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B Many great inventions are greeted with ridicule and disbelief. The invention of the airplane was...
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"Hithere.How’sitgoing" "Ohfine.Howaboutthisweatherhuh" "WellIguesswecanalwaysusetherain." What’sthatThisstoryOhjustalittlelookatsmalltalk.Youknowthoseseeminglymeaninglessconversationsyouhavedozensoftimesaday.Maybeyou’rewaitingfortheelevatororinalineatthebank.Itallseemsprettytrivial.Idlechatterabouttrafficdoesn’tdomuchmorethanfilltheairwithemptywordsthatarequicklyforgotten.Butyoushouldknowthatsmalltalkactuallyhasabigplaceinourlives. PatOliverassistantprofessoronartssaysthat"Leftuncheckedsmalltalkcanbeaninvasion.It’ssopowerfulitdoessomethingtoyou.""EverymorningafterspendinganhourandahalfonthefreewayIstartthedaywithsmalltalkwithmysecretary"Oliversays"IfIdon’tmakesmallconnectionwithanotherpersonIcan’twork." WhatcausesitAsaruleyou’reeithertryingtoforcesomethingintoyourlifeoryou’reusingconversationasaninvisibleforcefieldtokeepthemout.Youcanbewantingtoconnectwithanotherpersonandsmalltalkisyourintroductiontomoremeaningfulconversation.Thewaypeopleusesmalltalkisusuallydeterminedbywheretheyhappentobeatthetime. Taketheelevatorforinstance.Nowthere’sprimeterritory.Nobodyknowsanyoneandthere’snoreasontostartaconversationbutinvariablysomeonedoes."Makingconversationinsuchpeacefulsocialsettings."accordingtoOliver"canconfirmyourterritory.It’sawayoffeelinglikedandaccepted." Thetopicsofsmalltalkdon’tmatter.Infactyoudon’twantanythingmoretaxingthantheweatherorthetraffic.It’snon-threateningtalkinathreateningsituation.Howevertheruleschangequicklywhenyou’rewithlotsofpeopledoinglotsoftalking. Let’ssayyou’reataparty.Nowit’stimetousesmalltalkasawayofmakingothersfeelmorecomfortablearoundyousoyoudon’tlooksillystandingbythefoodtablealoneallnight. Accordingtotheauthorsmalltalkisoftenused.
在任务型语言教学中课外作业应以______为主导
小学英语教材要有利于培养学生的学习兴趣与语感有利于学生了解英语国家的文化习俗培养学生对异国文化的正确态度教材还要培养学生______和做事情的能力提高他们的思维能力和认识世界的能力
InthedaysofSamuelClemensbetterknownasMarkTwainlifeonasteamboatontheMississippiRiverwas21Oneofthemostexciting22ofthatperiodwasarace23twoofthefastestriverboats. TheNatchezhadsteameduptheriverfromNewOrleanstoSt.Louisinthreedaystwenty-onehoursandfifty-eightminutes.JohnCannon24oftheRobertE.Leefeltsurethathecould25thistimeandchallengedthecaptainoftheNatchez.26hisboatlightCaptainCannon27nopassengers28;hedidnot29theusualgoods.Moreoverhehadcrewswithsuppliesofcoalwaitingonfloatsalongtheriversothattheboatwouldnothavetoputittoshorefor30.TheracebeganonJune301870.BeinglighterthantheNatcheztheLeejumpedintoanearlylead.Forthreedaystheracecontinued31theboatstravelingatfullsteam.Theywere32eachotherthewholetime33shortspaceswhenbendsintheriverhidoneortheotherfromview.ThenonlyafewhoursfromitsgoaltheNatchez34arockandranaground搁浅.TheLeesteamedproudlyintoSt.LouisinexactlythreedayseighteenhoursandthirtyminutesaftershehadleftNewOrleans.Bellrangandpeoplecalled35theboatnamedafterthegeneral36asanarmyengineerhadpreventedtheriverfromchangingitscourseandSt.Louis37becominganinlandtown. TheLee38agoodrecord—onethatbroughthonortoallrivermen.Howeverthegreatdayoftheriversteamerswasdrawingto39.The40wonthepassengerandgoodsbusinessfromtheriverboats.Thereareboatsontherivertoday.ButtheyarenotthewhitebirdsthatattractedyoungSamuelClemens. 37.
