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案例分析(要求得出结论并说明理由) 甲素知乙家有钱，且每天白天只有一老妇看家，遂起抢劫意念。为使抢劫顺利，甲先盗窃__枪一支，子弹十发。一切准备就绪后，将枪弹藏于身上，来到乙家。时逢老妇偶...
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[案例3]甲企业在计算2006年度企业所得税应纳税所得额时对存贷跌价准备在税前进行了扣除但己税务机关
2015年3月2日甲将其生产的一批价值30万元的设备寄存于乙的仓库寄存期截至2015年4月30日3月
案例分析要求得出结论并说明理由 甲素知乙家有钱且每天白天只有一老妇看家遂起抢劫意念为使抢劫顺利甲先
[案例1]甲乙两个企业签订了100万元的买卖合同根据合同约定乙企业向甲企业发货后甲企业向．乙企业签发
案例分析要求得出结论并说明理由 甲某男26岁曾因盗窃罪被判处拘役6个月1999年12月刑满释放
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甲公司欲购买乙公司生产的塔吊因缺乏资金遂由丙公司提供融资租赁4月1日甲公司与丙公司签订了融资租赁合同
[案例1]2006年6月国内甲己企业签订了500万元的买卖合同甲企业为卖方己企业为买方2006年6月
[案例1]2006年6月国内甲己企业签订了500万元的买卖合同甲企业为卖方己企业为买方2006年6月
甲将其位于某住宅楼顶层的一套住房出租给乙租期2年月租金9000元但未约定租金支付方式书面租赁合同签订
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案例分析案例分析要求得出结论并说明理由法条评析要求符合立法原意和刑法理论 甲某男26岁曾因盗窃罪被
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[案例1] 甲乙两个企业签订了100万元的买卖合同根据合同约定乙企业向甲企业发货后甲企业向．乙企业
[案例3] 甲企业在计算2006年度企业所得税应纳税所得额时对存贷跌价准备在税前进行了扣除但己税务
案例分析要求得出结论并说明理由 甲素知乙家有钱且每天白天只有一老妇看家遂起抢劫意念为使抢劫顺利甲先
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Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Ourape-menforefathershadnoobvious naturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhad neitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot 2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws 3animpressivesmallfireweaponry.Theycouldnoteven defendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebras orsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsinthe opentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.But theywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakind notpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors.Inthe search7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad 8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthatthe animalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytosee clearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsina waythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitants ofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11another matter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwelling apesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreater therangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimba tree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14 .Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwas flat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.They rearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk 16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtabout considerabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthe alreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18 theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame 19tothenewunstablepositionthat20 themthenameHomoerectusuprightman.
Text3 In2007aFrenchfoodcompanywantedto buyafamily-ownedfirminIndia.Thepatriarchwas72andtheFrenchfirm wantedtosendsomeoneofsimilarexperiencetotalktohim.Butbecauseofits youthfulcorporateculture-mostpeoplearehustledoutofthedoorintheirmid 40s-ithadnoonetosend.IntheendthroughExperconnectanemployment agencyinPariswhichplacesretiredpeopleitfounda58-year-oldformerhead ofaEuropeanconsumer-goodsfirmandsenthimouttoMumbai. Francehasapoorrecordwhenitcomestokeepingolderpeopleinthe workforce.Theretirementageis60not65asinmostdevelopedcountries.In 2005only37.8%ofpeopleaged55-64hadjobsversus56.8%inBritainand44.9% inGermany.Themainreasonisthatinthe1980swhentherewashigh unemploymentthegovernmentpromotedearlyretirement.Thatentrenchedtheidea thatolderworkerswerelessproductivesaysCarolineYoungExperconnect’s founder.Nowcompaniesareworriedaboutlosingtheir mostskilledworkersespeciallyasthebabyboomgenerationnearsretirement. Arevaanuclear-powergrouprecentlylaunchedaschemetoaddresstheneedsof olderemployeesandplanstouseabout100retiredpeopleayearthrough Experconnect.BecausenuclearpowerwasunpopularfordecadesArevastopped trainingengineerssothatmuchofitsexpertiselieswithitsoldeststaff. Nowitistakingmuchmoreinterestinthem.Wehavetobringabouta revolutioninopinionsaysJeanCassingenaitshuman-resourcesstrategist. UnlikeotherrecruitmentagenciesExperconnectkeepsits workersonitsownbookssotheycancarryondrawingtheirpensions.Theytend toworkpart-timeonone-offprojects.Engineersandpeoplewithhighlevelsof technicalskillaremostindemandinFrancesaysMsYoungasyoungerpeople increasinglychoosetogointofieldssuchasmarketing.Thalesadefenceand aerospacefirmisusingaformerradarexpertforinstanceandLouisBerger Franceanengineeringfirmoftenusesretiredengineerstomanagebig infrastructureprojects.Softerindustriesalsomakeuse ofExperconnect.Danoneafoodfirmhirespeopleforone-offmanagementroles. Olderpeoplehaveseenitallandtheyarelevel-headedsaysThomasKunzits headofbeverages.Thebeautyindustryisshortoftoxicologiststodetermine whethernewlotionsaresafeandonefirmhasjusttakenona75-year-old.Two famousFrenchluxury-goodscompaniesplantouseretiredworkersintheir handbagdivisions.Onewantstosafeguarditsknowledgeoffineleathersand sewing;theotherwantstoapplyexpertisefromtheaerospaceindustrytomake newkindsofmaterialsforhandbags.Despitean impressivehandfulofhigh-profileclientsExperconnecthasfounditdifficult toconvinceFrenchcompaniesthatolderworkerscanbevaluable.Ithas2700 retiredpeopleonitsbooksandhassofarplacedjust50ofthemon missions.Oldprejudicesastheysaydiehard. WhatfeaturedoesExperconnectboastdifferentfromotherrecruitmentagencies
Text2 Whentwooftheworld’srichestand mightiestmenpledgetodestroyanenemyitistimetopayattention.Bill GatestheformerbossofMicrosoftwhonowdevotesallhistimetohis charitablefoundationtravelledthisweektoNewYorkthecityrunbyMichael Bloombergtojoinhisfellowbillionaire’scampaigntostampoutsmoking. HavethetwopotentatesmettheirmatchDespitedecades ofworkbyhealthcampaignersmorethanonebillionpeoplestillsmoketoday. Smokingkillsuptohalfofthosewhofailtoquitpuffingreducingtheirlives byanaverageof10to15years.TheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOsaysmore than5millionpeopleayeardieearlyfromtheeffectsdirectorindirectof tobacco.ThatexceedsthecombinedtollofHIV/AIDStuberculosisandmalaria. Despitethatdismalsituationtherearethreereasonsto givethelatestpairofcampaignersaslimchanceofsuccess:moneymethodsand motivation.MessrsGatesandBloombergvowedtospendacombinedtotalof$500 millionondiscouragingtheweed.SinceMr.Bloomberg’scharityhadalready announcedanawardof$125millionearlierthenewmoneypledgedthisweek totalledamere$375million:$250millionfromthemayoranda