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胸背彻痛剧烈，主要是由于( )
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情志郁结所致胸痛的表现是
胸背彻痛
胸痛咳嗽
憋闷疼痛
.胀痛走窜
刺痛不移
阴虚证胸痛的特点是
胸闷痛而痞满
胸胀痛而走窜
胸痛咳吐脓血
胸背彻痛剧烈，面色青灰
胸痛潮热，咳痰带血
真心痛的临床表现是
胸背彻痛剧烈
面色青灰
手足青至节
喘促鼻煽
情志郁结所致胸痛的表现是
胸背彻痛
胸痛咳嗽
憋闷疼痛
胀痛走窜
刺痛不移
情志郁结
心胸绞痛
胀痛走窜
胸背彻痛
憋闷疼痛
刺痛不移
情志部结不舒所致胸痛的特点是
胸背彻痛
胸痛喘促
胸痛咳血
胸痛走窜
真心痛胸痛的特点是
胸胀痛而走窜
胸闷痛而痞满
胸痛咳吐脓血
胸背彻痛剧烈，面色青灰
胸痛潮热，咳痰带血
肺阴亏虚虚火灼络所致胸痛的特点是
胸痛，壮热，咳吐脓__臭痰
胸痛，潮热盗汗，咳痰带血
胸痛，壮热面赤，喘促鼻煽
胸背彻痛剧烈，面色青灰，手足青冷
胸部憋闷作痛，痛引肩臂，时痛时止
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Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
You’vehadaproblemyou’vethoughtaboutittillyouweretiredforgottenitandperhapssleptonitandthenflash!Whenyouweren’tthinkingaboutitsuddenlytheanswerhascometoyouasagiftfromthegods. Ofcourseallideasdon’tcomelikethatbuttheinterestingthingisthatsomanydoparticularlythemostimportantones.Theyburstintothemindglowingwiththeheatofcreation.Howtheydoisamystery.46Psychologydoesnotyetunderstandeventheordinaryprocessofconsciousthoughtbuttheemergenceofnewideasbya"leapinthought"isparticularlyintriguingbecausetheymusthavecomefromthesomewhere.Forthemomentletusassumethattheycomefromthe"unconscious".47Thisisreasonableforthepsychologistsusethistermtodescribementalprocesseswhichareunknowntothesubjectandcreativethoughtconsistspreciselyinwhatwasunknownbecomingknown. 48Itseemsthatalltrulycreativeactivitydependsinsomedegreeonthesesignalsfromtheunconsciousandthemorehighlyintuitivethepersonthesharperandmoredramaticthesignalsbecome. Butgrowthrequiresaseedandtheheartofthecreativeprocessliesintheproductionoftheoriginalfertilenucleusfromwhichgrowthcanproceed.49Thisinitialstepinallcreationconsistsintheestablishmentofanewunityfromdisparateelementsoforderoutofdisorderofshapefromwhatwasformless.Themindachievesthisbytheplasticreshapingsoderivedfromanewunitofaselectionoftheseparateelementsderivedfromexperienceandstoredinmemory.Intuitionsarisefromrichlyunifiedexperience. 50Thisprocessoftheestablishmentofnewformmustoccurinpatternofnervousactivityinthebrainlyingbelowthethresholdofconsciousnesswhichinteractsandcombinestoformmorecomprehensivepatterns.Experimentalphysiologyhasnotyetidentifiedthisprocessforitsmethodsareasyetinsufficientlyrefinedbutitmaybesignificantthataquarterofthetotalbodilyconsumptionofenergyduringsleepgoestothebrainevenwhenthesenseorganareatresttomaintaintheactivityoftenthousandmillionbraincells.Thesecellsactingtogetherasasingleorganachievethemiracleoftheproductionofnewpatternsofthought.Nocalculatingmachinecandothatforsuchmachinescan"onlydowhatweknowhowtodesignthemtodo"andtheseformativebrainprocessesobeylawswhicharestillunknown. CananypracticalconclusionsbedrawnfromtheexperienceofgeniusIsthereanartofthoughtfortheordinarypersonCertainlythereisnosingleroadtosuccess;intheworldoftheimaginationeachhastofindhisownwaytousehisowngift. Thisisreasonableforthepsychologistsusethistermtodescribementalprocesseswhichareunknowntothesubjectandcreativethoughtconsistspreciselyinwhatwasunknownbecomingknown.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
WhenMelissaMahanandherhusbandvisitedtheNetherlandstheyfeltimprisonedbytheirtourbus.Itforcedthemtoseethecityaccordingtoaparticularrouteandspecificschedule--butgoingoffontheirownmeantmissingoutontheinformationprovidedbytheguide.OntheirreturnhometoSanDiegoCaliforniatheystartedanewcompanycalledTourCoupes.NowwhentouristsinSanDiegorentoneoftheirsmallbrightlycolouredthree-wheeledvehiclestheyaretreatedtoanarrationoverthestereosystemabouttheplacestheypasstriggeredbyGlobalPositioningSystemGPSsatellitetechnology. ThisisjustoneexampleofhowGPSisbeingusedtoprovidenewservicestotourists."Whatwereallyhavehereisatechnologythatallowspeopletoforgetaboutthetechnology"saysJimCarrierofIntelliToursaGPStourismfirmwhichbeganofferingasimilarserviceoverayearagoinMontgomeryAlabama.ThecityispackedwithsitesassociatedwithtwoimportantchaptersinAmericanhistorythecivilwarofthe1860sandthecivil-rightsmovementacenturylater.Montgomeryhasa120-year-oldtrolleysystemcalledtheLightningRoutewhichcirculatesaroundthedowntownareaandismainlyusedbytourists.OntheLightningRoutetrolleysGPS-triggeredaudioclipspointouthistoricalhotspots. OtherfirmssuchasCityShowinNewYorkandGPSToursCanadainBanffCanadaofferhand-heldGPSreceiversthatplayaudioclipsforlisteningtowhilewalkingordriving.InSouthAfricaEuropcaracar-rentalfirmoffersadevicecalledtheXplorer.Aswellasprovidingcommentaryon2000pointsofinterestitcanalsowarndriversiftheyexceedthelocalspeedlimit. Ifsuchservicesprovepopulartheuseofdedicatedaudio-guidedevicescouldgivewaytoadifferentapproach.Agrowingnumberofmobilephoneshavebuilt-inGPSorcandeterminetheirlocationsusingothertechnologies.Informationfortouristsdeliveredviaphonescouldbeupdatedinrealtimeandcouldcontainadvertisements."Location-basedservices"suchastheabilitytocallupalistofnearbybanksorpizzeriashavebeentalkedaboutforyearsbuthavenevertakenoff.Butaimingsuchservicesattouristsmakessense--sincepeoplearemorelikelytowantinformationwheninanunfamiliarplace.Itcouldgivemobileroamingawholenewmeaning. ThewordchapterLine4Paragraph2denotes
