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A. Town hall, a happy bride and groom B. Temple and atheistic groom C. Wedding hall D. Ange...
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[A]Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfinger [B]
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[A]Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfinger [B]
A.Townhallahappybrideandgroom B.Templeandathe
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheading
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[A]Thegoldenwedding-ringwasputonherfinger [B]
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Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter. 41______Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignalsbuteventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewordsevenwiththemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgoneorwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.42______ Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.43______ 44______ Theseinventionsanddiscoveries--firespeechweaponsdomesticanimalsagricultureandwriting--madetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.untilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohistechniqueandtodevelopthebeliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoit.Therewasofcourseanimmenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.AtfirstithadbeenconfinedtotheNiletheEuphratestheTigrisandtheIndusbutattheendoftheperiodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime.45______512words Notes:ape猿pastoralnomad田园式的游牧部落的人theEuphrates幼发拉底河theTigris底格里斯河theIndus印度河inquestion所谈的在名词后作后置定语 [A]Probablypicturelanguageand.orallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. [B]Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswritingwhichlikespokenlanguagedevelopedoutofpicturesbutassoonasithadreachedacertainstageitwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmitinformationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven. [C]Withthedevelopmentofcivilizationprimitivepeoplewholivedincavesatthattimebadlyneededalanguagewhichwouldhelpthemtocommunicatewithoneanother. [D]Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually. [E]Infacttherewasprogress--therewereeventwoinventionsofverygreatimportancenamelygunpowderandthemariner’scompass--butneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirrevolutionarypowertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture. [F]Thesewereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided. [G]Butindustrywasastepinhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineage. 41
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter. 41______Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignalsbuteventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewordsevenwiththemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgoneorwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.42______ Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.43______ 44______ Theseinventionsanddiscoveries--firespeechweaponsdomesticanimalsagricultureandwriting--madetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.untilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohistechniqueandtodevelopthebeliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoit.Therewasofcourseanimmenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.AtfirstithadbeenconfinedtotheNiletheEuphratestheTigrisandtheIndusbutattheendoftheperiodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime.45______512words Notes:ape猿pastoralnomad田园式的游牧部落的人theEuphrates幼发拉底河theTigris底格里斯河theIndus印度河inquestion所谈的在名词后作后置定语 [A]Probablypicturelanguageand.orallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. [B]Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswritingwhichlikespokenlanguagedevelopedoutofpicturesbutassoonasithadreachedacertainstageitwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmitinformationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven. [C]Withthedevelopmentofcivilizationprimitivepeoplewholivedincavesatthattimebadlyneededalanguagewhichwouldhelpthemtocommunicatewithoneanother. [D]Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually. [E]Infacttherewasprogress--therewereeventwoinventionsofverygreatimportancenamelygunpowderandthemariner’scompass--butneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirrevolutionarypowertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture. [F]Thesewereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided. [G]Butindustrywasastepinhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineage. 43
Text2 Browsethroughtheracksofdressesskirtsandtopsinalmostanytrendyclothingstoreinfashion-savvyArgentinaandwhetheryoufindsomethingthatfitsdependsonyoursize.Butshopscarryfew—ifany—optionsforcurvaceouswomen.WhenyougointoastoreandfindanextralargeyouknowthatitisreallytheequivalentofamediumorevenasmallbasedonAmericanstandards.Youfeelfrustratedbemuseyoustarttothinkthateverybodyislikethisandthatyouarebig.Butthat’snottrue. Inthisbeauty-consciousnationwhichhastheworld’ssecond-highestrateofanorexiamanyarepartiallyblarningthecountry’sclothingindustryforofferingonlytinysizesofthelatestfashions.Theresultisadangerousparadoxofgirlsandwomenadaptingtotheclothesratherthanclothesadaptingtothem.TheArgentinelegislatureisconsideringwhethertoforceclothingmanufacturerstocover"alltheanthropometricmeasurementsoftheArgentinewoman"uptoextralargesize.Thebillalsoaddressestherelatedproblemofso-called"tricky"labelinginwhichSMandLdesignationsvarybybrandandaresmallerthaninternationalstandards. Theproposalhasraisedeyebrowsinahistoricallyflirtatioussocietyskepticalofgovernmentandwellknownforitsobsessionwithbeauty."Argentinahastheworld’shighestratesofaestheticsurgery"saysMabelBellofounderoftheAssociationfortheFightAgainstAnorexia."Whenyouaxetalkingabouthowpreoccupiedwithbeautyoursocietyisthatisthemosttellingstatistic." Forexpertssuchstatisticsspellfutilityforlegalremedies."Thesetypesoflawsarenotgoingtocauselastingchanges"saysSusanaSaulquinasociologistoffashion."Abetterwaytoaddresstheproblemisthroughpubliceducationthatemphasizesbalancedeatinghabitsoveranunrealisticidealofbeauty."Currentlycompaniestrytopreservebrandimagebycateringtoyoungandextremelythincustomersbutovertimeshebelievesamorebalancedviewofbeautywillemerge. Fortheirpartindustrygroupscondemnthebillasoverreachingstateintervening.Theysaytheirbusinessdecisionsareguidedbyconsumerdemand."Wearenotinfavorofanythingthatregulatesthemarket"saysLauraCoddaarepresentativeofmajorclothingmanufacturers."Everyclothingcompanyhastherighttomakeanythingtheycansell—anycoloranysizes."ShesayshergroupisnotopposedtomeasuresthatwouldstandardizesizingbutshenotesthatmanyifnotmostclothesinArgentinestoresalreadycarrythenumericaldesignationscalledforinthehill. Ifhistoryisaguidethefateoftheproposedlawissomewhatbleak.Howeverin2005theprovincialgovernmentofBuenosAiresmanagedtopassasimilarlaw—althoughthegovernorfailedtosignit. Thebesttitleforthispassagemaybe
Text3 TheglobalreputationofJapan’sanimationindustry—ananimatedcartoonindustry—hasneverbeenhigherandatfirstglanceitwouldappeartobeinrudehealth.IntheopeningweekendofMiyazaki’snewfilmHowl’sMovingCastlearecord1.1millionJapanesecrammedintocinemasnationwide.Ithassincebeenseenathomebynearly10millionpeopleandhasmadeJapantheonlycountryinwhichTheIncredibleshasbeenkeptoutofthetopslot. YetJapan’sanimatorsarefullofgloom.TheyfearthatthefutureisbleakandthatthesuccessenjoyedbyMiyazakiandStudioGhibliwhichmakeshisfilmsisactuallymaskingasaddecline.IndustryexpertssaythatnotonlyistherealackofcreativetalentonaparwithMiyazakibuttheoverallstandardofanimatorshasfallenoverthepastdecadeaslowpayandpoorworkingconditionsforcemanytoquit."Miyazakican’tbereplacedhe’saone-off"saysJonathanClementsaBritishanimationexpert"Miyazakiisn’t100percentofGhiblibutwhenhegoesthepartyisover." ThecreativeandcommercialsuccessenjoyedbyGhiblihasaffordeditauniquebreathingspace.Forotherstudioshowevercommercialpressuresforceworktobedoneatbreakneckspeedandonshoestringbudgets.Veteransoftheindustrysayqualityhasbeensacrificedastelevisioncartoonepisodesaremadeforaslittleas￡10000. ManyyounganimatorsrelyonparentalsupporttoputthemthroughanimationschoolsandcontinuetoneedfinancialhelpjusttoaffordtoworkinTokyotheworld’smostexpensivecity.Yetremarkablyanimationhaslittleproblemattractingrecruits.Dozensofstudentsporeoverdeskspainstakinglyproducingpageafterpageofdrawings.MostsaytheyareawarethatpayislowbutdesperatelywanttoworkintheindustrytheyfellinlovewithaschildrenthroughcartoonssuchasDoraemonthebluetalkingcatandBattleofthePlanets.’ButrealityoftenbitesasanimatorsreachtheirthirtiesbywhichtimetheytypicallyearnaroundathirdoftheaveragepayforJapanesetheirageandatlowerhourlyratesthansupermarketclerks. Clementsbelievesthatthesoulofanimationisatstake."AnimationisbydefinitionfromJapanbutit’sonlyamatteroftimebeforethenumberofforeigncontributorstipsthebalanceandwhatusedtobeanimationbecomesplainoldcartoons"hesays."Itmayultimatelyremovemuchofwhatmakesanimationappealtoitscurrentforeignaudiencebase:itsexoticism." Manyyounganimatorspursuethecareerbecausetheywantto
Text1 Theplanet’swildcreaturesfaceanewthreatfromyuppiesemptynesterssingletonsandoneparentfamilies.Biologistsstudyingthepressureontheplanet’sdwindlingbiodiversitytodayreportonanewreasonforalarm.Althoughtherateofgrowthinthehumanpopulationisdecreasingthenumberofindividualhouseholdsisexploding.Evenwherepopulationshaveactuallydwindled—insomeregionsofNewZealandforinstance—thenumberofindividualhouseholdshasincreasedbecauseofdivorcecareerchoicesmallerfamiliesandlongerlifespans. JianguoLiuofMichiganStateUniversityandcolleaguesfromStanfordUniversityinCaliforniareportinNatureinapaperpublishedonlineinadvancethatagreaternumberofindividualhouseholdseachcontainingonaveragefewerpeoplemeantmorepressureonnaturalresources.Townsandcitiesbegantosprawlasnewhomeswerebuilt.Eachhouseholdneededfueltoheatandlightit;eachhouseholdrequireditsownplumbingcookingandrefrigeration."Inlargerhouseholdstheefficiencyofresourceconsumptionwillbealothigherbecausemorepeoplesharethings"Dr.Liusaid.Heandhiscolleagueslookedatthepopulationpatternsoflifein141countriesincluding76"hotspot"regionsunusuallyrichinavarietyofendemicwildlife.ThesehotspotsincludedAustraliaNewZealandtheUSBrazilChinaIndiaKenyaandItaly.Theyfoundthatbetween1985and2000inthe"hotspot"partsoftheglobetheannual3.1%growthrateinthenumberofhouseholdswasfarhigherthanthepopulationgrowthrateof1.8%. "Hadtheaveragehouseholdsizeremainedatthe1985level"thescientistsreport"therewouldhavebeen155mfewerhouseholdsinhotspotcountriesin2000.Paradoxicallysmallerhouseholdsdonotmeansmallerhomes.InIndianRivercountyFloridatheaverageareaofaone-storeysinglefamilyhouseincreased33%inthepastthreedecades." Dr.Liu’sworkgrewfromthealarmingdiscoverythatthegiantpandaslivinginChina’sWolongreserveweremoreatrisknowthantheywerewhenthereservewasfirstestablished.Thelocalpopulationhadgrownbutthetotalnumberofhomeshadincreasedmoreswiftlytomakegreaterinroadsintothebambooforests. GretchenDailyofStanfordoneoftheauthorssaid:"Wealldependonopenspaceandwildplacesnotjustforpeaceofmindbutforvitalservicessuchascroppollinationwaterpurificationandclimatestabilization.Thealarmingthingaboutthisstudyisthefindingthatiffamilygroupscontinuetobecomesmallerandsmallerwemightcontinuelosingbiodiversity—evenifwegettheaggregatehumanpopulationsizestabilised." Thefirstparagraphmainlytellsusthat
Ourdailyexistenceisdividedintotwophasesasdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworkmanyhoursadayandweallowthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping.46Therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment. Weneedtomakethereforeahard-and-fastdistinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybutequallybetweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.47ItisIsupposethedeclineofactiveplay--ofamateursport--andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhavegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulationinsteadofindulginginsportspendtheirhoursofleisure"viewing"televisionprogramstherewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.Inadditionwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhohaveseenthem. 49Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactiveparticipatedinpracticedthatitcanproperlybecalledplayandassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttoworkandisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork. Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving.Someofusworkphysicallytillingthelandmindingthemachinesdiggingthecoal;othersworkmentallykeepingaccountsinventingmachinesteachingandpreachingmanagingandgoverning.50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveuslittleleisure.356words 49
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter. 41______Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignalsbuteventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewordsevenwiththemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgoneorwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.42______ Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.43______ 44______ Theseinventionsanddiscoveries--firespeechweaponsdomesticanimalsagricultureandwriting--madetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.untilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohistechniqueandtodevelopthebeliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoit.Therewasofcourseanimmenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.AtfirstithadbeenconfinedtotheNiletheEuphratestheTigrisandtheIndusbutattheendoftheperiodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeantosuggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime.45______512words Notes:ape猿pastoralnomad田园式的游牧部落的人theEuphrates幼发拉底河theTigris底格里斯河theIndus印度河inquestion所谈的在名词后作后置定语 [A]Probablypicturelanguageand.orallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. [B]Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswritingwhichlikespokenlanguagedevelopedoutofpicturesbutassoonasithadreachedacertainstageitwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmitinformationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven. [C]Withthedevelopmentofcivilizationprimitivepeoplewholivedincavesatthattimebadlyneededalanguagewhichwouldhelpthemtocommunicatewithoneanother. [D]Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually. [E]Infacttherewasprogress--therewereeventwoinventionsofverygreatimportancenamelygunpowderandthemariner’scompass--butneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirrevolutionarypowertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture. [F]Thesewereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest.Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided. [G]Butindustrywasastepinhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineage. 45
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Text1 Theplanet’swildcreaturesfaceanewthreatfromyuppiesemptynesterssingletonsandoneparentfamilies.Biologistsstudyingthepressureontheplanet’sdwindlingbiodiversitytodayreportonanewreasonforalarm.Althoughtherateofgrowthinthehumanpopulationisdecreasingthenumberofindividualhouseholdsisexploding.Evenwherepopulationshaveactuallydwindled—insomeregionsofNewZealandforinstance—thenumberofindividualhouseholdshasincreasedbecauseofdivorcecareerchoicesmallerfamiliesandlongerlifespans. JianguoLiuofMichiganStateUniversityandcolleaguesfromStanfordUniversityinCaliforniareportinNatureinapaperpublishedonlineinadvancethatagreaternumberofindividualhouseholdseachcontainingonaveragefewerpeoplemeantmorepressureonnaturalresources.Townsandcitiesbegantosprawlasnewhomeswerebuilt.Eachhouseholdneededfueltoheatandlightit;eachhouseholdrequireditsownplumbingcookingandrefrigeration."Inlargerhouseholdstheefficiencyofresourceconsumptionwillbealothigherbecausemorepeoplesharethings"Dr.Liusaid.Heandhiscolleagueslookedatthepopulationpatternsoflifein141countriesincluding76"hotspot"regionsunusuallyrichinavarietyofendemicwildlife.ThesehotspotsincludedAustraliaNewZealandtheUSBrazilChinaIndiaKenyaandItaly.Theyfoundthatbetween1985and2000inthe"hotspot"partsoftheglobetheannual3.1%growthrateinthenumberofhouseholdswasfarhigherthanthepopulationgrowthrateof1.8%. "Hadtheaveragehouseholdsizeremainedatthe1985level"thescientistsreport"therewouldhavebeen155mfewerhouseholdsinhotspotcountriesin2000.Paradoxicallysmallerhouseholdsdonotmeansmallerhomes.InIndianRivercountyFloridatheaverageareaofaone-storeysinglefamilyhouseincreased33%inthepastthreedecades." Dr.Liu’sworkgrewfromthealarmingdiscoverythatthegiantpandaslivinginChina’sWolongreserveweremoreatrisknowthantheywerewhenthereservewasfirstestablished.Thelocalpopulationhadgrownbutthetotalnumberofhomeshadincreasedmoreswiftlytomakegreaterinroadsintothebambooforests. GretchenDailyofStanfordoneoftheauthorssaid:"Wealldependonopenspaceandwildplacesnotjustforpeaceofmindbutforvitalservicessuchascroppollinationwaterpurificationandclimatestabilization.Thealarmingthingaboutthisstudyisthefindingthatiffamilygroupscontinuetobecomesmallerandsmallerwemightcontinuelosingbiodiversity—evenifwegettheaggregatehumanpopulationsizestabilised." Thesignificanceofopenspaceand'wildplacesliesinthat
