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The history of African—Americans during the past 400 years is traditionally narrated (1) an ongoi...
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ForthepeoplewhohavenevertraveledacrosstheAtlanticthevoyageisafantasy.ButforthepeoplewhocrossitfrequentlyonecrossingoftheAtlanticisverymuchlikeanotherandtheydonotmakethevoyageforthe1ofitsinterest.Mostofusarequitehappywhenwefeel2togotobedandpleasedwhenthejourney3OnthefirstnightthistimeIfeltespeciallylazyandwenttobed4earlierthanusual.WhenI5mycabinIwassurprised6thatIwastohaveacompanionduringmytripwhichmademefeelalittleunhappy.Ihadexpected7buttherewasasuitcase8mineintheoppositecorner.Iwonderedwhohecouldbeandwhathewouldbelike.Soonafterwardshecamein.Hewasthesortofmanyoumightmeet9exceptthathewaswearing10goodclothesthatImadeupmymindthatwewouldnot11whoeverhewasanddidnotsay12.AsIhadexpectedhedidnottalktomeeitherbutwenttobedimmediately. IsupposeIsleptforseveralhoursbecausewhenIwokeupitwasalreadythemiddleofthenight.Ifeltcoldbutcovered13aswellasIcouldandtriestogobacktosleep.ThenIrealizedthata14wascomingfromthewindowopposite.IthoughtperhapsIhadforgotten15thedoorsoIgotup16thedoorbutfounditalreadylockedfromtheinside.Thecoldairwascomingfromthewindowopposite.Icrossedtheroomand17themoonshonethroughitontotheotherbed.18there.Ittookmeaminuteortwoto19thedoormyself.Irealizedthatmycompanion20throughthewindowintothesea. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
ForthepeoplewhohavenevertraveledacrosstheAtlanticthevoyageisafantasy.ButforthepeoplewhocrossitfrequentlyonecrossingoftheAtlanticisverymuchlikeanotherandtheydonotmakethevoyageforthe1ofitsinterest.Mostofusarequitehappywhenwefeel2togotobedandpleasedwhenthejourney3OnthefirstnightthistimeIfeltespeciallylazyandwenttobed4earlierthanusual.WhenI5mycabinIwassurprised6thatIwastohaveacompanionduringmytripwhichmademefeelalittleunhappy.Ihadexpected7buttherewasasuitcase8mineintheoppositecorner.Iwonderedwhohecouldbeandwhathewouldbelike.Soonafterwardshecamein.Hewasthesortofmanyoumightmeet9exceptthathewaswearing10goodclothesthatImadeupmymindthatwewouldnot11whoeverhewasanddidnotsay12.AsIhadexpectedhedidnottalktomeeitherbutwenttobedimmediately. IsupposeIsleptforseveralhoursbecausewhenIwokeupitwasalreadythemiddleofthenight.Ifeltcoldbutcovered13aswellasIcouldandtriestogobacktosleep.ThenIrealizedthata14wascomingfromthewindowopposite.IthoughtperhapsIhadforgotten15thedoorsoIgotup16thedoorbutfounditalreadylockedfromtheinside.Thecoldairwascomingfromthewindowopposite.Icrossedtheroomand17themoonshonethroughitontotheotherbed.18there.Ittookmeaminuteortwoto19thedoormyself.Irealizedthatmycompanion20throughthewindowintothesea. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Directions:Youbookedatwo-weekholidaytoSydneywithFly-by-NightTravel.Youarenothappywiththeholiday—theflightwasdelayedthehotelwasnoisyandsoon.WritetoFly-by-NightTraveltocomplainabouttheholidaygivingdetailsabouttheproblems.Requestsomecompensationorrefund.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddrexss.
RealpolicemenbothBritainandtheUnitedStateshardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV—iftheyevergethomeintime.Therearesimilaritiesofcoursebutthecopsdon’tthinkmuchofthem.Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesroundthelaw.Mostofhistrainingisincriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyerandwhatismorehehastoapplyitonhisfeetinthedarkandrainrunningdownanalleyaftersomeonehehastotalkto.Littleofhistimeisspentinchattingtoscantilycladladiesorindramaticconfrontationswithdesperatecriminal.Hewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsadunimportantpeoplewhoareguilty—ornot—ofstupidpettycrimes.Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal;assoonashe’sarrestedthestoryisover.Inreallifefindingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattacks—wherefailuretoproduceresultsreflectsonthestandingofthepolice—littleeffortisspentonsearching.Thepolicehaveanelaboratemachinerywhicheventuallyshowsupmostwantedmen.Havingmadeanarrestadetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferentevidence.Muchofthishastobegivenbypeoplewhodon’twanttogetinvolvedinacourtcase.Soaswellasbeingoverworkedadetectivehastobeoutatallhoursofthedayandnightinterviewinghiswitnessesandpersuadingthemusuallyagainsttheirownbestintereststohelphim.Athirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantmoraltwilightinwhichtherealonelives.Detectivesaresubjecttotwoopposingpressures:firstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehavewithabsolutelegalitysecondlyasexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways.Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworldtheworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimplemindedness—asheseesit—ofcitizenssocialworkersdoctorslawmakersandjudgeswhoinsteadofstampingoutcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresultdetectivesfeelisthatninetenthsoftheirworkisreachingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical.Detectivesarerathercynicalbecause______.