Directions:ForsomereasonyouneedtoborrowabookfromyourclassmateKate.WritealettertohertodescribethebookTheCompositionofAmericanHigherEducationInvestmentyouwanttoborrowspecifybywhenthebookwillbereturnedandexpressyourgratitude. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
GeorgeWilliamsoneofScottsdale’slastremainingcowboyshasbeenraisinghorsesandcattleonhis120acresfor20years.Thecattlegototheslaughterhousethehorsestorodeos.ButMr.Williamsisstompingmad.Hisproblemsbeganlastyearwhendishonestneighboursstartedtostealhiscattle.Thenotherneighboursmostofthemnewcomerstookoffenceathishorsesroamingontheirproperties. SuchgrumblesarecommoninArizona.ThemostrecentDepartmentofAgriculturecensusshowsthat1213ofArizona’s8507farmscloseddownbetween1997and2002.Manycattlemenaremovingouttoremoterpartsofthestate. DocLaneisanexecutiveattheArizonaCattlemen’sAssociationatradegroup.HesaysArizona’slargerranchownersaremakingdecentprofitsfromselling.Itisthesmallerplayerswhoarethevictimsofrisinglandvalueshighermortgagesandstiffercitycouncilrules.Whathappensalltoooftenisthatpeoplemoveinnexttoafarmbecausetheythinkthelandpretty.Butsoontheystartcomplainingtothecouncil.InMr.Williams’scaseitwasthehorsesthatannoyedthem.Othernewcomersdon’tlikethenoisethepesticidesandthesmellofmanure. Localsworryaboutthepreciousdwindlingcowboyculture.Arizona’stourismboardsliketopromoteasteadyinterestinallthingsaboutcowboyandwestern.LastyearmoreBritishandGermantouristscamethanusualandmanyofthemwerelookingpreciselyforthat.Arizona’sDudeRanchAssociationfillsits$350-a-nightluxuryranchesmostoftheyear;roughlyathirdoftheguestsareEuropean. Manyoftheranchersthemselvesseeallthistourismasacheekyattempttocommercialisearealandvanishingculture.InPrescottestateagentspromote"AmericanRanch-style"homeswithpostersofhorseriders.OntheothersideofthestreetisWhiskeyRowafamousstripofhistoriccowboybars.ButinMatt’sSaloononSaturdaynightrealcattlemencouldnotbefound. FarmfolklikeMr.KnoxandMr.Williamsareweighinguptheiroptions.Manywillmigratetoremoterplaceswherelandischeaperandnotcrowdedwithcitypeople.Youngeronestakeonside-jobsascontractorsandarecattle-handspart-time.Oldercowboysaren’tsurewhattodo. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardscattlemen
TheEconomistrecognisesthesetalentedpeoplethroughitsannualInnovationAwardspresentedinsixfields:biosciencecomputingandcommunicationsenergyandenvironmentbusiness-processinnovationconsumerproductsandaflexible"noboundaries"category.TheawardswerepresentedataceremonyinLondononNovember9thbyJohnMicklethwaitTheEconomist’seditor-in-chief. Andthewinnerswere: Bioscience: MarvinCaruthersprofessorofchemistryandbiochemistryattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderforthedevelopmentofautomatedDNAsynthesis--theabilityto"printout"arbitrarystrandsofgeneticmaterial. 41Computingandcommunications: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofcomputingandcommuni6ationsandturnthemintoreality. 42Energyandenvironment: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofenergyandenvironmentandturnthemintoreality. 43Noboundaries: acreativeindividualwhodreamupnewideasofinternetandturnthemintoreality. 44Business-processinnovation: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofbusiness-processandturnthemintoreality. 45Consumerproducts: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofconsumerproductsandturnthemintoreality. Weextendourcongratulationstothewinnersandourthankstothejudges. [A]NicolasHayekchairmanofSwatchforrevitalisingtheSwisswatchindustry.Duringthe1980sSwitzerland’slegendarywatchindustryfellintodeclinewithexportsfallingbyhalfwithinadecadeasaresultofJapanesecompetition.Mr.Hayek’sresponsewastoconsolidatetheindustrytocreatetheSwatchGroup.ItwentontobeattheJapaneseattheirowngamecreatingthebestsellingwatchbrandinhistoryandbecomingthelargestwatchmakerintheworldwithaquarterofthemarket. [B]JanusFriisandNiklasZennstromofSkypeforthedevelopmentofinternetfile-sharingandtelephonyusingpeer-to-peertechnologywhichallowsmillionsofcomputerstolinkupovertheinternetwithoutcentralco-ordination.In2000MessrsFriisandZennstromlaunchedKaZaAwhichbecamethedominantmeansofsharingmusicandvideofilesdespiteattemptsbytheentertainmentindustrytoshutitdown.Skypelaunchedin2003letsusersmakefreephonecallsovertheinternetforcingtraditionaltelecomsoperatorstoslashtheirprices. [C]SamPitrodachiefexecutiveofWorldTelforpioneeringIndia’scommunicationsrevolution.In1987Mr.PitrodawasaskedbyRajivGandhitheIndianprimeministertohelpdemocratiseaccesstotelecommunications.Hisresponsewastodeployinstantlyrecognizableyellowtelephonekiosksineverytownandvillage.ThishelpedtoreleaseIndia’stelecomsindustryfromstatecontrolandopenedituptoprivatefirmspavingthewayforatechnologyboom.Henowpromotessimilarpoliciesinothercountries. [D]PierreOmidyarfounderandchairmanofeBayforthedevelopmentofelectronicmarketplacetechnologyandhispromotionofaccesstomarketsasatoolforsocialchange.Mr.OmidyarsetupeBayin1995withtheaimofcreatingamarketplaceaccessibletoanyinternetuser.Thebusinesswasprofitableby1996.Peopleallovertheworldbuyandsellitemsin45000categories;someevenmakealivingtradingoneBay. [E]HernandodeSotofounderandpresidentoftheInstituteforLibertyandDemocracy.Mr.deSotoarguesthatbureaucracyandthelackofformalpropertyrightsaremajorcausesofpovertyindevelopingcountries.Redtapeandthelackoflegaltitletopropertypreventingitsuseascollateralmakeithardforthepoortoestablishorexpandbusinesses.WhileservingaseconomicadvisertothePeruviangovernmentMr.deSotoinitiatedaproperty-titlingschemewhichhelped1.2mfamilies.SimilarreformshavebeenimplementedinElSalvadorHaitiTanzaniaandEgypt.Mr.deSotohasalsochampionedtheuseofleaguetablestoshamegovernmentsintocuttingredtape. [F]JohannesPoulsenformerchiefexecutiveVestasWindSystemsforthecommercialisationofwindenergy.In1987Mr.PoulsentookthehelmatVestasthenasmallDanishfirmwith60employees.Bythetimeheretiredin2002Vestashad5000employeesandaquarteroftheworldmarketforwindturbines.UnderMr.PoulsenVestasgreatlyimprovedtheefficiencyofwindturbinesreducingcostsandmakingwindpowermorecompetitive. 43
Opportunitiesforwatercompaniesareflowingaroundtheworldbecauseofloomingshortagesanddecadesofunderinvestment.SaudiArabiaandAlgeriawherewatershortageshavebecomeacuteareplacingbillionsofdollarsofcontractsouttobidtoimprovewatersuppliesfortheirgrowingpopulations.Thetrendisexpectedtogrowas40%oftheworld’spopulationwillsufferwatershortagesby2050accordingtotheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram.Globalwarmingisexpectedtoexacerbatetheproblem. SaudiArabiabeganprivatizingwaterservicesaftershortagessparkedriotslastNovemberinJeddah.LoayAhmedMusallamthedeputywaterministersaidthefirstcontracttomanagewatersuppliesforRiyadhwouldbeawardedthisyear.By2010privatecompanieswillprovidewaterforhalfthepopulationheadded.SaudiArabiaplanstoinvest$37billionoverfiveyearstoimprovewaterpipelines.Leakscost1millioncubicmetersofwateraday--theoutputofsevendesalinationplants--theministersaid.Evenafterputtingcontractsouttobidgovernmentsstillfacepoliticallysensitivedecisions.InSaudiArabiaforexamplewatertariffsareamongthelowestintheworld.MusallamsaidSaudisconsumedtwiceasmuchwaterasBritonsinspiteoflivinginoneofthedriestpartsoftheglobe.Thegovernmentisintroducingmeasurestoencouragewaterconservation. EvenintheUStheshortfallbetweenactualinvestmentandtheindustry’srealneedsisestimatedtobe$122billionforwastewatertreatmentand$100billionfordrinkingwateroverthenext12yearssaidMichaelDeanoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency."PeopletakeforgrantedcleansafeinexpensivewaterbuttheoldwaysofpayingforwaterintheUSnolongermeetourneeds"Deansaid. WaterservicesintheUSaremainlyownedbymunicipalitieswhichfiercelyresistprivatization.Gassonsaysdecadesofunderinvestmentarecatchingupwiththewaterindustry."Eithertariffsorsubsidieswillhavetorise.Weareataninflectionpoint.Investmentnowisunavoidable"hesaid. DavidLloydOwenaBritishconsultantestimatedtheinvestmentshortfallfortheglobalwaterindustryat$1.2trillionoverthenext20years."Thequestionishowtoovercomepoliticalresistancetotheinvolvementoftheprivatesector"hesaid."Thewaterindustryisoneofthemostconservativeintheworld.Byandlargeitisstillrunbybureaucratsandengineers"Owensaid."Thereisalsoapassionateandwell-organizedlobbyagainstprivatization." Heseesmoreroomfortheprivatesectorastechnologyfordesalinationandrecyclingcometoplayanincreasingroleintheindustry.Banksarealsobecomingmorecreativeinmatchingthefinancingofcapitaloutlaysintheindustrywiththelonglivesofwatertreatmentfacilities Whowillmostprobablyacceptprivatesectorinwatertreatment
