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产业资本循环具有决定意义的阶段是
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产业资本循环有决定意义的阶段是
流通阶段
生产阶段
购买阶段
售卖阶段
产业资本循环中具有决定意义的阶段是
购买阶段
储备阶段
生产阶段
销售阶段
产业资本正常循环的条件一是产业资本循环在空间上的______二是产业资本循环在时间上的______
产业资本循环的起始阶段是购买阶段
产业资本循环的决定性阶段是
购买阶段
生产阶段
流通阶段
销售阶段
产业资本循环中决定性的阶段是______
购买阶段
销售阶段
流通阶段
生产阶段
在产业资本循环的三个阶段中具有决定意义的阶段是购买阶段
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Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Itisgenerallyrecognizedintheworld thatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.For decadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanew communications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWar Itothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulf War.Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdada suddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomea centraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections. Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonline media8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialthey findthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuaded millionsto10tocableduringthelastwarin Iraq.11byasteadyriseoverthelast18 monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12 nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesof manyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembleda novelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotography collectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsand othernewdigitalreportage.TheseInternetservicesare 16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages 17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadand journaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19 audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20their computersduringtheearlycombat.245words
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Itisgenerallyrecognizedintheworld thatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.For decadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanew communications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWar Itothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulf War.Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdada suddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomea centraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections. Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonline media8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialthey findthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuaded millionsto10tocableduringthelastwarin Iraq.11byasteadyriseoverthelast18 monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12 nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesof manyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembleda novelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotography collectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsand othernewdigitalreportage.TheseInternetservicesare 16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages 17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadand journaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19 audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20their computersduringtheearlycombat.245words
Text3 Shoppinghasalwaysbeensomethingof animpulseactivityinwhichobjectsthatcatchourfancywhilestrollingare immediatelyboughtonawhim.Advertisersandsellershavetakenadvantageof thisfactcarefullypositioninginexpensivebutattractiveitemsonpathsthat wearemostlikelytocrosshopingthatourhumannaturewillleadtoagreater profitforthem.WiththedawnoftheInternetanditsexplodinguseacrossthe worldthesametacticsapply.Advertisersnowplacebanners linkstocommercialwebsitesdecoratedwithattractivepicturesdesignedto catchoureyeswhilebrowsingthewebsonkeywebsiteswithheavytraffic. Theypaytopdollarfortherightthuscreatingprofitsforthehostingweb siteaswell.Theseactionsareperformedinthehopesthatduringthecourseof ourcasualandleisurelywebsurfingwe’llclickonthatbannerthatsparksour interestandthusintheorybuytheproductsadvertised. Initialresultshavebeenpositive.Websitesreportahugeinflowof cashbothfromtheadvertiserswhotemptcustomersinwiththebannersandthe hostingwebsiteswhicharepaidforallowingthebannerstobeputinplace. AstrustandconfidenceinInternetbuyingincreasesandinformationsecurityis heightenedwithnewtechnologythevolumeofbuyingisincreasingleadingto evengreaterprofits.Thecurrentsituationhoweverisnot quiteasoptimistic.Justasmagazinereaderstendtounconsciouslyignore advertisementsintheirfavoriteperiodicalswebbrowsersarebeginningto allowbannerstosliptheirnoticeaswell.Internetusersrespondtotheflood ofbannersbyviewingthemasannoyancesanegativeimagethatishurting salessinceusersarenowlessreluctanttoclickonthosebannerspreferring nottosupportthesystemthatputstheminplace.IfInternetadvertisingisto continuetobeaviableandprofitablebusinesspracticenewmethodswillneed tobeconsideredtoreinvigoratetheindustry.Withtherecent depressioninthetechnologysectorandslowingeconomyevennewpracticesmay notdothetrick.Asconsumersaresavingmoreandfrequentingtraditionalreal estatebusinessesovertheirInternetcounterpartsthefateofInternet businessiscalledintoquestion.Thecomingyearswillbetheonlyreliable indicationofwhethershoppingontheWorldWideWebisthewaveofthefuture orsimplyanimpulseactivitywhosewhimhaspassed.404 wordsNotes:onawhim心血来潮surfv.冲浪intheory在理论上顺理成章hosting 访问率离的call...intoquestion质疑对提出疑问Analyzingthecurrentstateoftheonlineadvertisinginparagraph4theauthorimpliesthat
Text4 Picture-takingisatechniquebothfor reflectingtheobjectiveworldandforexpressingthesingularself.Photographs depictobjectiverealitiesthatalreadyexistthoughonlythecameracan disclosethem.Andtheydepictanindividualphotographer’stemperament discoveringitselfthroughthecamera’scroppingofreality.Thatis photographyhastwodirectlyoppositeideals:inthefirstphotographyisabout theworldandthephotographerisamereobserverwhocountsforlittle;butin thesecondphotographyistheinstrumentoffearlessnessquestingsubjectivity andthephotographerisall.Theseconflictingidealsarisefrom uneasinessonthepartofbothphotographersandviewersofphotographstoward theaggressivecomponentintakingapicture.Accordinglytheidealofa photographerasobserverisattractingbecauseitimplicitlydeniesthat picture-takingisanaggressiveact.Theissueofcourseisnotsoclear-cut. Whatphotographersdocannotbecharacterizedassimplypredatoryorassimply andessentiallybenevolent.Asaconsequenceoneidealofpicture-takingor theotherisalwaysbeingrediscoveredandchampioned.An importantresultofthecoexistenceofthesetwoidealsisarecurrent ambivalencetowardphotography’smeans.Whateveraretheclaimsthatphotography mightmaketobeaformofpersonalexpressionjustlikepaintingits originalityiscloselylinkedtothepowerofamachine.Thesteadygrowthof thesepowershasmadepossibletheextraordinaryinformativenessandimaginative formalbeautyofmanyphotographslikeHaroldEdgerton’shigh-speedphotographs ofabullethittingitstargetoroftheswirlsandeddiesofatennisstroke. Butascamerasbecomemoresophisticatedmoreautomatedsomephotographersare temptedtodisarmthemselvesortosuggestthattheyarenotreallyarmed preferringtosubmitthemselvestothelimitimposedbypre-moderncamera technologybecauseacruderlesshigh-poweredmachineisthoughttogivemore interestingoremotiveresultstoleavemoreroomforcreativeaccident.For exampleithasbeenvirtuallyapointofhonorformanyphotographers includingWalkerEvansandCartierBressontorefusetousemodernequipment. Thesephotographershavecometodoubtthevalueofthecameraasaninstrument offastseeing.CartierBressoninfactclaimsthatthemoderncameramay seetoofast.Thisambivalencetowardphotographicmeans determinestrendsintaste.Thecultofthefutureoffasterandfasterseeing alternatesovertimewiththewishtoreturntoapurerpastwhenimageshada handmadequality.Thislongingforsomeprimitivestateofthephotographic enterpriseiscurrentlywidespreadandunderliesthepresent-dayenthusiasmfor daguerreotypesandtheworkofforgottennineteenth-centuryprovincial photographers.Photographersandviewersofphotographsitseemsneed periodicallytoresisttheirownknowingness.451wordsNotes: cropvt.