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Text 3 A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good m...
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第三部分阅读理解共20小题每小题2分满分40分阅读下列短文从每题所给的四个选项A.B.C和D中选出最
Ashopkeepersenthissontolearnaboutthesecretofhappin
Thedifferencebetweenasmartmanandawisemanis_______a
where
when
that
whether
Onceuponatimetherewasawisemanwhousedtogototheseato
Ashopkeepersenthissontolearnaboutthesecretofhappin
Onceuponatimetherewasawisemanwhousedtogototheseato
Onceuponatimetherewasawisemanthatusedtogototheseat
Nomanisborn_____.Weallneedtolearntobecome_____.
wise; wise
wisely; wisely
wise; wisely
wisely; wise
6分Thereoncelivedayoungmanwhothoughthimselftobepoo
Inoldtimestherewasastoryaboutayoungathleticboyhung
Ashopkeepersenthissontolearnaboutthesecretofhappin
Earlytobedearlytorisemakeamanhealthy____________we
Ashopkeepersenthissontolearnaboutthesecretofhappin
完形填空阅读下面短文掌握其大意然后从A.B.C.D.四个选项中选出最佳选项Longagotherew
Thefmanlooksforhappinessinthedistance;thewisemang
Hewhooftenfoolothersisnotawiseman.
完形填空Longagotherewasaboywhowashungryforsuccess.Forh
Therewasonceanoldwisemanlivingonthetopofamountain.
Therewasonceayoungmanwhobegantofeelself-satisfieda
Thereoncelivedayoungmanwhothoughthimselftobepoor.O
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JimBoonisahybridkindofguy.HedrivesaToyotahybridtoworkaHondahybridonweekendsandasamanagerforSeattlepublictransitherecentlyplacedtheworld’slargestorderforhybridelectricbuses.Nowwiththebiggesthybrid-busfleetintheworldSeattlehasbecomethemaintestinggroundforatechnologythatclaimsitcandrasticallycutairpollutionandfuelconsumption.Inthe1990sdemofleetsof35busesorfewerstartedcroppingupincitiessuchasTempeAriz.SixteenoftheseearlyhybridsstillserviceGenoaItalywheredriversswitchfromdieseltoelectricpowerwhenpassingthecity’sdowntownarchitecturaltreasures.ButnocityhasgoneasfarasSeattlewhichlastyearbought235GMhybridbusesat$645000apop.WhenthefinalonerollsoutthisDecembertheregion’sbussystemwillbe15percenthybrid.ButwhySeattleandwhynowThePacificNorthwesthaslongbeenahotbedofbothGreenpoliticsandcutting-edgetechnology.FourteenyearsagotheSeattleareabought236Italian-madeBredabusestoserviceamile-longdowntowntunnel.TheyweresupposedtooperateascleanelectrictrolleysundergroundbuttheswitchingmechanismoftenfailedandthebusdrovethroughthetunnelasadieselsaysBoon.Itwasprettyloudandsmoky.WhentheBredashitretirementagein2002Boonwentshopping.HechosetheGMbusesbecausetheyuseanautomatictransmissionanddieselboostersthatprovidepowertoscaleinclineswithoutstrain.InhillySeattletheprospectofahybridthatcouldclimblikeadieselbutacceleratewithoutbelchingblackfumeshelpedjustifyaprice$200000higherthanthatofaregularbus.ThedaysofseeingadieselpullawayandpouroutsmokeareoversaysBoon.AfterwedrovethesehybridbusesacrossthecountryIwipedahandkerchiefinsidethetailpipe.Itcameoutspotless.Expertssaybusesarecriticaltorealizingthehybriddreamofgreaterefficiencyandcleanerair.Itwouldtakethousandsofhybridcarstosaveasmanygallonsofgas750000asBoonexpectshisbusestosaveSeattleeachyear.GMclaimsthatcomparedwithconventionaldieselsitsnewbusesalsochurnout90percentlessparticulatematter—aknowncarcinogen.BusesareamajorsourceofpollutioninanycitysaysDaveKircherofthePugetSoundCleanAirAgency.Theyoperatewherepeoplearebreathingthisexhaustsothisisamajorstepforwardintermsofemissions.Andamajorstepforwardinthemarketplace:PhiladelphiaHonoluluLongBeachCalif.andAlbuquerqueN.M.haveallboughttheGMbusesinrecentmonths.GMisnowtoutingitselfinadsasthetophybrid-businnovatorbutSiemensisamongtheglobalgiantsduelingGMfornewbusinessandNewYorkplanstodeploy325BAESystemshybridsby2006.There’sroomforcompetitionsaysJamesCannoneditorofHybridVehiclesnewsletter.SeemsSeattleisn’ttheonlycitytryingtoleavegrungebehind.Whyarebusescriticaltorealizingthehybriddreamofhigherefficiency
Thiselectionyearthedebateovercloningtechnologyhasbecomeacircus--andhardlyanybodyhasnoticedthegorillahidinginthetent.EvenwhilePresidentBushhasendorsedthrowingscientistsinjailtostop’recklessexperimentsit’sjustpossibletheFirstAmendmentwillprotectresearcherswhowanttoperformcloningresearch.Dr.LeonKassthechairmanofthePresident’sCouncilonBioethicswouldliketokeepthatasecret.Idon’twanttoencouragesuchthinkinghesaid.ButthenotionthattheFirstAmendmentcreatesarighttoresearchhasbeenaroundforalongtimeandKassknowsit.In1977foureminentlegalscholars--ThomasEmersonJeromeBarronWalterBernsandHaroldP.Green--wereaskedtotestifybeforetheHouseSubcommitteeonScienceTechnologyandSpace.AtthetimetherewasalarminthecountryoverrecombinantDNA.Somepeoplefearedclonesdesignerbabiesaplagueofsuperbacteria.Thecommitteewantedtoknowifthefederalgovernmentshouldorcouldrestrictthescience.CertainlytheoverwhelmingtenorofthetestimonywasinfavorofprotectingitBarronwhonowteachesatGeorgeWashingtonUniversityrecalls.Barnsaconservativepoliticalscientistwasforcedtoagree.Hedidn’tlikethisconclusionbe-causehefearedtheconsequencesoftinkeringwithnaturebutevenafterconsultingwithKassbeforehistestimonyhetoldCongressthattheFirstAmendmentprotectedthiskindofresearch.Todayhebelievesitprotectscloningexperimentsaswell.Law-reviewarticleswrittenatthetimesupportedBarnsandsowouldareportissuedbyCongress’sOfficeofTechnologyAssessmentO.T.A..Butthecourtsnevergotthechancetofacetheright-to-researchissuesquarely.AnoversightbodycalledtheRecombinantDNAAdvisoryCommitteeformedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthessentiallyallowedsciencetopoliceitself.Sothediscussionwassubmerged.Untilnow.Whylegalscholarswoulddefendtherighttoresearchishardlymysterious.ThefoundingfatherspassionatelydefendedscientificandacademicfreedomandtheSupremeCourthastraditionallyhadahighregardforit.ButwhywouldtherighttoreadwriteandspeakasyoupleaseextendtothetighttoexperimentinthelabNeoconservativeslikeKasshaveemphasizedtheneedtomaintainafixedconceptionofhumannature.ButtheO.T.A.directlyaddressedthisina1981report.Eveniftherationale..wereexpandedtoincludesituationswhereknowledgethreatensfundamentalculturalvaluesaboutthenatureofmancontrolofresearchforsuchareasonprobablywouldnotbeconstitutionallypermissibleThegovernmentcanrestrictspeechifitcanproveacompellinginterestlikepublicsafetyornationalsecurity.Butcourtshavesetthatbarveryhigh.Unlikesayanexperimentthatreleasessmallpoxintothewindtostudyhowitspreadswhichcouldbebannedembryoresearchpresentsnoreadilyapparentdangertopublichealthorsecurity.Andifthat’sthecasescientistswhowishtocreatestemcellsbycloningmighthaveanewsourceofsuccor:theU.S.Constitution.Whichofthefollowingisstronglyagainstcloningresearch