[A]ForexampletheUnitedStatesisamajorconsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinturncanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates. [B]Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar. [C]Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.Thefirstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem. [D]Intoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-suffi-cient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved. [E]Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapanandSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. [F]Formostnationsexportsandimportsarethemostimportantinternationalactivity.Whennationsexportmorethantheyimporttheyaresaidtohaveafavorablebalanceoftrade.Whentheyimportmorethantheyexportanunfavorablebalanceoftradeexists.Nationstrytomaintainafavorablebalanceoftradewhichassuresthemofthemeanstobuynecessaryimports. [G]Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparativeadvantageinthedesireditems. Order: 45
WantaglimpseofthefutureofhealthcareTakealookatthewaythevariousnetworksofpeopleinvolvedinpatientcarearebeingconnectedtooneanotherandhowthisnewconnectivityisbeingexploitedtodelivermedicinetothepatient—nomatterwhereheorshemaybe.Onlinedoctorsofferingadvicebasedonstandardizedsymptomsarethemostobviousexample.Increasinglyhoweverremotediagnosistelemedicinewillbebasedonrealphysiologicaldatafromtheactualpatient.AgroupfromtheUniversityofKentuckyhasshownthatbyusinganoff-the-shelfPDApersonaldataassistancesuchasaPalmPilotplusamobilephoneitisperfectlyfeasibletotransmitapatient’svitalsignsoverthetelephone.Withthiskindofequipmentinafirst-aidkitthecryaskingwhethertherewasadoctorinthehousecouldwellbeathingofthepast.Othermedicaltechnologygroupsareworkingonapplyingtelemedicinetoruralcare.Andatleastoneteamwantstousetelemedicineasatoolfordisasterresponse—especiallyafterearthquakes.Overallthetrendistowardsprovidingglobalaccesstomedicaldataandexpertise.Butthereisoneproblem.Bandwidthisthelimitingfactorfortransmittingcomplexmedicalimagesaroundtheworld—CTscansbeingoneofthebiggestbandwidthconsumers.Communicationssatellitesmaybeabletocopewiththeshort-termneedsduringdisasterssuchasearthquakeswarsorfamines.Butmedicineislookingtowardsboththesecond-generationInternetandthird-generationmobilephonesforthefutureofdistributedmedicalintelligence.Doctorshavemettodiscusscomputer-basedtoolsformedicaldiagnosistrainingandtelemedicine.Withthefallingpriceofbroadbandcommunicationsthenewtechnologiesshouldusherinanerawhentelemedicineandthesharingofmedicalinformationexpertopinionanddiagnosisarecommon.Thewordprobleminthefourthparagraphreferstothefactthat______.
Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercenttotheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwherethepreponderanceoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswiththelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1916and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatthemajorityofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofthecottonindustryfollowingthebollweevilinfestationwhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills.ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeenrigorouslyinvestigated.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentanexodusfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigration.Noonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedinmanufacturingandmechanicalpursuitsthefederalcensuscategoryroughlyencompassingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbeenticedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth.Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery-blacksmithsmasonscarpenters-whichhadhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries—tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.AfterthebollweevilinfestationurbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.ThusamovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundcomesintoquestion.Accordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingistrueofwagesinsoutherncitiesin1910______
ForthepeoplewhohavenevertraveledacrosstheAtlanticthevoyageisafantasy.ButforthepeoplewhocrossitfrequentlyonecrossingoftheAtlanticisverymuchlikeanotherandtheydonotmakethevoyageforthe1ofitsinterest.Mostofusarequitehappywhenwefeel2togotobedandpleasedwhenthejourney3OnthefirstnightthistimeIfeltespeciallylazyandwenttobed4earlierthanusual.WhenI5mycabinIwassurprised6thatIwastohaveacompanionduringmytripwhichmademefeelalittleunhappy.Ihadexpected7buttherewasasuitcase8mineintheoppositecorner.Iwonderedwhohecouldbeandwhathewouldbelike.Soonafterwardshecamein.Hewasthesortofmanyoumightmeet9exceptthathewaswearing10goodclothesthatImadeupmymindthatwewouldnot11whoeverhewasanddidnotsay12.AsIhadexpectedhedidnottalktomeeitherbutwenttobedimmediately. IsupposeIsleptforseveralhoursbecausewhenIwokeupitwasalreadythemiddleofthenight.Ifeltcoldbutcovered13aswellasIcouldandtriestogobacktosleep.ThenIrealizedthata14wascomingfromthewindowopposite.IthoughtperhapsIhadforgotten15thedoorsoIgotup16thedoorbutfounditalreadylockedfromtheinside.Thecoldairwascomingfromthewindowopposite.Icrossedtheroomand17themoonshonethroughitontotheotherbed.18there.Ittookmeaminuteortwoto19thedoormyself.Irealizedthatmycompanion20throughthewindowintothesea. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Guthrie’scontiguityprincipleofferspracticalsuggestionsforhowtobreakhabits.Oneapplicationofthethresholdmethodinvolvesthetimeyoungchildrenspendonacademicactivities.Youngchildrenhaveshortattentionspanssothelengthoftimetheycansustainworkononeactivityislimited.Mostactivitiesarescheduledtolastnolongerthan30to40minutes.Howeveratthestartoftheschoolyearattentionspansquicklywaneandbehaviorproblemsoftenresult.ToapplyGuthrie’stheoryateachermightatthestartoftheyearlimitactivitiesto15to20minutes.Overthenextfewweekstheteachercouldgraduallyincreasethetimestudentsspendworkingonasingleactivity.Thethresholdmethodalsocanbeappliedtoteachingprintingandhandwriting.Whenchildrenfirstlearntoformletterstheirmovementsareawkwardandtheylackfinemotorcoordination.Thedistancesbetweenlinesonapagearepurposelywidesochildrencanfitthelettersintothespace.Ifpaperwithnarrowlinesisinitiallyintroducedstudents’etterswouldspilloverthebordersandstudentsmightbecomefrustrated.Oncestudentscanformletterswithinthelargerborderstheycanusepaperwithsmallerborderstohelpthemrefinetheirskills.Thefatiguemethodcanbeappliedwhendiscipliningdisruptivestudentswhobuildpaperairplanesandsailthemacrosstheroom.Theteachercanremovethestudentsfromtheclassroomgivethemalargestackofpaperandtellhimtostartmakingpaperairplanes.Afterthestudentshavemadeseveralairplanestheactivityshouldloseitsattractionandpaperwillbecomeacuefornotbuildingairplanes.Somestudentscontinuallyracearoundthegymwhentheyfirstentertheirphysicaleducationclass.Toemploythefatiguemethodtheteachermightdecidetohavethesestudentscontinuetorunafewmorelapsaftertheclasshasbegun.Theincompatibleresponsemethodcanbeusedwithstudentswhotalkandmisbehaveinthemediacenter.Readingisincompatiblewithtalking.Themediacenterteachermightaskthestudentstofindinterestingbooksandreadthemwhileinthecenter.Assumingthatthestudentsfindthebooksenjoyablethemediacenterwillovertimebecomeacueforselectingandreadingbooksratherthanfortalkingwithotherstudents.Inasocialstudiesclasssomestudentsregularlyfallasleep.Theteacherrealizedthatusingtheboardandoverheadprojectorwhilelecturingwasveryboring.Soontheteacherbegantoincorporateotherelementsintoeachlessonsuchasexperimentsanddebatesinanattempttoinvolvestudentsandraisetheirinterestinthecourse.Wecandrawtheconclusionfromthepassagethat______.