GeorgeWilliamsoneofScottsdale’slastremainingcowboyshasbeenraisinghorsesandcattleonhis120acresfor20years.Thecattlegototheslaughterhousethehorsestorodeos.ButMr.Williamsisstompingmad.Hisproblemsbeganlastyearwhendishonestneighboursstartedtostealhiscattle.Thenotherneighboursmostofthemnewcomerstookoffenceathishorsesroamingontheirproperties. SuchgrumblesarecommoninArizona.ThemostrecentDepartmentofAgriculturecensusshowsthat1213ofArizona’s8507farmscloseddownbetween1997and2002.Manycattlemenaremovingouttoremoterpartsofthestate. DocLaneisanexecutiveattheArizonaCattlemen’sAssociationatradegroup.HesaysArizona’slargerranchownersaremakingdecentprofitsfromselling.Itisthesmallerplayerswhoarethevictimsofrisinglandvalueshighermortgagesandstiffercitycouncilrules.Whathappensalltoooftenisthatpeoplemoveinnexttoafarmbecausetheythinkthelandpretty.Butsoontheystartcomplainingtothecouncil.InMr.Williams’scaseitwasthehorsesthatannoyedthem.Othernewcomersdon’tlikethenoisethepesticidesandthesmellofmanure. Localsworryaboutthepreciousdwindlingcowboyculture.Arizona’stourismboardsliketopromoteasteadyinterestinallthingsaboutcowboyandwestern.LastyearmoreBritishandGermantouristscamethanusualandmanyofthemwerelookingpreciselyforthat.Arizona’sDudeRanchAssociationfillsits$350-a-nightluxuryranchesmostoftheyear;roughlyathirdoftheguestsareEuropean. Manyoftheranchersthemselvesseeallthistourismasacheekyattempttocommercialisearealandvanishingculture.InPrescottestateagentspromote"AmericanRanch-style"homeswithpostersofhorseriders.OntheothersideofthestreetisWhiskeyRowafamousstripofhistoriccowboybars.ButinMatt’sSaloononSaturdaynightrealcattlemencouldnotbefound. FarmfolklikeMr.KnoxandMr.Williamsareweighinguptheiroptions.Manywillmigratetoremoterplaceswherelandischeaperandnotcrowdedwithcitypeople.Youngeronestakeonside-jobsascontractorsandarecattle-handspart-time.Oldercowboysaren’tsurewhattodo. Thepesticidesandthesmellofmanurearementionedto
FiveandahalfyearsintohispresidencyGeorgeBushfinallyvetoedabillthisweek.OddlyenoughitwasonethatmostAmericanssupport:itwouldhaveexpandedfoderalfundingforembryonicstem-cellresearch.TheHouseandSenatehadbothpassedthebillbywidebutnotveto-proofmarginssoMr.Bush’swordisfinalatleastuntilafterthemid-termelectionsinNovember. Stemcellsarecellsthathavenotyetdecidedwhattheywanttobewhentheygrowup.Thatistheycanbecomebloodcellsbraincellsorprettymuchanyothertypeofcell.Theirversatilitymakesthemextremelyusefulformedicalresearch.Theethicalsnagisthatthebeststemcellsareharvestedfromhumanembryoskillingthem.Forthemostardentpro-lifersincludingMr.Bushandmanyofhiscoresupportersthatismurder.Proponentsofembryonicstem-cellresearchpointoutthathordesofembryosarecreatedduringfertilitytreatmentandthevastmajorityoftheseareeitherfrozenindefinitelyordestroyed.Isitreallywrongtousethemforpotentiallylife-savingresearchYessaidMr.BushonJuly19thflankedbysomefamilieswhohad"adopted"otherpeople’sfrozenembryosandusedthemtohavechildrenoftheirown. Mr.Bush’svetodoesnotkillstem-cellresearch.Scientistswhospurnfederalcashmaydoastheyplease.Thegovernmentstillpaysforresearchonstemcellstakenfromadultsaprocessthatdoesnotkillthedonor.AndadecisionbyMr.Bushin2001allowsfederally-fundedscientiststoexperimentonthefewdozenembryonicstem-cell"lines"thatalreadyexistedthenwhichcanbepropagatedinalaboratory. NonethelessscientistsarefuriouswithMr.Bush.Federalfundingwouldsurelypushthemfastertowardsthoseelusivecures.Researchbasedonadultstemcellsmaybepromisingbutnotnearlyaspromisingasthatbasedonembryonicones.Thereareworriesthatthosefewdozenembryonicstem-celllinesrepresenttoonarrowagenepoolandthattheycannotbeendlesslyextendedwithoutdamagingthem.OthercountriessuchasBritainandChinaareenthusiasticallyexperimentingonembryonicstemcells.Buttheworld’smostinnovativenationishangingback. Accordingtothepassagestemcellsreferto
You’vehadaproblemyou’vethoughtaboutittillyouweretiredforgottenitandperhapssleptonitandthenflash!Whenyouweren’tthinkingaboutitsuddenlytheanswerhascometoyouasagiftfromthegods. Ofcourseallideasdon’tcomelikethatbuttheinterestingthingisthatsomanydoparticularlythemostimportantones.Theyburstintothemindglowingwiththeheatofcreation.Howtheydoisamystery.46Psychologydoesnotyetunderstandeventheordinaryprocessofconsciousthoughtbuttheemergenceofnewideasbya"leapinthought"isparticularlyintriguingbecausetheymusthavecomefromthesomewhere.Forthemomentletusassumethattheycomefromthe"unconscious".47Thisisreasonableforthepsychologistsusethistermtodescribementalprocesseswhichareunknowntothesubjectandcreativethoughtconsistspreciselyinwhatwasunknownbecomingknown. 48Itseemsthatalltrulycreativeactivitydependsinsomedegreeonthesesignalsfromtheunconsciousandthemorehighlyintuitivethepersonthesharperandmoredramaticthesignalsbecome. Butgrowthrequiresaseedandtheheartofthecreativeprocessliesintheproductionoftheoriginalfertilenucleusfromwhichgrowthcanproceed.49Thisinitialstepinallcreationconsistsintheestablishmentofanewunityfromdisparateelementsoforderoutofdisorderofshapefromwhatwasformless.Themindachievesthisbytheplasticreshapingsoderivedfromanewunitofaselectionoftheseparateelementsderivedfromexperienceandstoredinmemory.Intuitionsarisefromrichlyunifiedexperience. 