[A]HowevertheproductionofTGiscontrolledbyanenzymethatisinturnencodedbyagenecalledUGT2B17.Thisgenecomesintwovarietiesoneofwhichhasapartmissingandthereforedoesnotworkproperly.ApersonmaythushavenoneoneortwoworkingcopiesofUGT2B17sinceheinheritsonecopyfromeachparent.DrSchulzeguessedthatdifferentnumbersofworkingcopieswouldproducedifferenttestresults.Shethereforegavehealthymalevolunteerswhosegeneshadbeenexaminedasingle360mgshotoftestosteronethestandarddoseforlegitimatemedicaluseandcheckedtheirurinetoseewhethertheshotcouldbedetected. [B]DrSchulzealsosaysthereissubstantialethnicvariationinUGT2B17genotypes.Two-thirdsofAsianshavenofunctionalcopiesofthegenewhichmeanstheyhaveanaturallylowratioofTGtoEGcomparedwithunderatenthofCaucasians--somethingtheanti-dopingbodiesmaywishtotakeintoaccount. [C]ThetestusuallyemployedfortestosteroneabusereliesonmeasuringtheratiooftwochemicalsfoundintheurinetestosteroneglucuronideTGandepitestosteroneglucuronideEG.Theformerisproducedwhentestosteroneisbrokendownwhilethelatterisunrelatedtotestosteronemetabolismandcanthusserveasareferencepointforthetest.AnyratioabovefouroftheformertooneofthelatterisaccordingtoofficialOlympicpolicyconsideredsuspiciousandleadstomoretests. [D]Theresultwasremarkable.NearlyhalfofthemenwhocarriednofunctionalcopiesofUGT2B17wouldhavegoneundetectedinthestandarddopingtest.Bycontrast14%ofthosewithtwofunctionalcopiesofthegenewereoverthedetectionthresholdbeforetheyhadevenreceivedaninjection.Theresearchersestimatethiswouldgiveafalse-positivetestingrateof9%inarandompopulationofyoungmen. [E]Theagencieshavehadremarkablesuccess.Testingforanabolicsteroidsinotherwordsartificialtestosteronewasintroducedinthe1970sandtheincidenceofcheatingseemstohavefallendramaticallyasaresultseechart.Thetestshoweverarenotfoolproof.AndastudyjustpublishedintheJournalofClinicalEndocrinology&MetabolismbyJennyJakobssonSchulzeandhercolleaguesattheKarolinskaInstituteinSwedensuggeststhatanindividual’sgeneticmake-upcouldconfoundthemintwodifferentways.Onegenotypetousethejargonmayallowathleteswhouseanabolicsteroidstoescapedetectionaltogether.Anothermayactuallybeconvictingtheinnocent. [F]Cheatinginsportisasoldassportitself.TheathletesofancientGreeceusedpotionstofortifythemselvesbeforeacontestandtheirmoderncounterpartshaveeverythingfromanabolicsteroidsandgrowthhormonestodosesofextraredbloodcellswithwhichtoinvigoratetheirbodies.ThesedayshoweversuchstimulantsarefrownedonandthoseathletesmustthereforerunthegauntletoforganisationssuchastheWorldAnti-DopingAgencywhichwouldrathertheycompetedwithoutresortingtothem. [G]InthemeantimeDrSchulze’sstudydoesseemtoofferinnocentsawayofdefendingthemselves.AthletestravellingtoBeijingfortheOlympicgameslaterthisyearmaybewisetotravelarmednotonlywithcourageandthe"spiritofOlympianism"butalsowithacopyoftheirgeneticprofilejustincase. Order: 43
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Americansarenowflyingthecrowdedcrankyskies.FlightdelaysinJanuaryweretheworstforthatmonthsince1999.Weatherisalwaystheprimarycauseofdelays.AddtothattheUSAirwaysChristmasbaggagemeltdownandComair’scomputerfailurethecombinationofwhichlefthundredsofthousandsoffliersstrandedatairports.Butairlineemployeesseeadeeperreasonforboththeincreaseindelaysandpassengercomplaints:ademoralizedandfrustratedworkforcethat’sbeingaskedtodomoreevenasit’sgettingpaidlass.Theairlinesandunionsarequicktopraisetheirworkersforrisingtothechallengeduringtheseverydifficulttimesaswellasforcarryingthebruntofthecostcutting.Butuneaseisgrowingwithintheranks.Andpassengershavenoticed.Forinstancesomeoftheso-calledoldercarriersnowrequiregateagentstocleantheplanesaswellascheckpeoplein.Sosomepassengershavefoundthemselveswithoutacustomer-serviceagenttotalktountiljustbeforetheplaneleaves.PilotsfindthemselvesstuckatthegatebecausetheirCrewofflightattendantshasalreadyworkedaslongastheFAAwouldallowthemto.They’vecutemployeestosuchadegreethattheydon’thaveenoughemployeestodothejobandservethecustomersproperlysaysonepilot.Themajorairlinescontendthat’snotthecaseatall.JeffGreenaspokesmanforUnitedAirlinessaysthemajorcarriershaveshrunksignificantlysince9/11.Whiletherearefarfeweremployeestheairlinealsohasfarfewerflights.HealsonotesthatUnitedhashaditsbeston-timeperformanceinthepasttwoyearsandthatinternalgaugesofcustomersatisfactionareup.WhatouremployeesaregoingthroughisnothavinganeffectonourcustomerservicesaysMr.Green.Employeesonthefrontlinetelladifferentstory.They’rejustclosingthedoorsandreleasingthebrakesotheycanreportanon-timedeparturewheninrealitytheymaystillbeloadingcargofor30minutes.Aviationexpertscontendthatifthat’sthecasethemajorairlinesmayfindevenmorechallengesahead.Astheirfarestructuresandpricescomeclosertothoseofthesuccessfullow-costcarrierscustomerservicewillbecomeevenmorecrucialindeterminingwhichairlinessucceed.Thewayyou’retreatedontheplanespeaksalotastowhetheryou’llflythatairlineagainsaysHelaneBeckeranairlineanalyst.It’snotthebe-allandend-all.It’snotgoingtoputanairlineoutofbusiness.Butit’snotgoingtohelpitaloteitherifthey’realreadyintrouble./Aviationexpertsbelievethatthecustomerserviceofthemajorairlines
InNovembertheEuropeanParliament’scultureandeducationcommitteeisduetomoveforwardonitsproposedaudiovisualmediaservicesdirectivebeforesendingittothefullparliamentinDecember.ThenewrulesupdateandrelaxtheTelevisionWithoutFrontiersdirectiveof1989whichopenedEurope’snationalmarkets.Butcriticscomplainthattheyalsoseektoextendfustyregulationsfromtheeraofbroadcasttelevisiontotoday’sverydifferenttechnologies.Rulesonadvertisingtheprotectionofchildrenandsooncouldpotentiallyalsoapplytoallkindsofvideostreamsincludingvideoblogsonlinegamesandmobile-videoservices.ThiscouldhaveachillingeffectoninnovationandrisksstiflingemergingtechnologieswithrulesdesignedforanotheragesaysChrisMarsdenofRANDEuropeathink-tankthathasanalysedthepotentialimpactoftheproposedrulesforOfcomBritain’smediaandtelecomsregulator.Regulatorshavetobethoughtful.Theycannotpredictthefutureoftelevisionortheinternet—noonecansaysNiklasZennstr.maco-founderofSkypewhoisnowsettingupaninternettelevisionfirm.Theproposedrulesmaybeunrealisticaswellasonerous.Theideathatwebsitescanberegulatedlikebroadcasterswhicharerequiredtokeepstrictrecordsofwhattheyshowinordertohelpwatchdogsinvestigatecomplaintsisuntenable.FirmscouldsimplyrelocateoutsidetheEuropeanUniontoescapethenewrules.LastweekRuthHieronymiamemberofparliamentsaidshewouldintroducewordingthatmighthelptoovercomesomeoftheobjections.Behindthedebateisthequestionofhowbesttobalancecompetitionandprotection.Traditionalbroadcastersworrythattheywillbeshackledbyregulationswhilebriskstart-upscandoastheyplease—sotheyliketheideaofextendingregulationtotheirnewrivals.Buteveniftherulesareapprovedastheystandtheywillnotcomeintoforceuntil2010.Suchalongslowprocessseemsincongruousgiventhepaceoftechnologicalchange.AccordingtotheParagragh3NiklasZennstr.mthinkthat______.