Inthetwodecadesbetween1910and1930overtenpercenttotheBlackpopulationoftheUnitedStateslefttheSouthwherethepreponderanceoftheBlackpopulationhadbeenlocatedandmigratedtonorthernstateswiththelargestnumbermovingitisclaimedbetween1916and1918.IthasbeenfrequentlyassumedbutnotprovedthatthemajorityofthemigrantsinwhathascometobecalledtheGreatMigrationcamefromruralareasandweremotivatedbytwoconcurrentfactors:thecollapseofthecottonindustryfollowingthebollweevilinfestationwhichbeganin1898andincreaseddemandintheNorthforlaborfollowingthecessationofEuropeanimmigrationcausedbytheoutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarin1914.Thisassumptionhasledtotheconclusionthatthemigrants’subsequentlackofeconomicmobilityintheNorthistiedtoruralbackgroundabackgroundthatimpliesunfamiliaritywithurbanlivingandalackofindustrialskills.ButthequestionofwhoactuallylefttheSouthhasneverbeenrigorouslyinvestigated.AlthoughnumerousinvestigationsdocumentanexodusfromruralsouthernareastosoutherncitiespriortotheGreatMigration.Noonehasconsideredwhetherthesamemigrantsthenmovedontonortherncities.In1910over600000BlackworkersortenpercentoftheBlackworkforcereportedthemselvestobeengagedinmanufacturingandmechanicalpursuitsthefederalcensuscategoryroughlyencompassingtheentireindustrialsector.TheGreatMigrationcouldeasilyhavebeenmadeupentirelyofthisgroupandtheirfamilies.ItisperhapssurprisingtoarguethatanemployedpopulationcouldbeenticedtomovebutanexplanationliesinthelaborconditionsthenprevalentintheSouth.Aboutthirty-fivepercentoftheurbanBlackpopulationintheSouthwasengagedinskilledtrades.Somewerefromtheoldartisanclassofslavery-blacksmithsmasonscarpenters-whichhadhadamonopolyofcertaintradesbuttheyweregraduallybeingpushedoutbycompetitionmechanizationandobsolescence.Theremainingsixty-fivepercentmorerecentlyurbanizedworkedinnewlydevelopedindustries—tobaccolumbercoalandironmanufactureandrailroads.WagesintheSouthhoweverwerelowandBlackworkerswereawarethroughlaborrecruitersandtheBlackpressthattheycouldearnmoreevenasunskilledworkersintheNorththantheycouldasartisansintheSouth.AfterthebollweevilinfestationurbanBlackworkersfacedcompetitionfromthecontinuinginfluxofbothBlackandWhiteruralworkerswhoweredriventoundercutthewagesformerlypaidforindustrialjobs.ThusamovenorthwouldbeseenasadvantageoustoagroupthatwasalreadyurbanizedandsteadilyemployedandtheeasyconclusiontyingtheirsubsequenteconomicproblemsintheNorthtotheirruralbackgroundcomesintoquestion.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.
Directions:Youareinterestedinapositionofeditorofferedbyacompany.Writealetterofapplicationtothentoexpressyourintention.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Inthelongperiodfrom1500to1800westernEuropeannation-stateswereallinfluencedbyasetofideasknownasmercantilism.46Mercantilistdoctrineandinstitutionswereimportantbecausetheywereheldbypracticalbusinesspeopleandheadsofstatewhostronglyinfluencedpublicpolicyandinstitutionalchange. Theprimaryaimofmercantilistswastoachievepowerandwealthforthestate.Togenerateaninflowofgoldorsilverthroughtradethevalueofexportsshouldexceedthevalueofimports.Andthestatecouldattaingreatpoweronlyifpoliticalandeconomicunitybecameafact.47Ifallthematerialsnecessarytofosterdomesticindustrywerenotavailabletheycouldbestbeobtainedbyestablishingcoloniesorfriendlyforeigntradingpostsfromwhichsuchgoodscouldbeimported.Andastrongmerchantmarinecouldcarryforeigngoodstherebyhelpingtosecurefavorabletradebalances.48Mercantilistsbelievedthatthesemeansofachievingnationalpowercouldbemadeeffectivebythepassageandstrictenforcementoflegislationregulatingeconomiclife. 49AlmostassoonasVirginiatobaccobegantobeshippedincommercialquantitiestoEnglandKingJamesIleviedataxonitwhileagreeingtoprohibitthegrowthofcompetingtobaccoinEngland.TaxesregulationandsubsidieswereallusedasmercantilepoliciesbuttheprimaryonesthataffectedthecoloniesweretheNavigationActs. In1640sAmericanshadslippedintothehabitofshippingtheirgoodsdirectlytocontinentalportsandtheDutchmadegreatinroadsintothecarryingtradeofthecolonies.AftertheRestorationEnglandwasinapositiontoenforceastrictcommercialpolicybeginningwiththeNavigationActsof1660and1663.Despitethecontinuedmodificationstotheseactsbypolicychangesitissufficienttonotethreeprimarycategoriesoftraderestriction: 50AlltradeofthecolonieswastobecarriedinvesselsthatwereEnglishbuiltandownedcommandedbyanEnglishcaptainandmannedbyacrewofwhomthree-quarterswereEnglish. AllforeignmerchantswereexcludedfromdealingdirectlyinthecommerceoftheEnglishcolonies.TheycouldengageincolonialtradeonlythroughEnglandandmerchantsresidentthere. CertaincommoditiesproducedinthecoloniescouldbeexportedonlytoEnglandessentiallyanydestinationwithintheEmpire.These"enumerated"goodsincludedsugartobaccocottonindigogingerandsoon. Ifallthematerialsnecessarytofosterdomesticindustrywerenotavailabletheycouldbestbeobtainedbyestablishingcoloniesorfriendlyforeigntradingpostsfromwhichsuchgoodscouldbeimported.
