首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
二战前后，苏联对法西斯侵略行为的态度。
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
对法西斯国家采取纵容政策致使二战爆发后自食其果很快被德国占领的国家是
英国
法国
苏联
美国
简述二战前苏联的对外政策及其影响
二战爆发前夕英法对法西斯侵略实行绥靖政策的原因表现
第二次世界大战前夕中国埃塞俄比亚西班牙等国都发生了__法西斯的局部战争这些战争之所以未能遏制二战的爆
①
①②
①②③
①②③④
对法西斯国家采取纵容政策二战爆发自食其果被德国很快占领的是
法国
英国
苏联
美国
下边漫画反映了二战前夕的欧洲形势从中能得到的信息是
国际反法西斯联盟的建立
英法推行绥靖政策
德、意、日法西斯集团形成
欧洲各国联合对抗苏联
1939年9月1日德国闪击波兰二战爆发早在二战全面爆发前中国人民就开始和日本法西斯进行了英勇不屈的斗
①②③④
②③④
①②③
②③
二战前夕英法美对法西斯侵略扩张采取绥靖政策的原因是①德日意的侵略尚未损害他们的根本利益②德日意三国都
①②③
①②③④
①②④
②③④
二战中标志着美国对法西斯侵略的态度开始变化的事件是
通过新的《中立法》
对日本宣战
发表《大西洋宪章》
签署《联合国家宣言》
简述二战前期苏联集体安全计划
二战中美国对法西斯侵略的态度发生变化始于
修改中立法
发表《大西洋宪章》
给予苏联经济军事援助
签署《联合国家宣言》
二战中领导苏联军民英勇抗击法西斯侵略的是
列宁
丘吉尔
罗斯福
斯大林
二战前英法等西方大国推行政策纵容法西斯国家的侵略二战结束后美国推行政策以遏制共产主义
二战前法西斯国家发动的下列局部侵略战争按其开始的时间先后排列正确的是①意大利侵略埃塞俄比亚②德意干涉
①②③④
③②①④
②③④①
③①②④
西班牙内战被看作二战前的彩排因为它最能反映二战前各大国的矛盾和斗争下列有关国际势力对其态度表述正确的
①②③
①③④
②③④
①②④ .
二战前后美国对法西斯侵略行为的态度
二战期间美国从修改中立法案到发表大西洋宪章反映了美国
对苏联态度的变化
对法西斯态度的变化
对殖民地国家态度的变化
对社会主义态度的变化
二战前的反法西斯局部战争未能遏制二战的爆发其原因是①反法西斯国家力量弱小②西方国家推行绥靖政策③反法
①②③④
①②④
①②③
②③④
二战初期英法美等帝国主义国家面对法西斯国家侵略遭到巨大失败你对此有何见解
二战前及其期间世界历史上出现了哪些坚持反法西斯侵略的著名政治家选择其中一位谈谈他从事反法西斯斗争的事
热门试题
更多
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
PartADirections:Readthe followingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABC orD．Text1 CabinetmeetingsoutsideLondonare rareandreluctantthings.HaroldWilsonheldoneinBrightonin1966butonly becausetheLabourPartywasalreadythereforitsannualconference.In1921 DavidLloydGeorgesummonedtheLiberalstoInvernessbecausehedidn’twantto cutshorthisholiday.GordonBrown’sdecisiontoholdhisfirstcabinetmeeting afterthesummerbreakinBirminghamonSeptember8thwasbornofanobler desiretoshowthealmostninetenthsofBritonswholiveoutsideLondonthat theyarenotignored.Hewillhavetodobetter:constitutionallytheyaremore sidelinednowthanever.Manylegislaturesusetheir secondchambertostrengthentherepresentationofsparselypopulatedareas everyAmericanstatefromWyomingtoCaliforniagetstwovotesintheSenate forexample.Britain’sHouseofLordsmostofwhosemembersareappointed supposedlyonmerithastheoppositebias.AsurveybytheNewLocalGovernment NetworkNLGNathink-tankfindsthatLondonandtwoofitsneighbouring regionsarehometomorepeersthantherestofBritaincombined;even Birminghamthecountry’ssecond-largestcityhasjustone. Oddlythisdistortionispartlythankstoreformsthatweresupposedto maketheLordsmorerepresentative.Bythrowingoutmostofthehereditarypeers in1999Labourpavedthewayforasecondchamberthatwaslessposhless whiteandlessmalethanbefore.Butinbootingoutthelandedgentryitalso ditchedmanyofthosewhocamefromtheprovinces.TheDukeofNorthumberland 270thintheSundayTimes’sRichListmaynotbeamemberofadowntrodden minority.ButAlnwickCastlehisfamilypileisintheNorth-eastregionhome tojust2%oftheLords’membersnow.Geographicallyspeakingthedukeandhis fellowtoffswerechampionsofdiversity.Thegovernment nowwantstoreintroducesomegeographicalfairnessbutminusdukes. Long-incubatedplanstoreformtheLordswouldseeitconvertedduringthenext parliamentintoabodythatismainlyorentirelyelected.AwhitepaperinJuly outlinedvariouselectoralsystemsallbasedonregionalorsub-regional constituencies.Somewouldliketoseetheseatof governmentprisedoutofthecapitalaltogetherthoughinthepastthishas normallyrequiredacivilwaroraplague.Southernerswhisperthatnoonewould showupifParliamentwerebasedinabackwatersuchasManchester.Butmany don’tnow.TheNLGNfoundthatpeersresidentinNorthernIrelandvoteleast often.ButnextfromthebottomaretheLondon-dwellerswhoshowupforless thanathirdofthevotesontheirdoorstep.Eventheeightwholiveabroadare moreassiduous.Thenorthmayseemanawfullylongwayawaybutapparentlyso isWestminster.AccordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingisthereasonofUKhavingsuchapopulation-basisdistortedsecondchamber
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Womenoften1that datingislikeacattle2andapaperjustpublishedin BiologyLettersbyThomasPolletandDanielNettleofNewcastleUniversityin Englandsuggeststheyare3.Theyhavelittlecausefor complainthoweverbecausethepaperalsosuggeststhatinthisparticular marketitis4whoarethebuyers. Mr.PolletandDr.Nettlewerelookingfor5to supportthecontentionthatwomenchoosemenof6status andresourcesaswellasgoodlooks.Thatmaysoundcommonsensebutitwas often7bysocialscientistsuntilagroupofresearchers whocalledthemselvesevolutionarypsychologistsstartedinvestigatingthe mattertwodecadesago.Sincethenaseriesofexperimentsinlaboratorieshave supportedthecontention.Butasallzoologistsknow8 