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Text 1 Penny-pinching consumers and fierce price wars are bad news for the travel industry. Bad...
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先张法施工钢筋张拉时应力应如何控制
0→初应力→1.05con（持荷2min）→0.9con→con（锚固）
0→初应力→0.9con→con（锚固）1.05con→（持荷2min）
0→初应力→0.9con→1.05con（持荷2min）→con（锚固）
0→初应力→0.9con→con（锚固）→1.05con（持荷2min）
无粘结预应力钢筋的张拉程序通常是
0→102%σcon
0→103%σcon
0→105%σcon→σcon
0→104%σcon
有如下程序#include＜iostream＞usingnamespacestdclassConch
有如下程序#include＜iostream＞usingnamespacestdclassCon{c
13A23A
23A13B
13A23B
13B23A
有如下程序#include＜iostream＞usingnamespacestdclassConch
有如下程序#include＜iostream＞usingnamespacestdclassConch
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13A23B 13823A
有下列程序#include＜iostream＞usingnamespacestd;classConc
有如下程序 #include＜iostream＞ usingnamespacestd clas
有如下程序#include＜iostream＞usingnamespacestd;ClassCon{
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13A23B
13B23A
有下列程序 #include＜iostream＞ usingnamespacestd; cla
有如下程序#include＜iostream＞usingnamespacestd;classConc
下列预应力筋张拉程序中通过加速钢筋松驰发展以减少应力损失的是
0—-→1.03бcon
0-—→1.03бcon-—→бcon
0—-→1.05бcon
0-—→1.05бcon-—→бcon
有如下程序 #include＜iostream＞ usingnamespacestd; cla
有如下程序 #include usingnamespacestd classCon
13A23A
23A13B
13A23B
13823A
有如下程序#include＜iostream＞usingnamespacestd;ClassConc
13A23A
23A13B
13A23B
13B23A
有如下程序#include＜iostream＞usingnamespacestdclassConch
13A23A
23A13B
13A23B
13823A
有如下程序:#include＜iostream＞usingnamespacestd;classCon
预应力张拉程序正确的是
0→1.05σcon
0→1.03σcon
0→σcon
0→1.08σcon（持荷2分钟）→σcon
有如下程序#include＜iostream＞usingnamespacestd;classConc
有如下程序#include＜iostream＞usingnamespacestdclassConch
13A23A
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46ThedeclineofcivilityandmannersmaybeworryingpeoplemorethancrimeaccordingtoGentilityRecallededitedbyDighyAndersonwhichlamentsthebreakdownoftraditionalcodesthatonceregulatedsocialconduct.Itcriticizedthefactthat"manners"arescornedasrepressiveandoutdated.TheresultaccordingtoMr.AndersondirectoroftheSocialAffairsUnitisasocietycharacterizedbyrudeness:loutishbehavioronthestreetsjostlingincrowdsimpoliteshopassistantsandbadtempereddrivers. 47Mr.Andersonsaysthecumulativeeffectoftheseapparentlytrivialbutoftenoffensiveistomakeeverydaylifeuneasyunpredictableandunpleasant.Astheyareencounteredfarmoreoftenthancrimetheycancausemoreanxietythancrime. Thebookhascontributionsfrom12academicsindisciplinesrangingfrommedicinetosociologyandchartswhatitcallsthe"coarsening"ofBritain.Oldfashionedtermssuchas"gentleman"and"lady"havelostallmeaningfulresonanceandneedtobereevaluateditsaysRachelTrickettformerprincipalofSt.Hugh’sCollegeOxfordsaysthatthenotionofa"lady"protectswomenratherthandemeaningthem.48Feminismanddemandsforequalityhaveblurredthedistinctionsbetweenthesexescreatingsituationswheremenareabletodominatewomenbecauseoftheirmoreaggressiveandforcefulnaturesshesays."Womenwithoutsomecodeofdeferenceorrespectbecomeincreasinglyvictims." CarolineMoorethefirstwomanfellowofPeterhouseCambridgepointsoutthat"gentleman"isnowusedonlywithironyorderision."Thepopularviewofagentlemanispoisedsomewherebetweentheimbecile低能的parasiteandthevillainousone." ForAnthonyO’HearprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofBradford49mannersarecloselyassociatedwiththedifferentformsofbehaviorappropriateto.ageandstatus.Theycurbtheimpetuosityofyouthandthebitternessofoldage.Egalitarianismhesayshasledtopeoplefailingtoacttheirage."Wehavevicechancellorswithearringsaristocratsashippiesthetrendyvicar教区牧师onhismotorbike. Dr.BruceCharltonalecturerinpublichealthmedicineinNewcastletakesissuewiththeexcessiveinformalityofrelationsbetweenprofessionalssuchrelationshipsTristamEngelhardtprofessorofmedicineHoustonTexassaysmannersareboundtomorals.50"Mannersexpressaparticularsetofvalues"hesays"goodmannersinterpretandtransformsocialreality.Theyprovidesocialorientation. 48Feminismanddemandsforequalityhaveblurredthedistinctionsbetweenthesexescreatingsituationswheremenareabletodominatewomenbecauseoftheirmoreaggressiveandforcefulnaturesshesays.Womenwithoutsomecodeofdeferenceorrespectbecomeincreasinglyvictims.