Guthrie’scontiguityprincipleofferspracticalsuggestionsforhowtobreakhabits.Oneapplicationofthethresholdmethodinvolvesthetimeyoungchildrenspendonacademicactivities.Youngchildrenhaveshortattentionspanssothelengthoftimetheycansustainworkononeactivityislimited.Mostactivitiesarescheduledtolastnolongerthan30to40minutes.Howeveratthestartoftheschoolyearattentionspansquicklywaneandbehaviorproblemsoftenresult.ToapplyGuthrie’stheoryateachermightatthestartoftheyearlimitactivitiesto15to20minutes.Overthenextfewweekstheteachercouldgraduallyincreasethetimestudentsspendworkingonasingleactivity.Thethresholdmethodalsocanbeappliedtoteachingprintingandhandwriting.Whenchildrenfirstlearntoformletterstheirmovementsareawkwardandtheylackfinemotorcoordination.Thedistancesbetweenlinesonapagearepurposelywidesochildrencanfitthelettersintothespace.Ifpaperwithnarrowlinesisinitiallyintroducedstudents’etterswouldspilloverthebordersandstudentsmightbecomefrustrated.Oncestudentscanformletterswithinthelargerborderstheycanusepaperwithsmallerborderstohelpthemrefinetheirskills.Thefatiguemethodcanbeappliedwhendiscipliningdisruptivestudentswhobuildpaperairplanesandsailthemacrosstheroom.Theteachercanremovethestudentsfromtheclassroomgivethemalargestackofpaperandtellhimtostartmakingpaperairplanes.Afterthestudentshavemadeseveralairplanestheactivityshouldloseitsattractionandpaperwillbecomeacuefornotbuildingairplanes.Somestudentscontinuallyracearoundthegymwhentheyfirstentertheirphysicaleducationclass.Toemploythefatiguemethodtheteachermightdecidetohavethesestudentscontinuetorunafewmorelapsaftertheclasshasbegun.Theincompatibleresponsemethodcanbeusedwithstudentswhotalkandmisbehaveinthemediacenter.Readingisincompatiblewithtalking.Themediacenterteachermightaskthestudentstofindinterestingbooksandreadthemwhileinthecenter.Assumingthatthestudentsfindthebooksenjoyablethemediacenterwillovertimebecomeacueforselectingandreadingbooksratherthanfortalkingwithotherstudents.Inasocialstudiesclasssomestudentsregularlyfallasleep.Theteacherrealizedthatusingtheboardandoverheadprojectorwhilelecturingwasveryboring.Soontheteacherbegantoincorporateotherelementsintoeachlessonsuchasexperimentsanddebatesinanattempttoinvolvestudentsandraisetheirinterestinthecourse.Whichofthefollowingisnottheexampleofapplyingthethresholdmethod
[A]ForexampletheUnitedStatesisamajorconsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinturncanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates. [B]Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar. [C]Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.Thefirstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem. [D]Intoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-suffi-cient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved. [E]Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapanandSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. [F]Formostnationsexportsandimportsarethemostimportantinternationalactivity.Whennationsexportmorethantheyimporttheyaresaidtohaveafavorablebalanceoftrade.Whentheyimportmorethantheyexportanunfavorablebalanceoftradeexists.Nationstrytomaintainafavorablebalanceoftradewhichassuresthemofthemeanstobuynecessaryimports. [G]Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparativeadvantageinthedesireditems. Order: 43
RealpolicemenbothBritainandtheUnitedStateshardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV—iftheyevergethomeintime.Therearesimilaritiesofcoursebutthecopsdon’tthinkmuchofthem.Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesroundthelaw.Mostofhistrainingisincriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyerandwhatismorehehastoapplyitonhisfeetinthedarkandrainrunningdownanalleyaftersomeonehehastotalkto.Littleofhistimeisspentinchattingtoscantilycladladiesorindramaticconfrontationswithdesperatecriminal.Hewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsadunimportantpeoplewhoareguilty—ornot—ofstupidpettycrimes.Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal;assoonashe’sarrestedthestoryisover.Inreallifefindingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattacks—wherefailuretoproduceresultsreflectsonthestandingofthepolice—littleeffortisspentonsearching.Thepolicehaveanelaboratemachinerywhicheventuallyshowsupmostwantedmen.Havingmadeanarrestadetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferentevidence.Muchofthishastobegivenbypeoplewhodon’twanttogetinvolvedinacourtcase.Soaswellasbeingoverworkedadetectivehastobeoutatallhoursofthedayandnightinterviewinghiswitnessesandpersuadingthemusuallyagainsttheirownbestintereststohelphim.Athirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantmoraltwilightinwhichtherealonelives.Detectivesaresubjecttotwoopposingpressures:firstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehavewithabsolutelegalitysecondlyasexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways.Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworldtheworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimplemindedness—asheseesit—ofcitizenssocialworkersdoctorslawmakersandjudgeswhoinsteadofstampingoutcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresultdetectivesfeelisthatninetenthsoftheirworkisreachingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical.Whenmurdersandterroristattacksoccurthepolice______.