canonlytellyousomuch.Eventuallyyouhavetolookat 9populations.AndthatiswhatMr. PolletandDr.Nettlehavedone.Theyhaveexamineddatafromthe19t0censusof theUnitedStatesofAmericaanddiscoveredthatmarriageisindeedamarket. Moreoverasinanymarketa10ofbuyersmeansthe sellershavetohaveparticularlyattractivegoodson11if theyaretomaketheexchange.Theadvantageofpicking 1910wasthatAmericahadnotyetsettleddowndemographicallyspeaking.Though thelong-colonizedeasternstateshadasex12ofoneman toonewomanorthereaboutsintherestofthecountrytheoldadagegowest youngmanhadresultedina13ofmales.Mr.PolletandDr Nettlewerethusabletoseejusthowpickywomenare14 thechance.15lookingatthe wholecensusthetworesearchersreliedonasampleofonepersonin250.They then16themeninthesampleasocioeconomicstatusscore betweenzeroand96onascaledrawnupin1950whichwasascloseto1910as theycouldget.Theyshowedthatinstateswherethesexeswereequalin number56%oflowstatusmenweremarriedbytheageof3017 60%ofhighstatusmenwere.Eveninthiscasethentherearewomen whowouldprefertoremain18ratherthanmarryadeadbeat. Whentherewere110menforevery100womenasforexampleinArizonathe womengotreally19.Inthatcaseonly24%oflow-status menweremarriedby30comparedwith46%ofhigh-statusmen.Asthemenwent westthensodidtheir20opportunities.
TwomonthsagoyougotajobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&Fashions.Butnowyoufindthattheworkisnotwhatyouexpected.Youdecidetoquit.WritealettertoyourbossMr.Wangtellinghimyourdecisionstatingyourreasonsandmakinganapology.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Throughouthistorygoldhasbeenapreciousmaterialeagerlysoughtandcherished.Itwasprobablythefirstmetaltobeminedbecauseitisbeautifulandimperishablewhichwillalwaysexistorcannotwearoutandbecausebeautifulobjectscanbemadefromit-evenwithprimitivetools.Theamountofgoldknowntoancientpeoplesprobablytotalednotmuchmorethantheamountproducedeachyearbytheworld’’slargestgoldminelocatedintheWitwatersranddistrictofSouthAfrica.StoresofgolddiscoveredbyarchaeologistsinGreeceScythiaandEgyptaswellasthegoldfromIndiantreasuriesinMexicoandPerurepresentedyearsofpatientcollectionofsmallquantitiesfromstreamsandveins矿脉oftenbyslavelabor. Theessentialvalueofgoldhasalwaysbeenknownevenbeforegoldwasusedincoinage.Itremainstheonlyuniversallyrecognizedstandardofvalueininternationalmonetaryexchange.Mostoftheworld’’srefinedgoldisabsorbedbygovernmentsandcentralbankstoprovidebackingforpapercurrency.Buttheamountofgoldusedinartsandinindustryisincreasing.Inadditiontoitsuseforjewelrydecorativefinishesanddentistryitsspecialpropertieshaveledtomanyapplicationsinmodernscienceandtechnology.Surfacecoatingsofgoldprotectearthsatellitesfromheatandcorrosionandcertainelectricalcomponentsandcircuitsofspacecraftaremadeofgoldwhenextremereliabilityisrequired. GoldwasfirstproducedintheUnitedStatesfromthesouthernAppalachianregionbeginningabout1792.Thesedepositsthoughrichwererelativelysmallandwerequicklydepleted.ThediscoveryofgoldatSutter’’sMillinCaliforniasparkedthegoldrushof1849-50.Hundredsofminingcampssprangtolifeasnewdepositswerediscovered.Asaresulttheproductionofgoldincreasedrapidly. DuringWorldWarIandforsomeyearsthereafterannualproductiondeclinedtoabouttwomillionounces.Whenthepriceofgoldwasraisedin1934to$35anounceproductionincreasedrapidly.ShortlyafterthestartofWorldWarⅡgoldmineswereclosedandthegovernmentdidnotpermitthemtoreopenuntil1945.Sincethentheproductionofgoldhasnotexceededtwomillionouncesayear. ThelargestproducinggoldmineintheUnitedStatesistheHomestakeMineinSouthDakotawhichyieldsabout575000ouncesofgoldeachyear.Otherminesscatteredthroughoutvariouspartsoftheworldproduceevenlargeramountsofthishighlyprizedandeagerlysoughtyellowishmaterial. Theauthorsuggeststhat
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Womenoften1that datingislikeacattle2andapaperjustpublishedin BiologyLettersbyThomasPolletandDanielNettleofNewcastleUniversityin Englandsuggeststheyare3.Theyhavelittlecausefor complainthoweverbecausethepaperalsosuggeststhatinthisparticular marketitis4whoarethebuyers. Mr.PolletandDr.Nettlewerelookingfor5to supportthecontentionthatwomenchoosemenof6status andresourcesaswellasgoodlooks.Thatmaysoundcommonsensebutitwas often7bysocialscientistsuntilagroupofresearchers whocalledthemselvesevolutionarypsychologistsstartedinvestigatingthe mattertwodecadesago.Sincethenaseriesofexperimentsinlaboratorieshave supportedthecontention.Butasallzoologistsknow8 canonlytellyousomuch.Eventuallyyouhavetolookat 9populations.AndthatiswhatMr. PolletandDr.Nettlehavedone.Theyhaveexamineddatafromthe19t0censusof