Societiesallovertheworldnameplacesinsimilarways.Quiteoftenthereisnoofficialnamingceremonybutplacestendtobecallednamesaspointsofreferencebypeople.Thenanorganizedbodystepsinandgivestheplaceaname.Frequentlyithappensthataplacehastwonames:oneisnamedbythepeopleandtheotherbythegovernment.Asinmanyareasoldhabitsdiedhardandtheplacecontinuestobecalledbyitsunofficialnamelongafterthemeaningislost. ManyroadsandplacesinSingapore新加坡arenamedinorderthatthepioneerswillberememberedbyfuturegeneration.ThuswehavenamessuchasStamfordRoadandRafflesPlace.Thisisinkeepingwithtraditioninmanycountries——inboththeWestandtheEast. Anotherwayofnamingplacesisnamingthemafterotherplaces.Perhapstheywerenamedtopromotefriendshipsbetweenthetwoplacesoritcouldbethatthepeoplewhousedtolivetherewereoriginallyfromtheplacesthattheroadswerenamedafter.ThemysteryisclearerwhenweseesomeoftheroadsnamedinformerBritishbases.IfyoustepintoSelectorAirbaseyouwillseePiccadillyCircus——obviouslynamedbysomehomesickRoyalAirForcepersonnel. Someplaceswerenamedaftertheactivitiesthatusedtogoonatthoseplaces.BrasBasahRoadisaninterestingexample"BaseBasah"means"wetrice"inMalay马来语.Nowwhywouldanyonewanttonamearoad"WetRiceRoad"Thereasonissimple.Duringthepioneeringdayswetricewaslaidouttodryalongthisroad. AfewroadsinSingaporearenamedbytheirshapes.Thereis"CircularRoad"forone.Otherroadsmayhavepartoftheirnamestodescribetheirshapeslike"PayaLebarCrescent".Thisroadiscalledacrescent月牙becauseitbeginsonthemainroadmakesacrescentandcomesbacktojointhemainroadagain. Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage.
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Youallthosecalculations!Wehaveacomputertodothatsortofthing.
InthedaysofSamuelClemensbetterknownasMarkTwainlifeonasteamboatontheMississippiRiverwas21Oneofthemostexciting22ofthatperiodwasarace23twoofthefastestriverboats. TheNatchezhadsteameduptheriverfromNewOrleanstoSt.Louisinthreedaystwenty-onehoursandfifty-eightminutes.JohnCannon24oftheRobertE.Leefeltsurethathecould25thistimeandchallengedthecaptainoftheNatchez.26hisboatlightCaptainCannon27nopassengers28;hedidnot29theusualgoods.Moreoverhehadcrewswithsuppliesofcoalwaitingonfloatsalongtheriversothattheboatwouldnothavetoputittoshorefor30.TheracebeganonJune301870.BeinglighterthantheNatcheztheLeejumpedintoanearlylead.Forthreedaystheracecontinued31theboatstravelingatfullsteam.Theywere32eachotherthewholetime33shortspaceswhenbendsintheriverhidoneortheotherfromview.ThenonlyafewhoursfromitsgoaltheNatchez34arockandranaground搁浅.TheLeesteamedproudlyintoSt.LouisinexactlythreedayseighteenhoursandthirtyminutesaftershehadleftNewOrleans.Bellrangandpeoplecalled35theboatnamedafterthegeneral36asanarmyengineerhadpreventedtheriverfromchangingitscourseandSt.Louis37becominganinlandtown. TheLee38agoodrecord—onethatbroughthonortoallrivermen.Howeverthegreatdayoftheriversteamerswasdrawingto39.The40wonthepassengerandgoodsbusinessfromtheriverboats.Thereareboatsontherivertoday.ButtheyarenotthewhitebirdsthatattractedyoungSamuelClemens. 35.
ThesesimilaritiesmakethebridgebetweensocietiespossibleandtheAmerican’scharacteristicopennesstodifferentstylesofrelationshipsmakesitpossibleforhimtofindnewfriendsabroadwithwhomhefeelsathome.
Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It’siniquitous"theysay"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryifwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoodsAfterallit’stheconsumerwhopays..." Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.WouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaybyelawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlycloselyprintedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwalloranewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities.Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets. Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe"smallads."whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe’hatchmatchanddispatch’columnbutbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor"agony"column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis! Thepassageis.
InthedaysofSamuelClemensbetterknownasMarkTwainlifeonasteamboatontheMississippiRiverwas21Oneofthemostexciting22ofthatperiodwasarace23twoofthefastestriverboats. TheNatchezhadsteameduptheriverfromNewOrleanstoSt.Louisinthreedaystwenty-onehoursandfifty-eightminutes.JohnCannon24oftheRobertE.Leefeltsurethathecould25thistimeandchallengedthecaptainoftheNatchez.26hisboatlightCaptainCannon27nopassengers28;hedidnot29theusualgoods.Moreoverhehadcrewswithsuppliesofcoalwaitingonfloatsalongtheriversothattheboatwouldnothavetoputittoshorefor30.TheracebeganonJune301870.BeinglighterthantheNatcheztheLeejumpedintoanearlylead.Forthreedaystheracecontinued31theboatstravelingatfullsteam.Theywere32eachotherthewholetime33shortspaceswhenbendsintheriverhidoneortheotherfromview.ThenonlyafewhoursfromitsgoaltheNatchez34arockandranaground搁浅.TheLeesteamedproudlyintoSt.LouisinexactlythreedayseighteenhoursandthirtyminutesaftershehadleftNewOrleans.Bellrangandpeoplecalled35theboatnamedafterthegeneral36asanarmyengineerhadpreventedtheriverfromchangingitscourseandSt.Louis37becominganinlandtown. TheLee38agoodrecord—onethatbroughthonortoallrivermen.Howeverthegreatdayoftheriversteamerswasdrawingto39.The40wonthepassengerandgoodsbusinessfromtheriverboats.Thereareboatsontherivertoday.ButtheyarenotthewhitebirdsthatattractedyoungSamuelClemens. 31.
InthedaysofSamuelClemensbetterknownasMarkTwainlifeonasteamboatontheMississippiRiverwas21Oneofthemostexciting22ofthatperiodwasarace23twoofthefastestriverboats. TheNatchezhadsteameduptheriverfromNewOrleanstoSt.Louisinthreedaystwenty-onehoursandfifty-eightminutes.JohnCannon24oftheRobertE.Leefeltsurethathecould25thistimeandchallengedthecaptainoftheNatchez.26hisboatlightCaptainCannon27nopassengers28;hedidnot29theusualgoods.Moreoverhehadcrewswithsuppliesofcoalwaitingonfloatsalongtheriversothattheboatwouldnothavetoputittoshorefor30.TheracebeganonJune301870.BeinglighterthantheNatcheztheLeejumpedintoanearlylead.Forthreedaystheracecontinued31theboatstravelingatfullsteam.Theywere32eachotherthewholetime33shortspaceswhenbendsintheriverhidoneortheotherfromview.ThenonlyafewhoursfromitsgoaltheNatchez34arockandranaground搁浅.TheLeesteamedproudlyintoSt.LouisinexactlythreedayseighteenhoursandthirtyminutesaftershehadleftNewOrleans.Bellrangandpeoplecalled35theboatnamedafterthegeneral36asanarmyengineerhadpreventedtheriverfromchangingitscourseandSt.Louis37becominganinlandtown. TheLee38agoodrecord—onethatbroughthonortoallrivermen.Howeverthegreatdayoftheriversteamerswasdrawingto39.The40wonthepassengerandgoodsbusinessfromtheriverboats.Thereareboatsontherivertoday.ButtheyarenotthewhitebirdsthatattractedyoungSamuelClemens. 25.
Michaelisverygoodateachsubjectanditisthathewillbeadmittedbytheuniversityinwhichhehasbeenlongingtostudy.
Theproblemisnoteasilysolvedbecauseitisinthenatureofsciencetoquestionanditisinthenatureofhumanbeingsnottowanttoquestionthethingstheybelievein.