Inthelongperiodfrom1500to1800westernEuropeannation-stateswereallinfluencedbyasetofideasknownasmercantilism.46Mercantilistdoctrineandinstitutionswereimportantbecausetheywereheldbypracticalbusinesspeopleandheadsofstatewhostronglyinfluencedpublicpolicyandinstitutionalchange. Theprimaryaimofmercantilistswastoachievepowerandwealthforthestate.Togenerateaninflowofgoldorsilverthroughtradethevalueofexportsshouldexceedthevalueofimports.Andthestatecouldattaingreatpoweronlyifpoliticalandeconomicunitybecameafact.47Ifallthematerialsnecessarytofosterdomesticindustrywerenotavailabletheycouldbestbeobtainedbyestablishingcoloniesorfriendlyforeigntradingpostsfromwhichsuchgoodscouldbeimported.Andastrongmerchantmarinecouldcarryforeigngoodstherebyhelpingtosecurefavorabletradebalances.48Mercantilistsbelievedthatthesemeansofachievingnationalpowercouldbemadeeffectivebythepassageandstrictenforcementoflegislationregulatingeconomiclife. 49AlmostassoonasVirginiatobaccobegantobeshippedincommercialquantitiestoEnglandKingJamesIleviedataxonitwhileagreeingtoprohibitthegrowthofcompetingtobaccoinEngland.TaxesregulationandsubsidieswereallusedasmercantilepoliciesbuttheprimaryonesthataffectedthecoloniesweretheNavigationActs. In1640sAmericanshadslippedintothehabitofshippingtheirgoodsdirectlytocontinentalportsandtheDutchmadegreatinroadsintothecarryingtradeofthecolonies.AftertheRestorationEnglandwasinapositiontoenforceastrictcommercialpolicybeginningwiththeNavigationActsof1660and1663.Despitethecontinuedmodificationstotheseactsbypolicychangesitissufficienttonotethreeprimarycategoriesoftraderestriction: 50AlltradeofthecolonieswastobecarriedinvesselsthatwereEnglishbuiltandownedcommandedbyanEnglishcaptainandmannedbyacrewofwhomthree-quarterswereEnglish. AllforeignmerchantswereexcludedfromdealingdirectlyinthecommerceoftheEnglishcolonies.TheycouldengageincolonialtradeonlythroughEnglandandmerchantsresidentthere. CertaincommoditiesproducedinthecoloniescouldbeexportedonlytoEnglandessentiallyanydestinationwithintheEmpire.These"enumerated"goodsincludedsugartobaccocottonindigogingerandsoon. AlmostassoonasVirginiatobaccobegantobeshippedincommercialquantitiestoEnglandKingJamesIleviedataxonitwhileagreeingtoprohibitthegrowthofcompetingtobaccoinEngland
ForthepeoplewhohavenevertraveledacrosstheAtlanticthevoyageisafantasy.ButforthepeoplewhocrossitfrequentlyonecrossingoftheAtlanticisverymuchlikeanotherandtheydonotmakethevoyageforthe1ofitsinterest.Mostofusarequitehappywhenwefeel2togotobedandpleasedwhenthejourney3OnthefirstnightthistimeIfeltespeciallylazyandwenttobed4earlierthanusual.WhenI5mycabinIwassurprised6thatIwastohaveacompanionduringmytripwhichmademefeelalittleunhappy.Ihadexpected7buttherewasasuitcase8mineintheoppositecorner.Iwonderedwhohecouldbeandwhathewouldbelike.Soonafterwardshecamein.Hewasthesortofmanyoumightmeet9exceptthathewaswearing10goodclothesthatImadeupmymindthatwewouldnot11whoeverhewasanddidnotsay12.AsIhadexpectedhedidnottalktomeeitherbutwenttobedimmediately. IsupposeIsleptforseveralhoursbecausewhenIwokeupitwasalreadythemiddleofthenight.Ifeltcoldbutcovered13aswellasIcouldandtriestogobacktosleep.ThenIrealizedthata14wascomingfromthewindowopposite.IthoughtperhapsIhadforgotten15thedoorsoIgotup16thedoorbutfounditalreadylockedfromtheinside.Thecoldairwascomingfromthewindowopposite.Icrossedtheroomand17themoonshonethroughitontotheotherbed.18there.Ittookmeaminuteortwoto19thedoormyself.Irealizedthatmycompanion20throughthewindowintothesea. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
RealpolicemenbothBritainandtheUnitedStateshardlyrecognizeanyresemblancebetweentheirlivesandwhattheyseeonTV—iftheyevergethomeintime.Therearesimilaritiesofcoursebutthecopsdon’tthinkmuchofthem.Thefirstdifferenceisthatapoliceman’srealliferevolvesroundthelaw.Mostofhistrainingisincriminallaw.Hehastoknowexactlywhatactionsarecrimesandwhatevidencecanbeusedtoprovethemincourt.Hehastoknownearlyasmuchlawasaprofessionallawyerandwhatismorehehastoapplyitonhisfeetinthedarkandrainrunningdownanalleyaftersomeonehehastotalkto.Littleofhistimeisspentinchattingtoscantilycladladiesorindramaticconfrontationswithdesperatecriminal.Hewillspendmostofhisworkinglifetypingmillionsofwordsonthousandsofformsabouthundredsofsadunimportantpeoplewhoareguilty—ornot—ofstupidpettycrimes.Mosttelevisioncrimedramaisaboutfindingthecriminal;assoonashe’sarrestedthestoryisover.Inreallifefindingcriminalsisseldommuchofaproblem.Exceptinveryseriouscaseslikemurdersandterroristattacks—wherefailuretoproduceresultsreflectsonthestandingofthepolice—littleeffortisspentonsearching.Thepolicehaveanelaboratemachinerywhicheventuallyshowsupmostwantedmen.Havingmadeanarrestadetectivereallystartstowork.Hehastoprovehiscaseincourtandtodothatheoftenhastogatheralotofdifferentevidence.Muchofthishastobegivenbypeoplewhodon’twanttogetinvolvedinacourtcase.Soaswellasbeingoverworkedadetectivehastobeoutatallhoursofthedayandnightinterviewinghiswitnessesandpersuadingthemusuallyagainsttheirownbestintereststohelphim.Athirdbigdifferencebetweenthedramadetectiveandtherealoneistheunpleasantmoraltwilightinwhichtherealonelives.Detectivesaresubjecttotwoopposingpressures:firstasmembersofapoliceforcetheyalwayshavetobehavewithabsolutelegalitysecondlyasexpensivepublicservantstheyhavetogetresults.Theycanhardlyeverdoboth.Mostofthetimesomeofthemhavetobreaktherulesinsmallways.Ifthedetectivehastodeceivetheworldtheworldoftendeceiveshim.Hardlyanyonehemeetstellshimthetruth.Andthisseparationthedetectivefeelsbetweenhimselfandtherestoftheworldisdeepenedbythesimplemindedness—asheseesit—ofcitizenssocialworkersdoctorslawmakersandjudgeswhoinsteadofstampingoutcrimepunishthecriminalslessseverelyinthehopethatthiswillmakethemreform.Theresultdetectivesfeelisthatninetenthsoftheirworkisreachingpeoplewhoshouldhavestayedbehindbars.Thismakesthemrathercynical.Itisessentialforapolicemantobetrainedincriminallaw______.