播种修剪树木收割countforlittle无关紧要predatory掠夺成性的championn.冠军; vt.支持benevolent好心肠的行善的ambivalence矛盾心理make+不定式似乎要Hemakestobegin. 他似乎要开始了swirlsandeddies漩涡cult狂热崇拜daguerreotype 银板照相法Accordingtoparagraph2theinterestamongphotographersineachofthephotography’stwoidealscanbedescribedas
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Itisgenerallyrecognizedintheworld thatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.For decadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanew communications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWar Itothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulf War.Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdada suddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomea centraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections. Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonline media8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialthey findthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuaded millionsto10tocableduringthelastwarin Iraq.11byasteadyriseoverthelast18 monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12 nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesof manyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembleda novelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotography collectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsand othernewdigitalreportage.TheseInternetservicesare 16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages 17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadand journaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19 audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20their computersduringtheearlycombat.245words
Directions:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--G tofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdo notfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwere probablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthough nobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter.41 ______Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignalsbuteventhehighestapes havenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewordsevenwiththemostintensive professionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessity forthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemust supposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes. Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative. Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededoral language.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhich directionhehadgoneorwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.42______ Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory. Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture. Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspecies intheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.43______ 44______Theseinventionsanddiscoveries--firespeech weaponsdomesticanimalsagricultureandwriting--madetheexistenceof civilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.untilthebeginningofthe IndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnical advancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecome accustomedtohistechniqueandtodevelopthebeliefsandpolitical organizationsappropriatetoit.Therewasofcourseanimmenseextensionin theareaofcivilizedlife.AtfirstithadbeenconfinedtotheNilethe EuphratestheTigrisandtheIndusbutattheendoftheperiodinquestion itcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeanto suggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime.45______512 wordsNotes:ape猿pastoralnomad田园式的游牧部落的人theEuphrates 幼发拉底河theTigris底格里斯河theIndus印度河inquestion所谈的在名词后作后置定语[A] Probablypicturelanguageand.orallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iam inclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthe developmentofman.[B]Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswriting whichlikespokenlanguagedevelopedoutofpicturesbutassoonasithad reachedacertainstageitwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmit informationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwas given.[C]Withthedevelopmentofcivilizationprimitivepeoplewholived incavesatthattimebadlyneededalanguagewhichwouldhelpthemto communicatewithoneanother.[D]Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.No doubtitbeganverygradually.[E]Infacttherewasprogress--therewere eventwoinventionsofverygreatimportancenamelygunpowderandthe mariner’scompass--butneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirrevolutionary powertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture.[F]Thesewere atfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest. Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbutthe agriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomforts itprovided.[G]Butindustrywasastepinhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineage.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Itisgenerallyrecognizedintheworld thatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.For decadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanew communications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWar Itothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulf War.Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdada suddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomea centraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections. Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonline media8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialthey findthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuaded millionsto10tocableduringthelastwarin Iraq.11byasteadyriseoverthelast18 monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12 nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesof manyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembleda novelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotography collectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsand othernewdigitalreportage.TheseInternetservicesare 16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages 17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadand journaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19 audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20their computersduringtheearlycombat.245words