Societiesallovertheworldnameplacesinsimilarways.Quiteoftenthereisnoofficialnamingceremonybutplacestendtobecallednamesaspointsofreferencebypeople.Thenanorganizedbodystepsinandgivestheplaceaname.Frequentlyithappensthataplacehastwonames:oneisnamedbythepeopleandtheotherbythegovernment.Asinmanyareasoldhabitsdiedhardandtheplacecontinuestobecalledbyitsunofficialnamelongafterthemeaningislost. ManyroadsandplacesinSingapore新加坡arenamedinorderthatthepioneerswillberememberedbyfuturegeneration.ThuswehavenamessuchasStamfordRoadandRafflesPlace.Thisisinkeepingwithtraditioninmanycountries——inboththeWestandtheEast. Anotherwayofnamingplacesisnamingthemafterotherplaces.Perhapstheywerenamedtopromotefriendshipsbetweenthetwoplacesoritcouldbethatthepeoplewhousedtolivetherewereoriginallyfromtheplacesthattheroadswerenamedafter.ThemysteryisclearerwhenweseesomeoftheroadsnamedinformerBritishbases.IfyoustepintoSelectorAirbaseyouwillseePiccadillyCircus——obviouslynamedbysomehomesickRoyalAirForcepersonnel. Someplaceswerenamedaftertheactivitiesthatusedtogoonatthoseplaces.BrasBasahRoadisaninterestingexample"BaseBasah"means"wetrice"inMalay马来语.Nowwhywouldanyonewanttonamearoad"WetRiceRoad"Thereasonissimple.Duringthepioneeringdayswetricewaslaidouttodryalongthisroad. AfewroadsinSingaporearenamedbytheirshapes.Thereis"CircularRoad"forone.Otherroadsmayhavepartoftheirnamestodescribetheirshapeslike"PayaLebarCrescent".Thisroadiscalledacrescent月牙becauseitbeginsonthemainroadmakesacrescentandcomesbacktojointhemainroadagain. Whichofthefollowingplacesisnamedafteraperson.
InthedaysofSamuelClemensbetterknownasMarkTwainlifeonasteamboatontheMississippiRiverwas21Oneofthemostexciting22ofthatperiodwasarace23twoofthefastestriverboats. TheNatchezhadsteameduptheriverfromNewOrleanstoSt.Louisinthreedaystwenty-onehoursandfifty-eightminutes.JohnCannon24oftheRobertE.Leefeltsurethathecould25thistimeandchallengedthecaptainoftheNatchez.26hisboatlightCaptainCannon27nopassengers28;hedidnot29theusualgoods.Moreoverhehadcrewswithsuppliesofcoalwaitingonfloatsalongtheriversothattheboatwouldnothavetoputittoshorefor30.TheracebeganonJune301870.BeinglighterthantheNatcheztheLeejumpedintoanearlylead.Forthreedaystheracecontinued31theboatstravelingatfullsteam.Theywere32eachotherthewholetime33shortspaceswhenbendsintheriverhidoneortheotherfromview.ThenonlyafewhoursfromitsgoaltheNatchez34arockandranaground搁浅.TheLeesteamedproudlyintoSt.LouisinexactlythreedayseighteenhoursandthirtyminutesaftershehadleftNewOrleans.Bellrangandpeoplecalled35theboatnamedafterthegeneral36asanarmyengineerhadpreventedtheriverfromchangingitscourseandSt.Louis37becominganinlandtown. TheLee38agoodrecord—onethatbroughthonortoallrivermen.Howeverthegreatdayoftheriversteamerswasdrawingto39.The40wonthepassengerandgoodsbusinessfromtheriverboats.Thereareboatsontherivertoday.ButtheyarenotthewhitebirdsthatattractedyoungSamuelClemens. 33.