50Thisprocessoftheestablishmentofnewformmustoccurinpatternofnervousactivityinthebrainlyingbelowthethresholdofconsciousnesswhichinteractsandcombinestoformmorecomprehensivepatterns.Experimentalphysiologyhasnotyetidentifiedthisprocessforitsmethodsareasyetinsufficientlyrefinedbutitmaybesignificantthataquarterofthetotalbodilyconsumptionofenergyduringsleepgoestothebrainevenwhenthesenseorganareatresttomaintaintheactivityoftenthousandmillionbraincells.Thesecellsactingtogetherasasingleorganachievethemiracleoftheproductionofnewpatternsofthought.Nocalculatingmachinecandothatforsuchmachinescan"onlydowhatweknowhowtodesignthemtodo"andtheseformativebrainprocessesobeylawswhicharestillunknown. CananypracticalconclusionsbedrawnfromtheexperienceofgeniusIsthereanartofthoughtfortheordinarypersonCertainlythereisnosingleroadtosuccess;intheworldoftheimaginationeachhastofindhisownwaytousehisowngift. Thisinitialstepinallcreationconsistsintheestablishmentofanewunityfromdisparateelementsoforderoutofdisorderofshapefromwhatwasformless
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
GeorgeWilliamsoneofScottsdale’slastremainingcowboyshasbeenraisinghorsesandcattleonhis120acresfor20years.Thecattlegototheslaughterhousethehorsestorodeos.ButMr.Williamsisstompingmad.Hisproblemsbeganlastyearwhendishonestneighboursstartedtostealhiscattle.Thenotherneighboursmostofthemnewcomerstookoffenceathishorsesroamingontheirproperties. SuchgrumblesarecommoninArizona.ThemostrecentDepartmentofAgriculturecensusshowsthat1213ofArizona’s8507farmscloseddownbetween1997and2002.Manycattlemenaremovingouttoremoterpartsofthestate. DocLaneisanexecutiveattheArizonaCattlemen’sAssociationatradegroup.HesaysArizona’slargerranchownersaremakingdecentprofitsfromselling.Itisthesmallerplayerswhoarethevictimsofrisinglandvalueshighermortgagesandstiffercitycouncilrules.Whathappensalltoooftenisthatpeoplemoveinnexttoafarmbecausetheythinkthelandpretty.Butsoontheystartcomplainingtothecouncil.InMr.Williams’scaseitwasthehorsesthatannoyedthem.Othernewcomersdon’tlikethenoisethepesticidesandthesmellofmanure. Localsworryaboutthepreciousdwindlingcowboyculture.Arizona’stourismboardsliketopromoteasteadyinterestinallthingsaboutcowboyandwestern.LastyearmoreBritishandGermantouristscamethanusualandmanyofthemwerelookingpreciselyforthat.Arizona’sDudeRanchAssociationfillsits$350-a-nightluxuryranchesmostoftheyear;roughlyathirdoftheguestsareEuropean. Manyoftheranchersthemselvesseeallthistourismasacheekyattempttocommercialisearealandvanishingculture.InPrescottestateagentspromote"AmericanRanch-style"homeswithpostersofhorseriders.OntheothersideofthestreetisWhiskeyRowafamousstripofhistoriccowboybars.ButinMatt’sSaloononSaturdaynightrealcattlemencouldnotbefound. FarmfolklikeMr.KnoxandMr.Williamsareweighinguptheiroptions.Manywillmigratetoremoterplaceswherelandischeaperandnotcrowdedwithcitypeople.Youngeronestakeonside-jobsascontractorsandarecattle-handspart-time.Oldercowboysaren’tsurewhattodo. Fromthefirsttwoparagraphswelearnthat
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Opportunitiesforwatercompaniesareflowingaroundtheworldbecauseofloomingshortagesanddecadesofunderinvestment.SaudiArabiaandAlgeriawherewatershortageshavebecomeacuteareplacingbillionsofdollarsofcontractsouttobidtoimprovewatersuppliesfortheirgrowingpopulations.Thetrendisexpectedtogrowas40%oftheworld’spopulationwillsufferwatershortagesby2050accordingtotheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram.Globalwarmingisexpectedtoexacerbatetheproblem. SaudiArabiabeganprivatizingwaterservicesaftershortagessparkedriotslastNovemberinJeddah.LoayAhmedMusallamthedeputywaterministersaidthefirstcontracttomanagewatersuppliesforRiyadhwouldbeawardedthisyear.By2010privatecompanieswillprovidewaterforhalfthepopulationheadded.SaudiArabiaplanstoinvest$37billionoverfiveyearstoimprovewaterpipelines.Leakscost1millioncubicmetersofwateraday--theoutputofsevendesalinationplants--theministersaid.Evenafterputtingcontractsouttobidgovernmentsstillfacepoliticallysensitivedecisions.InSaudiArabiaforexamplewatertariffsareamongthelowestintheworld.MusallamsaidSaudisconsumedtwiceasmuchwaterasBritonsinspiteoflivinginoneofthedriestpartsoftheglobe.Thegovernmentisintroducingmeasurestoencouragewaterconservation. EvenintheUStheshortfallbetweenactualinvestmentandtheindustry’srealneedsisestimatedtobe$122billionforwastewatertreatmentand$100billionfordrinkingwateroverthenext12yearssaidMichaelDeanoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency."PeopletakeforgrantedcleansafeinexpensivewaterbuttheoldwaysofpayingforwaterintheUSnolongermeetourneeds"Deansaid. WaterservicesintheUSaremainlyownedbymunicipalitieswhichfiercelyresistprivatization.Gassonsaysdecadesofunderinvestmentarecatchingupwiththewaterindustry."Eithertariffsorsubsidieswillhavetorise.Weareataninflectionpoint.Investmentnowisunavoidable"hesaid. DavidLloydOwenaBritishconsultantestimatedtheinvestmentshortfallfortheglobalwaterindustryat$1.2trillionoverthenext20years."Thequestionishowtoovercomepoliticalresistancetotheinvolvementoftheprivatesector"hesaid."Thewaterindustryisoneofthemostconservativeintheworld.Byandlargeitisstillrunbybureaucratsandengineers"Owensaid."Thereisalsoapassionateandwell-organizedlobbyagainstprivatization." Heseesmoreroomfortheprivatesectorastechnologyfordesalinationandrecyclingcometoplayanincreasingroleintheindustry.Banksarealsobecomingmorecreativeinmatchingthefinancingofcapitaloutlaysintheindustrywiththelonglivesofwatertreatmentfacilities ThepurposeofParagraph2isto