ForthepeoplewhohavenevertraveledacrosstheAtlanticthevoyageisafantasy.ButforthepeoplewhocrossitfrequentlyonecrossingoftheAtlanticisverymuchlikeanotherandtheydonotmakethevoyageforthe1ofitsinterest.Mostofusarequitehappywhenwefeel2togotobedandpleasedwhenthejourney3OnthefirstnightthistimeIfeltespeciallylazyandwenttobed4earlierthanusual.WhenI5mycabinIwassurprised6thatIwastohaveacompanionduringmytripwhichmademefeelalittleunhappy.Ihadexpected7buttherewasasuitcase8mineintheoppositecorner.Iwonderedwhohecouldbeandwhathewouldbelike.Soonafterwardshecamein.Hewasthesortofmanyoumightmeet9exceptthathewaswearing10goodclothesthatImadeupmymindthatwewouldnot11whoeverhewasanddidnotsay12.AsIhadexpectedhedidnottalktomeeitherbutwenttobedimmediately. IsupposeIsleptforseveralhoursbecausewhenIwokeupitwasalreadythemiddleofthenight.Ifeltcoldbutcovered13aswellasIcouldandtriestogobacktosleep.ThenIrealizedthata14wascomingfromthewindowopposite.IthoughtperhapsIhadforgotten15thedoorsoIgotup16thedoorbutfounditalreadylockedfromtheinside.Thecoldairwascomingfromthewindowopposite.Icrossedtheroomand17themoonshonethroughitontotheotherbed.18there.Ittookmeaminuteortwoto19thedoormyself.Irealizedthatmycompanion20throughthewindowintothesea. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
ForthepeoplewhohavenevertraveledacrosstheAtlanticthevoyageisafantasy.ButforthepeoplewhocrossitfrequentlyonecrossingoftheAtlanticisverymuchlikeanotherandtheydonotmakethevoyageforthe1ofitsinterest.Mostofusarequitehappywhenwefeel2togotobedandpleasedwhenthejourney3OnthefirstnightthistimeIfeltespeciallylazyandwenttobed4earlierthanusual.WhenI5mycabinIwassurprised6thatIwastohaveacompanionduringmytripwhichmademefeelalittleunhappy.Ihadexpected7buttherewasasuitcase8mineintheoppositecorner.Iwonderedwhohecouldbeandwhathewouldbelike.Soonafterwardshecamein.Hewasthesortofmanyoumightmeet9exceptthathewaswearing10goodclothesthatImadeupmymindthatwewouldnot11whoeverhewasanddidnotsay12.AsIhadexpectedhedidnottalktomeeitherbutwenttobedimmediately. IsupposeIsleptforseveralhoursbecausewhenIwokeupitwasalreadythemiddleofthenight.Ifeltcoldbutcovered13aswellasIcouldandtriestogobacktosleep.ThenIrealizedthata14wascomingfromthewindowopposite.IthoughtperhapsIhadforgotten15thedoorsoIgotup16thedoorbutfounditalreadylockedfromtheinside.Thecoldairwascomingfromthewindowopposite.Icrossedtheroomand17themoonshonethroughitontotheotherbed.18there.Ittookmeaminuteortwoto19thedoormyself.Irealizedthatmycompanion20throughthewindowintothesea. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
What’syourearliestmemoryDoyourememberlearningtowalkThebirthofasiblingNurseryschoolAdultsrarelyremembereventsfrommuchbeforekindergartenjustaschildrenyoungerthan3or4seldomrecallanyspecificexperiencesasdistinctfromgeneralknowledge.Psychologistshavefloatedallsortsofexplanationsforthis“childhoodamnesia”.Thereductionistsappealedtotheneurologicalarguingthatthehippocampusthebrainregionresponsibleforformingmemoriesdoesn’tmatureuntilabouttheageof2.Butthereigningtheoryholdsthatsinceadultsdonotthinklikechildrentheycannotaccesschildhoodmemories.Adultsarestruckwithgrown-up“schema”thebarebonesofnarratives.46Whentheyrifflethroughthementalfilingcabinetinsearchoffragmentsofchildhoodmemoriestohangonthisnarrativeskeletonaccordingtothistheorytheydon’tfindanythatfit.It’sliketryingtofindtheFrenchwordinanEnglishindex. NowpsychologistKatherineNelsonoftheCityUniversityofNewYorkoffersanewexplanationforchildhoodamnesia.47Shearguesthatchildrendon’tevenformlastinglong-termmemoriesofpersonalexperiencesuntiltheylearntousesomeoneelse’sdescriptionofthoseexperiencestoturntheirownshort-termfleetingrecollectionsintopermanentmemories.Inotherwordschildrenhavetotalkabouttheirexperiencesandhearotherstalkaboutthem—hearMomrecountthatdays’triptothedinosaurmuseumhearDadre-memberaloudtheirtriptotheamusementpark. WhyshouldmemorydependsoheavilyonnarrativeNelsonmarshalsevidencethatthemindstructuresremembrancesthatway.48Childrenwhosemotherstalkabouttheday’sactivitiesastheywinddowntowardbedtimeforinstanceremembermoreoftheday’sspecialeventsthandochildrenwhosemothersdon’tofferthisnovelisticframework.Talkingaboutaneventinanarrativewayhelpsachildrememberit.49Andlearningtostructurememoriesasalong-runningnarrativeNelsonsuggestsisthekeytoapermanent“autobiographicalmemory”thespecificremembrancesthatformone’slifestory.Whatyouhadforlunchyesterdayisn’tpartofit;whatyouateonyourfirstdatewithyourfuturespousemaybe. Languageofcourseisthekeytosuchanarrative.Childrenlearntoengageintalkaboutthepast.Theestablishmentofthesememoriesisrelatedtotheexperienceoftalkingtootherpeopleaboutthem.50Inparticularachildmustrecognizethataretelling—ofthatmuseumtripsay—isjustthetripitselfinanothermediumthatofspeechratherthanexperience.Thatdoesn’thappenuntilthechildisperhapsfourorfive.Bythetimeshe’sreadyforkindergartenshe’llrememberallsortsofthings.Andshemayevenbythenhavelearned’nottoblurtthemoutinpublic. Andlearningtostructurememoriesasalong-runningnarrativeNelsonsuggestsisthekeytoapermanentautobiographicalmemorythespecificremembrancesthatformone’slifestory.
ForthepeoplewhohavenevertraveledacrosstheAtlanticthevoyageisafantasy.ButforthepeoplewhocrossitfrequentlyonecrossingoftheAtlanticisverymuchlikeanotherandtheydonotmakethevoyageforthe1ofitsinterest.Mostofusarequitehappywhenwefeel2togotobedandpleasedwhenthejourney3OnthefirstnightthistimeIfeltespeciallylazyandwenttobed4earlierthanusual.WhenI5mycabinIwassurprised6thatIwastohaveacompanionduringmytripwhichmademefeelalittleunhappy.Ihadexpected7buttherewasasuitcase8mineintheoppositecorner.Iwonderedwhohecouldbeandwhathewouldbelike.Soonafterwardshecamein.Hewasthesortofmanyoumightmeet9exceptthathewaswearing10goodclothesthatImadeupmymindthatwewouldnot11whoeverhewasanddidnotsay12.AsIhadexpectedhedidnottalktomeeitherbutwenttobedimmediately. IsupposeIsleptforseveralhoursbecausewhenIwokeupitwasalreadythemiddleofthenight.Ifeltcoldbutcovered13aswellasIcouldandtriestogobacktosleep.ThenIrealizedthata14wascomingfromthewindowopposite.IthoughtperhapsIhadforgotten15thedoorsoIgotup16thedoorbutfounditalreadylockedfromtheinside.Thecoldairwascomingfromthewindowopposite.Icrossedtheroomand17themoonshonethroughitontotheotherbed.18there.Ittookmeaminuteortwoto19thedoormyself.Irealizedthatmycompanion20throughthewindowintothesea. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