我们平常说的英语双基教学是指英语基础知识和______
InthedaysofSamuelClemensbetterknownasMarkTwainlifeonasteamboatontheMississippiRiverwas21Oneofthemostexciting22ofthatperiodwasarace23twoofthefastestriverboats. TheNatchezhadsteameduptheriverfromNewOrleanstoSt.Louisinthreedaystwenty-onehoursandfifty-eightminutes.JohnCannon24oftheRobertE.Leefeltsurethathecould25thistimeandchallengedthecaptainoftheNatchez.26hisboatlightCaptainCannon27nopassengers28;hedidnot29theusualgoods.Moreoverhehadcrewswithsuppliesofcoalwaitingonfloatsalongtheriversothattheboatwouldnothavetoputittoshorefor30.TheracebeganonJune301870.BeinglighterthantheNatcheztheLeejumpedintoanearlylead.Forthreedaystheracecontinued31theboatstravelingatfullsteam.Theywere32eachotherthewholetime33shortspaceswhenbendsintheriverhidoneortheotherfromview.ThenonlyafewhoursfromitsgoaltheNatchez34arockandranaground搁浅.TheLeesteamedproudlyintoSt.LouisinexactlythreedayseighteenhoursandthirtyminutesaftershehadleftNewOrleans.Bellrangandpeoplecalled35theboatnamedafterthegeneral36asanarmyengineerhadpreventedtheriverfromchangingitscourseandSt.Louis37becominganinlandtown. TheLee38agoodrecord—onethatbroughthonortoallrivermen.Howeverthegreatdayoftheriversteamerswasdrawingto39.The40wonthepassengerandgoodsbusinessfromtheriverboats.Thereareboatsontherivertoday.ButtheyarenotthewhitebirdsthatattractedyoungSamuelClemens. 27.
InthedaysofSamuelClemensbetterknownasMarkTwainlifeonasteamboatontheMississippiRiverwas21Oneofthemostexciting22ofthatperiodwasarace23twoofthefastestriverboats. TheNatchezhadsteameduptheriverfromNewOrleanstoSt.Louisinthreedaystwenty-onehoursandfifty-eightminutes.JohnCannon24oftheRobertE.Leefeltsurethathecould25thistimeandchallengedthecaptainoftheNatchez.26hisboatlightCaptainCannon27nopassengers28;hedidnot29theusualgoods.Moreoverhehadcrewswithsuppliesofcoalwaitingonfloatsalongtheriversothattheboatwouldnothavetoputittoshorefor30.TheracebeganonJune301870.BeinglighterthantheNatcheztheLeejumpedintoanearlylead.Forthreedaystheracecontinued31theboatstravelingatfullsteam.Theywere32eachotherthewholetime33shortspaceswhenbendsintheriverhidoneortheotherfromview.ThenonlyafewhoursfromitsgoaltheNatchez34arockandranaground搁浅.TheLeesteamedproudlyintoSt.LouisinexactlythreedayseighteenhoursandthirtyminutesaftershehadleftNewOrleans.Bellrangandpeoplecalled35theboatnamedafterthegeneral36asanarmyengineerhadpreventedtheriverfromchangingitscourseandSt.Louis37becominganinlandtown. TheLee38agoodrecord—onethatbroughthonortoallrivermen.Howeverthegreatdayoftheriversteamerswasdrawingto39.The40wonthepassengerandgoodsbusinessfromtheriverboats.Thereareboatsontherivertoday.ButtheyarenotthewhitebirdsthatattractedyoungSamuelClemens. 23.
Oneofthemostfamousscientiststostudyadaptations适应能力wasCharlesDarwin达尔文.HewasborninEnglandin1809.Hewasn’tthebeststudentinhisschoolbutwhenhewas16hisfathersenthimtoamedicalschool.Charleslikedspendingtimeoutdoorsobserving观察naturemorethanattendingmedicalclasses.Hedroppedoutwithoutgraduating. NextCharles’fathersenthimtoschooltobecomeaminister牧师.Thistimehemadeittograduation.Buthedidn’twanttodotheworkofaminister.Hisfriendsencouragedhimtofollowhisinterestinscience. AftergraduationCharleswasinvitedtosailontheBeagleasanunpaidscientist.Hewasn’tthefirstchoicebuthewastheluckyonetogo.TheBeaglewastotraveltoSouthAmericaandthenaroundtheworld.Thecrew’staskwastomakemapsoftheplacestheyvisited. OnDecember27th1831CharlesDarwinsailedfromEnglandontheBeagle.Thetripwasplannedtolasttwoyears.Infactitlastedfive.Duringthistimehesawmanyamazingthings.HecollectedlotsofplantsandanimalsandtookthembacktoEnglandtostudy. Twenty-threeyearslaterDarwinpublishedanscientificpaperwithanothermannamedWallace.Darwindescribedhowsomeanimalshaveadaptationsthathelpthemsurvive.Theyarepassedontooffspring后代.Darwin’sideasaboutadaptationsarestillveryimportanttothestudyoflivingthings. TheunderlinedwordTheyinthelastparagraphrefersto.