Text1 Theplanet’swildcreaturesfaceanewthreatfromyuppiesemptynesterssingletonsandoneparentfamilies.Biologistsstudyingthepressureontheplanet’sdwindlingbiodiversitytodayreportonanewreasonforalarm.Althoughtherateofgrowthinthehumanpopulationisdecreasingthenumberofindividualhouseholdsisexploding.Evenwherepopulationshaveactuallydwindled—insomeregionsofNewZealandforinstance—thenumberofindividualhouseholdshasincreasedbecauseofdivorcecareerchoicesmallerfamiliesandlongerlifespans. JianguoLiuofMichiganStateUniversityandcolleaguesfromStanfordUniversityinCaliforniareportinNatureinapaperpublishedonlineinadvancethatagreaternumberofindividualhouseholdseachcontainingonaveragefewerpeoplemeantmorepressureonnaturalresources.Townsandcitiesbegantosprawlasnewhomeswerebuilt.Eachhouseholdneededfueltoheatandlightit;eachhouseholdrequireditsownplumbingcookingandrefrigeration."Inlargerhouseholdstheefficiencyofresourceconsumptionwillbealothigherbecausemorepeoplesharethings"Dr.Liusaid.Heandhiscolleagueslookedatthepopulationpatternsoflifein141countriesincluding76"hotspot"regionsunusuallyrichinavarietyofendemicwildlife.ThesehotspotsincludedAustraliaNewZealandtheUSBrazilChinaIndiaKenyaandItaly.Theyfoundthatbetween1985and2000inthe"hotspot"partsoftheglobetheannual3.1%growthrateinthenumberofhouseholdswasfarhigherthanthepopulationgrowthrateof1.8%. "Hadtheaveragehouseholdsizeremainedatthe1985level"thescientistsreport"therewouldhavebeen155mfewerhouseholdsinhotspotcountriesin2000.Paradoxicallysmallerhouseholdsdonotmeansmallerhomes.InIndianRivercountyFloridatheaverageareaofaone-storeysinglefamilyhouseincreased33%inthepastthreedecades." Dr.Liu’sworkgrewfromthealarmingdiscoverythatthegiantpandaslivinginChina’sWolongreserveweremoreatrisknowthantheywerewhenthereservewasfirstestablished.Thelocalpopulationhadgrownbutthetotalnumberofhomeshadincreasedmoreswiftlytomakegreaterinroadsintothebambooforests. GretchenDailyofStanfordoneoftheauthorssaid:"Wealldependonopenspaceandwildplacesnotjustforpeaceofmindbutforvitalservicessuchascroppollinationwaterpurificationandclimatestabilization.Thealarmingthingaboutthisstudyisthefindingthatiffamilygroupscontinuetobecomesmallerandsmallerwemightcontinuelosingbiodiversity—evenifwegettheaggregatehumanpopulationsizestabilised." Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleforthispassage
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text2 Browsethroughtheracksofdressesskirtsandtopsinalmostanytrendyclothingstoreinfashion-savvyArgentinaandwhetheryoufindsomethingthatfitsdependsonyoursize.Butshopscarryfew—ifany—optionsforcurvaceouswomen.WhenyougointoastoreandfindanextralargeyouknowthatitisreallytheequivalentofamediumorevenasmallbasedonAmericanstandards.Youfeelfrustratedbemuseyoustarttothinkthateverybodyislikethisandthatyouarebig.Butthat’snottrue. Inthisbeauty-consciousnationwhichhastheworld’ssecond-highestrateofanorexiamanyarepartiallyblarningthecountry’sclothingindustryforofferingonlytinysizesofthelatestfashions.Theresultisadangerousparadoxofgirlsandwomenadaptingtotheclothesratherthanclothesadaptingtothem.TheArgentinelegislatureisconsideringwhethertoforceclothingmanufacturerstocover"alltheanthropometricmeasurementsoftheArgentinewoman"uptoextralargesize.Thebillalsoaddressestherelatedproblemofso-called"tricky"labelinginwhichSMandLdesignationsvarybybrandandaresmallerthaninternationalstandards. Theproposalhasraisedeyebrowsinahistoricallyflirtatioussocietyskepticalofgovernmentandwellknownforitsobsessionwithbeauty."Argentinahastheworld’shighestratesofaestheticsurgery"saysMabelBellofounderoftheAssociationfortheFightAgainstAnorexia."Whenyouaxetalkingabouthowpreoccupiedwithbeautyoursocietyisthatisthemosttellingstatistic." Forexpertssuchstatisticsspellfutilityforlegalremedies."Thesetypesoflawsarenotgoingtocauselastingchanges"saysSusanaSaulquinasociologistoffashion."Abetterwaytoaddresstheproblemisthroughpubliceducationthatemphasizesbalancedeatinghabitsoveranunrealisticidealofbeauty."Currentlycompaniestrytopreservebrandimagebycateringtoyoungandextremelythincustomersbutovertimeshebelievesamorebalancedviewofbeautywillemerge. Fortheirpartindustrygroupscondemnthebillasoverreachingstateintervening.Theysaytheirbusinessdecisionsareguidedbyconsumerdemand."Wearenotinfavorofanythingthatregulatesthemarket"saysLauraCoddaarepresentativeofmajorclothingmanufacturers."Everyclothingcompanyhastherighttomakeanythingtheycansell—anycoloranysizes."ShesayshergroupisnotopposedtomeasuresthatwouldstandardizesizingbutshenotesthatmanyifnotmostclothesinArgentinestoresalreadycarrythenumericaldesignationscalledforinthehill. Ifhistoryisaguidethefateoftheproposedlawissomewhatbleak.Howeverin2005theprovincialgovernmentofBuenosAiresmanagedtopassasimilarlaw—althoughthegovernorfailedtosignit. AccordingtothepassageSusanaSaulquin
Text4 ItishardtoboxagainstasouthpawasApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofaninterminableseriesofmovies.While"Rocky"isfictionthestrategicadvantageofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostfight-handedpeoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa. Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessisthatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecialisationofthebrainthathasconcentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan.Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180’relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthebodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainisusuallydominant.Andonaverageleft-handersaresmallerandlighterthanright-handers.Thatshould’putthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sportingadvantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handednessposesaproblemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFauriethinksheknowstheanswer. Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfightsenhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreasedreproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportionofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-handedwiththeadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbeahigherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolencesincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.Dr.Fauriesetouttotestthishypothesis.Fightinginmodernsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthatisunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDr.Fauriedecidedtoconfinehisinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthelevelofviolenceintraditionalsocieties. BytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandevengoingoutintothefieldandaskingpeopleDr.Fauriefoundthattheproportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwithitshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexamplewasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.RaidingandwarfarearecentraltoYanomarnoculture.Themurderrateis415er1000inhabitantsperyear.AndaccordingtoDr.Faurie22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speakingpeopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationisleft-handed. Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handedpeopleaxemoreviolentthantheright-handeditlooksasthoughtheyaremoresuccessfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningoftheword"sinister". Thedoublemeaningofthewordsinisterrefersto
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Directions:WritealettertoProf.WangHeadofForeignLanguages.DepartmentintroducingtohimyourstudentMissJinHua.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Ourdailyexistenceisdividedintotwophasesasdistinctasdayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworkmanyhoursadayandweallowthenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping.46Therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursofleisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentorentertainment. Weneedtomakethereforeahard-and-fastdistinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybutequallybetweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.47ItisIsupposethedeclineofactiveplay--ofamateursport--andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhichhavegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreaterpartofthepopulationinsteadofindulginginsportspendtheirhoursofleisure"viewing"televisionprogramstherewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.Inadditionwehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthescreen.48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewhohaveseenthem. 49Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactiveparticipatedinpracticedthatitcanproperlybecalledplayandassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsincontrasttoworkandisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork. Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving.Someofusworkphysicallytillingthelandmindingthemachinesdiggingthecoal;othersworkmentallykeepingaccountsinventingmachinesteachingandpreachingmanagingandgoverning.50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoallthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveuslittleleisure.356words 47
Cardiologistshavepioneeredtheworld’sfirstnon-surgicalbypassoperationtoturnaveinintoanarteryusinganewtechniquetodivertbloodflowinamanwithsevereheartdisease. 41._______________ Althoughmajorheartsurgeryisbecomingcommonplacewithmorethan28000bypassoperationsintheUKannuallyitistraumaticforpatientsandinvolvesalongrecoveryperiod. Thenewtechniquewascarriedoutbyaninternationalteambfdoctorswhoperformedthenon-invasivesurgeryona53-year-oldGermanpatient. 42.________________ AccordingtoaspecialreportinCirculation:JournaloftheAmericanHeartAssociationcardiologistsdevelopedaspecialcatheter导管whichwasinsertedintooneofhislegarteriesthreadedupthroughtheaorta主动脉tothetopofthediseasedarterywhichwastheonlypartstillopenandreceivingblood. 43.______________ Athinflexiblewirewasthreadedthroughtheneedleandtheneedleandcatheterwerewithdrawnleavingthewirebehindandasmallangioplasty血管成形术balloonwhichwasusedtowidenthechannel.Finallytheveinwasblockedoffjustabovethenewchannelallowingbloodfromthearterytobere-routeddownthevein. 44.______________ Dr.StephenOesterlewholedtheteamsaid:"Thismilestonemarksthefirstcoronaryarterybypassperformedwithacatheter.Thetechnologyoffersarealistichopefortrulyminimallyinvasivebypassproceduresinthefuture." Dr.OesterleisdirectorofcardiologyatMassachusettsGeneralHospitalandassociateprofessorofmedicineatHarvardMedicalSchoolinBoston.MelanieHaddoncardiacnurseattheBritishHeartFoundationsaiditwaslikelytobemanyyearsbeforetheprocedurewasroutinelyusedinhospitals.“Non-invasivesurgerysuchasthisnewmethodcouldhelpminimizetherisksbringinggreatbenefitstothepatient." Aclot-bustingdrugcombinedwith10-minutespurtsofexercisehasbeenfoundtogrownewbloodvesselsinchildrenwithheartdisease. 45._______________ X-raysshowedthatoverafivemonthperiodanetworkoftinynewbloodvesselsformedintwoofthepatients.Inallsevenindividualsthetreatmentwasassociatedwithimprovedbloodflowtotheheartmuscleintheareasaroundtheblockage. [A]Ineverycasethetherapyincreasedthesizeoftheblockedarteryallowingmorebloodtopassthrough. [B]Thediabeticpatientwhohasnotbeannamedhadsufferedseverechestpainsbecauseoneofhiscoronaryarterieswasseverelyblockedanddeprivinghisheartmuscleofoxygenbuthewasconsideredbydoctorstobeunsuitablefortraditionalbypasssurgery. [C]Thenguidedbyultra-soundaphysicianpushedaneedlefrominsidethecatheterthroughthearterywallandintotheadjacentvein. [D]Thekeyholeprocedurewhichavoidstheextensiveinvasivesurgeryofaconventionalbypasswillofferhopetotensofthousandsofpeopleatriskfromheartattacks.CoronaryheartdiseasewherethearteriesareprogressivelysiltedupwithfattydepositsisresponsibleinamajorindustrialcountrylikeBritainformorethan160000deathseachyear. [E]Aftertheproceduretheveineffectivelybecameanarterycarryingbloodinthereversedirectionfromthepreviouswayandfeedingthestarvedhearttissuewithoxygen. [F]ResearchersinJapanstudiedsevenchildrenandteenagersaged6to19whohadatotallyblockedarteryandcouldnotbehelpedbysurgery.Theywereaskedtoexerciseonabicyclemachinetwiceadayfor10daysandgiventheanti-clottingdrugbeforeeachsession. [G]Itisveryprematuretosuggestthatthistechniquewillsignificantlyreducetheneedforcoronarybypasssurgeryinthenearfuture.Itwon’tbeasolutionforeveryone.Therealityisthatveinsarenotalwayslocatedthatclosetoanarterysoitwouldn’tworkundercertaincircumstances. 43