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewritten clearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Ourdailyexistenceisdividedintotwophasesasdistinctas dayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworkmanyhoursadayandweallow thenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping.46The restwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegant wordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursof leisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentor entertainment.Weneedtomakethereforeahard-and-fast distinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybutequallybetweenactiveplayand passiveentertainment.47ItisIsupposethedeclineofactiveplay--of amateursport--andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhich havegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreater partofthepopulationinsteadofindulginginsportspendtheirhoursof leisureviewingtelevisionprogramstherewillinevitablybeadeclinein healthandphysique.Inadditionwehaveyettotracethementalandmoral consequencesofprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthe screen.48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietis toothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Nine filmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindor imaginationofthosewhohaveseenthem.49Itisonlywhen entertainmentisactiveparticipatedinpracticedthatitcanproperlybe calledplayandassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplay standsincontrasttoworkandisusuallyregardedasanactivitythat alternateswithwork.Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.We sayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving.Someofuswork physicallytillingthelandmindingthemachinesdiggingthecoal;others workmentallykeepingaccountsinventingmachinesteachingandpreaching managingandgoverning.50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommonto allthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveus littleleisure.356words
Text2 ThedomesticeconomyintheUnited Statesexpandedinaremarkablyvigorousandsteadyfashion.Therevivalin consumerconfidencewasreflectedinthehigherproportionofincomesspentfor goodsandservicesandthemarkedincreaseinconsumerwillingnesstotakeon installmentdebt.Aparallelstrengtheninginbusinesspsychologywasmanifested inastepped-uprateofplantandequipmentspendingandagradualpickupin expensesforinventory.Confidenceintheeconomywasalsoreflectedinthe strengthofthestockmarketandinthestabilityofthebondmarket.Forthe yearasawholeconsumerandbusinesssentimentbenefitedfromtheeasein East-Westtensions.Thebasesofthebusinessexpansionwereto befoundmainlyinthestimulativemonetaryandfiscalpoliciesthathadbeen pursued.Moreovertherestorationofsounderliquiditypositionsandtighter managementcontrolofproductionefficiencyhadalsohelpedlaythegroundwork forastrongexpansion.Inadditiontheeconomicpolicymovesmadebythe Presidenthadservedtorenewoptimismonthebusinessoutlookwhileboosting hopesthatinflationwouldbebroughtundermoreeffectivecontrol.Finallyof coursetheeconomywasabletogrowasvigorouslyasitdidbecausesufficient leewayexistedintermsofidlemenandmachines.TheUnited Statesbalanceofpaymentsdeficitdeclinedsharply.Neverthelessbyanyother testthedeficitremainedverylargeandtherewasactuallyasubstantial deteriorationinourtradeaccounttoasizabledeficitalmosttwo-thirdsof whichwaswithJapan.Whiletheoveralltradeperformanceproveddisappointing therearestillgoodreasonsforexpectingthedelayedimpactofdevaluationto produceintimeasignificantstrengtheninginourtradepicture.Giventhesize oftheJapanesecomponentofourtradedeficithowevertheoutcomewilldepend importantlyontheextentofthecorrectivemeasuresundertakenbyJapan.Also importantwillbeourowneffortsintheUnitedStatestofashioninternal policiesconsistentwithanimprovementinourexternalbalance. Theunderlyingtaskofpublicpolicyfortheyearahead--andindeedfor thelongerrun--remainedafamiliarone:tostriketherightbalancebetween encouraginghealthyeconomicgrowthandavoidinginflationarypressures.With theeconomyshowingsustainedandvigorousgrowthandwiththecurrencycrisis highlightingtheneedtoimproveourCompetitivepostureinternationallythe emphasisseemedtobeshiftingtotheproblemofinflation.ThePhaseThree programofwageandpricerestraintcancontributetoreducinginflation.Unless productivitygrowthisunexpectedlylargehowevertheexpansionofrealoutput musteventuallybegintoslowdowntotheeconomy’slargerrungrowthpotential ifgeneralizeddemandpressuresonpricesaretobeavoided.449 wordsNotes:inventoryn.存货East-Westtensions东西方紧张局势fiscal 与国库的钱有关的财务的常指税收liquidity周转率清偿力leewayn.回旋余地given鉴于由于thePhaseThree program第三个阶段计划Partofthepublicpolicytaskasoutlinedinthetextisto
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Itisgenerallyrecognizedintheworld thatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.For decadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanew communications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWar Itothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulf War.Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdada suddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomea centraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections. Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonline media8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialthey findthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuaded millionsto10tocableduringthelastwarin Iraq.11byasteadyriseoverthelast18 monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12 nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesof manyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembleda novelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotography collectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsand othernewdigitalreportage.TheseInternetservicesare 16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages 17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadand journaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19 audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20their computersduringtheearlycombat.245words
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Itisgenerallyrecognizedintheworld thatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.For decadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanew communications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWar Itothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulf War.Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdada suddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomea centraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections. Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonline media8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialthey findthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuaded millionsto10tocableduringthelastwarin Iraq.11byasteadyriseoverthelast18 monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12 nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesof manyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembleda novelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotography collectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsand othernewdigitalreportage.TheseInternetservicesare 16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages 17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadand journaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19 audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20their computersduringtheearlycombat.245words