fresh$125millionfromthesoftwaremagnate’sphilanthropicoutfit. HowwillthiscashbespentInquiteinnovativeways andthatisasecondreasonforoptimism.Hithertomostanti-smokingfundshave beenchannelledthroughafewlargebureaucracies.ButMr.Bloomberg’scharity wantstoletathousandflowersbloom:inotherwordstolendahandtomany initiativesbothpublicandprivatetoseewhatworks.Therewillbea competitivegrantschemeforpoorcountrieswherethetobaccohabitis spreading.Theveryfactthattwogiantsareteamingup isalandmarkinAmericanphilanthropy-comparabletoWarrenBuffett’sdecision twoyearsagotoputhisfortuneatthedisposalofMr.Gates’foundation.As partoftheirjointcommitmentMr.Gatesisgivingsomeofhis$125million directlytoMr.Bloomberg’scharity;therestwillgotocarefullymonitored projectsinIndiaChinaandotherplaceswherethenumberofsmokersisrising relentlessly.Thenthereismotivation.Thereareother bigplayersinthiscauseandthatshouldinduceeverynewentranttotry bringingsomethingfreshtotheparty.EarlierthisyeartheWHOstarteda campaignagainsttobaccoknownasMPower.Oneofitssellingpointswasthatin contrastwithmanyotherprojectsithadafairlyclearideaaboutwhatwas needed.WHOexpertshavelistedaseriesoftacticsrangingfromaggressive publiceducationtoariseintobaccotaxesthatdeliverresults.Evenifhigh taxesleadtosomesmugglinganddiversionstudiesdoneinBrazilforexample showthatfiscalmeasuresdocurbconsumption.TheWorldBankwhichfunded thatresearchisalsothoughttobereadytojointheanti-smokingscrumafter yearsofpayinglittleattention.Acrowdedfield indeed.Buthavinganextra$500millionfromtwohard-driven billionairessurelywon’thurt.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraphabouttheauthor’sattitudetowardsthiscampaign
Directions:Readthe followingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto Chinese. ThetakingoftheBastillefortressasymbolofarbitraryroyal authoritywasundoubtedlyofrevolutionaryimportanceintermsofweakening themonarchyandlegitimisingpopulardefiance.Butotherdayshavea fairclaimtohistoricsymbolismtoo:August26th1789whentheDeclarationof theRightsofManwasadoptedforinstanceorAugust10th1792whenthe TuileriesPalacewasstormedandthemonarchysuspended.Besidesthe commemorationofJuly14thscarcelybeganinrevolutionaryspirit. Atamilitaryfetetomarkitsfirstanniversaryin1790 andtocelebratethenewconstitutionalsettlementtheMarquisdeLafayettea FrenchgeneralsworeanoathtobeforeverfaithfultotheNationtotheLaw andtotheKing.DismayedJean-PaulMarataradicaljournalistand politiciandescribedtheproceedingsthatdayasshamefuladding:The Revolutionasyethasbeenmerelyasorrowfuldreamforthepeople! AsMr.PrendergastrecallsthefalloftheBastillewas notquitethestuffofepicmyth.Strictlyspeakingtheprisonwasnottaken; themobsurgedintoitsinnercourtyardonlyafterthegovernortheMarquisde Launayhadofferedasurrender.Althoughthecrowdwasprimarilyinsearchof armsitfoundjustsevenprisonerstobefreed.47．Happenstanceparanoia andrandomviolencecharacterisedtheeventwithrumourandcounter-rumour fuellingactsofferociousbrutality.Launayhimselfwasdraggedoutbythe mobhisbodyrippedtoshredsandhisheadhackedoffbyacookwithakitchen knifebeforebeingstuckonapikeforpublicview. NapoleonBonaparteabolishedtheJuly14thcelebrationaltogether.Itwas notresurrectedasBastilleDayuntil1880nearlyacenturyafterthe originalevents.TheideathenproposedbyBenjaminRaspailadeputywasto createanationalfestivalaspartofarepublicanpackagethatalsoincluded adoptingLaMarseillaiseastheFrenchnationalanthem.Composedby Claude-JosephRougetdeLisleayoungengineerstationedwiththearmyofthe Rhineitwaswritteninasinglenightin1792．In1880thedeputiesargued passionatelyaboutwhichdatetopickforthenationalfestival.48． NobodyasMrPrendergastpointsoutproposedSeptember22nd1792the actualdateofthefoundingofthefirstFrenchrepublicforfearof legitimisingtheTerrorthatitunleashed.July14th wasthusapoliticalcompromise.Itmergedtherevolutionarymessageof1789 withthatofunityandreconciliationexpressedbytheanniversaryfeteof 1790．49．PartlytohelphealthewoundsofdefeatintheFranco-Prussianwar BastilleDaywasgivenamilitarythemewhichlaststothisdayandwrappedup innationalistimagerytheunionofarmyandnationundertheflag. SincethenatvariousmomentsofcrisisinFrench historyBastilleDayhasbeeninvestedwithdifferingmessagesaccordingto theneedsofthetime:working-classsolidarityandrevolutionarypromise fortheFrontPopulaireandthegovernmentofLeonBlumin1936;liberationfrom occupationandtheresistance-as-revolutionmythin1945．Todayitismostly pageantrywithalingeringtouchofpopularfestivity.50．ButMrPrendergast cannotconcealhisscornforwhatheconsidershasbecomeanaltogether shoddieraffairprogressivelymummifiedintoformalritualorchestrated byassorteddignitariesandmediakitsch.FortheFrenchthesedayshe concludesalittletoocruellyitisperhapsaboveallregardedasessentially adayoffwork.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Ourape-menforefathershadnoobvious naturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhad neitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot 2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws 3animpressivesmallfireweaponry.Theycouldnoteven defendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebras orsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsinthe opentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.But theywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakind notpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors.Inthe search7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad 8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthatthe animalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytosee clearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsina waythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitants ofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11another matter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwelling apesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreater therangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimba tree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14 .Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwas flat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.They rearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk 16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtabout considerabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthe alreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18 theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame 19tothenewunstablepositionthat20 themthenameHomoerectusuprightman.