46ThedeclineofcivilityandmannersmaybeworryingpeoplemorethancrimeaccordingtoGentilityRecallededitedbyDighyAndersonwhichlamentsthebreakdownoftraditionalcodesthatonceregulatedsocialconduct.Itcriticizedthefactthat"manners"arescornedasrepressiveandoutdated.TheresultaccordingtoMr.AndersondirectoroftheSocialAffairsUnitisasocietycharacterizedbyrudeness:loutishbehavioronthestreetsjostlingincrowdsimpoliteshopassistantsandbadtempereddrivers. 47Mr.Andersonsaysthecumulativeeffectoftheseapparentlytrivialbutoftenoffensiveistomakeeverydaylifeuneasyunpredictableandunpleasant.Astheyareencounteredfarmoreoftenthancrimetheycancausemoreanxietythancrime. Thebookhascontributionsfrom12academicsindisciplinesrangingfrommedicinetosociologyandchartswhatitcallsthe"coarsening"ofBritain.Oldfashionedtermssuchas"gentleman"and"lady"havelostallmeaningfulresonanceandneedtobereevaluateditsaysRachelTrickettformerprincipalofSt.Hugh’sCollegeOxfordsaysthatthenotionofa"lady"protectswomenratherthandemeaningthem.48Feminismanddemandsforequalityhaveblurredthedistinctionsbetweenthesexescreatingsituationswheremenareabletodominatewomenbecauseoftheirmoreaggressiveandforcefulnaturesshesays."Womenwithoutsomecodeofdeferenceorrespectbecomeincreasinglyvictims." CarolineMoorethefirstwomanfellowofPeterhouseCambridgepointsoutthat"gentleman"isnowusedonlywithironyorderision."Thepopularviewofagentlemanispoisedsomewherebetweentheimbecile低能的parasiteandthevillainousone." ForAnthonyO’HearprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofBradford49mannersarecloselyassociatedwiththedifferentformsofbehaviorappropriateto.ageandstatus.Theycurbtheimpetuosityofyouthandthebitternessofoldage.Egalitarianismhesayshasledtopeoplefailingtoacttheirage."Wehavevicechancellorswithearringsaristocratsashippiesthetrendyvicar教区牧师onhismotorbike. Dr.BruceCharltonalecturerinpublichealthmedicineinNewcastletakesissuewiththeexcessiveinformalityofrelationsbetweenprofessionalssuchrelationshipsTristamEngelhardtprofessorofmedicineHoustonTexassaysmannersareboundtomorals.50"Mannersexpressaparticularsetofvalues"hesays"goodmannersinterpretandtransformsocialreality.Theyprovidesocialorientation. 46ThedeclineofcivilityandmannersmaybeworryingpeoplemorethancrimeaccordingtoGentilityRecallededitedbyDighyAndersonwhichlamentsthebreakdownoftraditionalcodesthatonceregulatedsocialconduct.