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Itisgenerallyrecognizedintheworld thatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.For decadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanew communications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWar Itothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulf War.Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdada suddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomea centraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections. Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonline media8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialthey findthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuaded millionsto10tocableduringthelastwarin Iraq.11byasteadyriseoverthelast18 monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12 nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesof manyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembleda novelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotography collectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsand othernewdigitalreportage.TheseInternetservicesare 16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages 17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadand journaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19 audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20their computersduringtheearlycombat.245words
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Wehaveknownforalongtimethatthe organizationofanyparticularsocietyisinfluencedbythedefinitionofthe sexesandthedistinctiondrawnbetweenthem.Butwehaverealizedonlyrecently thattheidentityofeachsexisnotsoeasytopindownaridthatdefinitions evolveinaccordancewithdifferenttypesofcultureknowntousthatis scientificdiscoveriesandideologicalrevolutions.Ournatureisnotconsidered asimmutableeithersociallyorbiologically.Asweapproachthebeginningof the21stcenturythesubstantialprogressmadeinbiologyandgeneticsis radicallychallengingtherolesresponsibilitiesandspecificcharacteristics attributedtoeachsexandyetscarcelytwentyyearsagothesewerethought tobebeyonddispute.Wecansafelysaywithafewminor exceptionsthatthedefinitionofthesexesandtheirrespectivefunctions remainedunchangedintheWestfromthebeginningofthe19thcenturytothe 1960s.Theroledistinctionraisedinsomecasestothestatusof uncompromisingdualismonastronglyhierarchicalmodellastedthroughoutthis periodappealingforitsjustificationtonaturereligionandcustomsalleged tohaveexistedsincethedawnoftime.Thewomanborechildrenandtookcareof thehome.Themansetouttoconquertheworldandwasresponsibleforthe survivalofhisfamilybysatisfyingtheirneedsinpeacetimeandgoingtowar whennecessary.Theentireworldorderrestedonthedivergence ofthesexes.Anyoverlappingorconfusionbetweentheroleswasseenasa threattothetime-honoredorderofthings.Itwasfelttobeagainstnaturea deviationfromthenorm.Sexrolesweredeterminedaccordingto theplaceappropriatetoeach.Women’splacewasfirstandforemostinthe home.Theoutsideworldi.e.workshopsfactoriesandbusinessfirmsbelonged tomen.Thissex-baseddivisionoftheworldprivateandpublicgaverisetoa strictdichotomybetweentheattitudeswhichconferredoneachitsspecial identity.Thewomansequesteredathomecarednurturedandconserved.Todo thisshehadnoneedtobedaringambitioustoughorcompetitive.Themanon theotherhandcompetingwithhisfellowmenwascaughtupeverydayinthe struggleforsurvivalandhencedevelopedthosecharacteristicswhichwere thoughtnaturalinaman.Todaymanywomengoouttoworkand theirreasonsfordoingsohavechangedconsiderably.Besidesthetraditional financialincentiveswefindambitionandpersonalfulfillmentmotivatingthose inthemostfavorablecircumstancesandthewishtohaveasociallifeandto getoutoftheirdomesticisolationinfluencingothers.Aboveallforall womenworkisinvariablyconnectedwiththedesireforindependence.454 wordsNotes:immutable不可改变的dualism双重论divergence 分歧偏离overlapping部分重合一致time-honored由来已久的dichotomy一分为二对立sequester使隔离be caughtupin被缠住于如Heiscaughtupinthetrivia琐事ofeverydaythings unduly过度地不恰当地Itisonlyinrecentyearsthatwehaverecognizedthat
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Itisgenerallyrecognizedintheworld thatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.For decadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanew communications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWar Itothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulf War.Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdada suddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomea centraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections. Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonline media8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialthey findthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuaded millionsto10tocableduringthelastwarin Iraq.11byasteadyriseoverthelast18 monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12 nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesof manyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembleda novelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotography collectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsand othernewdigitalreportage.TheseInternetservicesare 16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages 17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadand journaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19 audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20their computersduringtheearlycombat.245words
Directions: WritealettertoProf.WangHeadofForeignLanguages.DepartmentintroducingtohimyourstudentMissJinHua. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead. Donotwritetheaddress.
Text2 ThedomesticeconomyintheUnited Statesexpandedinaremarkablyvigorousandsteadyfashion.Therevivalin consumerconfidencewasreflectedinthehigherproportionofincomesspentfor goodsandservicesandthemarkedincreaseinconsumerwillingnesstotakeon installmentdebt.Aparallelstrengtheninginbusinesspsychologywasmanifested inastepped-uprateofplantandequipmentspendingandagradualpickupin expensesforinventory.Confidenceintheeconomywasalsoreflectedinthe strengthofthestockmarketandinthestabilityofthebondmarket.Forthe yearasawholeconsumerandbusinesssentimentbenefitedfromtheeasein East-Westtensions.Thebasesofthebusinessexpansionwereto befoundmainlyinthestimulativemonetaryandfiscalpoliciesthathadbeen pursued.Moreovertherestorationofsounderliquiditypositionsandtighter managementcontrolofproductionefficiencyhadalsohelpedlaythegroundwork forastrongexpansion.Inadditiontheeconomicpolicymovesmadebythe Presidenthadservedtorenewoptimismonthebusinessoutlookwhileboosting hopesthatinflationwouldbebroughtundermoreeffectivecontrol.Finallyof coursetheeconomywasabletogrowasvigorouslyasitdidbecausesufficient