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Thiselectionyearthedebateovercloningtechnologyhasbecomeacircus--andhardlyanybodyhasnoticedthegorillahidinginthetent.EvenwhilePresidentBushhasendorsedthrowingscientistsinjailtostop’recklessexperimentsit’sjustpossibletheFirstAmendmentwillprotectresearcherswhowanttoperformcloningresearch.Dr.LeonKassthechairmanofthePresident’sCouncilonBioethicswouldliketokeepthatasecret.Idon’twanttoencouragesuchthinkinghesaid.ButthenotionthattheFirstAmendmentcreatesarighttoresearchhasbeenaroundforalongtimeandKassknowsit.In1977foureminentlegalscholars--ThomasEmersonJeromeBarronWalterBernsandHaroldP.Green--wereaskedtotestifybeforetheHouseSubcommitteeonScienceTechnologyandSpace.AtthetimetherewasalarminthecountryoverrecombinantDNA.Somepeoplefearedclonesdesignerbabiesaplagueofsuperbacteria.Thecommitteewantedtoknowifthefederalgovernmentshouldorcouldrestrictthescience.CertainlytheoverwhelmingtenorofthetestimonywasinfavorofprotectingitBarronwhonowteachesatGeorgeWashingtonUniversityrecalls.Barnsaconservativepoliticalscientistwasforcedtoagree.Hedidn’tlikethisconclusionbe-causehefearedtheconsequencesoftinkeringwithnaturebutevenafterconsultingwithKassbeforehistestimonyhetoldCongressthattheFirstAmendmentprotectedthiskindofresearch.Todayhebelievesitprotectscloningexperimentsaswell.Law-reviewarticleswrittenatthetimesupportedBarnsandsowouldareportissuedbyCongress’sOfficeofTechnologyAssessmentO.T.A..Butthecourtsnevergotthechancetofacetheright-to-researchissuesquarely.AnoversightbodycalledtheRecombinantDNAAdvisoryCommitteeformedbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthessentiallyallowedsciencetopoliceitself.Sothediscussionwassubmerged.Untilnow.Whylegalscholarswoulddefendtherighttoresearchishardlymysterious.ThefoundingfatherspassionatelydefendedscientificandacademicfreedomandtheSupremeCourthastraditionallyhadahighregardforit.ButwhywouldtherighttoreadwriteandspeakasyoupleaseextendtothetighttoexperimentinthelabNeoconservativeslikeKasshaveemphasizedtheneedtomaintainafixedconceptionofhumannature.ButtheO.T.A.directlyaddressedthisina1981report.Eveniftherationale..wereexpandedtoincludesituationswhereknowledgethreatensfundamentalculturalvaluesaboutthenatureofmancontrolofresearchforsuchareasonprobablywouldnotbeconstitutionallypermissibleThegovernmentcanrestrictspeechifitcanproveacompellinginterestlikepublicsafetyornationalsecurity.Butcourtshavesetthatbarveryhigh.Unlikesayanexperimentthatreleasessmallpoxintothewindtostudyhowitspreadswhichcouldbebannedembryoresearchpresentsnoreadilyapparentdangertopublichealthorsecurity.Andifthat’sthecasescientistswhowishtocreatestemcellsbycloningmighthaveanewsourceofsuccor:theU.S.Constitution.ItisbroadlyacceptedthatbytheFirstAmendmentcloningexperimentsshouldbe
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
[A]HowevertheproductionofTGiscontrolledbyanenzymethatisinturnencodedbyagenecalledUGT2B17.Thisgenecomesintwovarietiesoneofwhichhasapartmissingandthereforedoesnotworkproperly.ApersonmaythushavenoneoneortwoworkingcopiesofUGT2B17sinceheinheritsonecopyfromeachparent.DrSchulzeguessedthatdifferentnumbersofworkingcopieswouldproducedifferenttestresults.Shethereforegavehealthymalevolunteerswhosegeneshadbeenexaminedasingle360mgshotoftestosteronethestandarddoseforlegitimatemedicaluseandcheckedtheirurinetoseewhethertheshotcouldbedetected. [B]DrSchulzealsosaysthereissubstantialethnicvariationinUGT2B17genotypes.Two-thirdsofAsianshavenofunctionalcopiesofthegenewhichmeanstheyhaveanaturallylowratioofTGtoEGcomparedwithunderatenthofCaucasians--somethingtheanti-dopingbodiesmaywishtotakeintoaccount. [C]ThetestusuallyemployedfortestosteroneabusereliesonmeasuringtheratiooftwochemicalsfoundintheurinetestosteroneglucuronideTGandepitestosteroneglucuronideEG.Theformerisproducedwhentestosteroneisbrokendownwhilethelatterisunrelatedtotestosteronemetabolismandcanthusserveasareferencepointforthetest.AnyratioabovefouroftheformertooneofthelatterisaccordingtoofficialOlympicpolicyconsideredsuspiciousandleadstomoretests. [D]Theresultwasremarkable.NearlyhalfofthemenwhocarriednofunctionalcopiesofUGT2B17wouldhavegoneundetectedinthestandarddopingtest.Bycontrast14%ofthosewithtwofunctionalcopiesofthegenewereoverthedetectionthresholdbeforetheyhadevenreceivedaninjection.Theresearchersestimatethiswouldgiveafalse-positivetestingrateof9%inarandompopulationofyoungmen. [E]Theagencieshavehadremarkablesuccess.Testingforanabolicsteroidsinotherwordsartificialtestosteronewasintroducedinthe1970sandtheincidenceofcheatingseemstohavefallendramaticallyasaresultseechart.Thetestshoweverarenotfoolproof.AndastudyjustpublishedintheJournalofClinicalEndocrinology&MetabolismbyJennyJakobssonSchulzeandhercolleaguesattheKarolinskaInstituteinSwedensuggeststhatanindividual’sgeneticmake-upcouldconfoundthemintwodifferentways.Onegenotypetousethejargonmayallowathleteswhouseanabolicsteroidstoescapedetectionaltogether.Anothermayactuallybeconvictingtheinnocent. [F]Cheatinginsportisasoldassportitself.TheathletesofancientGreeceusedpotionstofortifythemselvesbeforeacontestandtheirmoderncounterpartshaveeverythingfromanabolicsteroidsandgrowthhormonestodosesofextraredbloodcellswithwhichtoinvigoratetheirbodies.ThesedayshoweversuchstimulantsarefrownedonandthoseathletesmustthereforerunthegauntletoforganisationssuchastheWorldAnti-DopingAgencywhichwouldrathertheycompetedwithoutresortingtothem. [G]InthemeantimeDrSchulze’sstudydoesseemtoofferinnocentsawayofdefendingthemselves.AthletestravellingtoBeijingfortheOlympicgameslaterthisyearmaybewisetotravelarmednotonlywithcourageandthe"spiritofOlympianism"butalsowithacopyoftheirgeneticprofilejustincase. Order: 41