theUnitedStatesofAmericaanddiscoveredthatmarriageisindeedamarket. Moreoverasinanymarketa10ofbuyersmeansthe sellershavetohaveparticularlyattractivegoodson11if theyaretomaketheexchange.Theadvantageofpicking 1910wasthatAmericahadnotyetsettleddowndemographicallyspeaking.Though thelong-colonizedeasternstateshadasex12ofoneman toonewomanorthereaboutsintherestofthecountrytheoldadagegowest youngmanhadresultedina13ofmales.Mr.PolletandDr Nettlewerethusabletoseejusthowpickywomenare14 thechance.15lookingatthe wholecensusthetworesearchersreliedonasampleofonepersonin250.They then16themeninthesampleasocioeconomicstatusscore betweenzeroand96onascaledrawnupin1950whichwasascloseto1910as theycouldget.Theyshowedthatinstateswherethesexeswereequalin number56%oflowstatusmenweremarriedbytheageof3017 60%ofhighstatusmenwere.Eveninthiscasethentherearewomen whowouldprefertoremain18ratherthanmarryadeadbeat. Whentherewere110menforevery100womenasforexampleinArizonathe womengotreally19.Inthatcaseonly24%oflow-status menweremarriedby30comparedwith46%ofhigh-statusmen.Asthemenwent westthensodidtheir20opportunities.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Womenoften1that datingislikeacattle2andapaperjustpublishedin BiologyLettersbyThomasPolletandDanielNettleofNewcastleUniversityin Englandsuggeststheyare3.Theyhavelittlecausefor complainthoweverbecausethepaperalsosuggeststhatinthisparticular marketitis4whoarethebuyers. Mr.PolletandDr.Nettlewerelookingfor5to supportthecontentionthatwomenchoosemenof6status andresourcesaswellasgoodlooks.Thatmaysoundcommonsensebutitwas often7bysocialscientistsuntilagroupofresearchers whocalledthemselvesevolutionarypsychologistsstartedinvestigatingthe mattertwodecadesago.Sincethenaseriesofexperimentsinlaboratorieshave supportedthecontention.Butasallzoologistsknow8 canonlytellyousomuch.Eventuallyyouhavetolookat 9populations.AndthatiswhatMr. PolletandDr.Nettlehavedone.Theyhaveexamineddatafromthe19t0censusof theUnitedStatesofAmericaanddiscoveredthatmarriageisindeedamarket. Moreoverasinanymarketa10ofbuyersmeansthe sellershavetohaveparticularlyattractivegoodson11if theyaretomaketheexchange.Theadvantageofpicking 1910wasthatAmericahadnotyetsettleddowndemographicallyspeaking.Though thelong-colonizedeasternstateshadasex12ofoneman toonewomanorthereaboutsintherestofthecountrytheoldadagegowest youngmanhadresultedina13ofmales.Mr.PolletandDr Nettlewerethusabletoseejusthowpickywomenare14 thechance.15lookingatthe wholecensusthetworesearchersreliedonasampleofonepersonin250.They then16themeninthesampleasocioeconomicstatusscore betweenzeroand96onascaledrawnupin1950whichwasascloseto1910as theycouldget.Theyshowedthatinstateswherethesexeswereequalin number56%oflowstatusmenweremarriedbytheageof3017 60%ofhighstatusmenwere.Eveninthiscasethentherearewomen whowouldprefertoremain18ratherthanmarryadeadbeat. Whentherewere110menforevery100womenasforexampleinArizonathe womengotreally19.Inthatcaseonly24%oflow-status menweremarriedby30comparedwith46%ofhigh-statusmen.Asthemenwent westthensodidtheir20opportunities.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Womenoften1that datingislikeacattle2andapaperjustpublishedin BiologyLettersbyThomasPolletandDanielNettleofNewcastleUniversityin Englandsuggeststheyare3.Theyhavelittlecausefor complainthoweverbecausethepaperalsosuggeststhatinthisparticular marketitis4whoarethebuyers. Mr.PolletandDr.Nettlewerelookingfor5to supportthecontentionthatwomenchoosemenof6status andresourcesaswellasgoodlooks.Thatmaysoundcommonsensebutitwas often7bysocialscientistsuntilagroupofresearchers whocalledthemselvesevolutionarypsychologistsstartedinvestigatingthe mattertwodecadesago.Sincethenaseriesofexperimentsinlaboratorieshave supportedthecontention.Butasallzoologistsknow8 canonlytellyousomuch.Eventuallyyouhavetolookat 9populations.AndthatiswhatMr. PolletandDr.Nettlehavedone.Theyhaveexamineddatafromthe19t0censusof theUnitedStatesofAmericaanddiscoveredthatmarriageisindeedamarket. Moreoverasinanymarketa10ofbuyersmeansthe sellershavetohaveparticularlyattractivegoodson11if theyaretomaketheexchange.Theadvantageofpicking 1910wasthatAmericahadnotyetsettleddowndemographicallyspeaking.Though thelong-colonizedeasternstateshadasex12ofoneman toonewomanorthereaboutsintherestofthecountrytheoldadagegowest youngmanhadresultedina13ofmales.Mr.PolletandDr Nettlewerethusabletoseejusthowpickywomenare14 thechance.15lookingatthe wholecensusthetworesearchersreliedonasampleofonepersonin250.They then16themeninthesampleasocioeconomicstatusscore betweenzeroand96onascaledrawnupin1950whichwasascloseto1910as theycouldget.Theyshowedthatinstateswherethesexeswereequalin number56%oflowstatusmenweremarriedbytheageof3017 60%ofhighstatusmenwere.Eveninthiscasethentherearewomen whowouldprefertoremain18ratherthanmarryadeadbeat. Whentherewere110menforevery100womenasforexampleinArizonathe womengotreally19.Inthatcaseonly24%oflow-status menweremarriedby30comparedwith46%ofhigh-statusmen.Asthemenwent westthensodidtheir20opportunities.