leewayexistedintermsofidlemenandmachines.TheUnited Statesbalanceofpaymentsdeficitdeclinedsharply.Neverthelessbyanyother testthedeficitremainedverylargeandtherewasactuallyasubstantial deteriorationinourtradeaccounttoasizabledeficitalmosttwo-thirdsof whichwaswithJapan.Whiletheoveralltradeperformanceproveddisappointing therearestillgoodreasonsforexpectingthedelayedimpactofdevaluationto produceintimeasignificantstrengtheninginourtradepicture.Giventhesize oftheJapanesecomponentofourtradedeficithowevertheoutcomewilldepend importantlyontheextentofthecorrectivemeasuresundertakenbyJapan.Also importantwillbeourowneffortsintheUnitedStatestofashioninternal policiesconsistentwithanimprovementinourexternalbalance. Theunderlyingtaskofpublicpolicyfortheyearahead--andindeedfor thelongerrun--remainedafamiliarone:tostriketherightbalancebetween encouraginghealthyeconomicgrowthandavoidinginflationarypressures.With theeconomyshowingsustainedandvigorousgrowthandwiththecurrencycrisis highlightingtheneedtoimproveourCompetitivepostureinternationallythe emphasisseemedtobeshiftingtotheproblemofinflation.ThePhaseThree programofwageandpricerestraintcancontributetoreducinginflation.Unless productivitygrowthisunexpectedlylargehowevertheexpansionofrealoutput musteventuallybegintoslowdowntotheeconomy’slargerrungrowthpotential ifgeneralizeddemandpressuresonpricesaretobeavoided.449 wordsNotes:inventoryn.存货East-Westtensions东西方紧张局势fiscal 与国库的钱有关的财务的常指税收liquidity周转率清偿力leewayn.回旋余地given鉴于由于thePhaseThree program第三个阶段计划Paragraph2mainlydealswith
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Wehaveknownforalongtimethatthe organizationofanyparticularsocietyisinfluencedbythedefinitionofthe sexesandthedistinctiondrawnbetweenthem.Butwehaverealizedonlyrecently thattheidentityofeachsexisnotsoeasytopindownaridthatdefinitions evolveinaccordancewithdifferenttypesofcultureknowntousthatis scientificdiscoveriesandideologicalrevolutions.Ournatureisnotconsidered asimmutableeithersociallyorbiologically.Asweapproachthebeginningof the21stcenturythesubstantialprogressmadeinbiologyandgeneticsis radicallychallengingtherolesresponsibilitiesandspecificcharacteristics attributedtoeachsexandyetscarcelytwentyyearsagothesewerethought tobebeyonddispute.Wecansafelysaywithafewminor exceptionsthatthedefinitionofthesexesandtheirrespectivefunctions remainedunchangedintheWestfromthebeginningofthe19thcenturytothe 1960s.Theroledistinctionraisedinsomecasestothestatusof uncompromisingdualismonastronglyhierarchicalmodellastedthroughoutthis periodappealingforitsjustificationtonaturereligionandcustomsalleged tohaveexistedsincethedawnoftime.Thewomanborechildrenandtookcareof thehome.Themansetouttoconquertheworldandwasresponsibleforthe survivalofhisfamilybysatisfyingtheirneedsinpeacetimeandgoingtowar whennecessary.Theentireworldorderrestedonthedivergence ofthesexes.Anyoverlappingorconfusionbetweentheroleswasseenasa threattothetime-honoredorderofthings.Itwasfelttobeagainstnaturea deviationfromthenorm.Sexrolesweredeterminedaccordingto theplaceappropriatetoeach.Women’splacewasfirstandforemostinthe home.Theoutsideworldi.e.workshopsfactoriesandbusinessfirmsbelonged tomen.Thissex-baseddivisionoftheworldprivateandpublicgaverisetoa strictdichotomybetweentheattitudeswhichconferredoneachitsspecial identity.Thewomansequesteredathomecarednurturedandconserved.Todo thisshehadnoneedtobedaringambitioustoughorcompetitive.Themanon theotherhandcompetingwithhisfellowmenwascaughtupeverydayinthe struggleforsurvivalandhencedevelopedthosecharacteristicswhichwere thoughtnaturalinaman.Todaymanywomengoouttoworkand theirreasonsfordoingsohavechangedconsiderably.Besidesthetraditional financialincentiveswefindambitionandpersonalfulfillmentmotivatingthose inthemostfavorablecircumstancesandthewishtohaveasociallifeandto getoutoftheirdomesticisolationinfluencingothers.Aboveallforall womenworkisinvariablyconnectedwiththedesireforindependence.454 wordsNotes:immutable不可改变的dualism双重论divergence 分歧偏离overlapping部分重合一致time-honored由来已久的dichotomy一分为二对立sequester使隔离be caughtupin被缠住于如Heiscaughtupinthetrivia琐事ofeverydaythings unduly过度地不恰当地Accordingtotheauthorwhichofthefollowingisthemostimportantreasonforwomentogotowork
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewritten clearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Ourdailyexistenceisdividedintotwophasesasdistinctas dayandnight.Wecallthemworkandplay.Weworkmanyhoursadayandweallow thenecessaryminimumforsuchactivitiesaseatingandshopping.46The restwespendinvariousactivitieswhichareknownasrecreationsanelegant wordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonotevenplayinourhoursof leisurebutspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentor entertainment.Weneedtomakethereforeahard-and-fast distinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplaybutequallybetweenactiveplayand passiveentertainment.47ItisIsupposethedeclineofactiveplay--of amateursport--andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptiveentertainmentwhich havegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreater partofthepopulationinsteadofindulginginsportspendtheirhoursof leisureviewingtelevisionprogramstherewillinevitablybeadeclinein healthandphysique.Inadditionwehaveyettotracethementalandmoral consequencesofprolongeddietofsentimentalorsensationalspectaclesonthe screen.48Thereisifweareoptimisticthepossibilitythatthedietis toothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Nine filmsoutoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindor imaginationofthosewhohaveseenthem.49Itisonlywhen entertainmentisactiveparticipatedinpracticedthatitcanproperlybe calledplayandassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplay standsincontrasttoworkandisusuallyregardedasanactivitythat alternateswithwork.Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.We sayquitegenerallythatweworkinordertomakealiving.Someofuswork physicallytillingthelandmindingthemachinesdiggingthecoal;others workmentallykeepingaccountsinventingmachinesteachingandpreaching managingandgoverning.50Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommonto allthesediverseoccupationsexceptthattheyconsumeourtimeandleaveus littleleisure.356words