Cardiologistshavepioneeredtheworld’sfirstnon-surgicalbypassoperationtoturnaveinintoanarteryusinganewtechniquetodivertbloodflowinamanwithsevereheartdisease. 41._______________ Althoughmajorheartsurgeryisbecomingcommonplacewithmorethan28000bypassoperationsintheUKannuallyitistraumaticforpatientsandinvolvesalongrecoveryperiod. Thenewtechniquewascarriedoutbyaninternationalteambfdoctorswhoperformedthenon-invasivesurgeryona53-year-oldGermanpatient. 42.________________ AccordingtoaspecialreportinCirculation:JournaloftheAmericanHeartAssociationcardiologistsdevelopedaspecialcatheter导管whichwasinsertedintooneofhislegarteriesthreadedupthroughtheaorta主动脉tothetopofthediseasedarterywhichwastheonlypartstillopenandreceivingblood. 43.______________ Athinflexiblewirewasthreadedthroughtheneedleandtheneedleandcatheterwerewithdrawnleavingthewirebehindandasmallangioplasty血管成形术balloonwhichwasusedtowidenthechannel.Finallytheveinwasblockedoffjustabovethenewchannelallowingbloodfromthearterytobere-routeddownthevein. 44.______________ Dr.StephenOesterlewholedtheteamsaid:"Thismilestonemarksthefirstcoronaryarterybypassperformedwithacatheter.Thetechnologyoffersarealistichopefortrulyminimallyinvasivebypassproceduresinthefuture." Dr.OesterleisdirectorofcardiologyatMassachusettsGeneralHospitalandassociateprofessorofmedicineatHarvardMedicalSchoolinBoston.MelanieHaddoncardiacnurseattheBritishHeartFoundationsaiditwaslikelytobemanyyearsbeforetheprocedurewasroutinelyusedinhospitals.“Non-invasivesurgerysuchasthisnewmethodcouldhelpminimizetherisksbringinggreatbenefitstothepatient." Aclot-bustingdrugcombinedwith10-minutespurtsofexercisehasbeenfoundtogrownewbloodvesselsinchildrenwithheartdisease. 45._______________ X-raysshowedthatoverafivemonthperiodanetworkoftinynewbloodvesselsformedintwoofthepatients.Inallsevenindividualsthetreatmentwasassociatedwithimprovedbloodflowtotheheartmuscleintheareasaroundtheblockage. [A]Ineverycasethetherapyincreasedthesizeoftheblockedarteryallowingmorebloodtopassthrough. [B]Thediabeticpatientwhohasnotbeannamedhadsufferedseverechestpainsbecauseoneofhiscoronaryarterieswasseverelyblockedanddeprivinghisheartmuscleofoxygenbuthewasconsideredbydoctorstobeunsuitablefortraditionalbypasssurgery. [C]Thenguidedbyultra-soundaphysicianpushedaneedlefrominsidethecatheterthroughthearterywallandintotheadjacentvein. [D]Thekeyholeprocedurewhichavoidstheextensiveinvasivesurgeryofaconventionalbypasswillofferhopetotensofthousandsofpeopleatriskfromheartattacks.CoronaryheartdiseasewherethearteriesareprogressivelysiltedupwithfattydepositsisresponsibleinamajorindustrialcountrylikeBritainformorethan160000deathseachyear. [E]Aftertheproceduretheveineffectivelybecameanarterycarryingbloodinthereversedirectionfromthepreviouswayandfeedingthestarvedhearttissuewithoxygen. [F]ResearchersinJapanstudiedsevenchildrenandteenagersaged6to19whohadatotallyblockedarteryandcouldnotbehelpedbysurgery.Theywereaskedtoexerciseonabicyclemachinetwiceadayfor10daysandgiventheanti-clottingdrugbeforeeachsession. [G]Itisveryprematuretosuggestthatthistechniquewillsignificantlyreducetheneedforcoronarybypasssurgeryinthenearfuture.Itwon’tbeasolutionforeveryone.Therealityisthatveinsarenotalwayslocatedthatclosetoanarterysoitwouldn’tworkundercertaincircumstances. 41
Text3 TheglobalreputationofJapan’sanimationindustry—ananimatedcartoonindustry—hasneverbeenhigherandatfirstglanceitwouldappeartobeinrudehealth.IntheopeningweekendofMiyazaki’snewfilmHowl’sMovingCastlearecord1.1millionJapanesecrammedintocinemasnationwide.Ithassincebeenseenathomebynearly10millionpeopleandhasmadeJapantheonlycountryinwhichTheIncredibleshasbeenkeptoutofthetopslot. YetJapan’sanimatorsarefullofgloom.TheyfearthatthefutureisbleakandthatthesuccessenjoyedbyMiyazakiandStudioGhibliwhichmakeshisfilmsisactuallymaskingasaddecline.IndustryexpertssaythatnotonlyistherealackofcreativetalentonaparwithMiyazakibuttheoverallstandardofanimatorshasfallenoverthepastdecadeaslowpayandpoorworkingconditionsforcemanytoquit."Miyazakican’tbereplacedhe’saone-off"saysJonathanClementsaBritishanimationexpert"Miyazakiisn’t100percentofGhiblibutwhenhegoesthepartyisover." ThecreativeandcommercialsuccessenjoyedbyGhiblihasaffordeditauniquebreathingspace.Forotherstudioshowevercommercialpressuresforceworktobedoneatbreakneckspeedandonshoestringbudgets.Veteransoftheindustrysayqualityhasbeensacrificedastelevisioncartoonepisodesaremadeforaslittleas￡10000. ManyyounganimatorsrelyonparentalsupporttoputthemthroughanimationschoolsandcontinuetoneedfinancialhelpjusttoaffordtoworkinTokyotheworld’smostexpensivecity.Yetremarkablyanimationhaslittleproblemattractingrecruits.Dozensofstudentsporeoverdeskspainstakinglyproducingpageafterpageofdrawings.MostsaytheyareawarethatpayislowbutdesperatelywanttoworkintheindustrytheyfellinlovewithaschildrenthroughcartoonssuchasDoraemonthebluetalkingcatandBattleofthePlanets.’ButrealityoftenbitesasanimatorsreachtheirthirtiesbywhichtimetheytypicallyearnaroundathirdoftheaveragepayforJapanesetheirageandatlowerhourlyratesthansupermarketclerks. Clementsbelievesthatthesoulofanimationisatstake."AnimationisbydefinitionfromJapanbutit’sonlyamatteroftimebeforethenumberofforeigncontributorstipsthebalanceandwhatusedtobeanimationbecomesplainoldcartoons"hesays."Itmayultimatelyremovemuchofwhatmakesanimationappealtoitscurrentforeignaudiencebase:itsexoticism." InClements'eyesJapaneseanimation