AcoupleofyearsagoagroupofmanagementscholarsfromYaleandtheUniversityofPittsburghtriedtodiscoveriftherewasalinkbetweenacompany’ssuccessandthepersonalityofitsboss.46Toworkoutwhatthatpersonalitywastheyaskedseniormanagerstoscoretheirbossesforsuchtraitsasanabilitytocommunicateanexcitingvisionofthefutureortostandasagoodmodelforotherstofollow.Whenthedatawereanalyzedtheresearchersfoundnoevidenceofaconnectionbetweenhowwellafirmwasdoingandwhatitsbosswaslike.Asfarastheycouldtellacompanycouldnotbejudgedbyitschiefexecutiveanybetterthanabookcouldbejudgedbyitscover. 47AfewyearsbeforethishoweverateamofpsychologistsfromTuftsUniversityledbyNaliniAmbadydiscoveredthatwhenpeoplewatchedtwo-second-longfilm-clipsofprofessorslecturingtheywereprettygoodatdetermininghowableateachereachprofessoractuallywas. NowDrAmbadyandhercolleagueNicholasRulehavetakenthingsastepfurther.48Theyhaveshownthatevenastillphotographcanconveyalotofinformationaboutcompetence—andthatitcandosoinawaywhichsuggeststheassessmentsofallthoseseniormanagerswerenonsense. DrAmbadyandMr.Ruleshowed100undergraduatesthefacesofthechiefexecutivesofthetop25andthebottom25companiesintheFortune1000list.Halfthestudentswereaskedhowgoodtheythoughtthepersontheywerelookingatwouldbeatleadingacompanyandhalfwereaskedtoratefivepersonalitytraitsonthebasisofthephotograph.49Thesetraitswerecompetencedominancelikabilityfacialmaturityinotherwordsdidtheindividualhaveanadult-lookingfaceorababy-faceandtrustworthiness. AndDrAmbadyandMr.Ruleweresurprisedbyjusthowaccuratethestudents’observationswere.TheresultsoftheirstudywhichareabouttobepublishedinPsychologicalScienceshowthatboththestudents’assessmentsoftheleadershippotentialofthebossesandtheirratingsforthetraitsofcompetencedominanceandfacialmaturityweresignificantlyrelatedtoacompany’sprofits. 50Sadlythecharacteristicsoflikabilityandtrustworthinessappeartohavenolinktocompanyprofitssuggestingthatwhenitcomestobusinesssuccessbeingwarmandfuzzydoesnotmattermuchthoughthesetraitsarenotharmful. 47
WithoutanoversizedcalendartackedtotheirkitchenwallFernReissandherfamilycouldneverkeeptrackofallthemeetingsappointmentshome-schoolinglessonsandactivitiesthatfilltheirbusydays.I’mnotsuretheymakeacalendarlargeenoughforussaysMs.ReissofNewtonMass.explainingthatherliferevolvesaroundtwocompaniesthreechildrenaspousealotofcommunityinvolvementasociallifethekids’sociallifeandvolunteeringinasoupkitcheneveryweek.Everybodyweknowisleadingafreneticlifesheadds.Oursisfrenetictoobutwe’respendingthebulkofourtimewithourkids.Eventhoughwe’rehavingacrazylifewe’rehavingitintherightway.Althoughextremebusynessishardlyanewphenomenonthesubjectisgettingrenewedattentionfromresearchers.Agoodlifehastodowithlifehavingadirectionlifehavinganarrativewiththestorieswetel1ourselvesChuckDarrahananthropologistsays.Busynessfragmentsallthat.We’reabsolutelyfocusedongettingthroughthenexthourthenextdaythenextweek.Itdoesraisequestions:IfnotbusynesswhatIfweweren’tsoBusywhatwouldwebedoingIfpeopleweren’tsobusywouldtheybeapoetapainterFortheReissespartoflivingagoodlifehoweverbusymeansincludingthecouple’schildreninvolunteerworkandcommunityactivities.Wewantthekidstoseethatthat’sapriorityshesaysBetweenworkingfulltimeasapublicistcaringforherhomespendingtimewithherhusbandandextendedfamilyandhelpinghergrandmotherthreetimesaweekawoman.saysIamexhaust-edallthetime.LikeotherssheconcedesthatshesetssomewhatunrealisticexpectationsforwhatshecanaccomplishinadayBeingrealisticisagoalDarrahencouragessayingWecandoeverythingbutwecan’tdoeverythingwellandatthesametime.Hecautionsthatbusynesscanresultinpoordecisionssloppyqualityandneglectofthethingsandpeoplethatmattermostinthelongrun.Headvises:Stoptakingonsomuchandkeepinperspectivewhat’smostimportanttoyou.Darrah’sownschedulere-mainsfullbutheinsistshedoesnotfeelbusy.HissecretConfiningactivitiestothingshemustdoandthosehewantstodo.Heandhiswifedonotoverscheduletheirchildren.TothosewithoneeyeonthecalendarandtheotheronthedeckDarrahoffersthisadvice:Beforeyoutakeanythingonaskyourself:DoyouhavetodothisDoyouwanttodothisLivewithakindofmindfulnesssoyoudon’twakeupanddiscoverthatyourlifeisawhirloftransportationandcommunicationandyou’vehollowedyourselfout./Theexampleofthepublicistisusedtoshowmostpeople’s
WithoutanoversizedcalendartackedtotheirkitchenwallFernReissandherfamilycouldneverkeeptrackofallthemeetingsappointmentshome-schoolinglessonsandactivitiesthatfilltheirbusydays.I’mnotsuretheymakeacalendarlargeenoughforussaysMs.ReissofNewtonMass.explainingthatherliferevolvesaroundtwocompaniesthreechildrenaspousealotofcommunityinvolvementasociallifethekids’sociallifeandvolunteeringinasoupkitcheneveryweek.Everybodyweknowisleadingafreneticlifesheadds.Oursisfrenetictoobutwe’respendingthebulkofourtimewithourkids.Eventhoughwe’rehavingacrazylifewe’rehavingitintherightway.Althoughextremebusynessishardlyanewphenomenonthesubjectisgettingrenewedattentionfromresearchers.Agoodlifehastodowithlifehavingadirectionlifehavinganarrativewiththestorieswetel1ourselvesChuckDarrahananthropologistsays.Busynessfragmentsallthat.We’reabsolutelyfocusedongettingthroughthenexthourthenextdaythenextweek.Itdoesraisequestions:IfnotbusynesswhatIfweweren’tsoBusywhatwouldwebedoingIfpeopleweren’tsobusywouldtheybeapoetapainterFortheReissespartoflivingagoodlifehoweverbusymeansincludingthecouple’schildreninvolunteerworkandcommunityactivities.Wewantthekidstoseethatthat’sapriorityshesaysBetweenworkingfulltimeasapublicistcaringforherhomespendingtimewithherhusbandandextendedfamilyandhelpinghergrandmotherthreetimesaweekawoman.saysIamexhaust-edallthetime.LikeotherssheconcedesthatshesetssomewhatunrealisticexpectationsforwhatshecanaccomplishinadayBeingrealisticisagoalDarrahencouragessayingWecandoeverythingbutwecan’tdoeverythingwellandatthesametime.Hecautionsthatbusynesscanresultinpoordecisionssloppyqualityandneglectofthethingsandpeoplethatmattermostinthelongrun.Headvises:Stoptakingonsomuchandkeepinperspectivewhat’smostimportanttoyou.Darrah’sownschedulere-mainsfullbutheinsistshedoesnotfeelbusy.HissecretConfiningactivitiestothingshemustdoandthosehewantstodo.Heandhiswifedonotoverscheduletheirchildren.TothosewithoneeyeonthecalendarandtheotheronthedeckDarrahoffersthisadvice:Beforeyoutakeanythingonaskyourself:DoyouhavetodothisDoyouwanttodothisLivewithakindofmindfulnesssoyoudon’twakeupanddiscoverthatyourlifeisawhirloftransportationandcommunicationandyou’vehollowedyourselfout./InDarrah’sopinionpeopleshould
