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黄龙汤与增液承气汤的组成均含有的药物是
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黄龙汤与大承气汤二方组成中均含有的药物是
生地、玄参
生地、麦冬
人参、当归
人参、甘草
大黄、芒硝
组成中均含有玄参生地麦冬的方剂是
清营汤
新加黄龙汤
养阴清肺汤
增液承气汤
黄龙汤与增液承气汤中均含有的药物是
生地黄,麦冬
人参,甘草
当归,人参
生地黄,玄参
大黄,芒硝
黄龙汤与调胃承气汤二方组成中均含有的药物是
生地麦冬
人参甘草
生地玄参
人参当归
大黄芒硝
黄龙汤与增液承气汤的组成均含有的药物是
生地黄，麦冬
人参，甘草
当归，人参
生地黄，玄参
大黄，芒硝
黄龙汤与调胃承气汤两方组成中均含有的药物是
生地、玄参
生地、麦冬
人参、当归
人参、甘草
大黄、芒硝
黄龙汤与增液承气汤的组成均含有的药物是
生地、玄参
人参、甘草
生地、麦冬
人参、当归
大黄、芒硝
桃核承气汤的组成药物中含有的方为
增液承气汤
调胃承气汤
大承气汤
小承气汤
厚朴三物汤
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EuropeanfarmministershaveendedthreeweeksofnegotiationswithadealwhichtheyclaimrepresentsgenuinereformofthecommonagriculturalpolicyCAP.WillitbeenoughtokickofftheDohaworldtradenegotiations OnthefaceofitthedealagreedintheearlyhoursofThursdayJune26thlookspromising.Mostsubsidieslinkedtospecificfarmproductsareatlasttobebroken--theideaistoreplacethesewithadirectpaymenttofarmers.unconnectedtoparticularproducts.Supportpricesforseveralkeyproductsincludingmilkandbutteraretobecut-thatshouldmeanEuropeanpriceseventuallyfallingtowardstheworldmarketlevel.Cut-tingthelinkbetweensubsidyandproductionwasthemainobjectiveofproposalsputforwardbyMr.Fischlerwhichhadformedthestartingpointforthenegotiations. TheCAPishugelyunpopulararoundtheworld.ItsubsidizesEuropeanfarmerstosuchanextentthattheycanundercutfarmersfrompoorcountrieswhoalsofacetradebarriersthatlargelyexcludethemfromthepotentiallylucrativeEuropeanmarket.FarmtradeisalsoakeyfeatureoftheDoharoundoftradetalkslaunchedundertheauspicesoftheWorldTradeOrganizationWTOinNovember2001.DevelopingcountrieshavelinedupalongsideanumberofindustrialcountriestodemandanendtothemassivesubsidiesEuropepaysitsfarmers.SeveralDohadeadlineshavealreadybeenmissedbecauseoftheEU’sintransigenceandthesurvivalofthetalkswillbeatriskifnoprogressismadebySeptemberwhentheworld’stradeministersmeetinCancunMexico. ButnoweventheFrenchseemtohavegonealongwiththedealhammeredoutinLuxembourg.Uptoapointanyway.Thepackageofmeasuresgivesthegreenlightforthemosteagerreformerstomovefasttoimplementthechangeswithintheirowncountries.ButthereisanescapeclauseofsortsfortheFrenchandotherreform-aversenations.Theycandelayimplementationforuptotwoyears.Thereisalsoasuggestionthatthereformsmightnotapplywherethereisachancethattheywouldleadtoareductioninlandundercultivation. These1et-outsarepotentiallydamagingforEurope’snegotiatorsintheDoharound.TheycouldsignificantlyreducethecostsavingsthatthereformsmightotherwisegenerateandinturnkeepEuropeanexpenditureonfarmsupportunacceptablyhighbyworldstandards.MotegenerallytheescapeclausescouldunderminethereformsbyencouragingthesuspicionthatthenewpackagewillnotdeliverthechangesthatitssupportersclaimCloseanalysisofwhatisinevitablyaverycomplicatedpackagemightconfirmthesceptics’fears. Inwhatcasemighttheescapeclausesapplyinreform-aversenations
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
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SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther.Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirussoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading"itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatmeansitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersome-oneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelch.However.accordingtoMrHaleyWelchhascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"--signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast. Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. WhichofthefollowingbestdefinestheworddoctoredLine10Paragraph1
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn46Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem47Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherlandsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.48.Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalpre-scientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.49Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousself-governingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning"values".Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends50Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithimpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems. Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousself-governingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements
St.Pauldidn’tlikeit.Moseswarnedhispeopleagainstit.Hesioddeclaredit"mischievous"and"hardtogetridofit"butOscarWildersaid"Gossipischarming." "Historyismerelygossip"hewroteinoneofhisfamousplays."Butscandalisgossipmadetediousbymorality." InpasttimeunderJewishlawgossipmongersmightbefinedorflogged.ThePuritansputtheminstocksorduckingstoolsbutnopunishmentseemedtohave-thedesiredeffectofpreventinggossipwhichhascontinueduninterruptedlyacrossthebackfencesofthecenturies. Todayhoweverthemuch-malignedhumanfoibleisbeinglookedatinadifferentlight.Psychologistssociologistsphilosophersevenevolutionarybiologistsareconcludingthatgossipmaynotbesobadafterall. Gossipis"anintrinsicallyvaluableactivity"philosophyprofessorAaronBen-Ze’evstatesinabookhehaseditedentitledGoodGossip.Foronethinggossiphelpsusacquireinformationthatweneedtoknowthatdoesn’tcomethroughordinarychannelssuchas:"Whatwastherealreasonso-and-sowasfiredfrom.theoffice"GossipalsoisaformofsocialbondingDr.Ben-Ze’evsays.Itis"akindofsharing"thatalso"satisfiesthetribalneed--namelytheneedtobelongtoandbeacceptedbyauniquegroup."What’smoretheprofessornotes"Gossipisenjoyable." AnothergossipgroupieDr.RonaldDeSousaaprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontodescribesgossipbasicallyasaformofindiscretionanda"saintlyvirtue"bywhichhemeansthattheknowledgespreadbygossipwillusuallyendupbeingslightlybeneficial."Itseemslikelythataworldinwhichallinformationwereuniversallyavailablewouldbepreferabletoaworldwhereimmensepowerresidesinthecontrolofsecrets"hewrites. Stilleverybodyknowsthatgossipcanhaveitsilleffectsespeciallyonthepoorwretchbeinggossipedabout.Andpeopleshouldrefrainfromcertainkindsofgossipthatmightbeharmfuleventhoughtheduckingstoolislongoutoffashion. BythewaythereisalsoaninterestingstrainofgossipcalledmedicalgossipwhichinitsbestformaccordingtoresearchersJerryM.SulsandFranklinGoodkincanmotivatepeoplewithsymptomsofseriousillnessbutwhoareunawareofittoseekmedicalhelp. Sogoaheadandgossip.ButrememberifasoftenisthecaseamonggossipersyoushouldsuddenlybecomeoneofthegossipersinsteaditisbesttoemploythefoolproofdefenserecommendedbyPlatowhomayhavelearnedthelessonfromSocrateswhoasyouknowwasthevictimofgossipspreadthathewascorruptingtheyouthofAthens:whenmenspeakilloftheesolivethatnobodywillbelievethem.OrasWillRogerssaid"Livesothatyouwouldn’tbeashamedtosellthefamilyparrottothetowngossip." Theauthor’sattitudetowardgossipcanbebestdescribedas
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
AtColumbiaUniversitywhereItaughteconomicsformanyyearsbeforecomingtoChinamostofmystudentsspentagreatdealoftimeinvolunteerwork.TheytaughtpoorchildreninthelocalneighborhoodstheyvisitedtheelderlyinhospitalsandathomeandhelpedthemwiththeirshoppingtheyworkedtopreservehistoricsitesandplacesofbeautytheycleanedupwastedumpstheypreparedfoodforthehungrytheycreatedandranstudentnewspaperstheyorganizedconcertsandartisticeventstheyactedastranslatorsformigrantworkerstheyformedpoliticalpressuregroupstheyraisedmoneytocombatAIDSmalariaandotherdiseasesandsoon. Aspart0fthattraditionIdovolunteerworkhereinBeijingjustasIdidinNewYorkbutIfindthatmystudentsatTsinghuaUniversityandatotherschoolsinBeijingaremuchlessinvolvedinvolunteeringthenIhadexpected;InpartofcoursethisreflectstheheavierworkloadinChineseschoolswhichleaveslesstimeforoutsideactivities.ButIthinkthereismoretoitthanjustthis.Ithinkitalsoreflectsaverydifferentsysteminwhichvolunteerworkforstudentshereisusuallyorganizedorsponsoredbygovernmentschoolsorotherofficialgroupsratherthanbythestudentsthemselves.41. Thisisunfortunate.IthinkitwouldbebetterbothforthemandforsocietyifChinesestudentstooktheinitiativetodecidewhatkindsofproblemsorissuestheyfelttobeofimportanceandthenplayedamoreactiveroleinorganizingthework.42. Butthereareatleasttwootherimportantreasonsfordoingvolunteerwork.Thefirstisthatyoucanlearnalotaboutyourselfandaboutyourabilitiesbyorganizingtakingonresponsibilitiesdecidingonobjectivesandfulfillingthem.43. Thisisanimportantlesson.Manyofmystudentshereworkveryhardbuttheirattitudetowardstheirworkisnotalwaysahealthyone.Theydotheworknotbecausetheyloveitorfeelthatitisexcitingbutratherbecauseitisexpectedofthemandtheywillgetrewardedoratleastnotpunishediftheydoit.Withcharitableworkthereisnoexplicitreward.Youworkbecauseyouhavegoalsandintheendtheonlyjudgeofyourworkisyourself.44.Italsoforcesyoutothinkaboutwhatyouaredoingandthebestwaytoaccomplishyourobjectives.Youarenolongersimplydoingsomethingbecauseyourteacheroryourbosstoldyoutodoit. Thesecondimportantreasonforcharitableworkisthatitchangesyourrelationshipwithyoursociety.SometimesIfeelthatmanyofthepeopleImeetheredon’treallyappreciatethegreatnessofChinaandtheexcitementoftheprocessthroughwhichitiscurrentlyliving.TheChinesearewell-knownforbeingnationalisticbutsometimesIthinkthisnationalismhasmoretodowithdistrustofforeignersthanwithloveofcountry.ManyofmyfriendsandstudentssimplydonotknowverymuchabouttheirowncountryandoftenseemunhappywithorembarrassedbycertainaspectsofChina. 45.ForexampleifyouhelpthechildrenofmigrantworkerswiththeireducationyouwillquicklyrealizethatpoormigrantworkersshouldnotbeseenasanembarrassmenttoBeijing.OnthecontrarytheyareagreatstrengthandtheirstoriesarepartofahugeanddramaticexperimentthatChinaisundergoing.Inasmallwaybyworkingwithmigrantchildrenyoucanhelpmaketheexperimentasuccess. [A]Ithinkthatiftheyhadspentmoretimeengagedinactivitiesoutsideofschoolandfamilysuchasdoingvolunteerworktheywouldfeelverydifferently. [B]Thischangesthewayyouthinkaboutworkandaboutyourresponsibilitiestoyourselfandothers. [C]YouwillrealizehowfutureeventscanhavejustasBiganimpactonyourlifeandthoseofyourfriendsandfamily. [D]ThismeansthatmanystudentshereinBeijingthinkofvolunteeringassomethingthatmustbedonetopleaseteachersbossesorotherfiguresofauthorityratherthanbecauseofadesiretoaddressaproblemaboutwhichtheyhavethoughtverydeeply. [E]Whenyouworkcloselywithotherswhoarelessfortunatethanyouorwhenyousetalocalgoalandworktoaccomplishityouseedirectlyhowyouractionscanaffecttheworldaroundyou. [F]Ifyouareinterestedinvolunteerworkyoudon’thavetowaitforyourschoolyourteachersorofficialsontelevisiontotellyouwhattodo. [G]Therearemanyreasonswhythiswouldbegood.Themostobviousreasonofcourseisthatweallhaveobligationstowardsoursocietyandvolunteerworkisonewayofrepayingthisobligation. 41
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadcarefullyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretolookforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18youread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.HoweveronlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinEnglish-Canadianuniversities.Traditionallylegallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.HappilytheolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw. Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducationitsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehanditprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjusticedemocracyandfreedom.Ontheotheritlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexamplenotionsofevidenceandfactofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist’sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer. Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenturnsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Politicsormorebroadlythefunctioningofthestateisamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworksthebettertheirreportingwillbe.InfactitisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories. Furthermorethelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatlythereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestoriesitispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem. Inthefirstparagraphtheauthorismainlyconcernedwith
ThestudyoflawhasbeenrecognizedforcenturiesasabasicintellectualdisciplineinEuropeanuniversities.HoweveronlyinrecentyearshasitbecomeafeatureofundergraduateprogramsinEnglish-Canadianuniversities.Traditionallylegallearninghasbeenviewedinsuchinstitutionsasthespecialpreserveoflawyersratherthananecessarypartoftheintellectualequipmentofaneducatedperson.HappilytheolderandmorecontinentalviewoflegaleducationisestablishingitselfinanumberofCanadianuniversitiesandsomehaveevenbeguntoofferundergraduatedegreesinlaw. Ifthestudyoflawisbeginningtoestablishitselfaspartandparcelofageneraleducationitsaimsandmethodsshouldappealdirectlytojournalismeducators.Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgment.Ontheonehanditprovidesopportunitiestoanalyzesuchideasasjusticedemocracyandfreedom.Ontheotheritlinkstheseconceptstoeverydayrealitiesinamannerwhichisparalleltothelinksjournalistsforgeonadailybasisastheycoverandcommentonthenews.Forexamplenotionsofevidenceandfactofbasicrightsandpublicinterestareatworkintheprocessofjournalisticjudgmentandproductionjustasincourtsoflaw.Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist’sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer. Buttheideathatthejournalistmustunderstandthelawmoreprofoundlythananordinarycitizenturnsonanunderstandingoftheestablishedconventionsandspecialresponsibilitiesofthenewsmedia.Politicsormorebroadlythefunctioningofthestateisamajorsubjectforjournalists.Thebetterinformedtheyareaboutthewaythestateworksthebettertheirreportingwillbe.InfactitisdifficulttoseehowjournalistswhodonothaveacleargraspofthebasicfeaturesoftheCanadianConstitutioncandoacompetentjobonpoliticalstories. Furthermorethelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.Whilethequalityoflegaljournalismvariesgreatlythereisanunduerelianceamongstmanyjournalistsoninterpretationssuppliedtothembylawyers.Whilecommentandreactionfromlawyersmayenhancestoriesitispreferableforjournaliststorelyontheirownnotionsofsignificanceandmaketheirownjudgments.Thesecanonlycomefromawell-groundedunderstandingofthelegalsystem. Accordingtothepassagesoundjournalisticjudgment
EuropeanfarmministershaveendedthreeweeksofnegotiationswithadealwhichtheyclaimrepresentsgenuinereformofthecommonagriculturalpolicyCAP.WillitbeenoughtokickofftheDohaworldtradenegotiations OnthefaceofitthedealagreedintheearlyhoursofThursdayJune26thlookspromising.Mostsubsidieslinkedtospecificfarmproductsareatlasttobebroken--theideaistoreplacethesewithadirectpaymenttofarmers.unconnectedtoparticularproducts.Supportpricesforseveralkeyproductsincludingmilkandbutteraretobecut-thatshouldmeanEuropeanpriceseventuallyfallingtowardstheworldmarketlevel.Cut-tingthelinkbetweensubsidyandproductionwasthemainobjectiveofproposalsputforwardbyMr.Fischlerwhichhadformedthestartingpointforthenegotiations. TheCAPishugelyunpopulararoundtheworld.ItsubsidizesEuropeanfarmerstosuchanextentthattheycanundercutfarmersfrompoorcountrieswhoalsofacetradebarriersthatlargelyexcludethemfromthepotentiallylucrativeEuropeanmarket.FarmtradeisalsoakeyfeatureoftheDoharoundoftradetalkslaunchedundertheauspicesoftheWorldTradeOrganizationWTOinNovember2001.DevelopingcountrieshavelinedupalongsideanumberofindustrialcountriestodemandanendtothemassivesubsidiesEuropepaysitsfarmers.SeveralDohadeadlineshavealreadybeenmissedbecauseoftheEU’sintransigenceandthesurvivalofthetalkswillbeatriskifnoprogressismadebySeptemberwhentheworld’stradeministersmeetinCancunMexico. ButnoweventheFrenchseemtohavegonealongwiththedealhammeredoutinLuxembourg.Uptoapointanyway.Thepackageofmeasuresgivesthegreenlightforthemosteagerreformerstomovefasttoimplementthechangeswithintheirowncountries.ButthereisanescapeclauseofsortsfortheFrenchandotherreform-aversenations.Theycandelayimplementationforuptotwoyears.Thereisalsoasuggestionthatthereformsmightnotapplywherethereisachancethattheywouldleadtoareductioninlandundercultivation. These1et-outsarepotentiallydamagingforEurope’snegotiatorsintheDoharound.TheycouldsignificantlyreducethecostsavingsthatthereformsmightotherwisegenerateandinturnkeepEuropeanexpenditureonfarmsupportunacceptablyhighbyworldstandards.MotegenerallytheescapeclausescouldunderminethereformsbyencouragingthesuspicionthatthenewpackagewillnotdeliverthechangesthatitssupportersclaimCloseanalysisofwhatisinevitablyaverycomplicatedpackagemightconfirmthesceptics’fears. ThedealagreedonThursdaylookspromisinginthat
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther.Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirussoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading"itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatmeansitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersome-oneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelch.However.accordingtoMrHaleyWelchhascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"--signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast. Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. FromthetextwelearnthatWelch
PerhapsonlyasmallboytrainedtobeawizardattheHogwartsSchoolofMagiccouldcastaspellsopowerfulastocreatethebiggestbooklaunchever.WhereverintheWorldtheclockstrikesmidnightonJune20thhisfollowerswillflocktogettheirpawsononeofmorethan10mcopiesof"HarryPotterandtheOrderofthePhoenix".Bookshopswillopeninthemiddleofthenightanddeliveryfirmsaredraftinginextrastaffandbiggertrucks.RelatedtoysgamesDVDsandothermerchandisewillbeeverywhere.TherewillbenoescapingPottermania. YetMr.Potter’sworldisacuriousoneinwhichthingsareoftennotwhattheyappear.WhileanexcitablemediaherebyincludingTheEconomisthappytosupportsuchafineexampleofglobalizationishelpingtohypethelaunchofJ.K.Rowling’sfifthnovelaboutthemostadventurousthingthatthepublishershaveorganizedisareadingbyMs.RowlinginLondon’sRoyalAlbertHalltobebroadcastasalivewebcast. HollywoodwhichownseverythingelsetodowithHarryPottersaysitisdoingevenless.IncredibleasitmayseemtheguardiansofthebrandsaythattoprotectthePotterfranchisetheyaretryingtomaintainalowprofile.Wellrelativelylow. Ms.Rowlingsignedacontractin1998withWarnerBrotherspartofAOLTimeWarnergivingthestudioexclusivefilmlicensingandmerchandisingrightsinreturnforwhatnowappearstohavebeenasteal:some$500000.WarnerlicensesotherfirmstoproducegoodsusingHarryPottercharactersorimagesfromwhichMs.Rowlinggetsabigenoughcutthatsheisnowwealthierthanthequeen--ifyoubelieveBritain’sSundayTimesrichlist.Theprocessisself-generating:eachbooksetsthestageforafilmwhichboostsbooksaleswhichliftssalesofPotterproducts. GloballythefirstfourHarryPotterbookshavesoldsome200mcopiesin55languages;thetwomovieshavegrossedover$1.8billionattheboxoffice. ThisisastunningsuccessbyanymeasureespeciallyasMsRowlinghaslongdemandedthatHarryPottershouldnotbeover-commercialized.InlinewithherwishesWarnersaysitisbeingextraordinarilycarefulatleastbyHollywoodstandardsaboutwhatitlicensesandtowhom.ItimposedtoughconditionsonCoca-Cola.insistingthatnoHarryPotterimagesshouldappearoncansandisnowintheprocessofmakingitslicensingprogrammedevenmorerestrictive.Cokemaysoonbeconsideredtoomassmarkettocarrythebrandatall. ThedealwithWarnertiesmuchofthemerchandisingtothefilmsalone.Therearenoofficiallysanctionedproductsrelatingto"OrderofthePhoenix";noryetfor"HarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban"thefilmofthethirdbookwhichisdueoutinJune2004.WarneragreesthatMs.Rowling’screationisadifferentsortofcommercialpropertyonewithlong-termpotentialthatcouldbedamagedbyatypicalHollywoodmarketingblitzsaysDianeNelsonthestudio’sglobalbrandmanagerforHarryPotter.Itisvitalsheaddsthatwithmoretocomereadersofthebooksarenotalienated."Theevidencefromourmarketresearchisthatenthusiasmforthepropertybyfansisnotwarning." Ms.Rowling’sreadinginLondon’sRoyalAlbertHallismentionedtoshow