PartADirections: Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweach textbychoosingABCorD．Text1 ShewasFrench;hewasEnglish;they hadjustmovedtoLondonfromParis.Whenhefoundoutaboutheraffairshe beggedforareconciliation.Hewasmoreruthless:thesameafternoonhefiled fordivorceinFranceoneofthestingiestjurisdictionsinEuropeforthe non-earningspouseandwhereadulteryaffectsthecourt’sruling.Hadshefiled firstinEnglandherconductwouldhavebeenirrelevantandshewouldhavehad agoodchanceofalargeshareofthemaritalassetsandevenmaintenancefor life.Internationaldivorceisfullofsuchdramasand anomaliessothenaturalresponseofpolicymakersistotrytomakethings simplerandmorepredictable.Butthebiggestattemptinrecentyearstodojust thatinaEuropeanagreementcalledRomeⅢhasjustbeenshelved.Instead severalEUcountriesarenowpressingaheadwiththeirownharmonisationdeal. Manywonderifitwillworkanybetter.Atissueisthe vexedquestionofwhichcountry’slawappliestothebreak-upofamixed marriage.Thespousesmaylivelong-terminathirdcountryandbetemporarily workinginafourth.Theworstwaytosortthatoutiswithexpensivelegal battlesinmultiplejurisdictions.Themainprincipleat presentisthatthefirstcourttobeapproachedhearsthecase.Introducedin 2001thispracticehasworkedwellinpreventinginternationallegalbattles buthasmadecouplesmuchmoretrigger-happybecausethespousewhohesitates inordertosaveatroubledmarriagemayloseahugeamountofmoney.RomeIII aimedtoremovetheincentivetogotocourtquickly.InsteadcourtsinanyEU countrywouldautomaticallyapplythelocallawthathadchieflygovernedthe marriage.Thisapproachisalreadyinforceincountriessuchasthe Netherlands.Acouplethatmovedthereandsoughtdivorcehavingspentmostof themarriageinFrancesaywouldfindaDutchcourtdividingassetsand handlingchildcustodyaccordingtoFrenchlaw.That worksfineamongcontinentalEuropeancountrieswherelegalsystemsbasedon Romanlawleavelittleroleforprecedentorthejudge’sdiscretion.Youcan lookuptherulesonawebsiteandapplythem.Butitisanathemainplacessuch asEnglandwherethesystemfavoursathoroughandoftenexpensive investigationofthedetailsofeachcaseandthenletsjudgesdecideaccording topreviouscasesandEnglishlaw.Anothersnagisthat whatmaysuitmiddle-classexpatriatesinBrusselswhojusthappenedtobethe peopledraftingRomeⅢmaynotsuitforexampleamixedmarriagethathas mainlybeenbasedinacountryperhapsnotevenanEUmemberwithasharply differentdivorcelaw.Swedishpoliticiansdon’tliketheideathattheircourts wouldbeaskedtoenforcemarriagelawsbasedonsayIslamicsharia. ThethreatofvetoesfromSwedenandlike-minded countrieshasblockedRomeⅢ.ButagroupofninecountriesledbySpainand Franceisgoingahead.TheyareresortingtoaprovisioninEUrules-never beforeinvoked-calledenhancedco-operationThissetsaprecedentfora multi-speed’Europeinwhichlike-mindedcountriesareallowedtomovetowards greaterintegrationratherthanseekingabig-bangbindingtreatythatscoops upthewillingandunwillingalike.Somecountriesworrythatusingenhanced co-operationwillcreateunmanageablelayersofcomplexitywithEUlawreplaced bymultipleadhocagreements.Thereallessonmaybethat RomeIIIwasjusttooambitious.Amoremodestbutusefulgoalwouldbesimply toclarifythefactorsthatdeterminewhichcourthearsadivorceandthenlet thatcourtapplyitsownlaw.DavidHodsonaBritishexpertproposesan internationaldealthatwouldstartbygivinggreatestweighttoanyprenuptial agreementfollowedbylong-termresidencyandthentakeintoaccountother factorssuchasnationality.Thatwouldthenmakeiteasiertoendmarriages amicablywithmediationandout-of-courtagreementratherthanaracetostart thebeastlybusinessoflitigation.WhichofthefollowingmaypossiblybethereasonforwhyseveralEUcountriesarenowpressingaheadwiththeirownharmonisationdeal
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Ourape-menforefathershadnoobvious naturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhad neitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot 2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws 3animpressivesmallfireweaponry.Theycouldnoteven defendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebras orsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsinthe opentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.But theywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakind notpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors.Inthe search7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad 8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthatthe animalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytosee clearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsina waythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitants ofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11another matter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwelling apesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreater therangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimba tree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14 .Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwas flat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.They rearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk 16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtabout considerabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthe alreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18 theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame 19tothenewunstablepositionthat20 themthenameHomoerectusuprightman.
Directions:Inthefollowing articlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemost suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.There aretwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks. Scholarswritersandteachersinthemodernacademiccommunityhave strongfeelingsaboutacknowledgingtheuseofanotherperson’sideas.Inthe English-speakingworldthetermplagiarismisusedtolabelthepracticeofnot givingcreditforthesourceofone’sideas.41．______ 42．______Inmanyuniversitiesthepunishmentmayrangefromfailureina particularcoursetoexpulsionfromtheuniversity.Intheliteraryworldwhere writersareprotectedfromplagiarismbyinternationalcopyrightlawsthe penaltymayrangefromasmallfinetoimprisonmentandaruinedcareer. Protectionofscholarsandwritersthroughthecopyrightlawsandthroughthe socialpressuresoftheacademicandliterarycommunitiesisarelatively recentconcept.Suchsocialpressuresandcopyrightlawsrequirewriterstogive scrupulousattentiontodocumentationoftheirsources. Studentsasinexperiencedscholarsthemselvesmustavoidvarioustypes ofplagiarismbybeingself-criticalintheiruseofotherscholars’ideasand bygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwords otherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur.43．______ Plagiarismbyaccidentoroversightsometimesistheresultofthe writer’sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom.Hemayhave readitlongagohearditinalecturesinceforgottenoracquiredit second-handorthird-handfromdiscussionswithcolleagues.Hemayalso havedifficultyindecidingwhethertheideaissuchcommonknowledgethatno referencetotheoriginalsourceisneeded.Althoughthistypeofplagiarism mustbeguardedagainstitistheleastseriousandiflessonslearnedcanbe exemptfrombeingseverelypunished.Plagiarismthrough ignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknow howorwhentoacknowledgetheirsources.Thetechniquesfordocumentation-note- takingquotingfootnotinglistingbibliography-areeasilylearnedandcan preventthewriterfrommakingunknowingmistakesoromissionsinhis references.44．______Themostseriouskindofacademic thieveryisplagiarismbyintention.Thewriterlimitedbyhislazinessand dullnesscopiesthethoughtsandlanguageofothersandclaimsthemforhis own.Henotonlystealshetriestodeceivethereaderintobelievingtheideas areoriginal.Suchwordsasimmoraldishonestoffensiveanddespicableare usedtodescribethepracticeofplagiarismbyintention. Theoppositeofplagiarismisacknowledgement.45．______Studentsas developingscholarswritersteachersandprofessionalleadersshould recognizeandassumetheirresponsibilitytodocumentallsourcesfromwhich languageandthoughtsareborrowed.Othermembersoftheprofessionwillnot onlyrespectthescholarshiptheywilladmirethehumilityandhonesty. [A]Thepenaltiesforplagiarismvaryfromsituationto situation.[B]Manyscholarssuggestrigid self-regulationsinacademicworldinordertoprotectthepurityofacademics. [C]Penaltyforplagiarismshouldberegulatedbylaws andregulationssaidonescholaritisnobetterthantheft. [D]Althoughthereisnocopyrightinnewsorinideas onlyintheexpressionofthemthewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhis sourcesforideasarechallenged.[E]Simplystated plagiarismisthewrongfulappropriationorpurloiningandpublicationas one’sownoftheideasortheexpressionofideasofanother. [F]Allmatureandtrustworthywritersmakeuseofthe ideasofothersbuttheyarecarefultoacknowledgetheirindebtednesstotheir sources.[G]Thereareatleastthreeclassificationsof plagiarismasitisrevealedinstudents’inexactnessinidentifyingsources properly.Theyareplagiarismbyaccidentbyignoranceandbyintention.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Ourape-menforefathershadnoobvious naturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhad neitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot 2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws 3animpressivesmallfireweaponry.Theycouldnoteven defendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebras orsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsinthe opentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.But theywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakind notpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors.Inthe search7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad 8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthatthe animalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytosee clearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsina waythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitants ofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11another matter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwelling apesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreater therangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimba tree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14 .Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwas flat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.They rearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk 16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtabout considerabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthe alreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18 theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame 19tothenewunstablepositionthat20 themthenameHomoerectusuprightman.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Ourape-menforefathershadnoobvious naturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhad neitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot 2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws 3animpressivesmallfireweaponry.Theycouldnoteven defendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebras orsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsinthe opentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.But theywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakind notpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors.Inthe search7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad 8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthatthe animalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytosee clearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsina waythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitants ofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11another matter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwelling apesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreater therangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimba tree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14 .Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwas flat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.They rearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk 16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtabout considerabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthe alreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18 theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame 19tothenewunstablepositionthat20 themthenameHomoerectusuprightman.