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Whatislesswellunderstoodbythegeneralpublicisthat-therehavebeenanumberoftrendswhichhavefurthercontributedtothediminishmentofexcavationasanactivity.AsBahnputsittherehavebeentwomajortrendsovertime:firstexcavationhasbecomefarslowerandmorepainstaking....Theworkisincrediblymeticulous...Secondlywecanlearnfarmorefromwhatwehave.Theconclusionstobedrawnfromthiswouldappeartobecontradictory.AstechnologyimprovesweareabletoundertakeawidevarietyofanalysisfrommicroscopicradiocarbondatingorevenDNA’samples.Theabilitytodeterminemorefromfewersamplesagainsuggeststhatlessexcavationisrequired.Moreovermoreoftenthannotthebalanceofeffortnowrestswiththespecialistanalysissuchaspollenexpertsanddatinganalysisratherthantheexcavators.Soagainsomeoftherequirementsforextensiveexcavationhavediminishedthroughtheadvancementofotheranalyticaltechniquesandnotjustsurfacesurveytechniques.FurthermoreArchaeologyitselfhaschangedinanumberofways.Nolongeristheemphasissimplyupontheacquisitionofmaterialcultureorartefacts.InmanycaseswehaveareasonableunderstandingofthesurvivingmaterialcultureIndeedinEgyptandItalyitemsarerebuffedinthegroundsimplybecausethemuseumsaretoofulltheftmayberipepreservationdifficultanddocumentationslow.TheemergencedprocessualarchaeologyunderBinfordandothersagainmovedarchaeologytowardsbroaderconceptsofexplanationprocessdeductionhypothesistestingquestionsettingandresponse.Answeringquestionsabouttheorganisationofsocietiestheenvironmentandtheirlifehaveamuchgreaterimportancetoday.Andansweringthesehowandwhyquestionsimpliesamuchbroaderscopeofwork.Excavationalonecannotanswerallthesequestions.Archaeologyneedsastructuredresearch’process.ThisprocedureisdescribedbyRenfrewandBahnasresearchdesign.Researchdesignhasfourcomponentsnamely:formulationthecollectionandrecordingprocessingandanalysisandpublication.Forexamplemoredetailedworkintheformulationpartcanfocuslinesofenquiryintoaspecificareaandtherebyagainreducetheamountofexcavationrequired.AsthequestionscurrentlyposedbyArchaeologiststendtobemore’strategic’thefocusofthefieldworkisalsoofastrategicnature.Overalllandscapescontexttradingpatternsandsystemsaremoreimportantthanindividualsites.Assuchthisrequiresdifferenttechniques.ASGreenestatesfieldworktodayisrarelydirectedatasinglesite.Itusuallyformspartofacomprehensivestudyofanarea.Hecontinuesstudiesaredesignedtoelucidatethebroadagriculturaleconomicandsocialdevelopments.WhydoestheconclusiondrawnfromBahn’swordsseemcontradictory
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Americansarenowflyingthecrowdedcrankyskies.FlightdelaysinJanuaryweretheworstforthatmonthsince1999.Weatherisalwaystheprimarycauseofdelays.AddtothattheUSAirwaysChristmasbaggagemeltdownandComair’scomputerfailurethecombinationofwhichlefthundredsofthousandsoffliersstrandedatairports.Butairlineemployeesseeadeeperreasonforboththeincreaseindelaysandpassengercomplaints:ademoralizedandfrustratedworkforcethat’sbeingaskedtodomoreevenasit’sgettingpaidlass.Theairlinesandunionsarequicktopraisetheirworkersforrisingtothechallengeduringtheseverydifficulttimesaswellasforcarryingthebruntofthecostcutting.Butuneaseisgrowingwithintheranks.Andpassengershavenoticed.Forinstancesomeoftheso-calledoldercarriersnowrequiregateagentstocleantheplanesaswellascheckpeoplein.Sosomepassengershavefoundthemselveswithoutacustomer-serviceagenttotalktountiljustbeforetheplaneleaves.PilotsfindthemselvesstuckatthegatebecausetheirCrewofflightattendantshasalreadyworkedaslongastheFAAwouldallowthemto.They’vecutemployeestosuchadegreethattheydon’thaveenoughemployeestodothejobandservethecustomersproperlysaysonepilot.Themajorairlinescontendthat’snotthecaseatall.JeffGreenaspokesmanforUnitedAirlinessaysthemajorcarriershaveshrunksignificantlysince9/11.Whiletherearefarfeweremployeestheairlinealsohasfarfewerflights.HealsonotesthatUnitedhashaditsbeston-timeperformanceinthepasttwoyearsandthatinternalgaugesofcustomersatisfactionareup.WhatouremployeesaregoingthroughisnothavinganeffectonourcustomerservicesaysMr.Green.Employeesonthefrontlinetelladifferentstory.They’rejustclosingthedoorsandreleasingthebrakesotheycanreportanon-timedeparturewheninrealitytheymaystillbeloadingcargofor30minutes.Aviationexpertscontendthatifthat’sthecasethemajorairlinesmayfindevenmorechallengesahead.Astheirfarestructuresandpricescomeclosertothoseofthesuccessfullow-costcarrierscustomerservicewillbecomeevenmorecrucialindeterminingwhichairlinessucceed.Thewayyou’retreatedontheplanespeaksalotastowhetheryou’llflythatairlineagainsaysHelaneBeckeranairlineanalyst.It’snotthebe-allandend-all.It’snotgoingtoputanairlineoutofbusiness.Butit’snotgoingtohelpitaloteitherifthey’realreadyintrouble./Theexamplementionedinparagraph3showsthat