Directions:Lastmonthyouboughtapairofleathershoesfromashop.Butnowyoufindthattheshoesareinbadquality.Writealettertothemanageroftheshoptoexplain 1yourcomplain 2theproblemwiththeshoesand 3yourrequest. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
EuropeanfarmministershaveendedthreeweeksofnegotiationswithadealwhichtheyclaimrepresentsgenuinereformofthecommonagriculturalpolicyCAP.WillitbeenoughtokickofftheDohaworldtradenegotiations OnthefaceofitthedealagreedintheearlyhoursofThursdayJune26thlookspromising.Mostsubsidieslinkedtospecificfarmproductsareatlasttobebroken--theideaistoreplacethesewithadirectpaymenttofarmers.unconnectedtoparticularproducts.Supportpricesforseveralkeyproductsincludingmilkandbutteraretobecut-thatshouldmeanEuropeanpriceseventuallyfallingtowardstheworldmarketlevel.Cut-tingthelinkbetweensubsidyandproductionwasthemainobjectiveofproposalsputforwardbyMr.Fischlerwhichhadformedthestartingpointforthenegotiations. TheCAPishugelyunpopulararoundtheworld.ItsubsidizesEuropeanfarmerstosuchanextentthattheycanundercutfarmersfrompoorcountrieswhoalsofacetradebarriersthatlargelyexcludethemfromthepotentiallylucrativeEuropeanmarket.FarmtradeisalsoakeyfeatureoftheDoharoundoftradetalkslaunchedundertheauspicesoftheWorldTradeOrganizationWTOinNovember2001.DevelopingcountrieshavelinedupalongsideanumberofindustrialcountriestodemandanendtothemassivesubsidiesEuropepaysitsfarmers.SeveralDohadeadlineshavealreadybeenmissedbecauseoftheEU’sintransigenceandthesurvivalofthetalkswillbeatriskifnoprogressismadebySeptemberwhentheworld’stradeministersmeetinCancunMexico. ButnoweventheFrenchseemtohavegonealongwiththedealhammeredoutinLuxembourg.Uptoapointanyway.Thepackageofmeasuresgivesthegreenlightforthemosteagerreformerstomovefasttoimplementthechangeswithintheirowncountries.ButthereisanescapeclauseofsortsfortheFrenchandotherreform-aversenations.Theycandelayimplementationforuptotwoyears.Thereisalsoasuggestionthatthereformsmightnotapplywherethereisachancethattheywouldleadtoareductioninlandundercultivation. These1et-outsarepotentiallydamagingforEurope’snegotiatorsintheDoharound.TheycouldsignificantlyreducethecostsavingsthatthereformsmightotherwisegenerateandinturnkeepEuropeanexpenditureonfarmsupportunacceptablyhighbyworldstandards.MotegenerallytheescapeclausescouldunderminethereformsbyencouragingthesuspicionthatthenewpackagewillnotdeliverthechangesthatitssupportersclaimCloseanalysisofwhatisinevitablyaverycomplicatedpackagemightconfirmthesceptics’fears. Whatisthepassagemainlyabout
St.Pauldidn’tlikeit.Moseswarnedhispeopleagainstit.Hesioddeclaredit"mischievous"and"hardtogetridofit"butOscarWildersaid"Gossipischarming." "Historyismerelygossip"hewroteinoneofhisfamousplays."Butscandalisgossipmadetediousbymorality." InpasttimeunderJewishlawgossipmongersmightbefinedorflogged.ThePuritansputtheminstocksorduckingstoolsbutnopunishmentseemedtohave-thedesiredeffectofpreventinggossipwhichhascontinueduninterruptedlyacrossthebackfencesofthecenturies. Todayhoweverthemuch-malignedhumanfoibleisbeinglookedatinadifferentlight.Psychologistssociologistsphilosophersevenevolutionarybiologistsareconcludingthatgossipmaynotbesobadafterall. Gossipis"anintrinsicallyvaluableactivity"philosophyprofessorAaronBen-Ze’evstatesinabookhehaseditedentitledGoodGossip.Foronethinggossiphelpsusacquireinformationthatweneedtoknowthatdoesn’tcomethroughordinarychannelssuchas:"Whatwastherealreasonso-and-sowasfiredfrom.theoffice"GossipalsoisaformofsocialbondingDr.Ben-Ze’evsays.Itis"akindofsharing"thatalso"satisfiesthetribalneed--namelytheneedtobelongtoandbeacceptedbyauniquegroup."What’smoretheprofessornotes"Gossipisenjoyable." AnothergossipgroupieDr.RonaldDeSousaaprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontodescribesgossipbasicallyasaformofindiscretionanda"saintlyvirtue"bywhichhemeansthattheknowledgespreadbygossipwillusuallyendupbeingslightlybeneficial."Itseemslikelythataworldinwhichallinformationwereuniversallyavailablewouldbepreferabletoaworldwhereimmensepowerresidesinthecontrolofsecrets"hewrites. Stilleverybodyknowsthatgossipcanhaveitsilleffectsespeciallyonthepoorwretchbeinggossipedabout.Andpeopleshouldrefrainfromcertainkindsofgossipthatmightbeharmfuleventhoughtheduckingstoolislongoutoffashion. BythewaythereisalsoaninterestingstrainofgossipcalledmedicalgossipwhichinitsbestformaccordingtoresearchersJerryM.SulsandFranklinGoodkincanmotivatepeoplewithsymptomsofseriousillnessbutwhoareunawareofittoseekmedicalhelp. Sogoaheadandgossip.ButrememberifasoftenisthecaseamonggossipersyoushouldsuddenlybecomeoneofthegossipersinsteaditisbesttoemploythefoolproofdefenserecommendedbyPlatowhomayhavelearnedthelessonfromSocrateswhoasyouknowwasthevictimofgossipspreadthathewascorruptingtheyouthofAthens:whenmenspeakilloftheesolivethatnobodywillbelievethem.OrasWillRogerssaid"Livesothatyouwouldn’tbeashamedtosellthefamilyparrottothetowngossip." Persons’remarksarementionedatthebeginningofthetextto
PerhapsonlyasmallboytrainedtobeawizardattheHogwartsSchoolofMagiccouldcastaspellsopowerfulastocreatethebiggestbooklaunchever.WhereverintheWorldtheclockstrikesmidnightonJune20thhisfollowerswillflocktogettheirpawsononeofmorethan10mcopiesof"HarryPotterandtheOrderofthePhoenix".Bookshopswillopeninthemiddleofthenightanddeliveryfirmsaredraftinginextrastaffandbiggertrucks.RelatedtoysgamesDVDsandothermerchandisewillbeeverywhere.TherewillbenoescapingPottermania. YetMr.Potter’sworldisacuriousoneinwhichthingsareoftennotwhattheyappear.WhileanexcitablemediaherebyincludingTheEconomisthappytosupportsuchafineexampleofglobalizationishelpingtohypethelaunchofJ.K.Rowling’sfifthnovelaboutthemostadventurousthingthatthepublishershaveorganizedisareadingbyMs.RowlinginLondon’sRoyalAlbertHalltobebroadcastasalivewebcast. HollywoodwhichownseverythingelsetodowithHarryPottersaysitisdoingevenless.IncredibleasitmayseemtheguardiansofthebrandsaythattoprotectthePotterfranchisetheyaretryingtomaintainalowprofile.Wellrelativelylow. Ms.Rowlingsignedacontractin1998withWarnerBrotherspartofAOLTimeWarnergivingthestudioexclusivefilmlicensingandmerchandisingrightsinreturnforwhatnowappearstohavebeenasteal:some$500000.WarnerlicensesotherfirmstoproducegoodsusingHarryPottercharactersorimagesfromwhichMs.Rowlinggetsabigenoughcutthatsheisnowwealthierthanthequeen--ifyoubelieveBritain’sSundayTimesrichlist.Theprocessisself-generating:eachbooksetsthestageforafilmwhichboostsbooksaleswhichliftssalesofPotterproducts. GloballythefirstfourHarryPotterbookshavesoldsome200mcopiesin55languages;thetwomovieshavegrossedover$1.8billionattheboxoffice. ThisisastunningsuccessbyanymeasureespeciallyasMsRowlinghaslongdemandedthatHarryPottershouldnotbeover-commercialized.InlinewithherwishesWarnersaysitisbeingextraordinarilycarefulatleastbyHollywoodstandardsaboutwhatitlicensesandtowhom.ItimposedtoughconditionsonCoca-Cola.insistingthatnoHarryPotterimagesshouldappearoncansandisnowintheprocessofmakingitslicensingprogrammedevenmorerestrictive.Cokemaysoonbeconsideredtoomassmarkettocarrythebrandatall. ThedealwithWarnertiesmuchofthemerchandisingtothefilmsalone.Therearenoofficiallysanctionedproductsrelatingto"OrderofthePhoenix";noryetfor"HarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban"thefilmofthethirdbookwhichisdueoutinJune2004.WarneragreesthatMs.Rowling’screationisadifferentsortofcommercialpropertyonewithlong-termpotentialthatcouldbedamagedbyatypicalHollywoodmarketingblitzsaysDianeNelsonthestudio’sglobalbrandmanagerforHarryPotter.Itisvitalsheaddsthatwithmoretocomereadersofthebooksarenotalienated."Theevidencefromourmarketresearchisthatenthusiasmforthepropertybyfansisnotwarning." Paragraph5intendsmainlytoshowWarner’s
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn46Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem47Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherlandsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.48.Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalpre-scientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.49Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousself-governingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning"values".Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends50Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithimpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems. Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherlandsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind
St.Pauldidn’tlikeit.Moseswarnedhispeopleagainstit.Hesioddeclaredit"mischievous"and"hardtogetridofit"butOscarWildersaid"Gossipischarming." "Historyismerelygossip"hewroteinoneofhisfamousplays."Butscandalisgossipmadetediousbymorality." InpasttimeunderJewishlawgossipmongersmightbefinedorflogged.ThePuritansputtheminstocksorduckingstoolsbutnopunishmentseemedtohave-thedesiredeffectofpreventinggossipwhichhascontinueduninterruptedlyacrossthebackfencesofthecenturies. Todayhoweverthemuch-malignedhumanfoibleisbeinglookedatinadifferentlight.Psychologistssociologistsphilosophersevenevolutionarybiologistsareconcludingthatgossipmaynotbesobadafterall. Gossipis"anintrinsicallyvaluableactivity"philosophyprofessorAaronBen-Ze’evstatesinabookhehaseditedentitledGoodGossip.Foronethinggossiphelpsusacquireinformationthatweneedtoknowthatdoesn’tcomethroughordinarychannelssuchas:"Whatwastherealreasonso-and-sowasfiredfrom.theoffice"GossipalsoisaformofsocialbondingDr.Ben-Ze’evsays.Itis"akindofsharing"thatalso"satisfiesthetribalneed--namelytheneedtobelongtoandbeacceptedbyauniquegroup."What’smoretheprofessornotes"Gossipisenjoyable." AnothergossipgroupieDr.RonaldDeSousaaprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontodescribesgossipbasicallyasaformofindiscretionanda"saintlyvirtue"bywhichhemeansthattheknowledgespreadbygossipwillusuallyendupbeingslightlybeneficial."Itseemslikelythataworldinwhichallinformationwereuniversallyavailablewouldbepreferabletoaworldwhereimmensepowerresidesinthecontrolofsecrets"hewrites. Stilleverybodyknowsthatgossipcanhaveitsilleffectsespeciallyonthepoorwretchbeinggossipedabout.Andpeopleshouldrefrainfromcertainkindsofgossipthatmightbeharmfuleventhoughtheduckingstoolislongoutoffashion. BythewaythereisalsoaninterestingstrainofgossipcalledmedicalgossipwhichinitsbestformaccordingtoresearchersJerryM.SulsandFranklinGoodkincanmotivatepeoplewithsymptomsofseriousillnessbutwhoareunawareofittoseekmedicalhelp. Sogoaheadandgossip.ButrememberifasoftenisthecaseamonggossipersyoushouldsuddenlybecomeoneofthegossipersinsteaditisbesttoemploythefoolproofdefenserecommendedbyPlatowhomayhavelearnedthelessonfromSocrateswhoasyouknowwasthevictimofgossipspreadthathewascorruptingtheyouthofAthens:whenmenspeakilloftheesolivethatnobodywillbelievethem.OrasWillRogerssaid"Livesothatyouwouldn’tbeashamedtosellthefamilyparrottothetowngossip." WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothetext
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
AtColumbiaUniversitywhereItaughteconomicsformanyyearsbeforecomingtoChinamostofmystudentsspentagreatdealoftimeinvolunteerwork.TheytaughtpoorchildreninthelocalneighborhoodstheyvisitedtheelderlyinhospitalsandathomeandhelpedthemwiththeirshoppingtheyworkedtopreservehistoricsitesandplacesofbeautytheycleanedupwastedumpstheypreparedfoodforthehungrytheycreatedandranstudentnewspaperstheyorganizedconcertsandartisticeventstheyactedastranslatorsformigrantworkerstheyformedpoliticalpressuregroupstheyraisedmoneytocombatAIDSmalariaandotherdiseasesandsoon. Aspart0fthattraditionIdovolunteerworkhereinBeijingjustasIdidinNewYorkbutIfindthatmystudentsatTsinghuaUniversityandatotherschoolsinBeijingaremuchlessinvolvedinvolunteeringthenIhadexpected;InpartofcoursethisreflectstheheavierworkloadinChineseschoolswhichleaveslesstimeforoutsideactivities.ButIthinkthereismoretoitthanjustthis.Ithinkitalsoreflectsaverydifferentsysteminwhichvolunteerworkforstudentshereisusuallyorganizedorsponsoredbygovernmentschoolsorotherofficialgroupsratherthanbythestudentsthemselves.41. Thisisunfortunate.IthinkitwouldbebetterbothforthemandforsocietyifChinesestudentstooktheinitiativetodecidewhatkindsofproblemsorissuestheyfelttobeofimportanceandthenplayedamoreactiveroleinorganizingthework.42. Butthereareatleasttwootherimportantreasonsfordoingvolunteerwork.Thefirstisthatyoucanlearnalotaboutyourselfandaboutyourabilitiesbyorganizingtakingonresponsibilitiesdecidingonobjectivesandfulfillingthem.43. Thisisanimportantlesson.Manyofmystudentshereworkveryhardbuttheirattitudetowardstheirworkisnotalwaysahealthyone.Theydotheworknotbecausetheyloveitorfeelthatitisexcitingbutratherbecauseitisexpectedofthemandtheywillgetrewardedoratleastnotpunishediftheydoit.Withcharitableworkthereisnoexplicitreward.Youworkbecauseyouhavegoalsandintheendtheonlyjudgeofyourworkisyourself.44.Italsoforcesyoutothinkaboutwhatyouaredoingandthebestwaytoaccomplishyourobjectives.Youarenolongersimplydoingsomethingbecauseyourteacheroryourbosstoldyoutodoit. Thesecondimportantreasonforcharitableworkisthatitchangesyourrelationshipwithyoursociety.SometimesIfeelthatmanyofthepeopleImeetheredon’treallyappreciatethegreatnessofChinaandtheexcitementoftheprocessthroughwhichitiscurrentlyliving.TheChinesearewell-knownforbeingnationalisticbutsometimesIthinkthisnationalismhasmoretodowithdistrustofforeignersthanwithloveofcountry.ManyofmyfriendsandstudentssimplydonotknowverymuchabouttheirowncountryandoftenseemunhappywithorembarrassedbycertainaspectsofChina. 45.ForexampleifyouhelpthechildrenofmigrantworkerswiththeireducationyouwillquicklyrealizethatpoormigrantworkersshouldnotbeseenasanembarrassmenttoBeijing.OnthecontrarytheyareagreatstrengthandtheirstoriesarepartofahugeanddramaticexperimentthatChinaisundergoing.Inasmallwaybyworkingwithmigrantchildrenyoucanhelpmaketheexperimentasuccess. [A]Ithinkthatiftheyhadspentmoretimeengagedinactivitiesoutsideofschoolandfamilysuchasdoingvolunteerworktheywouldfeelverydifferently. [B]Thischangesthewayyouthinkaboutworkandaboutyourresponsibilitiestoyourselfandothers. [C]YouwillrealizehowfutureeventscanhavejustasBiganimpactonyourlifeandthoseofyourfriendsandfamily. [D]ThismeansthatmanystudentshereinBeijingthinkofvolunteeringassomethingthatmustbedonetopleaseteachersbossesorotherfiguresofauthorityratherthanbecauseofadesiretoaddressaproblemaboutwhichtheyhavethoughtverydeeply. [E]Whenyouworkcloselywithotherswhoarelessfortunatethanyouorwhenyousetalocalgoalandworktoaccomplishityouseedirectlyhowyouractionscanaffecttheworldaroundyou. [F]Ifyouareinterestedinvolunteerworkyoudon’thavetowaitforyourschoolyourteachersorofficialsontelevisiontotellyouwhattodo. [G]Therearemanyreasonswhythiswouldbegood.Themostobviousreasonofcourseisthatweallhaveobligationstowardsoursocietyandvolunteerworkisonewayofrepayingthisobligation. 43
AtColumbiaUniversitywhereItaughteconomicsformanyyearsbeforecomingtoChinamostofmystudentsspentagreatdealoftimeinvolunteerwork.TheytaughtpoorchildreninthelocalneighborhoodstheyvisitedtheelderlyinhospitalsandathomeandhelpedthemwiththeirshoppingtheyworkedtopreservehistoricsitesandplacesofbeautytheycleanedupwastedumpstheypreparedfoodforthehungrytheycreatedandranstudentnewspaperstheyorganizedconcertsandartisticeventstheyactedastranslatorsformigrantworkerstheyformedpoliticalpressuregroupstheyraisedmoneytocombatAIDSmalariaandotherdiseasesandsoon. Aspart0fthattraditionIdovolunteerworkhereinBeijingjustasIdidinNewYorkbutIfindthatmystudentsatTsinghuaUniversityandatotherschoolsinBeijingaremuchlessinvolvedinvolunteeringthenIhadexpected;InpartofcoursethisreflectstheheavierworkloadinChineseschoolswhichleaveslesstimeforoutsideactivities.ButIthinkthereismoretoitthanjustthis.Ithinkitalsoreflectsaverydifferentsysteminwhichvolunteerworkforstudentshereisusuallyorganizedorsponsoredbygovernmentschoolsorotherofficialgroupsratherthanbythestudentsthemselves.41. Thisisunfortunate.IthinkitwouldbebetterbothforthemandforsocietyifChinesestudentstooktheinitiativetodecidewhatkindsofproblemsorissuestheyfelttobeofimportanceandthenplayedamoreactiveroleinorganizingthework.42. Butthereareatleasttwootherimportantreasonsfordoingvolunteerwork.Thefirstisthatyoucanlearnalotaboutyourselfandaboutyourabilitiesbyorganizingtakingonresponsibilitiesdecidingonobjectivesandfulfillingthem.43. Thisisanimportantlesson.Manyofmystudentshereworkveryhardbuttheirattitudetowardstheirworkisnotalwaysahealthyone.Theydotheworknotbecausetheyloveitorfeelthatitisexcitingbutratherbecauseitisexpectedofthemandtheywillgetrewardedoratleastnotpunishediftheydoit.Withcharitableworkthereisnoexplicitreward.Youworkbecauseyouhavegoalsandintheendtheonlyjudgeofyourworkisyourself.44.Italsoforcesyoutothinkaboutwhatyouaredoingandthebestwaytoaccomplishyourobjectives.Youarenolongersimplydoingsomethingbecauseyourteacheroryourbosstoldyoutodoit. Thesecondimportantreasonforcharitableworkisthatitchangesyourrelationshipwithyoursociety.SometimesIfeelthatmanyofthepeopleImeetheredon’treallyappreciatethegreatnessofChinaandtheexcitementoftheprocessthroughwhichitiscurrentlyliving.TheChinesearewell-knownforbeingnationalisticbutsometimesIthinkthisnationalismhasmoretodowithdistrustofforeignersthanwithloveofcountry.ManyofmyfriendsandstudentssimplydonotknowverymuchabouttheirowncountryandoftenseemunhappywithorembarrassedbycertainaspectsofChina. 45.ForexampleifyouhelpthechildrenofmigrantworkerswiththeireducationyouwillquicklyrealizethatpoormigrantworkersshouldnotbeseenasanembarrassmenttoBeijing.OnthecontrarytheyareagreatstrengthandtheirstoriesarepartofahugeanddramaticexperimentthatChinaisundergoing.Inasmallwaybyworkingwithmigrantchildrenyoucanhelpmaketheexperimentasuccess. [A]Ithinkthatiftheyhadspentmoretimeengagedinactivitiesoutsideofschoolandfamilysuchasdoingvolunteerworktheywouldfeelverydifferently. [B]Thischangesthewayyouthinkaboutworkandaboutyourresponsibilitiestoyourselfandothers. [C]YouwillrealizehowfutureeventscanhavejustasBiganimpactonyourlifeandthoseofyourfriendsandfamily. [D]ThismeansthatmanystudentshereinBeijingthinkofvolunteeringassomethingthatmustbedonetopleaseteachersbossesorotherfiguresofauthorityratherthanbecauseofadesiretoaddressaproblemaboutwhichtheyhavethoughtverydeeply. [E]Whenyouworkcloselywithotherswhoarelessfortunatethanyouorwhenyousetalocalgoalandworktoaccomplishityouseedirectlyhowyouractionscanaffecttheworldaroundyou. [F]Ifyouareinterestedinvolunteerworkyoudon’thavetowaitforyourschoolyourteachersorofficialsontelevisiontotellyouwhattodo. [G]Therearemanyreasonswhythiswouldbegood.Themostobviousreasonofcourseisthatweallhaveobligationstowardsoursocietyandvolunteerworkisonewayofrepayingthisobligation. 45
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadcarefullyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretolookforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18youread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
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