Text4 Whenthereisbloodinthewateritis onlynaturalthatdorsalfinsswirlaroundexcitedly.NowthatAmerica’shousing marketisailingpredatorshavetheirsightsonthecountry’scredit-card market.AnalystsatGoldmanSachsreckonthatcredit-cardlossescouldreach$ 99billionifcontagionspreadsfromsubprimemortgagestootherformsof consumercredit.Signsofstrainareclearlyvisible.Therearerisesinboth thecharge-offanddelinquencyrateswhichmeasuretheshareofbalancesthat areuncollectableormorethan30dayslaterespectively.HSBCannouncedlast monththatithadtakena$1.4billionchargeinitsAmericanconsumer-finance businesspartlybecauseofweaknessamongcardborrowers. Itistooearlytopanicthough.Charge-offsanddelinquenciesarestill low.AccordingtoMoody’saratingagencythethird-quarterdelinquencyrate of3.89%wasalmostafullpercentagepointbelowthehistoricalaverage. Thedeteriorationinratescanbepartlyexplainedbytechnicalfactors.A changeinAmerica’spersonal-bankruptcylawsin2005ledtoanabruptfallin bankruptcyfilingswhichinturnaccountforabigchunkofcredit-cardlosses ;thenumberoffilingsandthuscharge-offrateswouldberisingagain whetherornotoverallconditionsforborrowersweregettingworse. Theindustryalsoreportssolidpaymentrateswhichshow howmuchoftheirdebtconsumerspayoffeachmonth.Andconfidencein credit-cardasset-backedsecuritiesisprettyfirmdespiteparalysisinother cornersofstructuredfinance.DennisMoroneyofTowerGrouparesearchfirm predictsthatissuancevolumesfor2007willendupbeing25%higherthanlast year.Directchannelsofinfectionbetweenthe subprime-mortgagecrisisandthecredit-cardmarketcertainlyexist:consumers arelikeliertoloaduponcredit-carddebtnowthathome-equityloansare dryingup.Butcardissuerslookatcashflowratherthanassetvaluesso fallinghousepricesdonotnecessarilytriggerachangeinborrowers’ creditworthiness.Theymayevenworktoissuers’advantage.Theincentives forconsumerstokeeppayingthemortgagedecreaseifpropertiesareworthless thanthevalueoftheloan;carddebtriseshigherupthelistofrepayment prioritiesasaresult.Cardissuersarealsoableto respondmuchmoreswiftlyandflexiblytostormierconditionsthanmortgage lendersarebychanginginterestratesoralteringcreditlimits.Thatshould intheoryreducetheriskofarapidrepricingofassets.Wearenotgoingto wakeuponedayandtotallyrevaluetheloanssaysGaryPerlinCapitalOne’s chieffinancialofficer.Ifasuddensubprime-style meltdowninthecredit-cardmarketisimprobabletherisksofasustained downturnaremuchmorereal.Iflowerhousepricesandacontractionincredit pushAmericaintorecessiontheindustrywillundoubtedlyfaceagrimmer future.Keepwatchingforthosedorsalfins. Accordingtothethirdparagraphwhywouldthenumberofbankruptcyfilingsberisingagain
Text2 Whentwooftheworld’srichestand mightiestmenpledgetodestroyanenemyitistimetopayattention.Bill GatestheformerbossofMicrosoftwhonowdevotesallhistimetohis charitablefoundationtravelledthisweektoNewYorkthecityrunbyMichael Bloombergtojoinhisfellowbillionaire’scampaigntostampoutsmoking. HavethetwopotentatesmettheirmatchDespitedecades ofworkbyhealthcampaignersmorethanonebillionpeoplestillsmoketoday. Smokingkillsuptohalfofthosewhofailtoquitpuffingreducingtheirlives byanaverageof10to15years.TheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOsaysmore than5millionpeopleayeardieearlyfromtheeffectsdirectorindirectof tobacco.ThatexceedsthecombinedtollofHIV/AIDStuberculosisandmalaria. Despitethatdismalsituationtherearethreereasonsto givethelatestpairofcampaignersaslimchanceofsuccess:moneymethodsand motivation.MessrsGatesandBloombergvowedtospendacombinedtotalof$500 millionondiscouragingtheweed.SinceMr.Bloomberg’scharityhadalready announcedanawardof$125millionearlierthenewmoneypledgedthisweek totalledamere$375million:$250millionfromthemayoranda fresh$125millionfromthesoftwaremagnate’sphilanthropicoutfit. HowwillthiscashbespentInquiteinnovativeways andthatisasecondreasonforoptimism.Hithertomostanti-smokingfundshave beenchannelledthroughafewlargebureaucracies.ButMr.Bloomberg’scharity wantstoletathousandflowersbloom:inotherwordstolendahandtomany initiativesbothpublicandprivatetoseewhatworks.Therewillbea competitivegrantschemeforpoorcountrieswherethetobaccohabitis spreading.Theveryfactthattwogiantsareteamingup isalandmarkinAmericanphilanthropy-comparabletoWarrenBuffett’sdecision twoyearsagotoputhisfortuneatthedisposalofMr.Gates’foundation.As partoftheirjointcommitmentMr.Gatesisgivingsomeofhis$125million directlytoMr.Bloomberg’scharity;therestwillgotocarefullymonitored projectsinIndiaChinaandotherplaceswherethenumberofsmokersisrising relentlessly.Thenthereismotivation.Thereareother bigplayersinthiscauseandthatshouldinduceeverynewentranttotry bringingsomethingfreshtotheparty.EarlierthisyeartheWHOstarteda campaignagainsttobaccoknownasMPower.Oneofitssellingpointswasthatin contrastwithmanyotherprojectsithadafairlyclearideaaboutwhatwas needed.WHOexpertshavelistedaseriesoftacticsrangingfromaggressive publiceducationtoariseintobaccotaxesthatdeliverresults.Evenifhigh taxesleadtosomesmugglinganddiversionstudiesdoneinBrazilforexample showthatfiscalmeasuresdocurbconsumption.TheWorldBankwhichfunded thatresearchisalsothoughttobereadytojointheanti-smokingscrumafter yearsofpayinglittleattention.Acrowdedfield indeed.Buthavinganextra$500millionfromtwohard-driven billionairessurelywon’thurt.Whatdoesstampoutinthefirstparagraphprobablymean
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Ourape-menforefathershadnoobvious naturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhad neitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot 2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws 3animpressivesmallfireweaponry.Theycouldnoteven defendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebras orsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsinthe opentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.But theywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakind notpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors.Inthe search7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad 8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthatthe animalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytosee clearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsina waythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitants ofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11another matter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwelling apesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreater therangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimba tree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14 .Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwas flat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.They rearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk 16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtabout considerabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthe alreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18 theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame 19tothenewunstablepositionthat20 themthenameHomoerectusuprightman.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Ourape-menforefathershadnoobvious naturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhad neitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot 2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws 3animpressivesmallfireweaponry.Theycouldnoteven defendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebras orsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsinthe opentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.But theywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakind notpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors.Inthe search7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad 8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthatthe animalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytosee clearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsina waythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitants ofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11another matter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwelling apesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreater therangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimba tree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14 .Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwas flat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.They rearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk 16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtabout considerabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthe alreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18 theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame 19tothenewunstablepositionthat20 themthenameHomoerectusuprightman.