InthedaysofSamuelClemensbetterknownasMarkTwainlifeonasteamboatontheMississippiRiverwas21Oneofthemostexciting22ofthatperiodwasarace23twoofthefastestriverboats. TheNatchezhadsteameduptheriverfromNewOrleanstoSt.Louisinthreedaystwenty-onehoursandfifty-eightminutes.JohnCannon24oftheRobertE.Leefeltsurethathecould25thistimeandchallengedthecaptainoftheNatchez.26hisboatlightCaptainCannon27nopassengers28;hedidnot29theusualgoods.Moreoverhehadcrewswithsuppliesofcoalwaitingonfloatsalongtheriversothattheboatwouldnothavetoputittoshorefor30.TheracebeganonJune301870.BeinglighterthantheNatcheztheLeejumpedintoanearlylead.Forthreedaystheracecontinued31theboatstravelingatfullsteam.Theywere32eachotherthewholetime33shortspaceswhenbendsintheriverhidoneortheotherfromview.ThenonlyafewhoursfromitsgoaltheNatchez34arockandranaground搁浅.TheLeesteamedproudlyintoSt.LouisinexactlythreedayseighteenhoursandthirtyminutesaftershehadleftNewOrleans.Bellrangandpeoplecalled35theboatnamedafterthegeneral36asanarmyengineerhadpreventedtheriverfromchangingitscourseandSt.Louis37becominganinlandtown. TheLee38agoodrecord—onethatbroughthonortoallrivermen.Howeverthegreatdayoftheriversteamerswasdrawingto39.The40wonthepassengerandgoodsbusinessfromtheriverboats.Thereareboatsontherivertoday.ButtheyarenotthewhitebirdsthatattractedyoungSamuelClemens. 39.
Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It’siniquitous"theysay"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryifwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoodsAfterallit’stheconsumerwhopays..." Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.WouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaybyelawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlycloselyprintedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwalloranewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities.Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets. Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe"smallads."whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe’hatchmatchanddispatch’columnbutbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor"agony"column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis! Whydothecriticscriticizeadvertisers.
Societiesallovertheworldnameplacesinsimilarways.Quiteoftenthereisnoofficialnamingceremonybutplacestendtobecallednamesaspointsofreferencebypeople.Thenanorganizedbodystepsinandgivestheplaceaname.Frequentlyithappensthataplacehastwonames:oneisnamedbythepeopleandtheotherbythegovernment.Asinmanyareasoldhabitsdiedhardandtheplacecontinuestobecalledbyitsunofficialnamelongafterthemeaningislost. ManyroadsandplacesinSingapore新加坡arenamedinorderthatthepioneerswillberememberedbyfuturegeneration.ThuswehavenamessuchasStamfordRoadandRafflesPlace.Thisisinkeepingwithtraditioninmanycountries——inboththeWestandtheEast. Anotherwayofnamingplacesisnamingthemafterotherplaces.Perhapstheywerenamedtopromotefriendshipsbetweenthetwoplacesoritcouldbethatthepeoplewhousedtolivetherewereoriginallyfromtheplacesthattheroadswerenamedafter.ThemysteryisclearerwhenweseesomeoftheroadsnamedinformerBritishbases.IfyoustepintoSelectorAirbaseyouwillseePiccadillyCircus——obviouslynamedbysomehomesickRoyalAirForcepersonnel. Someplaceswerenamedaftertheactivitiesthatusedtogoonatthoseplaces.BrasBasahRoadisaninterestingexample"BaseBasah"means"wetrice"inMalay马来语.Nowwhywouldanyonewanttonamearoad"WetRiceRoad"Thereasonissimple.Duringthepioneeringdayswetricewaslaidouttodryalongthisroad. AfewroadsinSingaporearenamedbytheirshapes.Thereis"CircularRoad"forone.Otherroadsmayhavepartoftheirnamestodescribetheirshapeslike"PayaLebarCrescent".Thisroadiscalledacrescent月牙becauseitbeginsonthemainroadmakesacrescentandcomesbacktojointhemainroadagain. WelearnfromParagraph1that.