Picture-takingisatechniquebothforreflectingtheobjectiveworldandforexpressingthesingularself.Photographsdepictobjectiverealitiesthatalreadyexistthoughonlythecameracandisclosethem.Andtheydepictanindividualphotographer’stemperamentdiscoveringitselfthroughthecamera’scroppingofreality.Thatisphotographyhastwodirectlyoppositeideals:inthefirstphotographyisabouttheworldandthephotographerisamereobserverwhocountsforlittle;butinthesecondphotographyistheinstrumentoffearlessnessquestingsubjectivityandthephotographerisall.Theseconflictingidealsarisefromuneasinessonthepartofbothphotographersandviewersofphotographstowardtheaggressivecomponentintakingapicture.Accordinglytheidealofaphotographerasobserverisattractingbecauseitimplicitlydeniesthatpicture-takingisanaggressiveact.Theissueofcourseisnotsoclear-cut.Whatphotographersdocannotbecharacterizedassimplypredatoryorassimplyandessentiallybenevolent.Asaconsequenceoneidealofpicture-takingortheotherisalwaysbeingrediscoveredandchampioned.Animportantresultofthecoexistenceofthesetwoidealsisarecurrentambivalencetowardphotography’smeans.Whateveraretheclaimsthatphotographymightmaketobeaformofpersonalexpressionjustlikepaintingitsoriginalityiscloselylinkedtothepowerofamachine.ThesteadygrowthofthesepowershasmadepossibletheextraordinaryinformativenessandimaginativeformalbeautyofmanyphotographslikeHaroldEdgerton’shigh-speedphotographsofabullethittingitstargetoroftheswirlsandeddiesofatennisstroke.Butascamerasbecomemoresophisticatedmoreautomatedsomephotographersaretemptedtodisarmthemselvesortosuggestthattheyarenotreallyarmedpreferringtosubmitthemselvestothelimitimposedbypre-moderncameratechnologybecauseacruderlesshigh-poweredmachineisthoughttogivemoreinterestingoremotiveresultstoleavemoreroomforcreativeaccident.ForexampleithasbeenvirtuallyapointofhonorformanyphotographersincludingWalkerEvansandCartierBressontorefusetousemodernequipment.Thesephotographershavecometodoubtthevalueofthecameraasaninstrumentoffastseeing.CartierBressoninfactclaimsthatthemoderncameramayseetoofast.Thisambivalencetowardphotographicmeansdeterminestrendsintaste.Thecultofthefutureoffasterandfasterseeingalternatesovertimewiththewishtoreturntoapurerpastwhenimageshadahandmadequality.Thislongingforsomeprimitivestateofthephotographicenterpriseiscurrentlywidespreadandunderliesthepresent-dayenthusiasmfordaguerreotypesandtheworkofforgottennineteenth-centuryprovincialphotographers.Photographersandviewersofphotographsitseemsneedperiodicallytoresisttheirownknowingness.451wordsNotes:cropvt.播种修剪树木收割countforlittle无关紧要predatory掠夺成性的championn.冠军;vt.支持benevolent好心肠的行善的ambivalence矛盾心理make+不定式似乎要Hemakestobegin.他似乎要开始了swirlsandeddies漩涡cult狂热崇拜daguerreotype银板照相法TheauthormentionstheworkofHaroldEdgertoninordertoprovideanexampleof
Picture-takingisatechniquebothforreflectingtheobjectiveworldandforexpressingthesingularself.Photographsdepictobjectiverealitiesthatalreadyexistthoughonlythecameracandisclosethem.Andtheydepictanindividualphotographer’stemperamentdiscoveringitselfthroughthecamera’scroppingofreality.Thatisphotographyhastwodirectlyoppositeideals:inthefirstphotographyisabouttheworldandthephotographerisamereobserverwhocountsforlittle;butinthesecondphotographyistheinstrumentoffearlessnessquestingsubjectivityandthephotographerisall.Theseconflictingidealsarisefromuneasinessonthepartofbothphotographersandviewersofphotographstowardtheaggressivecomponentintakingapicture.Accordinglytheidealofaphotographerasobserverisattractingbecauseitimplicitlydeniesthatpicture-takingisanaggressiveact.Theissueofcourseisnotsoclear-cut.Whatphotographersdocannotbecharacterizedassimplypredatoryorassimplyandessentiallybenevolent.Asaconsequenceoneidealofpicture-takingortheotherisalwaysbeingrediscoveredandchampioned.Animportantresultofthecoexistenceofthesetwoidealsisarecurrentambivalencetowardphotography’smeans.Whateveraretheclaimsthatphotographymightmaketobeaformofpersonalexpressionjustlikepaintingitsoriginalityiscloselylinkedtothepowerofamachine.ThesteadygrowthofthesepowershasmadepossibletheextraordinaryinformativenessandimaginativeformalbeautyofmanyphotographslikeHaroldEdgerton’shigh-speedphotographsofabullethittingitstargetoroftheswirlsandeddiesofatennisstroke.Butascamerasbecomemoresophisticatedmoreautomatedsomephotographersaretemptedtodisarmthemselvesortosuggestthattheyarenotreallyarmedpreferringtosubmitthemselvestothelimitimposedbypre-moderncameratechnologybecauseacruderlesshigh-poweredmachineisthoughttogivemoreinterestingoremotiveresultstoleavemoreroomforcreativeaccident.ForexampleithasbeenvirtuallyapointofhonorformanyphotographersincludingWalkerEvansandCartierBressontorefusetousemodernequipment.Thesephotographershavecometodoubtthevalueofthecameraasaninstrumentoffastseeing.CartierBressoninfactclaimsthatthemoderncameramayseetoofast.Thisambivalencetowardphotographicmeansdeterminestrendsintaste.Thecultofthefutureoffasterandfasterseeingalternatesovertimewiththewishtoreturntoapurerpastwhenimageshadahandmadequality.Thislongingforsomeprimitivestateofthephotographicenterpriseiscurrentlywidespreadandunderliesthepresent-dayenthusiasmfordaguerreotypesandtheworkofforgottennineteenth-centuryprovincialphotographers.Photographersandviewersofphotographsitseemsneedperiodicallytoresisttheirownknowingness.451wordsNotes:cropvt.播种修剪树木收割countforlittle无关紧要predatory掠夺成性的championn.冠军;vt.支持benevolent好心肠的行善的ambivalence矛盾心理make+不定式似乎要Hemakestobegin.他似乎要开始了swirlsandeddies漩涡cult狂热崇拜daguerreotype银板照相法Accordingtoparagraph2theinterestamongphotographersineachofthephotography’stwoidealscanbedescribedas
