedefficientlybymeansofprogramsarenotyetknown. Foreachofthekindsofsubjectmatterandthekindsofstudentmentionedaboveexperimentshavedemonstratedthataconsiderableamountoflearningcanbederivedfromprograms;thislearninghasbeenmeasuredeitherbycomparingpre-andpost-testsorthetimeandtrialsneededtoreachasetcriterionofperformance.47.Butthequestionhowwelldostudentslearnfromprogramsascomparedtohowwelltheylearnfromotherkindsofinstructionwecannotanswerquiteconfidently. Experimentalpsychologiststypicallydonottakeveryseriouslytheevaluativeexperimentsinwhichlearningfromprogramsiscomparedwithlearningfromconventionalteaching.Suchexperimentsaredoubtlesslyusefultheysayforschooladministratorsorteacherstoprovetothemselvesortheirboardsofeducationthatprogramswork.48.ButwhereasonecandescribefairlywellthecharacteristicsofaprogramcanonedescribethecharacteristicsofaclassroomteachingsituationsothattheresultofthecomparisonwillhaveanygeneralityWhatkindofteacherisbeingcomparedtowhatkindofprogramFurthermoretheseearlyevaluativeexperimentswithprogramsarelikelytosufferfromtheHawthorneeffect;thatistosaystudentsareinthespotlightwhentestingsomethingnewandarechallengedtodowell.49.Itisveryhardtomakeallowanceforthiseffect;thereforetheevaluativetestsmaybeusefuladministrativelysaymanyoftheexperimentsbutdonotcontributemuchtoscienceandshouldproperlybekeptforprivateuse. Theseobjectionsarewelltaken.AndyetdotheyjustifyusinignoringtheevaluativestudiesThegreatstrengthofaprogramisthatitpermitsthestudenttolearnefficientlybyhimself.50.IsitnotthereforeimportanttoknowhowmuchandwhatkindofskillsconceptsinsightsorattitudeshecanlearnbyhimselffromaprogramascomparedtowhathecanlearnfromateacherAdmittedlythisisaverydifficultandcomplexresearchproblembutthatshouldnotkeepusfromtryingtosolveit. Butwhereasonecandescribefairlywellthecharacteristicsofaprogramcanonedescribethecharacteristicsofaclassroomteachingsituationsothattheresultofthecomparisonwillhaveanygenerality
IfBillGateseverhadreasontodoubtthatthebrashyoungbillionairesofGooglewereouttogethimthetimeforsuchuncertaintyisnowofficiallyover.Lastmonth’sdramaticallyrevisedversionofitsprogramGoogleDesktopisagloveslapacrossthefaceofMicrosoft’sfabledchiefsoftwarearchitect.ObviouslyGoogle’supdatetoaprevioustoolthatsearchedpeople’sharddrivesinadditiontotheusuallightning-quicksurveyoftheentireWorldWideWebGoogleDesktop2turnsouttobeanot-so-stealthyattempttohijackthedesktopfromMicrosoft.AndinamovethatmustbeparticularlygallingtoGatestheprogramdoesitinawaythatdirectlystealsthunderfromMicrosoft’supcomingWindowsupdateVista. SpecificallyI’mtalkingaboutGoogle’sfeaturecalledSidebarastackofsmallwindowsthatsitonthesideofthescreenanddynamicallydrawonWebandpersonalinformationtotrackthingslikeweatherstockpricesyoure-mailyourphotosrecentlyopeneddocumentsandWebdestinations.SeveralyearsagodemonstratinganearlyversionofVistaMicrosoftproudlyshowedacolumnofon-screen"tiles"thatdidthesamekindsofthings.Microsoft’snameforthisupcomingfeaturewhichitstillplanstoincludeinVistawhenitshipsinlate2006:Sidebar. That’snotall.GoogleproductmanagerNakhilBhatlaexplainsthatanotherpurposeofDesktopistousethesearchboxtoquicklylocateprogramsandfilesthatyouwanttoopen--bypassingtheWindowswayofclickingonaniconorusingtheStartmenu. ClearlyGoogleissquattingonMicrosoft’sturfaskinguserstoliveinitsenvironmentasopposedtoBill’s.Microsoftstillbelievesthatthecentralpointofpersonalcomputingisproductivity.That’swhythedesktopsearchinVistawilllimititselftoprobingtheuser’sharddisk.Microsoft’sexplanationforthisapproachisthatmixingWeb-searchresultswithhitsfromyourowninformationisjusttooconfusing.Thingsgomoreefficientlythetheorygoeswhenyourpersonaldatapondissegregatedfromtheoceanofinformationdatalocatedelsewhereintheworld.MicrosoftoffersWebsearchasaseparateprogram. IncontrastGoogleDesktopsearchesbringresultsfromeverywhere--yourharddiskyouremailandbillionsofWebsites.That’sbecausetheGooglemissionisorganizingandmanagingalltheworld’sinformation."Youshouldn’thavetothinkaboutwheretheinformationcomesfrom"saysGoogleVPSusanWojcicki.ThoughGoogle-sitesacknowledgedifficultiesinmergingthepersonalwiththepublictheircorebeliefisthattheessenceof21st-centurycomputingspringsfromtheconnectivitythatallowsallhumanknowledgefrombookstoinstantmessagestobepotentiallyshared. AsGoogletriestoannexnewinformationflowsitincreasinglyrunssmackagainstissuesofprivacycopyrightandcensorship.That’sonepartofGoogle’schallenge.TheotherwillbefendingoffBillGatesundoubtedlydeterminedtoprovethathisvisionofcomputingstilldominates. WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutSidebar
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacomer;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquite4. 5thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhichoncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8. SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastaddhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurateastheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"Althoughtheforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitis18pointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutisatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
"Whatadifferenceawordmakes."Theissueofsemanticshasbeenanongoingcomplainagainstthemediawhichhasbeencharacterizedbyanincreasinglevelofsensationalismandirresponsiblereportingovertheyearsfosteredbyincreasinglyfiercecompetitionandstruggleforwiderdistributionsandreaderships. Afocalpointforthecriticismisthecoverageofhigh-profilecriminalcases.Withsuchheadlinesas"Mr.XArrestforFirst-DegreeMurder"prominentlydisplayedacrossthefrontpageithasbeenarguedthatsuchprovocativelanguageinfluencespublicopinioncausingprematureassumptionsofguiltbeforethemattercanbeproperlyandlegallydecidedinacourtoflaw.Thepowerofthemediatoinfluencepublicopinionandbyextensionlegalandpoliticalperceptionshaslongbeenestablishedandrecognizedspurringoutcrieswheninaccurateoroverlyembellishedstoriesresultinunwarranteddestructionofpublicimageorintrusionintoprivacyofunwillingindividuals. Reportersandeditorstaketheutmostcareintheirchoiceofwordsforuseintheirarticlesbutwithconstantpressuretocreateprovocativeheadlinesinordertoselltheirpapersthedistinctionbetweenrespectableperiodicalsandtrashytabloidsisbecomingthinnereveryday.Thedilemmaisexacerbatedbythepublic’sseemingshortattentionspanputtingthepapersunderpressuretomaketheirstoriesasattention-grabbingastheyareaccurate.Furtherobfuscatingthesituationisthefactthatthesamephrasecanbeinterpretedinamyriadofdifferentwaysdependingonwhoreadsitmakingithardforonetojudgewhetheralineisexcessiveornot. WhateverthecausesandeffectshoweverthefreedomofpreslawsintheUnitedStatesmeanthatanychangetothestyleemployedbythemediamustbeself-imposed.Inthatrespectitappearsthatnothingwillbechanginginthenearfuturesincethepublic’sinsatiablehungerforcontroversyandscandalcontinuestodominateandsetthepaceformarketablereporting.Asthesensationalismanditsrelatedeffectscontinueintothelongertermhowevertherewillnodoubtbemoreoutcryasthetrendcontinues.Thiswillpossiblyresultinanupheavalofthesystem;favoringmoreaccurateunembellishedreportingconsistingofhardfactswithaminimumofsuppositionorcommentaryanddevoidofrumorsandotherquestionablesourcesofinformation.Ifandwhenthatoccurswecantrulystatewithpridethatourmediaindustryisonlyafreeonebataresponsibleandreliableone. Whichofthefollowingstatementsrepresentstheauthor’sopinion
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacomer;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquite4. 5thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhichoncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8. SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastaddhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurateastheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"Althoughtheforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitis18pointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutisatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacomer;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquite4. 5thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhichoncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8. SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastaddhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurateastheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"Althoughtheforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitis18pointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutisatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