TheEconomistrecognisesthesetalentedpeoplethroughitsannualInnovationAwardspresentedinsixfields:biosciencecomputingandcommunicationsenergyandenvironmentbusiness-processinnovationconsumerproductsandaflexible"noboundaries"category.TheawardswerepresentedataceremonyinLondononNovember9thbyJohnMicklethwaitTheEconomist’seditor-in-chief. Andthewinnerswere: Bioscience: MarvinCaruthersprofessorofchemistryandbiochemistryattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderforthedevelopmentofautomatedDNAsynthesis--theabilityto"printout"arbitrarystrandsofgeneticmaterial. 41Computingandcommunications: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofcomputingandcommuni6ationsandturnthemintoreality. 42Energyandenvironment: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofenergyandenvironmentandturnthemintoreality. 43Noboundaries: acreativeindividualwhodreamupnewideasofinternetandturnthemintoreality. 44Business-processinnovation: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofbusiness-processandturnthemintoreality. 45Consumerproducts: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofconsumerproductsandturnthemintoreality. Weextendourcongratulationstothewinnersandourthankstothejudges. [A]NicolasHayekchairmanofSwatchforrevitalisingtheSwisswatchindustry.Duringthe1980sSwitzerland’slegendarywatchindustryfellintodeclinewithexportsfallingbyhalfwithinadecadeasaresultofJapanesecompetition.Mr.Hayek’sresponsewastoconsolidatetheindustrytocreatetheSwatchGroup.ItwentontobeattheJapaneseattheirowngamecreatingthebestsellingwatchbrandinhistoryandbecomingthelargestwatchmakerintheworldwithaquarterofthemarket. [B]JanusFriisandNiklasZennstromofSkypeforthedevelopmentofinternetfile-sharingandtelephonyusingpeer-to-peertechnologywhichallowsmillionsofcomputerstolinkupovertheinternetwithoutcentralco-ordination.In2000MessrsFriisandZennstromlaunchedKaZaAwhichbecamethedominantmeansofsharingmusicandvideofilesdespiteattemptsbytheentertainmentindustrytoshutitdown.Skypelaunchedin2003letsusersmakefreephonecallsovertheinternetforcingtraditionaltelecomsoperatorstoslashtheirprices. [C]SamPitrodachiefexecutiveofWorldTelforpioneeringIndia’scommunicationsrevolution.In1987Mr.PitrodawasaskedbyRajivGandhitheIndianprimeministertohelpdemocratiseaccesstotelecommunications.Hisresponsewastodeployinstantlyrecognizableyellowtelephonekiosksineverytownandvillage.ThishelpedtoreleaseIndia’stelecomsindustryfromstatecontrolandopenedituptoprivatefirmspavingthewayforatechnologyboom.Henowpromotessimilarpoliciesinothercountries. [D]PierreOmidyarfounderandchairmanofeBayforthedevelopmentofelectronicmarketplacetechnologyandhispromotionofaccesstomarketsasatoolforsocialchange.Mr.OmidyarsetupeBayin1995withtheaimofcreatingamarketplaceaccessibletoanyinternetuser.Thebusinesswasprofitableby1996.Peopleallovertheworldbuyandsellitemsin45000categories;someevenmakealivingtradingoneBay. [E]HernandodeSotofounderandpresidentoftheInstituteforLibertyandDemocracy.Mr.deSotoarguesthatbureaucracyandthelackofformalpropertyrightsaremajorcausesofpovertyindevelopingcountries.Redtapeandthelackoflegaltitletopropertypreventingitsuseascollateralmakeithardforthepoortoestablishorexpandbusinesses.WhileservingaseconomicadvisertothePeruviangovernmentMr.deSotoinitiatedaproperty-titlingschemewhichhelped1.2mfamilies.SimilarreformshavebeenimplementedinElSalvadorHaitiTanzaniaandEgypt.Mr.deSotohasalsochampionedtheuseofleaguetablestoshamegovernmentsintocuttingredtape. [F]JohannesPoulsenformerchiefexecutiveVestasWindSystemsforthecommercialisationofwindenergy.In1987Mr.PoulsentookthehelmatVestasthenasmallDanishfirmwith60employees.Bythetimeheretiredin2002Vestashad5000employeesandaquarteroftheworldmarketforwindturbines.UnderMr.PoulsenVestasgreatlyimprovedtheefficiencyofwindturbinesreducingcostsandmakingwindpowermorecompetitive. 41
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