Text2 Whentwooftheworld’srichestand mightiestmenpledgetodestroyanenemyitistimetopayattention.Bill GatestheformerbossofMicrosoftwhonowdevotesallhistimetohis charitablefoundationtravelledthisweektoNewYorkthecityrunbyMichael Bloombergtojoinhisfellowbillionaire’scampaigntostampoutsmoking. HavethetwopotentatesmettheirmatchDespitedecades ofworkbyhealthcampaignersmorethanonebillionpeoplestillsmoketoday. Smokingkillsuptohalfofthosewhofailtoquitpuffingreducingtheirlives byanaverageof10to15years.TheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOsaysmore than5millionpeopleayeardieearlyfromtheeffectsdirectorindirectof tobacco.ThatexceedsthecombinedtollofHIV/AIDStuberculosisandmalaria. Despitethatdismalsituationtherearethreereasonsto givethelatestpairofcampaignersaslimchanceofsuccess:moneymethodsand motivation.MessrsGatesandBloombergvowedtospendacombinedtotalof$500 millionondiscouragingtheweed.SinceMr.Bloomberg’scharityhadalready announcedanawardof$125millionearlierthenewmoneypledgedthisweek totalledamere$375million:$250millionfromthemayoranda fresh$125millionfromthesoftwaremagnate’sphilanthropicoutfit. HowwillthiscashbespentInquiteinnovativeways andthatisasecondreasonforoptimism.Hithertomostanti-smokingfundshave beenchannelledthroughafewlargebureaucracies.ButMr.Bloomberg’scharity wantstoletathousandflowersbloom:inotherwordstolendahandtomany initiativesbothpublicandprivatetoseewhatworks.Therewillbea competitivegrantschemeforpoorcountrieswherethetobaccohabitis spreading.Theveryfactthattwogiantsareteamingup isalandmarkinAmericanphilanthropy-comparabletoWarrenBuffett’sdecision twoyearsagotoputhisfortuneatthedisposalofMr.Gates’foundation.As partoftheirjointcommitmentMr.Gatesisgivingsomeofhis$125million directlytoMr.Bloomberg’scharity;therestwillgotocarefullymonitored projectsinIndiaChinaandotherplaceswherethenumberofsmokersisrising relentlessly.Thenthereismotivation.Thereareother bigplayersinthiscauseandthatshouldinduceeverynewentranttotry bringingsomethingfreshtotheparty.EarlierthisyeartheWHOstarteda campaignagainsttobaccoknownasMPower.Oneofitssellingpointswasthatin contrastwithmanyotherprojectsithadafairlyclearideaaboutwhatwas needed.WHOexpertshavelistedaseriesoftacticsrangingfromaggressive publiceducationtoariseintobaccotaxesthatdeliverresults.Evenifhigh taxesleadtosomesmugglinganddiversionstudiesdoneinBrazilforexample showthatfiscalmeasuresdocurbconsumption.TheWorldBankwhichfunded thatresearchisalsothoughttobereadytojointheanti-smokingscrumafter yearsofpayinglittleattention.Acrowdedfield indeed.Buthavinganextra$500millionfromtwohard-driven billionairessurelywon’thurt.Accordingtothetexthowwillthemoneybespent
Text4 Whenthereisbloodinthewateritis onlynaturalthatdorsalfinsswirlaroundexcitedly.NowthatAmerica’shousing marketisailingpredatorshavetheirsightsonthecountry’scredit-card market.AnalystsatGoldmanSachsreckonthatcredit-cardlossescouldreach$ 99billionifcontagionspreadsfromsubprimemortgagestootherformsof consumercredit.Signsofstrainareclearlyvisible.Therearerisesinboth thecharge-offanddelinquencyrateswhichmeasuretheshareofbalancesthat areuncollectableormorethan30dayslaterespectively.HSBCannouncedlast monththatithadtakena$1.4billionchargeinitsAmericanconsumer-finance businesspartlybecauseofweaknessamongcardborrowers. Itistooearlytopanicthough.Charge-offsanddelinquenciesarestill low.AccordingtoMoody’saratingagencythethird-quarterdelinquencyrate of3.89%wasalmostafullpercentagepointbelowthehistoricalaverage. Thedeteriorationinratescanbepartlyexplainedbytechnicalfactors.A changeinAmerica’spersonal-bankruptcylawsin2005ledtoanabruptfallin bankruptcyfilingswhichinturnaccountforabigchunkofcredit-cardlosses ;thenumberoffilingsandthuscharge-offrateswouldberisingagain whetherornotoverallconditionsforborrowersweregettingworse. Theindustryalsoreportssolidpaymentrateswhichshow howmuchoftheirdebtconsumerspayoffeachmonth.Andconfidencein credit-cardasset-backedsecuritiesisprettyfirmdespiteparalysisinother cornersofstructuredfinance.DennisMoroneyofTowerGrouparesearchfirm predictsthatissuancevolumesfor2007willendupbeing25%higherthanlast year.Directchannelsofinfectionbetweenthe subprime-mortgagecrisisandthecredit-cardmarketcertainlyexist:consumers arelikeliertoloaduponcredit-carddebtnowthathome-equityloansare dryingup.Butcardissuerslookatcashflowratherthanassetvaluesso fallinghousepricesdonotnecessarilytriggerachangeinborrowers’ creditworthiness.Theymayevenworktoissuers’advantage.Theincentives forconsumerstokeeppayingthemortgagedecreaseifpropertiesareworthless thanthevalueoftheloan;carddebtriseshigherupthelistofrepayment prioritiesasaresult.Cardissuersarealsoableto respondmuchmoreswiftlyandflexiblytostormierconditionsthanmortgage lendersarebychanginginterestratesoralteringcreditlimits.Thatshould intheoryreducetheriskofarapidrepricingofassets.Wearenotgoingto wakeuponedayandtotallyrevaluetheloanssaysGaryPerlinCapitalOne’s chieffinancialofficer.Ifasuddensubprime-style meltdowninthecredit-cardmarketisimprobabletherisksofasustained downturnaremuchmorereal.Iflowerhousepricesandacontractionincredit pushAmericaintorecessiontheindustrywillundoubtedlyfaceagrimmer future.Keepwatchingforthosedorsalfins. Accordingtotheauthorwhatwillthecredit-cardmarketbecome
Directions:Inthefollowing articlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemost suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.There aretwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks. Scholarswritersandteachersinthemodernacademiccommunityhave strongfeelingsaboutacknowledgingtheuseofanotherperson’sideas.Inthe English-speakingworldthetermplagiarismisusedtolabelthepracticeofnot givingcreditforthesourceofone’sideas.41．______ 42．______Inmanyuniversitiesthepunishmentmayrangefromfailureina particularcoursetoexpulsionfromtheuniversity.Intheliteraryworldwhere writersareprotectedfromplagiarismbyinternationalcopyrightlawsthe penaltymayrangefromasmallfinetoimprisonmentandaruinedcareer. Protectionofscholarsandwritersthroughthecopyrightlawsandthroughthe socialpressuresoftheacademicandliterarycommunitiesisarelatively recentconcept.Suchsocialpressuresandcopyrightlawsrequirewriterstogive scrupulousattentiontodocumentationoftheirsources. Studentsasinexperiencedscholarsthemselvesmustavoidvarioustypes ofplagiarismbybeingself-criticalintheiruseofotherscholars’ideasand bygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwords otherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur.43．______ Plagiarismbyaccidentoroversightsometimesistheresultofthe writer’sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom.Hemayhave readitlongagohearditinalecturesinceforgottenoracquiredit second-handorthird-handfromdiscussionswithcolleagues.Hemayalso havedifficultyindecidingwhethertheideaissuchcommonknowledgethatno referencetotheoriginalsourceisneeded.Althoughthistypeofplagiarism mustbeguardedagainstitistheleastseriousandiflessonslearnedcanbe exemptfrombeingseverelypunished.Plagiarismthrough ignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknow howorwhentoacknowledgetheirsources.Thetechniquesfordocumentation-note- takingquotingfootnotinglistingbibliography-areeasilylearnedandcan preventthewriterfrommakingunknowingmistakesoromissionsinhis references.44．______Themostseriouskindofacademic thieveryisplagiarismbyintention.Thewriterlimitedbyhislazinessand dullnesscopiesthethoughtsandlanguageofothersandclaimsthemforhis own.Henotonlystealshetriestodeceivethereaderintobelievingtheideas areoriginal.Suchwordsasimmoraldishonestoffensiveanddespicableare usedtodescribethepracticeofplagiarismbyintention. Theoppositeofplagiarismisacknowledgement.45．______Studentsas developingscholarswritersteachersandprofessionalleadersshould recognizeandassumetheirresponsibilitytodocumentallsourcesfromwhich languageandthoughtsareborrowed.Othermembersoftheprofessionwillnot onlyrespectthescholarshiptheywilladmirethehumilityandhonesty. [A]Thepenaltiesforplagiarismvaryfromsituationto situation.[B]Manyscholarssuggestrigid self-regulationsinacademicworldinordertoprotectthepurityofacademics. [C]Penaltyforplagiarismshouldberegulatedbylaws andregulationssaidonescholaritisnobetterthantheft. [D]Althoughthereisnocopyrightinnewsorinideas onlyintheexpressionofthemthewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhis sourcesforideasarechallenged.[E]Simplystated plagiarismisthewrongfulappropriationorpurloiningandpublicationas one’sownoftheideasortheexpressionofideasofanother. [F]Allmatureandtrustworthywritersmakeuseofthe ideasofothersbuttheyarecarefultoacknowledgetheirindebtednesstotheir sources.[G]Thereareatleastthreeclassificationsof plagiarismasitisrevealedinstudents’inexactnessinidentifyingsources properly.Theyareplagiarismbyaccidentbyignoranceandbyintention.