AmonthagotheBritishgovernmentannouncedaplantokeepterroristsuspectsindefinitelyunderhousearrest1thehomesecretary’ssay-soIthasbeenattackedfromallsideseversince.Thisweekthegovernmentbacktracked.UnderthePreventionofTerrorismbill2toParliamentthisweekhousearrestwould3apotential4inthegovernment’sever-expandinganti-terroristarsenalbutthegovernmentwouldfirsthaveto5ofArticle5oftheEuropeanConventiononHumanRightsguaranteeingarighttoliberty.Parliamentwouldhavetovoteonthat. Thegovernmentcoulddothis6theterroristthreattoBritainalreadydescribedbythegovernmentas"7"gotevenworse.Eventhenthepowerswouldremain8bypoliticalandjudicialsafeguards.Beforethehomesecretarycouldmakeahouse-arrestorderhewouldhavetobesatisfiedonthe9ofprobabilities--nolongeronthebasisof"reasonablesuspicion--thatthesuspecthasbeen"involvedinaterrorism-relatedactivity".Hewouldalsohavetobe10thatsuchanorderwas"strictlyrequired".Theperiodofhouse-arrestwillbelimitedtoamaximumofsixmonthsextendablethroughanewhouse-arrestorder.WithinsevendaysofitsbeingimposedtheHighCourtwouldhavetoconfirmthatthehomesecretaryhad"11grounds"formakingsuchanorder.Evenifitweresosatisfiedthecasewouldgoontoafullcourt12 Thebillalsoprovidesforawholerangeoflesserrestrictionsincludingtaggingcurfewsabanonassociationwithspecifiedpeopleprohibitionsonusingphonesrestrictionsontravelandsoon.13tomeetthethreat14byeachsuspectandlimitedtoarenewableperiodof12monthsthesewouldnotbesubjecttothesamejudicialscrutinyashousearrest.Norwouldtheyrequire15fromtheEuropeanconvention. Butthenewordersincludinghousearrestwouldbeusedonlywhereasuspectedterroristcouldnotbeprosecuted16becausetheevidenceagainsthimwasnotadmissibleincourtorbecauseitmight17intelligencesourcesor18techniques.CharlesClarkeinsiststhathewouldprefertoprosecute.19thehomesecretaryisconsideringfurtheranti-terroristlegislationincludingmakingit20tobeinvolvedinthepreparationorcommissionofterroristacts. 20
Text3 AIDSisoneofthemostfatalandrampantdiseasesthatdeprivesofhundredsofthousandsofliveseachyearallovertheworldandtheconditioninAfricancountriesismuchworseforlackofmedicineeducationaswellaspreventivemeasures.Scientistsandresearchershaveneverceasedtheireffortstohaltthewidespreadingtendencyofthisinfectingdiseaseunfortunatelytillnowtheyhavenotinventedanyeffectivevaccine.LastweekanexperimentalAIDSvaccinetestedinThailandonsome2500drugusersfailedtoprotectthemfrombecominginfectedwithHIVdeclaredVaxGenInc.thevaccine’sdeveloper.ThepoolresultswerewidelyexpectedsinceVaxGenInc.hadsaidearlierthatitsvaccinedidnotworkinalargerNorthAmericanstudy. MostAIDSresearchersagreethatvaccineswillbetheonlyeffectivewaytocontrolavirusthathaskilled28millionpeopleandinfected42millionmoreworldwide. Twodozenothervaccinesarebeingtestedon12000humanvolunteersbutnonehasadvancedasfarasVaxGen’sandanysuccessfulcandidateisyearsaway.OfficialsatBrisbaneCalif-basedVaxGensaidtheThairesultsunderscoredagainhowwilyAIDSisinthwartingtheimmunesystem.Thefindingsalsoshow"howimportantitisfortheinternationalpublichealthcommunitytoredoubletheefforttodevelopaneffectivevaccine"presidentDr.DonaldFrancissaid. VaxGen’svaccinelikemostothersbeingtesteddidnotcontainthevirusitselfandcannotcauseAIDS.Insteadthevaccinecontainedsmallmanmadegeneticbitsofthevirusthatscientistshadhopedwouldprovokeanimmuneresponsestrongenoughtostopthevirusfrominvadinghealthycells.Threeyearsagothecompanyenrolled2546peopleinandaroundBangkokwhowereathighriskforHIVbecausetheyhabituallyswappedneedlestoinjectdrugs.Halfweregiventheexperimentalvaccineandhalfweregivenaplacebo.Allvolunteersweregivenextensiverisk-reductioncounselingthecompanysaid.Intheendthevaccineofferednogreaterprotection:105’peoplegiventheplacebobecameinfectedwithHIVwhile106peoplegiventhevaccinetestedpositive.InFebruaryVaxGenannounceditsvaccinewasineffectiveagainstadifferentAIDSstrainfoundinNorthAmerica. Thefailureofthisexperimentalvaccinereinforcesthehardnessofanti-AIDSbattleandtheultimatesuccessseemstoemergeyearslater.HowevermankindisnotsovulnerabletobecompletelydefeatedbyAIDS. WhereistheexperimentalAIDSvaccinetested
1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow 1thecontentofthepicture 2thesymbolicmeaning 3thespecialunderstanding 2.giveaspecificexample/commentand 3.giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytoencouragehonesty.