Text3 Shoppinghasalwaysbeensomethingof animpulseactivityinwhichobjectsthatcatchourfancywhilestrollingare immediatelyboughtonawhim.Advertisersandsellershavetakenadvantageof thisfactcarefullypositioninginexpensivebutattractiveitemsonpathsthat wearemostlikelytocrosshopingthatourhumannaturewillleadtoagreater profitforthem.WiththedawnoftheInternetanditsexplodinguseacrossthe worldthesametacticsapply.Advertisersnowplacebanners linkstocommercialwebsitesdecoratedwithattractivepicturesdesignedto catchoureyeswhilebrowsingthewebsonkeywebsiteswithheavytraffic. Theypaytopdollarfortherightthuscreatingprofitsforthehostingweb siteaswell.Theseactionsareperformedinthehopesthatduringthecourseof ourcasualandleisurelywebsurfingwe’llclickonthatbannerthatsparksour interestandthusintheorybuytheproductsadvertised. Initialresultshavebeenpositive.Websitesreportahugeinflowof cashbothfromtheadvertiserswhotemptcustomersinwiththebannersandthe hostingwebsiteswhicharepaidforallowingthebannerstobeputinplace. AstrustandconfidenceinInternetbuyingincreasesandinformationsecurityis heightenedwithnewtechnologythevolumeofbuyingisincreasingleadingto evengreaterprofits.Thecurrentsituationhoweverisnot quiteasoptimistic.Justasmagazinereaderstendtounconsciouslyignore advertisementsintheirfavoriteperiodicalswebbrowsersarebeginningto allowbannerstosliptheirnoticeaswell.Internetusersrespondtotheflood ofbannersbyviewingthemasannoyancesanegativeimagethatishurting salessinceusersarenowlessreluctanttoclickonthosebannerspreferring nottosupportthesystemthatputstheminplace.IfInternetadvertisingisto continuetobeaviableandprofitablebusinesspracticenewmethodswillneed tobeconsideredtoreinvigoratetheindustry.Withtherecent depressioninthetechnologysectorandslowingeconomyevennewpracticesmay notdothetrick.Asconsumersaresavingmoreandfrequentingtraditionalreal estatebusinessesovertheirInternetcounterpartsthefateofInternet businessiscalledintoquestion.Thecomingyearswillbetheonlyreliable indicationofwhethershoppingontheWorldWideWebisthewaveofthefuture orsimplyanimpulseactivitywhosewhimhaspassed.404 wordsNotes:onawhim心血来潮surfv.冲浪intheory在理论上顺理成章hosting 访问率离的call...intoquestion质疑对提出疑问ItcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthatInternetadvertising
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Itisgenerallyrecognizedintheworld thatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.For decadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanew communications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWar Itothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulf War.Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdada suddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomea centraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections. Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonline media8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialthey findthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuaded millionsto10tocableduringthelastwarin Iraq.11byasteadyriseoverthelast18 monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12 nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesof manyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembleda novelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotography collectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsand othernewdigitalreportage.TheseInternetservicesare 16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages 17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadand journaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19 audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20their computersduringtheearlycombat.245words
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Itisgenerallyrecognizedintheworld thatthesecondGulfWarinIraqisacrucialtestofhigh-speedWeb.For decadesAmericanshaveanxiously1eachwarthroughanew communications2fromtheearlysilentfilmofWorldWar Itothe24-hourcablenews3ofthefirstPersianGulf War.Now4bombsexplodinginBaghdada suddenincreaseinwartime5foronlinenewshasbecomea centraltestofthe6ofhigh-speedInternetconnections. Itisalsoagood7bothtoattractuserstoonline media8andtopersuadethemtopayforthematerialthey findthere9thevalueoftheCableNewsNetworkpersuaded millionsto10tocableduringthelastwarin Iraq.11byasteadyriseoverthelast18 monthsinthenumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternet12 nowatmorethan70millionintheUnitedStatestheWebsitesof manyofthemajornewsorganizationshave13assembleda novelcollage拼贴of14videoaudioreportsphotography collectionsanimatedweaponry15interactivemapsand othernewdigitalreportage.TheseInternetservicesare 16ontheremarkableabundanceofsoundsandimages 17fromvideocameras18onBaghdadand journaliststravelingwithtroops.Andtheyhavefounda19 audienceofAmericanofficeworkers20their computersduringtheearlycombat.245words
Directions: Afterbeinginvolvedinanaccidentyouwerelookedafterbyanotherperson. Writeaspeciallettertoexpressyourthanks. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Directions:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--G tofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdo notfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwere probablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthough nobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter.41 ______Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignalsbuteventhehighestapes havenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewordsevenwiththemostintensive professionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessity forthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemust supposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes. Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative. Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededoral language.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhich directionhehadgoneorwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.42______ Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory. Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture. Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspecies intheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.43______ 44______Theseinventionsanddiscoveries--firespeech weaponsdomesticanimalsagricultureandwriting--madetheexistenceof civilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.untilthebeginningofthe IndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnical advancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecome accustomedtohistechniqueandtodevelopthebeliefsandpolitical organizationsappropriatetoit.Therewasofcourseanimmenseextensionin theareaofcivilizedlife.AtfirstithadbeenconfinedtotheNilethe EuphratestheTigrisandtheIndusbutattheendoftheperiodinquestion itcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeanto suggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime.45______512 wordsNotes:ape猿pastoralnomad田园式的游牧部落的人theEuphrates 幼发拉底河theTigris底格里斯河theIndus印度河inquestion所谈的在名词后作后置定语[A] Probablypicturelanguageand.orallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iam inclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthe developmentofman.[B]Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswriting whichlikespokenlanguagedevelopedoutofpicturesbutassoonasithad reachedacertainstageitwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmit informationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwas given.[C]Withthedevelopmentofcivilizationprimitivepeoplewholived incavesatthattimebadlyneededalanguagewhichwouldhelpthemto communicatewithoneanother.[D]Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.No doubtitbeganverygradually.[E]Infacttherewasprogress--therewere eventwoinventionsofverygreatimportancenamelygunpowderandthe mariner’scompass--butneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirrevolutionary powertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture.[F]Thesewere atfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest. Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbutthe agriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomforts itprovided.[G]Butindustrywasastepinhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineage.