PartADirections: Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweach textbychoosingABCorD．Text1 ShewasFrench;hewasEnglish;they hadjustmovedtoLondonfromParis.Whenhefoundoutaboutheraffairshe beggedforareconciliation.Hewasmoreruthless:thesameafternoonhefiled fordivorceinFranceoneofthestingiestjurisdictionsinEuropeforthe non-earningspouseandwhereadulteryaffectsthecourt’sruling.Hadshefiled firstinEnglandherconductwouldhavebeenirrelevantandshewouldhavehad agoodchanceofalargeshareofthemaritalassetsandevenmaintenancefor life.Internationaldivorceisfullofsuchdramasand anomaliessothenaturalresponseofpolicymakersistotrytomakethings simplerandmorepredictable.Butthebiggestattemptinrecentyearstodojust thatinaEuropeanagreementcalledRomeⅢhasjustbeenshelved.Instead severalEUcountriesarenowpressingaheadwiththeirownharmonisationdeal. Manywonderifitwillworkanybetter.Atissueisthe vexedquestionofwhichcountry’slawappliestothebreak-upofamixed marriage.Thespousesmaylivelong-terminathirdcountryandbetemporarily workinginafourth.Theworstwaytosortthatoutiswithexpensivelegal battlesinmultiplejurisdictions.Themainprincipleat presentisthatthefirstcourttobeapproachedhearsthecase.Introducedin 2001thispracticehasworkedwellinpreventinginternationallegalbattles buthasmadecouplesmuchmoretrigger-happybecausethespousewhohesitates inordertosaveatroubledmarriagemayloseahugeamountofmoney.RomeIII aimedtoremovetheincentivetogotocourtquickly.InsteadcourtsinanyEU countrywouldautomaticallyapplythelocallawthathadchieflygovernedthe marriage.Thisapproachisalreadyinforceincountriessuchasthe Netherlands.Acouplethatmovedthereandsoughtdivorcehavingspentmostof themarriageinFrancesaywouldfindaDutchcourtdividingassetsand handlingchildcustodyaccordingtoFrenchlaw.That worksfineamongcontinentalEuropeancountrieswherelegalsystemsbasedon Romanlawleavelittleroleforprecedentorthejudge’sdiscretion.Youcan lookuptherulesonawebsiteandapplythem.Butitisanathemainplacessuch asEnglandwherethesystemfavoursathoroughandoftenexpensive investigationofthedetailsofeachcaseandthenletsjudgesdecideaccording topreviouscasesandEnglishlaw.Anothersnagisthat whatmaysuitmiddle-classexpatriatesinBrusselswhojusthappenedtobethe peopledraftingRomeⅢmaynotsuitforexampleamixedmarriagethathas mainlybeenbasedinacountryperhapsnotevenanEUmemberwithasharply differentdivorcelaw.Swedishpoliticiansdon’tliketheideathattheircourts wouldbeaskedtoenforcemarriagelawsbasedonsayIslamicsharia. ThethreatofvetoesfromSwedenandlike-minded countrieshasblockedRomeⅢ.ButagroupofninecountriesledbySpainand Franceisgoingahead.TheyareresortingtoaprovisioninEUrules-never beforeinvoked-calledenhancedco-operationThissetsaprecedentfora multi-speed’Europeinwhichlike-mindedcountriesareallowedtomovetowards greaterintegrationratherthanseekingabig-bangbindingtreatythatscoops upthewillingandunwillingalike.Somecountriesworrythatusingenhanced co-operationwillcreateunmanageablelayersofcomplexitywithEUlawreplaced bymultipleadhocagreements.Thereallessonmaybethat RomeIIIwasjusttooambitious.Amoremodestbutusefulgoalwouldbesimply toclarifythefactorsthatdeterminewhichcourthearsadivorceandthenlet thatcourtapplyitsownlaw.DavidHodsonaBritishexpertproposesan internationaldealthatwouldstartbygivinggreatestweighttoanyprenuptial agreementfollowedbylong-termresidencyandthentakeintoaccountother factorssuchasnationality.Thatwouldthenmakeiteasiertoendmarriages amicablywithmediationandout-of-courtagreementratherthanaracetostart thebeastlybusinessoflitigation.WhatistheultimateproblemwithRomeⅢaccordingtotheauthor’
Directions:Readthe followingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto Chinese. ThetakingoftheBastillefortressasymbolofarbitraryroyal authoritywasundoubtedlyofrevolutionaryimportanceintermsofweakening themonarchyandlegitimisingpopulardefiance.Butotherdayshavea fairclaimtohistoricsymbolismtoo:August26th1789whentheDeclarationof theRightsofManwasadoptedforinstanceorAugust10th1792whenthe TuileriesPalacewasstormedandthemonarchysuspended.Besidesthe commemorationofJuly14thscarcelybeganinrevolutionaryspirit. Atamilitaryfetetomarkitsfirstanniversaryin1790 andtocelebratethenewconstitutionalsettlementtheMarquisdeLafayettea FrenchgeneralsworeanoathtobeforeverfaithfultotheNationtotheLaw andtotheKing.DismayedJean-PaulMarataradicaljournalistand politiciandescribedtheproceedingsthatdayasshamefuladding:The Revolutionasyethasbeenmerelyasorrowfuldreamforthepeople! AsMr.PrendergastrecallsthefalloftheBastillewas notquitethestuffofepicmyth.Strictlyspeakingtheprisonwasnottaken; themobsurgedintoitsinnercourtyardonlyafterthegovernortheMarquisde Launayhadofferedasurrender.Althoughthecrowdwasprimarilyinsearchof armsitfoundjustsevenprisonerstobefreed.47．