DostudentslearnfromprogrammedinstructionTheresearchleavesusinnodoubtofthis.Theydoindeedlearn.46.Manykindsofstudentslearn--collegehighschoolsecondaryprimarypreschooladultprofessionalskilledlaborclericalemployeesmilitarydeafretardedimprisoned-everykindofstudentsthatprogramshavebeentriedon.UsingprogramsthesestudentsareabletolearnmathematicsandscienceatdifferentlevelsforeignlanguagesEnglishlanguagecorrectnessspellingelectronicscomputersciencepsychologystatisticsbusinessskillsreadingskillsinstrumentflyingrulesandmanyothersubjects;thelimitsofthetopicswhichcanbestudiedefficientlybymeansofprogramsarenotyetknown. Foreachofthekindsofsubjectmatterandthekindsofstudentmentionedaboveexperimentshavedemonstratedthataconsiderableamountoflearningcanbederivedfromprograms;thislearninghasbeenmeasuredeitherbycomparingpre-andpost-testsorthetimeandtrialsneededtoreachasetcriterionofperformance.47.Butthequestionhowwelldostudentslearnfromprogramsascomparedtohowwelltheylearnfromotherkindsofinstructionwecannotanswerquiteconfidently. Experimentalpsychologiststypicallydonottakeveryseriouslytheevaluativeexperimentsinwhichlearningfromprogramsiscomparedwithlearningfromconventionalteaching.Suchexperimentsaredoubtlesslyusefultheysayforschooladministratorsorteacherstoprovetothemselvesortheirboardsofeducationthatprogramswork.48.ButwhereasonecandescribefairlywellthecharacteristicsofaprogramcanonedescribethecharacteristicsofaclassroomteachingsituationsothattheresultofthecomparisonwillhaveanygeneralityWhatkindofteacherisbeingcomparedtowhatkindofprogramFurthermoretheseearlyevaluativeexperimentswithprogramsarelikelytosufferfromtheHawthorneeffect;thatistosaystudentsareinthespotlightwhentestingsomethingnewandarechallengedtodowell.49.Itisveryhardtomakeallowanceforthiseffect;thereforetheevaluativetestsmaybeusefuladministrativelysaymanyoftheexperimentsbutdonotcontributemuchtoscienceandshouldproperlybekeptforprivateuse. Theseobjectionsarewelltaken.AndyetdotheyjustifyusinignoringtheevaluativestudiesThegreatstrengthofaprogramisthatitpermitsthestudenttolearnefficientlybyhimself.50.IsitnotthereforeimportanttoknowhowmuchandwhatkindofskillsconceptsinsightsorattitudeshecanlearnbyhimselffromaprogramascomparedtowhathecanlearnfromateacherAdmittedlythisisaverydifficultandcomplexresearchproblembutthatshouldnotkeepusfromtryingtosolveit. Manykindsofstudentslearn--collegehighschoolsecondaryprimarypreschooladultprofessionalskilledlaborclericalemployeesmilitarydeafretardedimprisoned-everykindofstudentsthatprogramshavebeentriedon.
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacomer;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquite4. 5thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhichoncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8. SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastaddhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurateastheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"Althoughtheforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitis18pointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutisatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Ifyouhaveeverlongedforameatsubstitutethatsmeltandtastedliketherealthingbutdidnotinvolvekillingananimalthenyourordercouldbereadysoon.Researchersbelieveitwillsoonbepossibletogrowculturedmeatinquantitieslargeenoughtoofferthemeatindustryanalternativesourceofsupply. Growingmusclecellsthemaincomponentofmeatinanutrientbrothiseasy.Thedifficultyispersuadingthosecellstoformsomethingthatresemblesrealmeat.PaulKosniktheheadofengineeringatafirmcalledTissueGenesisishopingtodoitbystretchingthecellswithmechanicalanchors.Thisencouragesthemtoformsmallbundlessurroundedbyconnectivetissueanarrangementsimilartorealmuscle. RobertDennisabiomedicalengineerattheUniversityofNorthCarolinabelievesthesecretofgrowinghealthymuscletissueinalaboratoryistounderstandhowitinteractswithitssurroundings.Innaturetissuesexistaselementsinalargersystemandtheydependonothertissuesfortheirsurvival.Withoutappropriatestimulifromtheirneighbourstheydegenerate.DrDennisandhisteamhavebeenworkingontheseneighbourlyinteractionsforthepastthreeyearsandreportsomesuccessinengineeringtwoofthemostimportant--thosebetweenmusclesandtendonsandmusclesandnerves. AttheTouroCollegeSchoolofHealthSciencesinNewYorkMorrisBenjaminsonandhisteamareworkingonremovinglivingtissuefromfishandthengrowingitinculture.Thisapproachhastheadvantagethatthetissuehasafunctioningsystemofbloodvesselstodelivernutrientssoitshouldbepossibletogrowtissueculturesmorethanamillimetrethick--thecurrentlimit. HenkHaagsmanameatscientistattheUniversityofUtrechtintheNetherlandsistryingtomakemincedporkfromculturedstemcellswiththebackingofStegemanasausagecompany.Itcouldbeusedinsausagesburgersandsauces. ButwhywouldanyonewanttoeatculturedmeatratherthansomethingfreshlyslaughteredandjustofftheboneOneanswertomixmetaphorsisthatitwouldallowvegetarianstohavetheirmeatloafandeatittoo.Butthesausage-meatprojectsuggestsanotherreason:hygiene.AsIngridNewkirkofPETAananimal-rightsgroupputsit"noonewhoconsiderswhat’sinameathotdogcouldgenuinelyexpressanyreluctanceateatingacleanclonedmeatproduct." CulturedmeatcouldbegrowninsterileconditionsavoidingSalmonellaE.coliandothernasties.Itcouldalsobemadehealthierbyadjustingitscomposition--introducing.heart-friendlyomega-3fattyacidsforexample.Youcouldeventakeacellfromanendangeredanimalandwithoutthreateningitsextinctionmakemeatfromit. Whatcanbethereasonofpeopleeatingculturedmeatinsteadoftherealthing