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Womenoften1that datingislikeacattle2andapaperjustpublishedin BiologyLettersbyThomasPolletandDanielNettleofNewcastleUniversityin Englandsuggeststheyare3.Theyhavelittlecausefor complainthoweverbecausethepaperalsosuggeststhatinthisparticular marketitis4whoarethebuyers. Mr.PolletandDr.Nettlewerelookingfor5to supportthecontentionthatwomenchoosemenof6status andresourcesaswellasgoodlooks.Thatmaysoundcommonsensebutitwas often7bysocialscientistsuntilagroupofresearchers whocalledthemselvesevolutionarypsychologistsstartedinvestigatingthe mattertwodecadesago.Sincethenaseriesofexperimentsinlaboratorieshave supportedthecontention.Butasallzoologistsknow8 canonlytellyousomuch.Eventuallyyouhavetolookat 9populations.AndthatiswhatMr. PolletandDr.Nettlehavedone.Theyhaveexamineddatafromthe19t0censusof theUnitedStatesofAmericaanddiscoveredthatmarriageisindeedamarket. Moreoverasinanymarketa10ofbuyersmeansthe sellershavetohaveparticularlyattractivegoodson11if theyaretomaketheexchange.Theadvantageofpicking 1910wasthatAmericahadnotyetsettleddowndemographicallyspeaking.Though thelong-colonizedeasternstateshadasex12ofoneman toonewomanorthereaboutsintherestofthecountrytheoldadagegowest youngmanhadresultedina13ofmales.Mr.PolletandDr Nettlewerethusabletoseejusthowpickywomenare14 thechance.15lookingatthe wholecensusthetworesearchersreliedonasampleofonepersonin250.They then16themeninthesampleasocioeconomicstatusscore betweenzeroand96onascaledrawnupin1950whichwasascloseto1910as theycouldget.Theyshowedthatinstateswherethesexeswereequalin number56%oflowstatusmenweremarriedbytheageof3017 60%ofhighstatusmenwere.Eveninthiscasethentherearewomen whowouldprefertoremain18ratherthanmarryadeadbeat. Whentherewere110menforevery100womenasforexampleinArizonathe womengotreally19.Inthatcaseonly24%oflow-status menweremarriedby30comparedwith46%ofhigh-statusmen.Asthemenwent westthensodidtheir20opportunities.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Womenoften1that datingislikeacattle2andapaperjustpublishedin BiologyLettersbyThomasPolletandDanielNettleofNewcastleUniversityin Englandsuggeststheyare3.Theyhavelittlecausefor complainthoweverbecausethepaperalsosuggeststhatinthisparticular marketitis4whoarethebuyers. Mr.PolletandDr.Nettlewerelookingfor5to supportthecontentionthatwomenchoosemenof6status andresourcesaswellasgoodlooks.Thatmaysoundcommonsensebutitwas often7bysocialscientistsuntilagroupofresearchers whocalledthemselvesevolutionarypsychologistsstartedinvestigatingthe mattertwodecadesago.Sincethenaseriesofexperimentsinlaboratorieshave supportedthecontention.Butasallzoologistsknow8 canonlytellyousomuch.Eventuallyyouhavetolookat 9populations.AndthatiswhatMr. PolletandDr.Nettlehavedone.Theyhaveexamineddatafromthe19t0censusof theUnitedStatesofAmericaanddiscoveredthatmarriageisindeedamarket. Moreoverasinanymarketa10ofbuyersmeansthe sellershavetohaveparticularlyattractivegoodson11if theyaretomaketheexchange.Theadvantageofpicking 1910wasthatAmericahadnotyetsettleddowndemographicallyspeaking.Though thelong-colonizedeasternstateshadasex12ofoneman toonewomanorthereaboutsintherestofthecountrytheoldadagegowest youngmanhadresultedina13ofmales.Mr.PolletandDr Nettlewerethusabletoseejusthowpickywomenare14 thechance.15lookingatthe wholecensusthetworesearchersreliedonasampleofonepersonin250.They then16themeninthesampleasocioeconomicstatusscore betweenzeroand96onascaledrawnupin1950whichwasascloseto1910as theycouldget.Theyshowedthatinstateswherethesexeswereequalin number56%oflowstatusmenweremarriedbytheageof3017 60%ofhighstatusmenwere.Eveninthiscasethentherearewomen whowouldprefertoremain18ratherthanmarryadeadbeat. Whentherewere110menforevery100womenasforexampleinArizonathe womengotreally19.Inthatcaseonly24%oflow-status menweremarriedby30comparedwith46%ofhigh-statusmen.Asthemenwent westthensodidtheir20opportunities.
Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matteronedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattentionnotlesstosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;thateverynewindividualsetsanewproblem;thathecallsforatleastasomewhatdifferentemphasisinsubject-matterpresented.Thereisnothingmoreblindlystupidthantheconventionwhichsupposesthatthematteractuallycontainedintextbooksofarithmetichistorygeographyetc.isjustwhatwillfurthertheeducationaldevelopmentofallchildren. Butwithdrawalfromthehardandfastandnarrowcontentsoftheoldcurriculumisonlythenegativesideofthematter.Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchrichermorevariedandflexibleandalsointruthmoredefinitejudgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducatedthantraditionaleducationsuppliedweshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.Completeisolationisimpossibleinnature.Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornotandthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit.andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterestsmindsandcharacter―eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowththentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.Intheeducativeenvironmenttheknowledgejudgmentandexperienceoftheteacherisagreaternotasmallerfactorthanitisinthetraditionalschool.Thedifferenceisthattheteacheroperatesnotasajudgesetonhighandmarkedbyarbitraryauthoritybutasafriendlyco-partnerandguideinacommonenterprise. Intheauthor’’sviewthebasicfaultofoldeducationconsistsin
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
InspiteofrisingconcernintheNortheastandCanadaAdministrationspokesmenhaverepeatedlyinsistedthatnothingcouldreallybedoneaboutacidrainandtheindustry-producedsulfuremissionsuntilallthescientificfactswerein.Suddenlylastweekhoweverfactscamerainingdownineffectmakingfurtherscientificdebateonwhatmainlycausestheproblemallbutirrelevant. WhatbroughtaboutthedownpourwasastudycommissionedbyPresidentialScienceAdviser.Thespokesmenplainlycalledforremedialactionevenifsometechnicalquestionsaboutacidrainwerestillunanswered.Ifwetaketheconservativepointofviewthatwemustwaituntilthescientificknowledgeisdefinitivesaidthespokesmantheaccumulateddepositionanddamagedenvironmentmayreachthepointof’’irreversibility’’. Whenitrainsitpours.NextcameastudyfromtheNationalResearchCouncil.Itsdefinitiveconclusion:reducingemissionsofsulfurdioxidefromcoal-burningpowerplantsandfactoriessuchastheseintheMidwestwouldinfactsignificantlyreducetheacidityinrainsnowandotherprecipitation降水thatiswidelybelievedtobeworseningthelifefromfresh-waterlakesandforestsintheNortheastandCanada.Thespokesmandidnotrecommendanyspecificaction. ApairofremedialmeasuresarealreadytakenbeforeCongress.ASenatecommitteerecentlyapprovedabillthatwouldrequirereductionoverthenextdecadeofsulfur-dioxideemissionsby10milliontonsintheStatesborderingontheeastoftheMississippi.AtoughermeasurewasintroducedintheHouseorderingthe50largestsulfurpollutersintheU.S.tocutemissionssubstantially.ToeasetheEasterncoalminingindustrywhichfearsaswitchtolow-sulfurWesterncoalthebillrequirestheinstallationofexpensivescrubbersdevicesforremovingsulfurfromthesmokeratherthananorderthatforbidshigh-sulfurfuel.StillthelegislationisbeingvigorouslyopposedbythecoalindustryandutilitiesespeciallyintheMid-westwhereheavyindustriesarebattlingtosurvive.InasurveyalsoreleasedlastweektheEdisonElectricInstituteanindustrygroupgravelypredictedthatelectricityratescouldriseasmuchas50%iftheemission-controllegislationpassed. GovernmentstudiesdisputethesefiguresbutCongresshasbeensuspendedonacid-rainmeasures.Nowasaresultoftheacademystudysupportersofthebillsaremoreoptimistic.Neverthelessamajorpoliticalbattleisshapingup. Thetwostudiesmentionedinthetextclearlystatedthat
MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonablepricestherebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabourandisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuchthepriceofyourtelevisionlicencewouldneedtobedoubledandtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore. Andperhapsmostimportantofalladvertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertisingnoregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlongformercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.IfyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertiseditisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforitandthatitrepresentsgoodvalue. AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof. ThereisonepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade. Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation―andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieveforevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtletypersuasiveadvertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants. Theauthordeemsthatthewell-knownTVpersonalityis_______________.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Throughouthistorygoldhasbeenapreciousmaterialeagerlysoughtandcherished.Itwasprobablythefirstmetaltobeminedbecauseitisbeautifulandimperishablewhichwillalwaysexistorcannotwearoutandbecausebeautifulobjectscanbemadefromit-evenwithprimitivetools.Theamountofgoldknowntoancientpeoplesprobablytotalednotmuchmorethantheamountproducedeachyearbytheworld’’slargestgoldminelocatedintheWitwatersranddistrictofSouthAfrica.StoresofgolddiscoveredbyarchaeologistsinGreeceScythiaandEgyptaswellasthegoldfromIndiantreasuriesinMexicoandPerurepresentedyearsofpatientcollectionofsmallquantitiesfromstreamsandveins矿脉oftenbyslavelabor. Theessentialvalueofgoldhasalwaysbeenknownevenbeforegoldwasusedincoinage.Itremainstheonlyuniversallyrecognizedstandardofvalueininternationalmonetaryexchange.Mostoftheworld’’srefinedgoldisabsorbedbygovernmentsandcentralbankstoprovidebackingforpapercurrency.Buttheamountofgoldusedinartsandinindustryisincreasing.Inadditiontoitsuseforjewelrydecorativefinishesanddentistryitsspecialpropertieshaveledtomanyapplicationsinmodernscienceandtechnology.Surfacecoatingsofgoldprotectearthsatellitesfromheatandcorrosionandcertainelectricalcomponentsandcircuitsofspacecraftaremadeofgoldwhenextremereliabilityisrequired. GoldwasfirstproducedintheUnitedStatesfromthesouthernAppalachianregionbeginningabout1792.Thesedepositsthoughrichwererelativelysmallandwerequicklydepleted.ThediscoveryofgoldatSutter’’sMillinCaliforniasparkedthegoldrushof1849-50.Hundredsofminingcampssprangtolifeasnewdepositswerediscovered.Asaresulttheproductionofgoldincreasedrapidly. DuringWorldWarIandforsomeyearsthereafterannualproductiondeclinedtoabouttwomillionounces.Whenthepriceofgoldwasraisedin1934to$35anounceproductionincreasedrapidly.ShortlyafterthestartofWorldWarⅡgoldmineswereclosedandthegovernmentdidnotpermitthemtoreopenuntil1945.Sincethentheproductionofgoldhasnotexceededtwomillionouncesayear. ThelargestproducinggoldmineintheUnitedStatesistheHomestakeMineinSouthDakotawhichyieldsabout575000ouncesofgoldeachyear.Otherminesscatteredthroughoutvariouspartsoftheworldproduceevenlargeramountsofthishighlyprizedandeagerlysoughtyellowishmaterial. Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrue
Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matteronedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattentionnotlesstosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;thateverynewindividualsetsanewproblem;thathecallsforatleastasomewhatdifferentemphasisinsubject-matterpresented.Thereisnothingmoreblindlystupidthantheconventionwhichsupposesthatthematteractuallycontainedintextbooksofarithmetichistorygeographyetc.isjustwhatwillfurthertheeducationaldevelopmentofallchildren. Butwithdrawalfromthehardandfastandnarrowcontentsoftheoldcurriculumisonlythenegativesideofthematter.Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchrichermorevariedandflexibleandalsointruthmoredefinitejudgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducatedthantraditionaleducationsuppliedweshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.Completeisolationisimpossibleinnature.Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornotandthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit.andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterestsmindsandcharacter―eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowththentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.Intheeducativeenvironmenttheknowledgejudgmentandexperienceoftheteacherisagreaternotasmallerfactorthanitisinthetraditionalschool.Thedifferenceisthattheteacheroperatesnotasajudgesetonhighandmarkedbyarbitraryauthoritybutasafriendlyco-partnerandguideinacommonenterprise. Pupilsmaybewellguardedagainstiiisocialinfluencesaslongas
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Womenoften1that datingislikeacattle2andapaperjustpublishedin BiologyLettersbyThomasPolletandDanielNettleofNewcastleUniversityin Englandsuggeststheyare3.Theyhavelittlecausefor complainthoweverbecausethepaperalsosuggeststhatinthisparticular marketitis4whoarethebuyers. Mr.PolletandDr.Nettlewerelookingfor5to supportthecontentionthatwomenchoosemenof6status andresourcesaswellasgoodlooks.Thatmaysoundcommonsensebutitwas often7bysocialscientistsuntilagroupofresearchers whocalledthemselvesevolutionarypsychologistsstartedinvestigatingthe mattertwodecadesago.Sincethenaseriesofexperimentsinlaboratorieshave supportedthecontention.Butasallzoologistsknow8 canonlytellyousomuch.Eventuallyyouhavetolookat 9populations.AndthatiswhatMr. PolletandDr.Nettlehavedone.Theyhaveexamineddatafromthe19t0censusof theUnitedStatesofAmericaanddiscoveredthatmarriageisindeedamarket. Moreoverasinanymarketa10ofbuyersmeansthe sellershavetohaveparticularlyattractivegoodson11if theyaretomaketheexchange.Theadvantageofpicking 1910wasthatAmericahadnotyetsettleddowndemographicallyspeaking.Though thelong-colonizedeasternstateshadasex12ofoneman toonewomanorthereaboutsintherestofthecountrytheoldadagegowest youngmanhadresultedina13ofmales.Mr.PolletandDr Nettlewerethusabletoseejusthowpickywomenare14 thechance.15lookingatthe wholecensusthetworesearchersreliedonasampleofonepersonin250.They then16themeninthesampleasocioeconomicstatusscore betweenzeroand96onascaledrawnupin1950whichwasascloseto1910as theycouldget.Theyshowedthatinstateswherethesexeswereequalin number56%oflowstatusmenweremarriedbytheageof3017 60%ofhighstatusmenwere.Eveninthiscasethentherearewomen whowouldprefertoremain18ratherthanmarryadeadbeat. Whentherewere110menforevery100womenasforexampleinArizonathe womengotreally19.Inthatcaseonly24%oflow-status menweremarriedby30comparedwith46%ofhigh-statusmen.Asthemenwent westthensodidtheir20opportunities.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Womenoften1that datingislikeacattle2andapaperjustpublishedin BiologyLettersbyThomasPolletandDanielNettleofNewcastleUniversityin Englandsuggeststheyare3.Theyhavelittlecausefor complainthoweverbecausethepaperalsosuggeststhatinthisparticular marketitis4whoarethebuyers. Mr.PolletandDr.Nettlewerelookingfor5to supportthecontentionthatwomenchoosemenof6status andresourcesaswellasgoodlooks.Thatmaysoundcommonsensebutitwas often7bysocialscientistsuntilagroupofresearchers whocalledthemselvesevolutionarypsychologistsstartedinvestigatingthe mattertwodecadesago.Sincethenaseriesofexperimentsinlaboratorieshave supportedthecontention.Butasallzoologistsknow8 canonlytellyousomuch.Eventuallyyouhavetolookat 9populations.AndthatiswhatMr. PolletandDr.Nettlehavedone.Theyhaveexamineddatafromthe19t0censusof theUnitedStatesofAmericaanddiscoveredthatmarriageisindeedamarket. Moreoverasinanymarketa10ofbuyersmeansthe sellershavetohaveparticularlyattractivegoodson11if theyaretomaketheexchange.Theadvantageofpicking 1910wasthatAmericahadnotyetsettleddowndemographicallyspeaking.Though thelong-colonizedeasternstateshadasex12ofoneman toonewomanorthereaboutsintherestofthecountrytheoldadagegowest youngmanhadresultedina13ofmales.Mr.PolletandDr Nettlewerethusabletoseejusthowpickywomenare14 thechance.15lookingatthe wholecensusthetworesearchersreliedonasampleofonepersonin250.They then16themeninthesampleasocioeconomicstatusscore betweenzeroand96onascaledrawnupin1950whichwasascloseto1910as theycouldget.Theyshowedthatinstateswherethesexeswereequalin number56%oflowstatusmenweremarriedbytheageof3017 60%ofhighstatusmenwere.Eveninthiscasethentherearewomen whowouldprefertoremain18ratherthanmarryadeadbeat. Whentherewere110menforevery100womenasforexampleinArizonathe womengotreally19.Inthatcaseonly24%oflow-status menweremarriedby30comparedwith46%ofhigh-statusmen.Asthemenwent westthensodidtheir20opportunities.
Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreativepossessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.ThereforeitisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmannerwiththehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamorehannoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth. Anthropology.derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthroposhumanandlogosthestudyof.Bvitsverynameanthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind. Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasonedorderlysystematicanddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena. Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeographyeconomicspoliticalsciencepsychologyandsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology. Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.63Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-handcombinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience. Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64Tylordefinedcultureas...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbeliefartmoralslawcustomandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.Thisinsightsoprofoundinitssimplicityopenedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearnedsharedandpatternedbehavior. 65Thustheanthropologicalconceptofcultureliketheconceptofsetinmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Womenoften1that datingislikeacattle2andapaperjustpublishedin BiologyLettersbyThomasPolletandDanielNettleofNewcastleUniversityin Englandsuggeststheyare3.Theyhavelittlecausefor complainthoweverbecausethepaperalsosuggeststhatinthisparticular marketitis4whoarethebuyers. Mr.PolletandDr.Nettlewerelookingfor5to supportthecontentionthatwomenchoosemenof6status andresourcesaswellasgoodlooks.Thatmaysoundcommonsensebutitwas often7bysocialscientistsuntilagroupofresearchers whocalledthemselvesevolutionarypsychologistsstartedinvestigatingthe mattertwodecadesago.Sincethenaseriesofexperimentsinlaboratorieshave supportedthecontention.Butasallzoologistsknow8 canonlytellyousomuch.Eventuallyyouhavetolookat 9populations.AndthatiswhatMr. PolletandDr.Nettlehavedone.Theyhaveexamineddatafromthe19t0censusof theUnitedStatesofAmericaanddiscoveredthatmarriageisindeedamarket. Moreoverasinanymarketa10ofbuyersmeansthe sellershavetohaveparticularlyattractivegoodson11if theyaretomaketheexchange.Theadvantageofpicking 1910wasthatAmericahadnotyetsettleddowndemographicallyspeaking.Though thelong-colonizedeasternstateshadasex12ofoneman toonewomanorthereaboutsintherestofthecountrytheoldadagegowest youngmanhadresultedina13ofmales.Mr.PolletandDr Nettlewerethusabletoseejusthowpickywomenare14 thechance.15lookingatthe wholecensusthetworesearchersreliedonasampleofonepersonin250.They then16themeninthesampleasocioeconomicstatusscore betweenzeroand96onascaledrawnupin1950whichwasascloseto1910as theycouldget.Theyshowedthatinstateswherethesexeswereequalin number56%oflowstatusmenweremarriedbytheageof3017 60%ofhighstatusmenwere.Eveninthiscasethentherearewomen whowouldprefertoremain18ratherthanmarryadeadbeat. Whentherewere110menforevery100womenasforexampleinArizonathe womengotreally19.Inthatcaseonly24%oflow-status menweremarriedby30comparedwith46%ofhigh-statusmen.Asthemenwent westthensodidtheir20opportunities.
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreativepossessedofinsatiablecuriosity.61Furthermorehumanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.ThereforeitisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmannerwiththehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamorehannoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth. Anthropology.derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthroposhumanandlogosthestudyof.Bvitsverynameanthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind. Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.62Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasonedorderlysystematicanddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena. Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeographyeconomicspoliticalsciencepsychologyandsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology. Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.63Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-handcombinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience. Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor’’sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.64Tylordefinedcultureas...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbeliefartmoralslawcustomandanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.Thisinsightsoprofoundinitssimplicityopenedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor’’sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearnedsharedandpatternedbehavior. 65Thustheanthropologicalconceptofcultureliketheconceptofsetinmathematicsisanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.
Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matteronedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattentionnotlesstosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;thateverynewindividualsetsanewproblem;thathecallsforatleastasomewhatdifferentemphasisinsubject-matterpresented.Thereisnothingmoreblindlystupidthantheconventionwhichsupposesthatthematteractuallycontainedintextbooksofarithmetichistorygeographyetc.isjustwhatwillfurthertheeducationaldevelopmentofallchildren. Butwithdrawalfromthehardandfastandnarrowcontentsoftheoldcurriculumisonlythenegativesideofthematter.Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchrichermorevariedandflexibleandalsointruthmoredefinitejudgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducatedthantraditionaleducationsuppliedweshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.Completeisolationisimpossibleinnature.Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornotandthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit.andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterestsmindsandcharacter―eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowththentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.Intheeducativeenvironmenttheknowledgejudgmentandexperienceoftheteacherisagreaternotasmallerfactorthanitisinthetraditionalschool.Thedifferenceisthattheteacheroperatesnotasajudgesetonhighandmarkedbyarbitraryauthoritybutasafriendlyco-partnerandguideinacommonenterprise. Therewillbetheriskofforminganeducationalblankif
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Womenoften1that datingislikeacattle2andapaperjustpublishedin BiologyLettersbyThomasPolletandDanielNettleofNewcastleUniversityin Englandsuggeststheyare3.Theyhavelittlecausefor complainthoweverbecausethepaperalsosuggeststhatinthisparticular marketitis4whoarethebuyers. Mr.PolletandDr.Nettlewerelookingfor5to supportthecontentionthatwomenchoosemenof6status andresourcesaswellasgoodlooks.Thatmaysoundcommonsensebutitwas often7bysocialscientistsuntilagroupofresearchers whocalledthemselvesevolutionarypsychologistsstartedinvestigatingthe mattertwodecadesago.Sincethenaseriesofexperimentsinlaboratorieshave supportedthecontention.Butasallzoologistsknow8 canonlytellyousomuch.Eventuallyyouhavetolookat 9populations.AndthatiswhatMr. PolletandDr.Nettlehavedone.Theyhaveexamineddatafromthe19t0censusof theUnitedStatesofAmericaanddiscoveredthatmarriageisindeedamarket. Moreoverasinanymarketa10ofbuyersmeansthe sellershavetohaveparticularlyattractivegoodson11if theyaretomaketheexchange.Theadvantageofpicking 1910wasthatAmericahadnotyetsettleddowndemographicallyspeaking.Though thelong-colonizedeasternstateshadasex12ofoneman toonewomanorthereaboutsintherestofthecountrytheoldadagegowest youngmanhadresultedina13ofmales.Mr.PolletandDr Nettlewerethusabletoseejusthowpickywomenare14 thechance.15lookingatthe wholecensusthetworesearchersreliedonasampleofonepersonin250.They then16themeninthesampleasocioeconomicstatusscore betweenzeroand96onascaledrawnupin1950whichwasascloseto1910as theycouldget.Theyshowedthatinstateswherethesexeswereequalin number56%oflowstatusmenweremarriedbytheageof3017 60%ofhighstatusmenwere.Eveninthiscasethentherearewomen whowouldprefertoremain18ratherthanmarryadeadbeat. Whentherewere110menforevery100womenasforexampleinArizonathe womengotreally19.Inthatcaseonly24%oflow-status menweremarriedby30comparedwith46%ofhigh-statusmen.Asthemenwent westthensodidtheir20opportunities.