AcoupleofyearsagoagroupofmanagementscholarsfromYaleandtheUniversityofPittsburghtriedtodiscoveriftherewasalinkbetweenacompany’ssuccessandthepersonalityofitsboss.46Toworkoutwhatthatpersonalitywastheyaskedseniormanagerstoscoretheirbossesforsuchtraitsasanabilitytocommunicateanexcitingvisionofthefutureortostandasagoodmodelforotherstofollow.Whenthedatawereanalyzedtheresearchersfoundnoevidenceofaconnectionbetweenhowwellafirmwasdoingandwhatitsbosswaslike.Asfarastheycouldtellacompanycouldnotbejudgedbyitschiefexecutiveanybetterthanabookcouldbejudgedbyitscover. 47AfewyearsbeforethishoweverateamofpsychologistsfromTuftsUniversityledbyNaliniAmbadydiscoveredthatwhenpeoplewatchedtwo-second-longfilm-clipsofprofessorslecturingtheywereprettygoodatdetermininghowableateachereachprofessoractuallywas. NowDrAmbadyandhercolleagueNicholasRulehavetakenthingsastepfurther.48Theyhaveshownthatevenastillphotographcanconveyalotofinformationaboutcompetence—andthatitcandosoinawaywhichsuggeststheassessmentsofallthoseseniormanagerswerenonsense. DrAmbadyandMr.Ruleshowed100undergraduatesthefacesofthechiefexecutivesofthetop25andthebottom25companiesintheFortune1000list.Halfthestudentswereaskedhowgoodtheythoughtthepersontheywerelookingatwouldbeatleadingacompanyandhalfwereaskedtoratefivepersonalitytraitsonthebasisofthephotograph.49Thesetraitswerecompetencedominancelikabilityfacialmaturityinotherwordsdidtheindividualhaveanadult-lookingfaceorababy-faceandtrustworthiness. AndDrAmbadyandMr.Ruleweresurprisedbyjusthowaccuratethestudents’observationswere.TheresultsoftheirstudywhichareabouttobepublishedinPsychologicalScienceshowthatboththestudents’assessmentsoftheleadershippotentialofthebossesandtheirratingsforthetraitsofcompetencedominanceandfacialmaturityweresignificantlyrelatedtoacompany’sprofits. 50Sadlythecharacteristicsoflikabilityandtrustworthinessappeartohavenolinktocompanyprofitssuggestingthatwhenitcomestobusinesssuccessbeingwarmandfuzzydoesnotmattermuchthoughthesetraitsarenotharmful. 49
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
JimBoonisahybridkindofguy.HedrivesaToyotahybridtoworkaHondahybridonweekendsandasamanagerforSeattlepublictransitherecentlyplacedtheworld’slargestorderforhybridelectricbuses.Nowwiththebiggesthybrid-busfleetintheworldSeattlehasbecomethemaintestinggroundforatechnologythatclaimsitcandrasticallycutairpollutionandfuelconsumption.Inthe1990sdemofleetsof35busesorfewerstartedcroppingupincitiessuchasTempeAriz.SixteenoftheseearlyhybridsstillserviceGenoaItalywheredriversswitchfromdieseltoelectricpowerwhenpassingthecity’sdowntownarchitecturaltreasures.ButnocityhasgoneasfarasSeattlewhichlastyearbought235GMhybridbusesat$645000apop.WhenthefinalonerollsoutthisDecembertheregion’sbussystemwillbe15percenthybrid.ButwhySeattleandwhynowThePacificNorthwesthaslongbeenahotbedofbothGreenpoliticsandcutting-edgetechnology.FourteenyearsagotheSeattleareabought236Italian-madeBredabusestoserviceamile-longdowntowntunnel.TheyweresupposedtooperateascleanelectrictrolleysundergroundbuttheswitchingmechanismoftenfailedandthebusdrovethroughthetunnelasadieselsaysBoon.Itwasprettyloudandsmoky.WhentheBredashitretirementagein2002Boonwentshopping.HechosetheGMbusesbecausetheyuseanautomatictransmissionanddieselboostersthatprovidepowertoscaleinclineswithoutstrain.InhillySeattletheprospectofahybridthatcouldclimblikeadieselbutacceleratewithoutbelchingblackfumeshelpedjustifyaprice$200000higherthanthatofaregularbus.ThedaysofseeingadieselpullawayandpouroutsmokeareoversaysBoon.AfterwedrovethesehybridbusesacrossthecountryIwipedahandkerchiefinsidethetailpipe.Itcameoutspotless.Expertssaybusesarecriticaltorealizingthehybriddreamofgreaterefficiencyandcleanerair.Itwouldtakethousandsofhybridcarstosaveasmanygallonsofgas750000asBoonexpectshisbusestosaveSeattleeachyear.GMclaimsthatcomparedwithconventionaldieselsitsnewbusesalsochurnout90percentlessparticulatematter—aknowncarcinogen.BusesareamajorsourceofpollutioninanycitysaysDaveKircherofthePugetSoundCleanAirAgency.Theyoperatewherepeoplearebreathingthisexhaustsothisisamajorstepforwardintermsofemissions.Andamajorstepforwardinthemarketplace:PhiladelphiaHonoluluLongBeachCalif.andAlbuquerqueN.M.haveallboughttheGMbusesinrecentmonths.GMisnowtoutingitselfinadsasthetophybrid-businnovatorbutSiemensisamongtheglobalgiantsduelingGMfornewbusinessandNewYorkplanstodeploy325BAESystemshybridsby2006.There’sroomforcompetitionsaysJamesCannoneditorofHybridVehiclesnewsletter.SeemsSeattleisn’ttheonlycitytryingtoleavegrungebehind.Whichofthefollowingcanbethemainadvantageofhybridbus
WithoutanoversizedcalendartackedtotheirkitchenwallFernReissandherfamilycouldneverkeeptrackofallthemeetingsappointmentshome-schoolinglessonsandactivitiesthatfilltheirbusydays.I’mnotsuretheymakeacalendarlargeenoughforussaysMs.ReissofNewtonMass.explainingthatherliferevolvesaroundtwocompaniesthreechildrenaspousealotofcommunityinvolvementasociallifethekids’sociallifeandvolunteeringinasoupkitcheneveryweek.Everybodyweknowisleadingafreneticlifesheadds.Oursisfrenetictoobutwe’respendingthebulkofourtimewithourkids.Eventhoughwe’rehavingacrazylifewe’rehavingitintherightway.Althoughextremebusynessishardlyanewphenomenonthesubjectisgettingrenewedattentionfromresearchers.Agoodlifehastodowithlifehavingadirectionlifehavinganarrativewiththestorieswetel1ourselvesChuckDarrahananthropologistsays.Busynessfragmentsallthat.We’reabsolutelyfocusedongettingthroughthenexthourthenextdaythenextweek.Itdoesraisequestions:IfnotbusynesswhatIfweweren’tsoBusywhatwouldwebedoingIfpeopleweren’tsobusywouldtheybeapoetapainterFortheReissespartoflivingagoodlifehoweverbusymeansincludingthecouple’schildreninvolunteerworkandcommunityactivities.Wewantthekidstoseethatthat’sapriorityshesaysBetweenworkingfulltimeasapublicistcaringforherhomespendingtimewithherhusbandandextendedfamilyandhelpinghergrandmotherthreetimesaweekawoman.saysIamexhaust-edallthetime.LikeotherssheconcedesthatshesetssomewhatunrealisticexpectationsforwhatshecanaccomplishinadayBeingrealisticisagoalDarrahencouragessayingWecandoeverythingbutwecan’tdoeverythingwellandatthesametime.Hecautionsthatbusynesscanresultinpoordecisionssloppyqualityandneglectofthethingsandpeoplethatmattermostinthelongrun.Headvises:Stoptakingonsomuchandkeepinperspectivewhat’smostimportanttoyou.Darrah’sownschedulere-mainsfullbutheinsistshedoesnotfeelbusy.HissecretConfiningactivitiestothingshemustdoandthosehewantstodo.Heandhiswifedonotoverscheduletheirchildren.TothosewithoneeyeonthecalendarandtheotheronthedeckDarrahoffersthisadvice:Beforeyoutakeanythingonaskyourself:DoyouhavetodothisDoyouwanttodothisLivewithakindofmindfulnesssoyoudon’twakeupanddiscoverthatyourlifeisawhirloftransportationandcommunicationandyou’vehollowedyourselfout./TheauthorwoulddescribetheReisses’lifeas