ForthepeoplewhohavenevertraveledacrosstheAtlanticthevoyageisafantasy.ButforthepeoplewhocrossitfrequentlyonecrossingoftheAtlanticisverymuchlikeanotherandtheydonotmakethevoyageforthe1ofitsinterest.Mostofusarequitehappywhenwefeel2togotobedandpleasedwhenthejourney3OnthefirstnightthistimeIfeltespeciallylazyandwenttobed4earlierthanusual.WhenI5mycabinIwassurprised6thatIwastohaveacompanionduringmytripwhichmademefeelalittleunhappy.Ihadexpected7buttherewasasuitcase8mineintheoppositecorner.Iwonderedwhohecouldbeandwhathewouldbelike.Soonafterwardshecamein.Hewasthesortofmanyoumightmeet9exceptthathewaswearing10goodclothesthatImadeupmymindthatwewouldnot11whoeverhewasanddidnotsay12.AsIhadexpectedhedidnottalktomeeitherbutwenttobedimmediately. IsupposeIsleptforseveralhoursbecausewhenIwokeupitwasalreadythemiddleofthenight.Ifeltcoldbutcovered13aswellasIcouldandtriestogobacktosleep.ThenIrealizedthata14wascomingfromthewindowopposite.IthoughtperhapsIhadforgotten15thedoorsoIgotup16thedoorbutfounditalreadylockedfromtheinside.Thecoldairwascomingfromthewindowopposite.Icrossedtheroomand17themoonshonethroughitontotheotherbed.18there.Ittookmeaminuteortwoto19thedoormyself.Irealizedthatmycompanion20throughthewindowintothesea. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
[A]ForexampletheUnitedStatesisamajorconsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinturncanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates. [B]Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar. [C]Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.Thefirstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem. [D]Intoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-suffi-cient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved. [E]Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapanandSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. [F]Formostnationsexportsandimportsarethemostimportantinternationalactivity.Whennationsexportmorethantheyimporttheyaresaidtohaveafavorablebalanceoftrade.Whentheyimportmorethantheyexportanunfavorablebalanceoftradeexists.Nationstrytomaintainafavorablebalanceoftradewhichassuresthemofthemeanstobuynecessaryimports. [G]Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparativeadvantageinthedesireditems. Order: 41
WantaglimpseofthefutureofhealthcareTakealookatthewaythevariousnetworksofpeopleinvolvedinpatientcarearebeingconnectedtooneanotherandhowthisnewconnectivityisbeingexploitedtodelivermedicinetothepatient—nomatterwhereheorshemaybe.Onlinedoctorsofferingadvicebasedonstandardizedsymptomsarethemostobviousexample.Increasinglyhoweverremotediagnosistelemedicinewillbebasedonrealphysiologicaldatafromtheactualpatient.AgroupfromtheUniversityofKentuckyhasshownthatbyusinganoff-the-shelfPDApersonaldataassistancesuchasaPalmPilotplusamobilephoneitisperfectlyfeasibletotransmitapatient’svitalsignsoverthetelephone.Withthiskindofequipmentinafirst-aidkitthecryaskingwhethertherewasadoctorinthehousecouldwellbeathingofthepast.Othermedicaltechnologygroupsareworkingonapplyingtelemedicinetoruralcare.Andatleastoneteamwantstousetelemedicineasatoolfordisasterresponse—especiallyafterearthquakes.Overallthetrendistowardsprovidingglobalaccesstomedicaldataandexpertise.Butthereisoneproblem.Bandwidthisthelimitingfactorfortransmittingcomplexmedicalimagesaroundtheworld—CTscansbeingoneofthebiggestbandwidthconsumers.Communicationssatellitesmaybeabletocopewiththeshort-termneedsduringdisasterssuchasearthquakeswarsorfamines.Butmedicineislookingtowardsboththesecond-generationInternetandthird-generationmobilephonesforthefutureofdistributedmedicalintelligence.Doctorshavemettodiscusscomputer-basedtoolsformedicaldiagnosistrainingandtelemedicine.Withthefallingpriceofbroadbandcommunicationsthenewtechnologiesshouldusherinanerawhentelemedicineandthesharingofmedicalinformationexpertopinionanddiagnosisarecommon.Thesentencethecryaskingwhethertherewasadoctorinthehousecouldwellbeathingofthepastmeans______.
ManypeopleinvestinthestockmarkethopingtofindthenextMicrosoftandDell.HoweverIknow1personalexperiencehowdifficultthisreallyis.FormorethanayearIwaw2hundredsandsometimesthousandsofdollarsadayinvestinginthemarket.ItseemedsoeasyIdreamedof3myjobattheendoftheyearofbuyingasmallapartmentinParisoftravelingaroundtheworld.Butthesedreams4toasuddenanddramaticendwhenastockI5Texascellularponewholesalerfellbymorethan75percent6aoneyearperiod.Onthe7dayitplungedbymorethan$15ashare.Therewasarumorthecompanywas8salesfigures.ThatwaswhenIleamedhowquicklyWallstreet9companiesthatmisrepresentthe10. Ina11Isoldallmystockinthecompanypaying12margindebtwithcashadvancesfrommy13card.BecauseIownedsomanysharesI14asmallfortunehalfofitfrommoneyIborrowedfromthebrokeragecompany.OnemonthIama15thenextaloser.Thisonebiglosswasmyfirstlessoninthemarket. Myfatherwasastockbrokeraswaymygrandfather16him.InfacthefoundedoneofChicago’searliestbrokeragefirms.Butlikesomanythingsinlifewedon’tlearnanythinguntilwe17itforourselves.Theonlywaytoreallyunderstandtheinner18ofthestockmarketistoinvestyourownhard-earnedmoney.Whenallyourstocksaredoing19andyoufeellikeawinneryoulearnverylittle.It’swhenallyourstocksarelosingandeveryoneisquestioningyourstock-picking20thatyoufindoutifyouhavewhatittakestoinvestinthemarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