Happenstanceparanoia andrandomviolencecharacterisedtheeventwithrumourandcounter-rumour fuellingactsofferociousbrutality.Launayhimselfwasdraggedoutbythe mobhisbodyrippedtoshredsandhisheadhackedoffbyacookwithakitchen knifebeforebeingstuckonapikeforpublicview. NapoleonBonaparteabolishedtheJuly14thcelebrationaltogether.Itwas notresurrectedasBastilleDayuntil1880nearlyacenturyafterthe originalevents.TheideathenproposedbyBenjaminRaspailadeputywasto createanationalfestivalaspartofarepublicanpackagethatalsoincluded adoptingLaMarseillaiseastheFrenchnationalanthem.Composedby Claude-JosephRougetdeLisleayoungengineerstationedwiththearmyofthe Rhineitwaswritteninasinglenightin1792．In1880thedeputiesargued passionatelyaboutwhichdatetopickforthenationalfestival.48． NobodyasMrPrendergastpointsoutproposedSeptember22nd1792the actualdateofthefoundingofthefirstFrenchrepublicforfearof legitimisingtheTerrorthatitunleashed.July14th wasthusapoliticalcompromise.Itmergedtherevolutionarymessageof1789 withthatofunityandreconciliationexpressedbytheanniversaryfeteof 1790．49．PartlytohelphealthewoundsofdefeatintheFranco-Prussianwar BastilleDaywasgivenamilitarythemewhichlaststothisdayandwrappedup innationalistimagerytheunionofarmyandnationundertheflag. SincethenatvariousmomentsofcrisisinFrench historyBastilleDayhasbeeninvestedwithdifferingmessagesaccordingto theneedsofthetime:working-classsolidarityandrevolutionarypromise fortheFrontPopulaireandthegovernmentofLeonBlumin1936;liberationfrom occupationandtheresistance-as-revolutionmythin1945．Todayitismostly pageantrywithalingeringtouchofpopularfestivity.50．ButMrPrendergast cannotconcealhisscornforwhatheconsidershasbecomeanaltogether shoddieraffairprogressivelymummifiedintoformalritualorchestrated byassorteddignitariesandmediakitsch.FortheFrenchthesedayshe concludesalittletoocruellyitisperhapsaboveallregardedasessentially adayoffwork.
Directions:Readthe followingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsinto Chinese. ThetakingoftheBastillefortressasymbolofarbitraryroyal authoritywasundoubtedlyofrevolutionaryimportanceintermsofweakening themonarchyandlegitimisingpopulardefiance.Butotherdayshavea fairclaimtohistoricsymbolismtoo:August26th1789whentheDeclarationof theRightsofManwasadoptedforinstanceorAugust10th1792whenthe TuileriesPalacewasstormedandthemonarchysuspended.Besidesthe commemorationofJuly14thscarcelybeganinrevolutionaryspirit. Atamilitaryfetetomarkitsfirstanniversaryin1790 andtocelebratethenewconstitutionalsettlementtheMarquisdeLafayettea FrenchgeneralsworeanoathtobeforeverfaithfultotheNationtotheLaw andtotheKing.DismayedJean-PaulMarataradicaljournalistand politiciandescribedtheproceedingsthatdayasshamefuladding:The Revolutionasyethasbeenmerelyasorrowfuldreamforthepeople! AsMr.PrendergastrecallsthefalloftheBastillewas notquitethestuffofepicmyth.Strictlyspeakingtheprisonwasnottaken; themobsurgedintoitsinnercourtyardonlyafterthegovernortheMarquisde Launayhadofferedasurrender.Althoughthecrowdwasprimarilyinsearchof armsitfoundjustsevenprisonerstobefreed.47．Happenstanceparanoia andrandomviolencecharacterisedtheeventwithrumourandcounter-rumour fuellingactsofferociousbrutality.Launayhimselfwasdraggedoutbythe mobhisbodyrippedtoshredsandhisheadhackedoffbyacookwithakitchen knifebeforebeingstuckonapikeforpublicview. NapoleonBonaparteabolishedtheJuly14thcelebrationaltogether.Itwas notresurrectedasBastilleDayuntil1880nearlyacenturyafterthe originalevents.TheideathenproposedbyBenjaminRaspailadeputywasto createanationalfestivalaspartofarepublicanpackagethatalsoincluded adoptingLaMarseillaiseastheFrenchnationalanthem.Composedby Claude-JosephRougetdeLisleayoungengineerstationedwiththearmyofthe Rhineitwaswritteninasinglenightin1792．In1880thedeputiesargued passionatelyaboutwhichdatetopickforthenationalfestival.48． NobodyasMrPrendergastpointsoutproposedSeptember22nd1792the actualdateofthefoundingofthefirstFrenchrepublicforfearof legitimisingtheTerrorthatitunleashed.July14th wasthusapoliticalcompromise.Itmergedtherevolutionarymessageof1789 withthatofunityandreconciliationexpressedbytheanniversaryfeteof 1790．49．PartlytohelphealthewoundsofdefeatintheFranco-Prussianwar BastilleDaywasgivenamilitarythemewhichlaststothisdayandwrappedup innationalistimagerytheunionofarmyandnationundertheflag. SincethenatvariousmomentsofcrisisinFrench historyBastilleDayhasbeeninvestedwithdifferingmessagesaccordingto theneedsofthetime:working-classsolidarityandrevolutionarypromise fortheFrontPopulaireandthegovernmentofLeonBlumin1936;liberationfrom occupationandtheresistance-as-revolutionmythin1945．Todayitismostly pageantrywithalingeringtouchofpopularfestivity.50．ButMrPrendergast cannotconcealhisscornforwhatheconsidershasbecomeanaltogether shoddieraffairprogressivelymummifiedintoformalritualorchestrated byassorteddignitariesandmediakitsch.FortheFrenchthesedayshe concludesalittletoocruellyitisperhapsaboveallregardedasessentially adayoffwork.