PartADirections:Readthe followingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABC orD．Text1 CabinetmeetingsoutsideLondonare rareandreluctantthings.HaroldWilsonheldoneinBrightonin1966butonly becausetheLabourPartywasalreadythereforitsannualconference.In1921 DavidLloydGeorgesummonedtheLiberalstoInvernessbecausehedidn’twantto cutshorthisholiday.GordonBrown’sdecisiontoholdhisfirstcabinetmeeting afterthesummerbreakinBirminghamonSeptember8thwasbornofanobler desiretoshowthealmostninetenthsofBritonswholiveoutsideLondonthat theyarenotignored.Hewillhavetodobetter:constitutionallytheyaremore sidelinednowthanever.Manylegislaturesusetheir secondchambertostrengthentherepresentationofsparselypopulatedareas everyAmericanstatefromWyomingtoCaliforniagetstwovotesintheSenate forexample.Britain’sHouseofLordsmostofwhosemembersareappointed supposedlyonmerithastheoppositebias.AsurveybytheNewLocalGovernment NetworkNLGNathink-tankfindsthatLondonandtwoofitsneighbouring regionsarehometomorepeersthantherestofBritaincombined;even Birminghamthecountry’ssecond-largestcityhasjustone. Oddlythisdistortionispartlythankstoreformsthatweresupposedto maketheLordsmorerepresentative.Bythrowingoutmostofthehereditarypeers in1999Labourpavedthewayforasecondchamberthatwaslessposhless whiteandlessmalethanbefore.Butinbootingoutthelandedgentryitalso ditchedmanyofthosewhocamefromtheprovinces.TheDukeofNorthumberland 270thintheSundayTimes’sRichListmaynotbeamemberofadowntrodden minority.ButAlnwickCastlehisfamilypileisintheNorth-eastregionhome tojust2%oftheLords’membersnow.Geographicallyspeakingthedukeandhis fellowtoffswerechampionsofdiversity.Thegovernment nowwantstoreintroducesomegeographicalfairnessbutminusdukes. Long-incubatedplanstoreformtheLordswouldseeitconvertedduringthenext parliamentintoabodythatismainlyorentirelyelected.AwhitepaperinJuly outlinedvariouselectoralsystemsallbasedonregionalorsub-regional constituencies.Somewouldliketoseetheseatof governmentprisedoutofthecapitalaltogetherthoughinthepastthishas normallyrequiredacivilwaroraplague.Southernerswhisperthatnoonewould showupifParliamentwerebasedinabackwatersuchasManchester.Butmany don’tnow.TheNLGNfoundthatpeersresidentinNorthernIrelandvoteleast often.ButnextfromthebottomaretheLondon-dwellerswhoshowupforless thanathirdofthevotesontheirdoorstep.Eventheeightwholiveabroadare moreassiduous.Thenorthmayseemanawfullylongwayawaybutapparentlyso isWestminster.WhywillGordonBrownholdhisfirstcabinetinBirmingham
InspiteofrisingconcernintheNortheastandCanadaAdministrationspokesmenhaverepeatedlyinsistedthatnothingcouldreallybedoneaboutacidrainandtheindustry-producedsulfuremissionsuntilallthescientificfactswerein.Suddenlylastweekhoweverfactscamerainingdownineffectmakingfurtherscientificdebateonwhatmainlycausestheproblemallbutirrelevant. WhatbroughtaboutthedownpourwasastudycommissionedbyPresidentialScienceAdviser.Thespokesmenplainlycalledforremedialactionevenifsometechnicalquestionsaboutacidrainwerestillunanswered.Ifwetaketheconservativepointofviewthatwemustwaituntilthescientificknowledgeisdefinitivesaidthespokesmantheaccumulateddepositionanddamagedenvironmentmayreachthepointof’’irreversibility’’. Whenitrainsitpours.NextcameastudyfromtheNationalResearchCouncil.Itsdefinitiveconclusion:reducingemissionsofsulfurdioxidefromcoal-burningpowerplantsandfactoriessuchastheseintheMidwestwouldinfactsignificantlyreducetheacidityinrainsnowandotherprecipitation降水thatiswidelybelievedtobeworseningthelifefromfresh-waterlakesandforestsintheNortheastandCanada.Thespokesmandidnotrecommendanyspecificaction. ApairofremedialmeasuresarealreadytakenbeforeCongress.ASenatecommitteerecentlyapprovedabillthatwouldrequirereductionoverthenextdecadeofsulfur-dioxideemissionsby10milliontonsintheStatesborderingontheeastoftheMississippi.AtoughermeasurewasintroducedintheHouseorderingthe50largestsulfurpollutersintheU.S.tocutemissionssubstantially.ToeasetheEasterncoalminingindustrywhichfearsaswitchtolow-sulfurWesterncoalthebillrequirestheinstallationofexpensivescrubbersdevicesforremovingsulfurfromthesmokeratherthananorderthatforbidshigh-sulfurfuel.StillthelegislationisbeingvigorouslyopposedbythecoalindustryandutilitiesespeciallyintheMid-westwhereheavyindustriesarebattlingtosurvive.InasurveyalsoreleasedlastweektheEdisonElectricInstituteanindustrygroupgravelypredictedthatelectricityratescouldriseasmuchas50%iftheemission-controllegislationpassed. GovernmentstudiesdisputethesefiguresbutCongresshasbeensuspendedonacid-rainmeasures.Nowasaresultoftheacademystudysupportersofthebillsaremoreoptimistic.Neverthelessamajorpoliticalbattleisshapingup. Theworddownpourinthesecondparagraphmostlikelyrefersto
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Studythefollowinggraphcarefullyandwriteanessaywhichshouldcover 1generalsituationofcrimevictimsinU.S. 2themostfrequentvictimsandtheirimplicationsand 3yourcomment. Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonablepricestherebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byhelpingtoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabourandisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuchthepriceofyourtelevisionlicencewouldneedtobedoubledandtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore. Andperhapsmostimportantofalladvertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamentgovernthetermsofadvertisingnoregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlongformercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.IfyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertiseditisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforitandthatitrepresentsgoodvalue. AdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherforceIcanthinkof. ThereisonepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knowntelevisionpersonalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthaninforms.Hewasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.Ofcourseadvertisingseekstopersuade. Ifitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation―andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieveforevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtletypersuasiveadvertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knowntelevisionpersonalitywants. Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeansthat________________.
热门题库
更多
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
对殖民地国家态度的变化 对社会主义态度的变化
湘公网安备 43130202000226号