InthedaysofSamuelClemensbetterknownasMarkTwainlifeonasteamboatontheMississippiRiverwas21Oneofthemostexciting22ofthatperiodwasarace23twoofthefastestriverboats. TheNatchezhadsteameduptheriverfromNewOrleanstoSt.Louisinthreedaystwenty-onehoursandfifty-eightminutes.JohnCannon24oftheRobertE.Leefeltsurethathecould25thistimeandchallengedthecaptainoftheNatchez.26hisboatlightCaptainCannon27nopassengers28;hedidnot29theusualgoods.Moreoverhehadcrewswithsuppliesofcoalwaitingonfloatsalongtheriversothattheboatwouldnothavetoputittoshorefor30.TheracebeganonJune301870.BeinglighterthantheNatcheztheLeejumpedintoanearlylead.Forthreedaystheracecontinued31theboatstravelingatfullsteam.Theywere32eachotherthewholetime33shortspaceswhenbendsintheriverhidoneortheotherfromview.ThenonlyafewhoursfromitsgoaltheNatchez34arockandranaground搁浅.TheLeesteamedproudlyintoSt.LouisinexactlythreedayseighteenhoursandthirtyminutesaftershehadleftNewOrleans.Bellrangandpeoplecalled35theboatnamedafterthegeneral36asanarmyengineerhadpreventedtheriverfromchangingitscourseandSt.Louis37becominganinlandtown. TheLee38agoodrecord—onethatbroughthonortoallrivermen.Howeverthegreatdayoftheriversteamerswasdrawingto39.The40wonthepassengerandgoodsbusinessfromtheriverboats.Thereareboatsontherivertoday.ButtheyarenotthewhitebirdsthatattractedyoungSamuelClemens. 29.
Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It’siniquitous"theysay"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryifwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoodsAfterallit’stheconsumerwhopays..." Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.WouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaybyelawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlycloselyprintedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwalloranewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities.Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets. Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe"smallads."whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe’hatchmatchanddispatch’columnbutbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor"agony"column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis! Whatisthemainideaofthispassage.
Oneofthemostfamousscientiststostudyadaptations适应能力wasCharlesDarwin达尔文.HewasborninEnglandin1809.Hewasn’tthebeststudentinhisschoolbutwhenhewas16hisfathersenthimtoamedicalschool.Charleslikedspendingtimeoutdoorsobserving观察naturemorethanattendingmedicalclasses.Hedroppedoutwithoutgraduating. NextCharles’fathersenthimtoschooltobecomeaminister牧师.Thistimehemadeittograduation.Buthedidn’twanttodotheworkofaminister.Hisfriendsencouragedhimtofollowhisinterestinscience. AftergraduationCharleswasinvitedtosailontheBeagleasanunpaidscientist.Hewasn’tthefirstchoicebuthewastheluckyonetogo.TheBeaglewastotraveltoSouthAmericaandthenaroundtheworld.Thecrew’staskwastomakemapsoftheplacestheyvisited. OnDecember27th1831CharlesDarwinsailedfromEnglandontheBeagle.Thetripwasplannedtolasttwoyears.Infactitlastedfive.Duringthistimehesawmanyamazingthings.HecollectedlotsofplantsandanimalsandtookthembacktoEnglandtostudy. Twenty-threeyearslaterDarwinpublishedanscientificpaperwithanothermannamedWallace.Darwindescribedhowsomeanimalshaveadaptationsthathelpthemsurvive.Theyarepassedontooffspring后代.Darwin’sideasaboutadaptationsarestillveryimportanttothestudyoflivingthings. TheBeaglewasaan.