WhenMelissaMahanandherhusbandvisitedtheNetherlandstheyfeltimprisonedbytheirtourbus.Itforcedthemtoseethecityaccordingtoaparticularrouteandspecificschedule--butgoingoffontheirownmeantmissingoutontheinformationprovidedbytheguide.OntheirreturnhometoSanDiegoCaliforniatheystartedanewcompanycalledTourCoupes.NowwhentouristsinSanDiegorentoneoftheirsmallbrightlycolouredthree-wheeledvehiclestheyaretreatedtoanarrationoverthestereosystemabouttheplacestheypasstriggeredbyGlobalPositioningSystemGPSsatellitetechnology. ThisisjustoneexampleofhowGPSisbeingusedtoprovidenewservicestotourists."Whatwereallyhavehereisatechnologythatallowspeopletoforgetaboutthetechnology"saysJimCarrierofIntelliToursaGPStourismfirmwhichbeganofferingasimilarserviceoverayearagoinMontgomeryAlabama.ThecityispackedwithsitesassociatedwithtwoimportantchaptersinAmericanhistorythecivilwarofthe1860sandthecivil-rightsmovementacenturylater.Montgomeryhasa120-year-oldtrolleysystemcalledtheLightningRoutewhichcirculatesaroundthedowntownareaandismainlyusedbytourists.OntheLightningRoutetrolleysGPS-triggeredaudioclipspointouthistoricalhotspots. OtherfirmssuchasCityShowinNewYorkandGPSToursCanadainBanffCanadaofferhand-heldGPSreceiversthatplayaudioclipsforlisteningtowhilewalkingordriving.InSouthAfricaEuropcaracar-rentalfirmoffersadevicecalledtheXplorer.Aswellasprovidingcommentaryon2000pointsofinterestitcanalsowarndriversiftheyexceedthelocalspeedlimit. Ifsuchservicesprovepopulartheuseofdedicatedaudio-guidedevicescouldgivewaytoadifferentapproach.Agrowingnumberofmobilephoneshavebuilt-inGPSorcandeterminetheirlocationsusingothertechnologies.Informationfortouristsdeliveredviaphonescouldbeupdatedinrealtimeandcouldcontainadvertisements."Location-basedservices"suchastheabilitytocallupalistofnearbybanksorpizzeriashavebeentalkedaboutforyearsbuthavenevertakenoff.Butaimingsuchservicesattouristsmakessense--sincepeoplearemorelikelytowantinformationwheninanunfamiliarplace.Itcouldgivemobileroamingawholenewmeaning. Whenatravelerisinanunfamiliarplace
FiveandahalfyearsintohispresidencyGeorgeBushfinallyvetoedabillthisweek.OddlyenoughitwasonethatmostAmericanssupport:itwouldhaveexpandedfoderalfundingforembryonicstem-cellresearch.TheHouseandSenatehadbothpassedthebillbywidebutnotveto-proofmarginssoMr.Bush’swordisfinalatleastuntilafterthemid-termelectionsinNovember. Stemcellsarecellsthathavenotyetdecidedwhattheywanttobewhentheygrowup.Thatistheycanbecomebloodcellsbraincellsorprettymuchanyothertypeofcell.Theirversatilitymakesthemextremelyusefulformedicalresearch.Theethicalsnagisthatthebeststemcellsareharvestedfromhumanembryoskillingthem.Forthemostardentpro-lifersincludingMr.Bushandmanyofhiscoresupportersthatismurder.Proponentsofembryonicstem-cellresearchpointoutthathordesofembryosarecreatedduringfertilitytreatmentandthevastmajorityoftheseareeitherfrozenindefinitelyordestroyed.Isitreallywrongtousethemforpotentiallylife-savingresearchYessaidMr.BushonJuly19thflankedbysomefamilieswhohad"adopted"otherpeople’sfrozenembryosandusedthemtohavechildrenoftheirown. Mr.Bush’svetodoesnotkillstem-cellresearch.Scientistswhospurnfederalcashmaydoastheyplease.Thegovernmentstillpaysforresearchonstemcellstakenfromadultsaprocessthatdoesnotkillthedonor.AndadecisionbyMr.Bushin2001allowsfederally-fundedscientiststoexperimentonthefewdozenembryonicstem-cell"lines"thatalreadyexistedthenwhichcanbepropagatedinalaboratory. NonethelessscientistsarefuriouswithMr.Bush.Federalfundingwouldsurelypushthemfastertowardsthoseelusivecures.Researchbasedonadultstemcellsmaybepromisingbutnotnearlyaspromisingasthatbasedonembryonicones.Thereareworriesthatthosefewdozenembryonicstem-celllinesrepresenttoonarrowagenepoolandthattheycannotbeendlesslyextendedwithoutdamagingthem.OthercountriessuchasBritainandChinaareenthusiasticallyexperimentingonembryonicstemcells.Buttheworld’smostinnovativenationishangingback. Scientistscangoonthestemcellresearchbecause
WhenMelissaMahanandherhusbandvisitedtheNetherlandstheyfeltimprisonedbytheirtourbus.Itforcedthemtoseethecityaccordingtoaparticularrouteandspecificschedule--butgoingoffontheirownmeantmissingoutontheinformationprovidedbytheguide.OntheirreturnhometoSanDiegoCaliforniatheystartedanewcompanycalledTourCoupes.NowwhentouristsinSanDiegorentoneoftheirsmallbrightlycolouredthree-wheeledvehiclestheyaretreatedtoanarrationoverthestereosystemabouttheplacestheypasstriggeredbyGlobalPositioningSystemGPSsatellitetechnology. ThisisjustoneexampleofhowGPSisbeingusedtoprovidenewservicestotourists."Whatwereallyhavehereisatechnologythatallowspeopletoforgetaboutthetechnology"saysJimCarrierofIntelliToursaGPStourismfirmwhichbeganofferingasimilarserviceoverayearagoinMontgomeryAlabama.ThecityispackedwithsitesassociatedwithtwoimportantchaptersinAmericanhistorythecivilwarofthe1860sandthecivil-rightsmovementacenturylater.Montgomeryhasa120-year-oldtrolleysystemcalledtheLightningRoutewhichcirculatesaroundthedowntownareaandismainlyusedbytourists.OntheLightningRoutetrolleysGPS-triggeredaudioclipspointouthistoricalhotspots. OtherfirmssuchasCityShowinNewYorkandGPSToursCanadainBanffCanadaofferhand-heldGPSreceiversthatplayaudioclipsforlisteningtowhilewalkingordriving.InSouthAfricaEuropcaracar-rentalfirmoffersadevicecalledtheXplorer.Aswellasprovidingcommentaryon2000pointsofinterestitcanalsowarndriversiftheyexceedthelocalspeedlimit. Ifsuchservicesprovepopulartheuseofdedicatedaudio-guidedevicescouldgivewaytoadifferentapproach.Agrowingnumberofmobilephoneshavebuilt-inGPSorcandeterminetheirlocationsusingothertechnologies.Informationfortouristsdeliveredviaphonescouldbeupdatedinrealtimeandcouldcontainadvertisements."Location-basedservices"suchastheabilitytocallupalistofnearbybanksorpizzeriashavebeentalkedaboutforyearsbuthavenevertakenoff.Butaimingsuchservicesattouristsmakessense--sincepeoplearemorelikelytowantinformationwheninanunfamiliarplace.Itcouldgivemobileroamingawholenewmeaning. Intheopeningparagraphtheauthorintroduceshistopicby
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
TheEconomistrecognisesthesetalentedpeoplethroughitsannualInnovationAwardspresentedinsixfields:biosciencecomputingandcommunicationsenergyandenvironmentbusiness-processinnovationconsumerproductsandaflexible"noboundaries"category.TheawardswerepresentedataceremonyinLondononNovember9thbyJohnMicklethwaitTheEconomist’seditor-in-chief. Andthewinnerswere: Bioscience: MarvinCaruthersprofessorofchemistryandbiochemistryattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderforthedevelopmentofautomatedDNAsynthesis--theabilityto"printout"arbitrarystrandsofgeneticmaterial. 41Computingandcommunications: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofcomputingandcommuni6ationsandturnthemintoreality. 42Energyandenvironment: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofenergyandenvironmentandturnthemintoreality. 43Noboundaries: acreativeindividualwhodreamupnewideasofinternetandturnthemintoreality. 44Business-processinnovation: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofbusiness-processandturnthemintoreality. 45Consumerproducts: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofconsumerproductsandturnthemintoreality. Weextendourcongratulationstothewinnersandourthankstothejudges. [A]NicolasHayekchairmanofSwatchforrevitalisingtheSwisswatchindustry.Duringthe1980sSwitzerland’slegendarywatchindustryfellintodeclinewithexportsfallingbyhalfwithinadecadeasaresultofJapanesecompetition.Mr.Hayek’sresponsewastoconsolidatetheindustrytocreatetheSwatchGroup.ItwentontobeattheJapaneseattheirowngamecreatingthebestsellingwatchbrandinhistoryandbecomingthelargestwatchmakerintheworldwithaquarterofthemarket. [B]JanusFriisandNiklasZennstromofSkypeforthedevelopmentofinternetfile-sharingandtelephonyusingpeer-to-peertechnologywhichallowsmillionsofcomputerstolinkupovertheinternetwithoutcentralco-ordination.In2000MessrsFriisandZennstromlaunchedKaZaAwhichbecamethedominantmeansofsharingmusicandvideofilesdespiteattemptsbytheentertainmentindustrytoshutitdown.Skypelaunchedin2003letsusersmakefreephonecallsovertheinternetforcingtraditionaltelecomsoperatorstoslashtheirprices. [C]SamPitrodachiefexecutiveofWorldTelforpioneeringIndia’scommunicationsrevolution.In1987Mr.PitrodawasaskedbyRajivGandhitheIndianprimeministertohelpdemocratiseaccesstotelecommunications.Hisresponsewastodeployinstantlyrecognizableyellowtelephonekiosksineverytownandvillage.ThishelpedtoreleaseIndia’stelecomsindustryfromstatecontrolandopenedituptoprivatefirmspavingthewayforatechnologyboom.Henowpromotessimilarpoliciesinothercountries. [D]PierreOmidyarfounderandchairmanofeBayforthedevelopmentofelectronicmarketplacetechnologyandhispromotionofaccesstomarketsasatoolforsocialchange.Mr.OmidyarsetupeBayin1995withtheaimofcreatingamarketplaceaccessibletoanyinternetuser.Thebusinesswasprofitableby1996.Peopleallovertheworldbuyandsellitemsin45000categories;someevenmakealivingtradingoneBay. [E]HernandodeSotofounderandpresidentoftheInstituteforLibertyandDemocracy.Mr.deSotoarguesthatbureaucracyandthelackofformalpropertyrightsaremajorcausesofpovertyindevelopingcountries.Redtapeandthelackoflegaltitletopropertypreventingitsuseascollateralmakeithardforthepoortoestablishorexpandbusinesses.WhileservingaseconomicadvisertothePeruviangovernmentMr.deSotoinitiatedaproperty-titlingschemewhichhelped1.2mfamilies.SimilarreformshavebeenimplementedinElSalvadorHaitiTanzaniaandEgypt.Mr.deSotohasalsochampionedtheuseofleaguetablestoshamegovernmentsintocuttingredtape. [F]JohannesPoulsenformerchiefexecutiveVestasWindSystemsforthecommercialisationofwindenergy.In1987Mr.PoulsentookthehelmatVestasthenasmallDanishfirmwith60employees.Bythetimeheretiredin2002Vestashad5000employeesandaquarteroftheworldmarketforwindturbines.UnderMr.PoulsenVestasgreatlyimprovedtheefficiencyofwindturbinesreducingcostsandmakingwindpowermorecompetitive. 45
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