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacomer;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquite4. 5thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhichoncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8. SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastaddhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurateastheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"Althoughtheforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitis18pointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutisatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
"Whatadifferenceawordmakes."Theissueofsemanticshasbeenanongoingcomplainagainstthemediawhichhasbeencharacterizedbyanincreasinglevelofsensationalismandirresponsiblereportingovertheyearsfosteredbyincreasinglyfiercecompetitionandstruggleforwiderdistributionsandreaderships. Afocalpointforthecriticismisthecoverageofhigh-profilecriminalcases.Withsuchheadlinesas"Mr.XArrestforFirst-DegreeMurder"prominentlydisplayedacrossthefrontpageithasbeenarguedthatsuchprovocativelanguageinfluencespublicopinioncausingprematureassumptionsofguiltbeforethemattercanbeproperlyandlegallydecidedinacourtoflaw.Thepowerofthemediatoinfluencepublicopinionandbyextensionlegalandpoliticalperceptionshaslongbeenestablishedandrecognizedspurringoutcrieswheninaccurateoroverlyembellishedstoriesresultinunwarranteddestructionofpublicimageorintrusionintoprivacyofunwillingindividuals. Reportersandeditorstaketheutmostcareintheirchoiceofwordsforuseintheirarticlesbutwithconstantpressuretocreateprovocativeheadlinesinordertoselltheirpapersthedistinctionbetweenrespectableperiodicalsandtrashytabloidsisbecomingthinnereveryday.Thedilemmaisexacerbatedbythepublic’sseemingshortattentionspanputtingthepapersunderpressuretomaketheirstoriesasattention-grabbingastheyareaccurate.Furtherobfuscatingthesituationisthefactthatthesamephrasecanbeinterpretedinamyriadofdifferentwaysdependingonwhoreadsitmakingithardforonetojudgewhetheralineisexcessiveornot. WhateverthecausesandeffectshoweverthefreedomofpreslawsintheUnitedStatesmeanthatanychangetothestyleemployedbythemediamustbeself-imposed.Inthatrespectitappearsthatnothingwillbechanginginthenearfuturesincethepublic’sinsatiablehungerforcontroversyandscandalcontinuestodominateandsetthepaceformarketablereporting.Asthesensationalismanditsrelatedeffectscontinueintothelongertermhowevertherewillnodoubtbemoreoutcryasthetrendcontinues.Thiswillpossiblyresultinanupheavalofthesystem;favoringmoreaccurateunembellishedreportingconsistingofhardfactswithaminimumofsuppositionorcommentaryanddevoidofrumorsandotherquestionablesourcesofinformation.Ifandwhenthatoccurswecantrulystatewithpridethatourmediaindustryisonlyafreeonebataresponsibleandreliableone. Thewordexacerbateline4paragraph3hassimilarmeaningwith
什么是规模经济并以汽车工业为例结合我国的情况来说明规模经济的重要性
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacomer;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquite4. 5thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhichoncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8. SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastaddhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurateastheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"Althoughtheforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitis18pointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutisatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacomer;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquite4. 5thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhichoncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8. SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastaddhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurateastheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"Althoughtheforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitis18pointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutisatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
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