Digitalphotographyisstillnewenoughthatmostofushaveyettoformanopinionaboutitmuchless1apointofview.Butthishasn’tstoppedmanyfilmandcomputerfansfromagreeing2theearly3wisdomaboutdigitalcameras—they’reneat4foryourPCbutthey’renotsuitableforeverydaypicture-taking. Thefansarewrong:morethananythingelsedigitalcamerasareradically5whatphotographymeansandwhatitcanbe.Thevenerablemediumofphotographyasweknow6isbeginningtoseemoutof7withthewaywelive.Inourcomputerandcamcorderculturesavingpictures8digitalfilesandwatchingthemonTVisnoless9andinmanywaysmore10thanfumblingwithrollsoffilmthatmustbesentofftobe11. Paperisalsoterribly12Picturesthatareincorrectlyframedfocusedorlightedarenonetheless13tofilmandultimatelyprocessedintoprints. Thedigitalmediumchangesthe14.Stillimagesthatare15digitallycanimmediatelybeshownonacomputermonitorTVscreenorasmallliquid-crystaldisplayLCDbuiltrightintothecamera.Andsincethepointsoflightthat16animagearesavedasaseriesofdigitalbitsin17memory18beingpermanentlyetchedontofilmtheycanbeerasedretouchedandtransmittedon-line. What’sitliketo19withoneofthesedigitalcamerasIt’salittlelikeafirstdate—excitingconfusingandfraughtwith20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Text4 ItishardtoboxagainstasouthpawasApolloCreedfoundoutwhenhefoughtRockyBalboainthefirstofaninterminableseriesofmovies.While"Rocky"isfictionthestrategicadvantageofbeingleft-handedinafightisveryrealsimplybecausemostfight-handedpeoplehavelittleexperienceoffightingleft-handersbutnotviceversa. Theorthodoxviewofhumanhandednessisthatitisconnectedtothebilateralspecialisationofthebrainthathasconcentratedlanguage-processingfunctionsontheleftsideofthatorgan.Becauselongagointheevolutionarypastanancestorofhumansunderwentacontortionthattwisteditsheadaround180’relativetoitsbodytheleftsideofthebraincontrolstherightsideofthebodyandviceversa.Inhumanstheleftbrainisusuallydominant.Andonaverageleft-handersaresmallerandlighterthanright-handers.Thatshould’putthematanevolutionarydisadvantage.Sportingadvantagenotwithstandingthereforetheexistenceofleft-handednessposesaproblemforbiologists.ButCharlotteFauriethinksheknowstheanswer. Asanyschoolboycouldtellyouwinningfightsenhancesyourstatus.Ifinprehistorythistranslatedintoincreasedreproductivesuccessitmighthavebeenenoughtomaintainacertainproportionofleft-handersinthepopulationbybalancingthecostsofbeingleft-handedwiththeadvantagesgainedinfighting.Ifthatistruethentherewillbeahigherproportionofleft-handersinsocietieswithhigherlevelsofviolencesincetheadvantagesofbeingleft-handedwillbeenhancedinsuchsocieties.Dr.Fauriesetouttotestthishypothesis.Fightinginmodernsocietiesofteninvolvestheuseoftechnologynotablyfirearmsthatisunlikelytogiveanyadvantagetoleft-handers.SoDr.Fauriedecidedtoconfinehisinvestigationtotheproportionofleft-handersandthelevelofviolenceintraditionalsocieties. BytrawlingtheliteraturecheckingwithpolicedepartmentsandevengoingoutintothefieldandaskingpeopleDr.Fauriefoundthattheproportionofleft-handersinatraditionalsocietyisindeedcorrelatedwithitshomiciderate.Oneofthehighestproportionsofleft-handersforexamplewasfoundamongtheYanomamoofSouthAmerica.RaidingandwarfarearecentraltoYanomarnoculture.Themurderrateis415er1000inhabitantsperyear.AndaccordingtoDr.Faurie22.6%ofYanomamoareleft-handed.IncontrastDioula-speakingpeopleofBurkinaFasoinWestAfricaarevirtualpacifists.Thereareonly0.013murdersper1000inhabitantsamongthemandonly3.4%ofthepopulationisleft-handed. Whilethereisnosuggestionthatleft-handedpeopleaxemoreviolentthantheright-handeditlooksasthoughtheyaremoresuccessfullyviolent.Perhapsthathelpstoexplainthedoublemeaningoftheword"sinister". Theauthor'sattitudetowardleft-handersis
Text3 TheglobalreputationofJapan’sanimationindustry—ananimatedcartoonindustry—hasneverbeenhigherandatfirstglanceitwouldappeartobeinrudehealth.IntheopeningweekendofMiyazaki’snewfilmHowl’sMovingCastlearecord1.1millionJapanesecrammedintocinemasnationwide.Ithassincebeenseenathomebynearly10millionpeopleandhasmadeJapantheonlycountryinwhichTheIncredibleshasbeenkeptoutofthetopslot. YetJapan’sanimatorsarefullofgloom.TheyfearthatthefutureisbleakandthatthesuccessenjoyedbyMiyazakiandStudioGhibliwhichmakeshisfilmsisactuallymaskingasaddecline.IndustryexpertssaythatnotonlyistherealackofcreativetalentonaparwithMiyazakibuttheoverallstandardofanimatorshasfallenoverthepastdecadeaslowpayandpoorworkingconditionsforcemanytoquit."Miyazakican’tbereplacedhe’saone-off"saysJonathanClementsaBritishanimationexpert"Miyazakiisn’t100percentofGhiblibutwhenhegoesthepartyisover." ThecreativeandcommercialsuccessenjoyedbyGhiblihasaffordeditauniquebreathingspace.Forotherstudioshowevercommercialpressuresforceworktobedoneatbreakneckspeedandonshoestringbudgets.Veteransoftheindustrysayqualityhasbeensacrificedastelevisioncartoonepisodesaremadeforaslittleas￡10000. ManyyounganimatorsrelyonparentalsupporttoputthemthroughanimationschoolsandcontinuetoneedfinancialhelpjusttoaffordtoworkinTokyotheworld’smostexpensivecity.Yetremarkablyanimationhaslittleproblemattractingrecruits.Dozensofstudentsporeoverdeskspainstakinglyproducingpageafterpageofdrawings.MostsaytheyareawarethatpayislowbutdesperatelywanttoworkintheindustrytheyfellinlovewithaschildrenthroughcartoonssuchasDoraemonthebluetalkingcatandBattleofthePlanets.’ButrealityoftenbitesasanimatorsreachtheirthirtiesbywhichtimetheytypicallyearnaroundathirdoftheaveragepayforJapanesetheirageandatlowerhourlyratesthansupermarketclerks. Clementsbelievesthatthesoulofanimationisatstake."AnimationisbydefinitionfromJapanbutit’sonlyamatteroftimebeforethenumberofforeigncontributorstipsthebalanceandwhatusedtobeanimationbecomesplainoldcartoons"hesays."Itmayultimatelyremovemuchofwhatmakesanimationappealtoitscurrentforeignaudiencebase:itsexoticism." Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe
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