InNovembertheEuropeanParliament’scultureandeducationcommitteeisduetomoveforwardonitsproposedaudiovisualmediaservicesdirectivebeforesendingittothefullparliamentinDecember.ThenewrulesupdateandrelaxtheTelevisionWithoutFrontiersdirectiveof1989whichopenedEurope’snationalmarkets.Butcriticscomplainthattheyalsoseektoextendfustyregulationsfromtheeraofbroadcasttelevisiontotoday’sverydifferenttechnologies.Rulesonadvertisingtheprotectionofchildrenandsooncouldpotentiallyalsoapplytoallkindsofvideostreamsincludingvideoblogsonlinegamesandmobile-videoservices.ThiscouldhaveachillingeffectoninnovationandrisksstiflingemergingtechnologieswithrulesdesignedforanotheragesaysChrisMarsdenofRANDEuropeathink-tankthathasanalysedthepotentialimpactoftheproposedrulesforOfcomBritain’smediaandtelecomsregulator.Regulatorshavetobethoughtful.Theycannotpredictthefutureoftelevisionortheinternet—noonecansaysNiklasZennstr.maco-founderofSkypewhoisnowsettingupaninternettelevisionfirm.Theproposedrulesmaybeunrealisticaswellasonerous.Theideathatwebsitescanberegulatedlikebroadcasterswhicharerequiredtokeepstrictrecordsofwhattheyshowinordertohelpwatchdogsinvestigatecomplaintsisuntenable.FirmscouldsimplyrelocateoutsidetheEuropeanUniontoescapethenewrules.LastweekRuthHieronymiamemberofparliamentsaidshewouldintroducewordingthatmighthelptoovercomesomeoftheobjections.Behindthedebateisthequestionofhowbesttobalancecompetitionandprotection.Traditionalbroadcastersworrythattheywillbeshackledbyregulationswhilebriskstart-upscandoastheyplease—sotheyliketheideaofextendingregulationtotheirnewrivals.Buteveniftherulesareapprovedastheystandtheywillnotcomeintoforceuntil2010.Suchalongslowprocessseemsincongruousgiventhepaceoftechnologicalchange.WhyTraditionalbroadcasterswanttoextendregulationstothenewbroadcasters
YouwanttoinviteSusantoaparty.Writeaninvitationlettertoherelaboratingonthereasonwhysuchapartyshouldbeheldandwhatactivitieswillbearrangedforthem.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Americansarenowflyingthecrowdedcrankyskies.FlightdelaysinJanuaryweretheworstforthatmonthsince1999.Weatherisalwaystheprimarycauseofdelays.AddtothattheUSAirwaysChristmasbaggagemeltdownandComair’scomputerfailurethecombinationofwhichlefthundredsofthousandsoffliersstrandedatairports.Butairlineemployeesseeadeeperreasonforboththeincreaseindelaysandpassengercomplaints:ademoralizedandfrustratedworkforcethat’sbeingaskedtodomoreevenasit’sgettingpaidlass.Theairlinesandunionsarequicktopraisetheirworkersforrisingtothechallengeduringtheseverydifficulttimesaswellasforcarryingthebruntofthecostcutting.Butuneaseisgrowingwithintheranks.Andpassengershavenoticed.Forinstancesomeoftheso-calledoldercarriersnowrequiregateagentstocleantheplanesaswellascheckpeoplein.Sosomepassengershavefoundthemselveswithoutacustomer-serviceagenttotalktountiljustbeforetheplaneleaves.PilotsfindthemselvesstuckatthegatebecausetheirCrewofflightattendantshasalreadyworkedaslongastheFAAwouldallowthemto.They’vecutemployeestosuchadegreethattheydon’thaveenoughemployeestodothejobandservethecustomersproperlysaysonepilot.Themajorairlinescontendthat’snotthecaseatall.JeffGreenaspokesmanforUnitedAirlinessaysthemajorcarriershaveshrunksignificantlysince9/11.Whiletherearefarfeweremployeestheairlinealsohasfarfewerflights.HealsonotesthatUnitedhashaditsbeston-timeperformanceinthepasttwoyearsandthatinternalgaugesofcustomersatisfactionareup.WhatouremployeesaregoingthroughisnothavinganeffectonourcustomerservicesaysMr.Green.Employeesonthefrontlinetelladifferentstory.They’rejustclosingthedoorsandreleasingthebrakesotheycanreportanon-timedeparturewheninrealitytheymaystillbeloadingcargofor30minutes.Aviationexpertscontendthatifthat’sthecasethemajorairlinesmayfindevenmorechallengesahead.Astheirfarestructuresandpricescomeclosertothoseofthesuccessfullow-costcarrierscustomerservicewillbecomeevenmorecrucialindeterminingwhichairlinessucceed.Thewayyou’retreatedontheplanespeaksalotastowhetheryou’llflythatairlineagainsaysHelaneBeckeranairlineanalyst.It’snotthebe-allandend-all.It’snotgoingtoputanairlineoutofbusiness.Butit’snotgoingtohelpitaloteitherifthey’realreadyintrouble./Airlinedelaysmayresultin
Inhis1979bookTheSinkingArkbiologistNormanMyersestimatedthat1ofmorethan100human-causedextinctionsoccureachclayandthatonemillionspecies2bythecentury’send.Yetthereislittleevidenceof3thatnumberofextinctions.Forexampleonlysevenspeciesonthe4specieslisthavebecomeextinct5thelistwascreatedin1973. Bio-6isanimportantvalueaccordingtomanyscientists.Neverthelessthesupposedmassextinctionratesbandiedaboutare7bymultiplying8byimprobablestogetimponderables. Manyestimatesforinstancerelyagreatdealona"species-area9"whichpredictsthattwiceasmanyspecieswillbefoundon100squaremiles10ontensquaremiles.Theproblemisthatspeciesarenotdistributed11sobowmuchofaforestaredestroyedmaybeasimportantas12. 