Text4 Picture-takingisatechniquebothfor reflectingtheobjectiveworldandforexpressingthesingularself.Photographs depictobjectiverealitiesthatalreadyexistthoughonlythecameracan disclosethem.Andtheydepictanindividualphotographer’stemperament discoveringitselfthroughthecamera’scroppingofreality.Thatis photographyhastwodirectlyoppositeideals:inthefirstphotographyisabout theworldandthephotographerisamereobserverwhocountsforlittle;butin thesecondphotographyistheinstrumentoffearlessnessquestingsubjectivity andthephotographerisall.Theseconflictingidealsarisefrom uneasinessonthepartofbothphotographersandviewersofphotographstoward theaggressivecomponentintakingapicture.Accordinglytheidealofa photographerasobserverisattractingbecauseitimplicitlydeniesthat picture-takingisanaggressiveact.Theissueofcourseisnotsoclear-cut. Whatphotographersdocannotbecharacterizedassimplypredatoryorassimply andessentiallybenevolent.Asaconsequenceoneidealofpicture-takingor theotherisalwaysbeingrediscoveredandchampioned.An importantresultofthecoexistenceofthesetwoidealsisarecurrent ambivalencetowardphotography’smeans.Whateveraretheclaimsthatphotography mightmaketobeaformofpersonalexpressionjustlikepaintingits originalityiscloselylinkedtothepowerofamachine.Thesteadygrowthof thesepowershasmadepossibletheextraordinaryinformativenessandimaginative formalbeautyofmanyphotographslikeHaroldEdgerton’shigh-speedphotographs ofabullethittingitstargetoroftheswirlsandeddiesofatennisstroke. Butascamerasbecomemoresophisticatedmoreautomatedsomephotographersare temptedtodisarmthemselvesortosuggestthattheyarenotreallyarmed preferringtosubmitthemselvestothelimitimposedbypre-moderncamera technologybecauseacruderlesshigh-poweredmachineisthoughttogivemore interestingoremotiveresultstoleavemoreroomforcreativeaccident.For exampleithasbeenvirtuallyapointofhonorformanyphotographers includingWalkerEvansandCartierBressontorefusetousemodernequipment. Thesephotographershavecometodoubtthevalueofthecameraasaninstrument offastseeing.CartierBressoninfactclaimsthatthemoderncameramay seetoofast.Thisambivalencetowardphotographicmeans determinestrendsintaste.Thecultofthefutureoffasterandfasterseeing alternatesovertimewiththewishtoreturntoapurerpastwhenimageshada handmadequality.Thislongingforsomeprimitivestateofthephotographic enterpriseiscurrentlywidespreadandunderliesthepresent-dayenthusiasmfor daguerreotypesandtheworkofforgottennineteenth-centuryprovincial photographers.Photographersandviewersofphotographsitseemsneed periodicallytoresisttheirownknowingness.451wordsNotes: cropvt.播种修剪树木收割countforlittle无关紧要predatory掠夺成性的championn.冠军; vt.支持benevolent好心肠的行善的ambivalence矛盾心理make+不定式似乎要Hemakestobegin. 他似乎要开始了swirlsandeddies漩涡cult狂热崇拜daguerreotype 银板照相法TheauthormentionstheworkofHaroldEdgertoninordertoprovideanexampleof
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Wehaveknownforalongtimethatthe organizationofanyparticularsocietyisinfluencedbythedefinitionofthe sexesandthedistinctiondrawnbetweenthem.Butwehaverealizedonlyrecently thattheidentityofeachsexisnotsoeasytopindownaridthatdefinitions evolveinaccordancewithdifferenttypesofcultureknowntousthatis scientificdiscoveriesandideologicalrevolutions.Ournatureisnotconsidered asimmutableeithersociallyorbiologically.Asweapproachthebeginningof the21stcenturythesubstantialprogressmadeinbiologyandgeneticsis radicallychallengingtherolesresponsibilitiesandspecificcharacteristics attributedtoeachsexandyetscarcelytwentyyearsagothesewerethought tobebeyonddispute.Wecansafelysaywithafewminor exceptionsthatthedefinitionofthesexesandtheirrespectivefunctions remainedunchangedintheWestfromthebeginningofthe19thcenturytothe 1960s.Theroledistinctionraisedinsomecasestothestatusof uncompromisingdualismonastronglyhierarchicalmodellastedthroughoutthis periodappealingforitsjustificationtonaturereligionandcustomsalleged tohaveexistedsincethedawnoftime.Thewomanborechildrenandtookcareof thehome.Themansetouttoconquertheworldandwasresponsibleforthe survivalofhisfamilybysatisfyingtheirneedsinpeacetimeandgoingtowar whennecessary.Theentireworldorderrestedonthedivergence ofthesexes.Anyoverlappingorconfusionbetweentheroleswasseenasa threattothetime-honoredorderofthings.Itwasfelttobeagainstnaturea deviationfromthenorm.Sexrolesweredeterminedaccordingto theplaceappropriatetoeach.Women’splacewasfirstandforemostinthe home.Theoutsideworldi.e.workshopsfactoriesandbusinessfirmsbelonged tomen.Thissex-baseddivisionoftheworldprivateandpublicgaverisetoa strictdichotomybetweentheattitudeswhichconferredoneachitsspecial identity.Thewomansequesteredathomecarednurturedandconserved.Todo thisshehadnoneedtobedaringambitioustoughorcompetitive.Themanon theotherhandcompetingwithhisfellowmenwascaughtupeverydayinthe struggleforsurvivalandhencedevelopedthosecharacteristicswhichwere thoughtnaturalinaman.Todaymanywomengoouttoworkand theirreasonsfordoingsohavechangedconsiderably.Besidesthetraditional financialincentiveswefindambitionandpersonalfulfillmentmotivatingthose inthemostfavorablecircumstancesandthewishtohaveasociallifeandto getoutoftheirdomesticisolationinfluencingothers.Aboveallforall womenworkisinvariablyconnectedwiththedesireforindependence.454 wordsNotes:immutable不可改变的dualism双重论divergence 分歧偏离overlapping部分重合一致time-honored由来已久的dichotomy一分为二对立sequester使隔离be caughtupin被缠住于如Heiscaughtupinthetrivia琐事ofeverydaythings unduly过度地不恰当地TheauthorbelievesthatsexdiscriminationintheWestbeforethe1960swas