WhyisitthatseveralstudentsinaclasswillfalloutoftheirchairslaughingafterItellajokewhiletherestofthestudentslookasifI’vejustreadtheweatherreport
"Hithere.How’sitgoing" "Ohfine.Howaboutthisweatherhuh" "WellIguesswecanalwaysusetherain." What’sthatThisstoryOhjustalittlelookatsmalltalk.Youknowthoseseeminglymeaninglessconversationsyouhavedozensoftimesaday.Maybeyou’rewaitingfortheelevatororinalineatthebank.Itallseemsprettytrivial.Idlechatterabouttrafficdoesn’tdomuchmorethanfilltheairwithemptywordsthatarequicklyforgotten.Butyoushouldknowthatsmalltalkactuallyhasabigplaceinourlives. PatOliverassistantprofessoronartssaysthat"Leftuncheckedsmalltalkcanbeaninvasion.It’ssopowerfulitdoessomethingtoyou.""EverymorningafterspendinganhourandahalfonthefreewayIstartthedaywithsmalltalkwithmysecretary"Oliversays"IfIdon’tmakesmallconnectionwithanotherpersonIcan’twork." WhatcausesitAsaruleyou’reeithertryingtoforcesomethingintoyourlifeoryou’reusingconversationasaninvisibleforcefieldtokeepthemout.Youcanbewantingtoconnectwithanotherpersonandsmalltalkisyourintroductiontomoremeaningfulconversation.Thewaypeopleusesmalltalkisusuallydeterminedbywheretheyhappentobeatthetime. Taketheelevatorforinstance.Nowthere’sprimeterritory.Nobodyknowsanyoneandthere’snoreasontostartaconversationbutinvariablysomeonedoes."Makingconversationinsuchpeacefulsocialsettings."accordingtoOliver"canconfirmyourterritory.It’sawayoffeelinglikedandaccepted." Thetopicsofsmalltalkdon’tmatter.Infactyoudon’twantanythingmoretaxingthantheweatherorthetraffic.It’snon-threateningtalkinathreateningsituation.Howevertheruleschangequicklywhenyou’rewithlotsofpeopledoinglotsoftalking. Let’ssayyou’reataparty.Nowit’stimetousesmalltalkasawayofmakingothersfeelmorecomfortablearoundyousoyoudon’tlooksillystandingbythefoodtablealoneallnight. Whyissmalltalkdescribedasnon-threateningtalkinathreateningsituation.
InthedaysofSamuelClemensbetterknownasMarkTwainlifeonasteamboatontheMississippiRiverwas21Oneofthemostexciting22ofthatperiodwasarace23twoofthefastestriverboats. TheNatchezhadsteameduptheriverfromNewOrleanstoSt.Louisinthreedaystwenty-onehoursandfifty-eightminutes.JohnCannon24oftheRobertE.Leefeltsurethathecould25thistimeandchallengedthecaptainoftheNatchez.26hisboatlightCaptainCannon27nopassengers28;hedidnot29theusualgoods.Moreoverhehadcrewswithsuppliesofcoalwaitingonfloatsalongtheriversothattheboatwouldnothavetoputittoshorefor30.TheracebeganonJune301870.BeinglighterthantheNatcheztheLeejumpedintoanearlylead.Forthreedaystheracecontinued31theboatstravelingatfullsteam.Theywere32eachotherthewholetime33shortspaceswhenbendsintheriverhidoneortheotherfromview.ThenonlyafewhoursfromitsgoaltheNatchez34arockandranaground搁浅.TheLeesteamedproudlyintoSt.LouisinexactlythreedayseighteenhoursandthirtyminutesaftershehadleftNewOrleans.Bellrangandpeoplecalled35theboatnamedafterthegeneral36asanarmyengineerhadpreventedtheriverfromchangingitscourseandSt.Louis37becominganinlandtown. TheLee38agoodrecord—onethatbroughthonortoallrivermen.Howeverthegreatdayoftheriversteamerswasdrawingto39.The40wonthepassengerandgoodsbusinessfromtheriverboats.Thereareboatsontherivertoday.ButtheyarenotthewhitebirdsthatattractedyoungSamuelClemens. 21.
Shetoldherchildrenthattheymustnotplaywithmatches.
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