13saysArielLugodirectoroftheInternationalInstituteofTropicalForestryinPuertoRico"Biologistswhopredicthigh14rates15theresiliencyofnature". Oneofthemainmusesofextinctionsisdeforestation.AccordingtotheConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchwhatdestroystropicaltreesisnotcommerciallogging16"poorfarmerswhohavenoother17forfeedingtheirfamiliesthanslashingandburninga18offorest". Incountriesthatpracticemodern19agricultureforestsarein20danger.In1920U.S.forestscovered732millionacres.Todaytheycover737million. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Whatislesswellunderstoodbythegeneralpublicisthat-therehavebeenanumberoftrendswhichhavefurthercontributedtothediminishmentofexcavationasanactivity.AsBahnputsittherehavebeentwomajortrendsovertime:firstexcavationhasbecomefarslowerandmorepainstaking....Theworkisincrediblymeticulous...Secondlywecanlearnfarmorefromwhatwehave.Theconclusionstobedrawnfromthiswouldappeartobecontradictory.AstechnologyimprovesweareabletoundertakeawidevarietyofanalysisfrommicroscopicradiocarbondatingorevenDNA’samples.Theabilitytodeterminemorefromfewersamplesagainsuggeststhatlessexcavationisrequired.Moreovermoreoftenthannotthebalanceofeffortnowrestswiththespecialistanalysissuchaspollenexpertsanddatinganalysisratherthantheexcavators.Soagainsomeoftherequirementsforextensiveexcavationhavediminishedthroughtheadvancementofotheranalyticaltechniquesandnotjustsurfacesurveytechniques.FurthermoreArchaeologyitselfhaschangedinanumberofways.Nolongeristheemphasissimplyupontheacquisitionofmaterialcultureorartefacts.InmanycaseswehaveareasonableunderstandingofthesurvivingmaterialcultureIndeedinEgyptandItalyitemsarerebuffedinthegroundsimplybecausethemuseumsaretoofulltheftmayberipepreservationdifficultanddocumentationslow.TheemergencedprocessualarchaeologyunderBinfordandothersagainmovedarchaeologytowardsbroaderconceptsofexplanationprocessdeductionhypothesistestingquestionsettingandresponse.Answeringquestionsabouttheorganisationofsocietiestheenvironmentandtheirlifehaveamuchgreaterimportancetoday.Andansweringthesehowandwhyquestionsimpliesamuchbroaderscopeofwork.Excavationalonecannotanswerallthesequestions.Archaeologyneedsastructuredresearch’process.ThisprocedureisdescribedbyRenfrewandBahnasresearchdesign.Researchdesignhasfourcomponentsnamely:formulationthecollectionandrecordingprocessingandanalysisandpublication.Forexamplemoredetailedworkintheformulationpartcanfocuslinesofenquiryintoaspecificareaandtherebyagainreducetheamountofexcavationrequired.AsthequestionscurrentlyposedbyArchaeologiststendtobemore’strategic’thefocusofthefieldworkisalsoofastrategicnature.Overalllandscapescontexttradingpatternsandsystemsaremoreimportantthanindividualsites.Assuchthisrequiresdifferenttechniques.ASGreenestatesfieldworktodayisrarelydirectedatasinglesite.Itusuallyformspartofacomprehensivestudyofanarea.Hecontinuesstudiesaredesignedtoelucidatethebroadagriculturaleconomicandsocialdevelopments.Whichofthefollowingmayarchaeologistscurrentlyplaceleastimportanceon
[A]HowevertheproductionofTGiscontrolledbyanenzymethatisinturnencodedbyagenecalledUGT2B17.Thisgenecomesintwovarietiesoneofwhichhasapartmissingandthereforedoesnotworkproperly.ApersonmaythushavenoneoneortwoworkingcopiesofUGT2B17sinceheinheritsonecopyfromeachparent.DrSchulzeguessedthatdifferentnumbersofworkingcopieswouldproducedifferenttestresults.Shethereforegavehealthymalevolunteerswhosegeneshadbeenexaminedasingle360mgshotoftestosteronethestandarddoseforlegitimatemedicaluseandcheckedtheirurinetoseewhethertheshotcouldbedetected. [B]DrSchulzealsosaysthereissubstantialethnicvariationinUGT2B17genotypes.Two-thirdsofAsianshavenofunctionalcopiesofthegenewhichmeanstheyhaveanaturallylowratioofTGtoEGcomparedwithunderatenthofCaucasians--somethingtheanti-dopingbodiesmaywishtotakeintoaccount. [C]ThetestusuallyemployedfortestosteroneabusereliesonmeasuringtheratiooftwochemicalsfoundintheurinetestosteroneglucuronideTGandepitestosteroneglucuronideEG.Theformerisproducedwhentestosteroneisbrokendownwhilethelatterisunrelatedtotestosteronemetabolismandcanthusserveasareferencepointforthetest.AnyratioabovefouroftheformertooneofthelatterisaccordingtoofficialOlympicpolicyconsideredsuspiciousandleadstomoretests. [D]Theresultwasremarkable.NearlyhalfofthemenwhocarriednofunctionalcopiesofUGT2B17wouldhavegoneundetectedinthestandarddopingtest.Bycontrast14%ofthosewithtwofunctionalcopiesofthegenewereoverthedetectionthresholdbeforetheyhadevenreceivedaninjection.Theresearchersestimatethiswouldgiveafalse-positivetestingrateof9%inarandompopulationofyoungmen. [E]Theagencieshavehadremarkablesuccess.Testingforanabolicsteroidsinotherwordsartificialtestosteronewasintroducedinthe1970sandtheincidenceofcheatingseemstohavefallendramaticallyasaresultseechart.Thetestshoweverarenotfoolproof.AndastudyjustpublishedintheJournalofClinicalEndocrinology&MetabolismbyJennyJakobssonSchulzeandhercolleaguesattheKarolinskaInstituteinSwedensuggeststhatanindividual’sgeneticmake-upcouldconfoundthemintwodifferentways.Onegenotypetousethejargonmayallowathleteswhouseanabolicsteroidstoescapedetectionaltogether.Anothermayactuallybeconvictingtheinnocent. [F]Cheatinginsportisasoldassportitself.TheathletesofancientGreeceusedpotionstofortifythemselvesbeforeacontestandtheirmoderncounterpartshaveeverythingfromanabolicsteroidsandgrowthhormonestodosesofextraredbloodcellswithwhichtoinvigoratetheirbodies.ThesedayshoweversuchstimulantsarefrownedonandthoseathletesmustthereforerunthegauntletoforganisationssuchastheWorldAnti-DopingAgencywhichwouldrathertheycompetedwithoutresortingtothem. [G]InthemeantimeDrSchulze’sstudydoesseemtoofferinnocentsawayofdefendingthemselves.AthletestravellingtoBeijingfortheOlympicgameslaterthisyearmaybewisetotravelarmednotonlywithcourageandthe"spiritofOlympianism"butalsowithacopyoftheirgeneticprofilejustincase. Order: 45
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