Directions:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41--45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA--G tofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdo notfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwere probablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffirealthough nobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter.41 ______Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignalsbuteventhehighestapes havenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewordsevenwiththemostintensive professionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessity forthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemust supposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes. Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative. Therearethosewhothinkthatinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededoral language.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhich directionhehadgoneorwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.42______ Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory. Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture. Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspecies intheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.43______ 44______Theseinventionsanddiscoveries--firespeech weaponsdomesticanimalsagricultureandwriting--madetheexistenceof civilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.untilthebeginningofthe IndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnical advancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecome accustomedtohistechniqueandtodevelopthebeliefsandpolitical organizationsappropriatetoit.Therewasofcourseanimmenseextensionin theareaofcivilizedlife.AtfirstithadbeenconfinedtotheNilethe EuphratestheTigrisandtheIndusbutattheendoftheperiodinquestion itcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeanto suggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime.45______512 wordsNotes:ape猿pastoralnomad田园式的游牧部落的人theEuphrates 幼发拉底河theTigris底格里斯河theIndus印度河inquestion所谈的在名词后作后置定语[A] Probablypicturelanguageand.orallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iam inclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthe developmentofman.[B]Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswriting whichlikespokenlanguagedevelopedoutofpicturesbutassoonasithad reachedacertainstageitwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmit informationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwas given.[C]Withthedevelopmentofcivilizationprimitivepeoplewholived incavesatthattimebadlyneededalanguagewhichwouldhelpthemto communicatewithoneanother.[D]Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.No doubtitbeganverygradually.[E]Infacttherewasprogress--therewere eventwoinventionsofverygreatimportancenamelygunpowderandthe mariner’scompass--butneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirrevolutionary powertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture.[F]Thesewere atfirstonlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest. Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbutthe agriculturalwayoflifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomforts itprovided.[G]Butindustrywasastepinhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineage.
Text3 Shoppinghasalwaysbeensomethingof animpulseactivityinwhichobjectsthatcatchourfancywhilestrollingare immediatelyboughtonawhim.Advertisersandsellershavetakenadvantageof thisfactcarefullypositioninginexpensivebutattractiveitemsonpathsthat wearemostlikelytocrosshopingthatourhumannaturewillleadtoagreater profitforthem.WiththedawnoftheInternetanditsexplodinguseacrossthe worldthesametacticsapply.Advertisersnowplacebanners linkstocommercialwebsitesdecoratedwithattractivepicturesdesignedto catchoureyeswhilebrowsingthewebsonkeywebsiteswithheavytraffic. Theypaytopdollarfortherightthuscreatingprofitsforthehostingweb siteaswell.Theseactionsareperformedinthehopesthatduringthecourseof ourcasualandleisurelywebsurfingwe’llclickonthatbannerthatsparksour interestandthusintheorybuytheproductsadvertised. Initialresultshavebeenpositive.Websitesreportahugeinflowof cashbothfromtheadvertiserswhotemptcustomersinwiththebannersandthe hostingwebsiteswhicharepaidforallowingthebannerstobeputinplace. AstrustandconfidenceinInternetbuyingincreasesandinformationsecurityis heightenedwithnewtechnologythevolumeofbuyingisincreasingleadingto evengreaterprofits.Thecurrentsituationhoweverisnot quiteasoptimistic.Justasmagazinereaderstendtounconsciouslyignore advertisementsintheirfavoriteperiodicalswebbrowsersarebeginningto allowbannerstosliptheirnoticeaswell.Internetusersrespondtotheflood ofbannersbyviewingthemasannoyancesanegativeimagethatishurting salessinceusersarenowlessreluctanttoclickonthosebannerspreferring nottosupportthesystemthatputstheminplace.IfInternetadvertisingisto continuetobeaviableandprofitablebusinesspracticenewmethodswillneed tobeconsideredtoreinvigoratetheindustry.Withtherecent depressioninthetechnologysectorandslowingeconomyevennewpracticesmay notdothetrick.Asconsumersaresavingmoreandfrequentingtraditionalreal estatebusinessesovertheirInternetcounterpartsthefateofInternet businessiscalledintoquestion.Thecomingyearswillbetheonlyreliable indicationofwhethershoppingontheWorldWideWebisthewaveofthefuture orsimplyanimpulseactivitywhosewhimhaspassed.404 wordsNotes:onawhim心血来潮surfv.冲浪intheory在理论上顺理成章hosting 访问率离的call...intoquestion质疑对提出疑问Theauthor’sattitudetowardonlineadvertisingcanbesummarizedas
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