Text4 Whenthereisbloodinthewateritis onlynaturalthatdorsalfinsswirlaroundexcitedly.NowthatAmerica’shousing marketisailingpredatorshavetheirsightsonthecountry’scredit-card market.AnalystsatGoldmanSachsreckonthatcredit-cardlossescouldreach$ 99billionifcontagionspreadsfromsubprimemortgagestootherformsof consumercredit.Signsofstrainareclearlyvisible.Therearerisesinboth thecharge-offanddelinquencyrateswhichmeasuretheshareofbalancesthat areuncollectableormorethan30dayslaterespectively.HSBCannouncedlast monththatithadtakena$1.4billionchargeinitsAmericanconsumer-finance businesspartlybecauseofweaknessamongcardborrowers. Itistooearlytopanicthough.Charge-offsanddelinquenciesarestill low.AccordingtoMoody’saratingagencythethird-quarterdelinquencyrate of3.89%wasalmostafullpercentagepointbelowthehistoricalaverage. Thedeteriorationinratescanbepartlyexplainedbytechnicalfactors.A changeinAmerica’spersonal-bankruptcylawsin2005ledtoanabruptfallin bankruptcyfilingswhichinturnaccountforabigchunkofcredit-cardlosses ;thenumberoffilingsandthuscharge-offrateswouldberisingagain whetherornotoverallconditionsforborrowersweregettingworse. Theindustryalsoreportssolidpaymentrateswhichshow howmuchoftheirdebtconsumerspayoffeachmonth.Andconfidencein credit-cardasset-backedsecuritiesisprettyfirmdespiteparalysisinother cornersofstructuredfinance.DennisMoroneyofTowerGrouparesearchfirm predictsthatissuancevolumesfor2007willendupbeing25%higherthanlast year.Directchannelsofinfectionbetweenthe subprime-mortgagecrisisandthecredit-cardmarketcertainlyexist:consumers arelikeliertoloaduponcredit-carddebtnowthathome-equityloansare dryingup.Butcardissuerslookatcashflowratherthanassetvaluesso fallinghousepricesdonotnecessarilytriggerachangeinborrowers’ creditworthiness.Theymayevenworktoissuers’advantage.Theincentives forconsumerstokeeppayingthemortgagedecreaseifpropertiesareworthless thanthevalueoftheloan;carddebtriseshigherupthelistofrepayment prioritiesasaresult.Cardissuersarealsoableto respondmuchmoreswiftlyandflexiblytostormierconditionsthanmortgage lendersarebychanginginterestratesoralteringcreditlimits.Thatshould intheoryreducetheriskofarapidrepricingofassets.Wearenotgoingto wakeuponedayandtotallyrevaluetheloanssaysGaryPerlinCapitalOne’s chieffinancialofficer.Ifasuddensubprime-style meltdowninthecredit-cardmarketisimprobabletherisksofasustained downturnaremuchmorereal.Iflowerhousepricesandacontractionincredit pushAmericaintorecessiontheindustrywillundoubtedlyfaceagrimmer future.Keepwatchingforthosedorsalfins. Whydoestheauthormentiondorsalfinswhichareirrelevanttothetopic
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Ourape-menforefathershadnoobvious naturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhad neitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot 2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws 3animpressivesmallfireweaponry.Theycouldnoteven defendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebras orsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsinthe opentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.But theywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakind notpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors.Inthe search7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad 8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthatthe animalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytosee clearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsina waythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitants ofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11another matter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwelling apesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreater therangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimba tree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14 .Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwas flat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.They rearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk 16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtabout considerabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthe alreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18 theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame 19tothenewunstablepositionthat20 themthenameHomoerectusuprightman.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Ourape-menforefathershadnoobvious naturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhad neitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot 2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws 3animpressivesmallfireweaponry.Theycouldnoteven defendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebras orsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsinthe opentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.But theywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakind notpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors.Inthe search7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad 8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthatthe animalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytosee clearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsina waythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitants ofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11another matter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwelling apesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreater therangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimba tree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14 .Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwas flat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.They rearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk 16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtabout considerabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthe alreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18 theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame 19tothenewunstablepositionthat20 themthenameHomoerectusuprightman.
Directions:Readthe followingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Ourape-menforefathershadnoobvious naturalweaponsinthestrugglefor1intheopen.Theyhad neitherthepowerfulteethnorthestrongclawsofthebigcats.Theycouldnot 2withthebearwhosestrengthspeedandclaws 3animpressivesmallfireweaponry.Theycouldnoteven defendthemselves4runningswiftlylikethehorseszebras orsmallanimals.Iftheape-menhadattemptedtocompeteonthosetermsinthe opentheywouldhavebeen5tofailureandextinction.But theywere6withenormousconcealedadvantagesofakind notpossessedbyanyoftheircompetitors.Inthe search7thepickingsoftheforesttheape-menhad 8efficientstereoscopicvisionandasenseofcolorthatthe animalsofthegrasslandsdidnot9.Theabilitytosee clearlyatcloserangepermittedtheape-mentostudypracticalproblemsina waythatlayfar10thereachoftheoriginalinhabitants ofthegrassland.Goodlong-distancesightwas11another matter.Lackoflong-distancevisionhadnotbeenaproblemforforest-dwelling apesandmonkeysbecausethe12theviewpointthegreater therangeofsight-so13theyhadhadtodowasclimba tree.Outintheopenhoweverthissimplesolutionwasnot14 .Climbingahillwouldhavehelpedbutinmanyplacesthegroundwas flat.Theape-men15theonlypossiblesolution.They rearedupashighaspossibleontheirhindlimbsandbegantowalk 16.Thisvitalchangeofphysicalpositionbroughtabout considerabledisadvantages.Itwasextremelyunstableanditmeantthatthe alreadyslowape-menbecame17still.18 theyperseveredandtheirbonestructuregraduallybecame 19tothenewunstablepositionthat20 themthenameHomoerectusuprightman.
Text3 In2007aFrenchfoodcompanywantedto buyafamily-ownedfirminIndia.Thepatriarchwas72andtheFrenchfirm wantedtosendsomeoneofsimilarexperiencetotalktohim.Butbecauseofits youthfulcorporateculture-mostpeoplearehustledoutofthedoorintheirmid 40s-ithadnoonetosend.IntheendthroughExperconnectanemployment agencyinPariswhichplacesretiredpeopleitfounda58-year-oldformerhead ofaEuropeanconsumer-goodsfirmandsenthimouttoMumbai. Francehasapoorrecordwhenitcomestokeepingolderpeopleinthe workforce.Theretirementageis60not65asinmostdevelopedcountries.In 2005only37.8%ofpeopleaged55-64hadjobsversus56.8%inBritainand44.9% inGermany.Themainreasonisthatinthe1980swhentherewashigh unemploymentthegovernmentpromotedearlyretirement.Thatentrenchedtheidea thatolderworkerswerelessproductivesaysCarolineYoungExperconnect’s founder.Nowcompaniesareworriedaboutlosingtheir mostskilledworkersespeciallyasthebabyboomgenerationnearsretirement. Arevaanuclear-powergrouprecentlylaunchedaschemetoaddresstheneedsof olderemployeesandplanstouseabout100retiredpeopleayearthrough Experconnect.BecausenuclearpowerwasunpopularfordecadesArevastopped trainingengineerssothatmuchofitsexpertiselieswithitsoldeststaff. Nowitistakingmuchmoreinterestinthem.Wehavetobringabouta revolutioninopinionsaysJeanCassingenaitshuman-resourcesstrategist. UnlikeotherrecruitmentagenciesExperconnectkeepsits workersonitsownbookssotheycancarryondrawingtheirpensions.Theytend toworkpart-timeonone-offprojects.Engineersandpeoplewithhighlevelsof technicalskillaremostindemandinFrancesaysMsYoungasyoungerpeople increasinglychoosetogointofieldssuchasmarketing.Thalesadefenceand aerospacefirmisusingaformerradarexpertforinstanceandLouisBerger Franceanengineeringfirmoftenusesretiredengineerstomanagebig infrastructureprojects.Softerindustriesalsomakeuse ofExperconnect.Danoneafoodfirmhirespeopleforone-offmanagementroles. Olderpeoplehaveseenitallandtheyarelevel-headedsaysThomasKunzits headofbeverages.Thebeautyindustryisshortoftoxicologiststodetermine whethernewlotionsaresafeandonefirmhasjusttakenona75-year-old.Two famousFrenchluxury-goodscompaniesplantouseretiredworkersintheir handbagdivisions.Onewantstosafeguarditsknowledgeoffineleathersand sewing;theotherwantstoapplyexpertisefromtheaerospaceindustrytomake newkindsofmaterialsforhandbags.Despitean impressivehandfulofhigh-profileclientsExperconnecthasfounditdifficult toconvinceFrenchcompaniesthatolderworkerscanbevaluable.Ithas2700 retiredpeopleonitsbooksandhassofarplacedjust50ofthemon missions.Oldprejudicesastheysaydiehard. WhatcanweinferfromJeanCassingena’scommentthatWehavetobringaboutarevolutioninopinion
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