ManypeopleinvestinthestockmarkethopingtofindthenextMicrosoftandDell.HoweverIknow1personalexperiencehowdifficultthisreallyis.FormorethanayearIwaw2hundredsandsometimesthousandsofdollarsadayinvestinginthemarket.ItseemedsoeasyIdreamedof3myjobattheendoftheyearofbuyingasmallapartmentinParisoftravelingaroundtheworld.Butthesedreams4toasuddenanddramaticendwhenastockI5Texascellularponewholesalerfellbymorethan75percent6aoneyearperiod.Onthe7dayitplungedbymorethan$15ashare.Therewasarumorthecompanywas8salesfigures.ThatwaswhenIleamedhowquicklyWallstreet9companiesthatmisrepresentthe10. Ina11Isoldallmystockinthecompanypaying12margindebtwithcashadvancesfrommy13card.BecauseIownedsomanysharesI14asmallfortunehalfofitfrommoneyIborrowedfromthebrokeragecompany.OnemonthIama15thenextaloser.Thisonebiglosswasmyfirstlessoninthemarket. Myfatherwasastockbrokeraswaymygrandfather16him.InfacthefoundedoneofChicago’searliestbrokeragefirms.Butlikesomanythingsinlifewedon’tlearnanythinguntilwe17itforourselves.Theonlywaytoreallyunderstandtheinner18ofthestockmarketistoinvestyourownhard-earnedmoney.Whenallyourstocksaredoing19andyoufeellikeawinneryoulearnverylittle.It’swhenallyourstocksarelosingandeveryoneisquestioningyourstock-picking20thatyoufindoutifyouhavewhatittakestoinvestinthemarket. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
ForthepeoplewhohavenevertraveledacrosstheAtlanticthevoyageisafantasy.ButforthepeoplewhocrossitfrequentlyonecrossingoftheAtlanticisverymuchlikeanotherandtheydonotmakethevoyageforthe1ofitsinterest.Mostofusarequitehappywhenwefeel2togotobedandpleasedwhenthejourney3OnthefirstnightthistimeIfeltespeciallylazyandwenttobed4earlierthanusual.WhenI5mycabinIwassurprised6thatIwastohaveacompanionduringmytripwhichmademefeelalittleunhappy.Ihadexpected7buttherewasasuitcase8mineintheoppositecorner.Iwonderedwhohecouldbeandwhathewouldbelike.Soonafterwardshecamein.Hewasthesortofmanyoumightmeet9exceptthathewaswearing10goodclothesthatImadeupmymindthatwewouldnot11whoeverhewasanddidnotsay12.AsIhadexpectedhedidnottalktomeeitherbutwenttobedimmediately. IsupposeIsleptforseveralhoursbecausewhenIwokeupitwasalreadythemiddleofthenight.Ifeltcoldbutcovered13aswellasIcouldandtriestogobacktosleep.ThenIrealizedthata14wascomingfromthewindowopposite.IthoughtperhapsIhadforgotten15thedoorsoIgotup16thedoorbutfounditalreadylockedfromtheinside.Thecoldairwascomingfromthewindowopposite.Icrossedtheroomand17themoonshonethroughitontotheotherbed.18there.Ittookmeaminuteortwoto19thedoormyself.Irealizedthatmycompanion20throughthewindowintothesea. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
ForthepeoplewhohavenevertraveledacrosstheAtlanticthevoyageisafantasy.ButforthepeoplewhocrossitfrequentlyonecrossingoftheAtlanticisverymuchlikeanotherandtheydonotmakethevoyageforthe1ofitsinterest.Mostofusarequitehappywhenwefeel2togotobedandpleasedwhenthejourney3OnthefirstnightthistimeIfeltespeciallylazyandwenttobed4earlierthanusual.WhenI5mycabinIwassurprised6thatIwastohaveacompanionduringmytripwhichmademefeelalittleunhappy.Ihadexpected7buttherewasasuitcase8mineintheoppositecorner.Iwonderedwhohecouldbeandwhathewouldbelike.Soonafterwardshecamein.Hewasthesortofmanyoumightmeet9exceptthathewaswearing10goodclothesthatImadeupmymindthatwewouldnot11whoeverhewasanddidnotsay12.AsIhadexpectedhedidnottalktomeeitherbutwenttobedimmediately. IsupposeIsleptforseveralhoursbecausewhenIwokeupitwasalreadythemiddleofthenight.Ifeltcoldbutcovered13aswellasIcouldandtriestogobacktosleep.ThenIrealizedthata14wascomingfromthewindowopposite.IthoughtperhapsIhadforgotten15thedoorsoIgotup16thedoorbutfounditalreadylockedfromtheinside.Thecoldairwascomingfromthewindowopposite.Icrossedtheroomand17themoonshonethroughitontotheotherbed.18there.Ittookmeaminuteortwoto19thedoormyself.Irealizedthatmycompanion20throughthewindowintothesea. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Guthrie’scontiguityprincipleofferspracticalsuggestionsforhowtobreakhabits.Oneapplicationofthethresholdmethodinvolvesthetimeyoungchildrenspendonacademicactivities.Youngchildrenhaveshortattentionspanssothelengthoftimetheycansustainworkononeactivityislimited.Mostactivitiesarescheduledtolastnolongerthan30to40minutes.Howeveratthestartoftheschoolyearattentionspansquicklywaneandbehaviorproblemsoftenresult.ToapplyGuthrie’stheoryateachermightatthestartoftheyearlimitactivitiesto15to20minutes.Overthenextfewweekstheteachercouldgraduallyincreasethetimestudentsspendworkingonasingleactivity.Thethresholdmethodalsocanbeappliedtoteachingprintingandhandwriting.Whenchildrenfirstlearntoformletterstheirmovementsareawkwardandtheylackfinemotorcoordination.Thedistancesbetweenlinesonapagearepurposelywidesochildrencanfitthelettersintothespace.Ifpaperwithnarrowlinesisinitiallyintroducedstudents’etterswouldspilloverthebordersandstudentsmightbecomefrustrated.Oncestudentscanformletterswithinthelargerborderstheycanusepaperwithsmallerborderstohelpthemrefinetheirskills.Thefatiguemethodcanbeappliedwhendiscipliningdisruptivestudentswhobuildpaperairplanesandsailthemacrosstheroom.Theteachercanremovethestudentsfromtheclassroomgivethemalargestackofpaperandtellhimtostartmakingpaperairplanes.Afterthestudentshavemadeseveralairplanestheactivityshouldloseitsattractionandpaperwillbecomeacuefornotbuildingairplanes.Somestudentscontinuallyracearoundthegymwhentheyfirstentertheirphysicaleducationclass.Toemploythefatiguemethodtheteachermightdecidetohavethesestudentscontinuetorunafewmorelapsaftertheclasshasbegun.Theincompatibleresponsemethodcanbeusedwithstudentswhotalkandmisbehaveinthemediacenter.Readingisincompatiblewithtalking.Themediacenterteachermightaskthestudentstofindinterestingbooksandreadthemwhileinthecenter.Assumingthatthestudentsfindthebooksenjoyablethemediacenterwillovertimebecomeacueforselectingandreadingbooksratherthanfortalkingwithotherstudents.Inasocialstudiesclasssomestudentsregularlyfallasleep.Theteacherrealizedthatusingtheboardandoverheadprojectorwhilelecturingwasveryboring.Soontheteacherbegantoincorporateotherelementsintoeachlessonsuchasexperimentsanddebatesinanattempttoinvolvestudentsandraisetheirinterestinthecourse.Thepurposeofthispassageisto______.
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