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points16
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points12
Text1 MoreAmericansarecohabiting-livingtogetheroutofwedlock--thanever.Someexportsapplaudthepracticebutotherswarnplayinghousedoesnotalwaysleadtomaritalbliss.AtonetimeinAmericalivingtogetheroutofwedlockwasscandalous.Unmarriedspouseswho"shackedup"weresaidtobe"livinginsin".Indeedcohabitationwasillegalthroughoutthecountryuntilabout1970.Todaystatisticstelladifferenttale.Thenumberofunwedcoupleslivingtogetherhasrisentoanewhigh--morethan4.1millionasofMarch1997accordingtotheCensusBureau.Thatfigurewasupfrom3.96millioncouplesthepreviousyearandrepresentsaquantumleapfromthe430000cohabitingcouplescountedin1960. Thebureaufound’thatcohabitingismostprevailinginthe24-35agegroupaccountingfor1.6millionsuchcouples.Cohabitantsclaimtheylivetogetherprimarilytosolidifytheirloveandcommitmenttoeachother.Mostintendtomarry;only13%ofcohabitantsdonotanticipatetolegalizetheirrelationship.Buttherealityfrommanycouplesisdifferent:Movingindoesnotleadto"happilyeverafter."Fortypercentofcohabitantsnevermakeittothealtar.Ofthe60%whodomarrymorethanhalfdivorcewithin10yearscomparedwith30%ofmarriedcoupleswhodidnotlivetogetherfirst.CohabitingpartnersaremoreunfaithfulandfightmoreoftenthanmarriedcouplesaccordingtoresearchbytheHowardCenterforFamilyReligionandSociety.Otherstudieshavecometoequallysimilarconclusions. Stillexpertspredictthenumberofcohabitingcouplesislikelytoincrease.Astheoffspringofthebabyboomercomeofagetheyareinclinedtodefermarriagesasdidtheirparents.Thiswillleadtomorecohabitationandnontraditionalfamilies.Untilpeopleunearththatlivingtogetherhaspitfallsitwon’twaneinpopularity.Cohabitinghasbeenportrayedwith"carefulneutrality"inthemediaandHollywoodcelebritieswhomoveinandoutofeachother’shomessetthestandard. ButWarrenFarrelltheSanDiego-basedauthorofWhyMenAretheWayTheyArearguesthatlivingtogetherisagoodideaforashortperiod."Tomakethejumpfromdatingwhenweputourbestfootforwardtobeingmarried"--withoutshowingeachotherthe"shadowsideofourselves"--istotreatmarriagefrivolouslyhesays. WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcohabitationisCORRECT
Text2 OwingtotheinsufficientgassupplyintheUnitedStatesthegaspricehasdramaticallyrisen.Thenewgaspricerealityandthepolicydecisionsitmaytriggerwillundoubtedlyleadtocriticalfinancialimplicationsforsomeindividualsorcompaniesbutthesituationcanhardlybetermeda"nationalcrisis"orevena"shortage".Whatistrueisthatbuyers--particularlythoseinthechemicalindustryandinindependentpowergeneration-willnotbeabletoacquirethequantityofgastheywishatthepricestheywishtopayorevenatpricesthatwillallowthemtoremaincompetitiveintheirmarketsparticularlyduringpeakdemandseasons. Overthenextyearortwotheresultwillbehigherandmorevolatilepricestobesurebuttherearemarket-drivenadjustmentmechanismsevenintheshortterme.g.moreelectricpowerfromcoalandoilreducedproductionofdomesticchemicalsandacommensuratesubstitutionofimports.Consumersandcompanieswillfeeltheeconomicpinchofhigherprices;particularlyifweexperienceanexceptionallyhotsummerandawinterwhenaveragetemperatureswere20%colderthantheyearbeforeintheNortheast.StilltheUnitedStatesfacesneitherthespecterofeconomicrecession--atleastnotsolelyduetogasprices--noroffreezingfamiliesunableto’obtaingastoheattheirhomes. GiventhisnewpriceplateaudemandadjustmentswillalsotakeplaceandvaryacrossregionsoftheUnitedStatesandacrossindustrieswithpowergenerationandchemicalsperhapsthemostaffected.Someinthoseindustriesmayfindthattheirfacilitiesarenolongerfinanciallyviableatthenewpriceplateauandtherewilllikelybeanotherroundofindustrialrestructuringnotunlikeothersthathaveresultedfrominternationaldifferencesinresourceandlaborcosts--lestweforgetnaturalgasisstillabundantandverylowcostinothercountriessuchasTrinidadQatarandIranjustaslaborisabundantandlowcostinChinaIndonesiaandpartsofLatinAmerica. FromapolicyperspectivetheUnitedStatesneedstocarefullyevaluateaseriesoftrade-offsbetweenenvironmentalconcernsandeconomicgrowth.Thegaspriceexperiencesofthelasttwoyearsarethefirstrealtastesoftheeconomiccostsofagas-basedenvironmentalstrategy.Evaluatingthesetrade-offsneedstobedonewithalevelheadandaclearunderstandingofthosetrade-offs. Whatconclusioncanwedrawfromthesecondparagraph
Text4 InanInterneterawhetherglobalizationmeansdemocracyanddevelopmentorhindrancetoprogressforeigninterferenceand.U.S.-ledeconomicdominationoverthedevelopingcountrieshasevokedhotdebate. Globalizationisaninevitabletendencywhichhasbroughtgreatopportunitiessuchasexchangeofknowledgeandinformationaccesstoothersocietiesaswellaseconomiccompetitionsandexposuretodifferentvaluesystems.Ontheotherhanditisalsoaccompaniedbyamultitudeofchallengestogetherwithsideeffectsontheformofincreasedpovertyratesbuttheeffectisnotalwayspredeterminedbecausetheproblemishowtodealwithitandmakepreparationforminimizingthechallenge. StatisticsdemonstrateinthelasttwocenturiestheindividualincomeaveragehasdecreasedandthesharesofprofitintheThirdWorldalsohavedemolishedincontrarytothedevelopedworld.Thereisaninternationaldistortionduetotheexploitationoftelecommunicationtechnologywhichfacilitatesmoneytransferwhichmadeiteasierforcapitalflight.DuringthelasttwocenturiesthenumberofcivilwarshasincreasedandtheworldbecameunderthecontrolofglobalizationandeconomicreformwhicheventuallyledcountrieslikeIndonesiatobebankrupted.ThisyearinSeattleover40000youngdemonstratorsprotestedagainstcapitalismandits"brutality"duringmeetingsoftheWorldTradeOrganization.Twohundredprotestersagainstglobalizationwerearrestedandhauledmanyawayinbusesaftertheyventuredintoadowntownsecurityzonewherepolicehadrestrictedmovementandimposedacurfew. "Globalizationisanexpressionrepeatedbyinternationalmediawhichistryingtopolishitforustoonlyseethebrightsidetoit.Wehavetobewareofthemotivesbehindthisideologicalexpressionandtheinfluenceofthisexpressiononourdestiny.Globalizationhasproventhatitisnothingbutcorruptionandtheworldisagainstit"saidDr.HishamGasseibprofessorofSumayaUniversity. Ifglobalizationisforceditselfonanynationitisconsideredoccupationbecauseitwipesanycultureoreducationandinsteadreflectspovertyandunemployment.Thehighcompetitionmadeahugenumberofpeopleliveontheedgewhichforcesthemdoanythingtogainmoneyandeventuallyputtheircountriesundercontrolofothercountries.Globalizationislikeaflatcharacterwithnodimensionsachallengeforallnations.NationswithgreatculturalbackgroundshouldnotacceptanygesturefromtheWestwithoutthoroughlystudyingit. WhichofthefollowingisWRONGaccordingtothearticle
Text2 OwingtotheinsufficientgassupplyintheUnitedStatesthegaspricehasdramaticallyrisen.Thenewgaspricerealityandthepolicydecisionsitmaytriggerwillundoubtedlyleadtocriticalfinancialimplicationsforsomeindividualsorcompaniesbutthesituationcanhardlybetermeda"nationalcrisis"orevena"shortage".Whatistrueisthatbuyers--particularlythoseinthechemicalindustryandinindependentpowergeneration-willnotbeabletoacquirethequantityofgastheywishatthepricestheywishtopayorevenatpricesthatwillallowthemtoremaincompetitiveintheirmarketsparticularlyduringpeakdemandseasons. Overthenextyearortwotheresultwillbehigherandmorevolatilepricestobesurebuttherearemarket-drivenadjustmentmechanismsevenintheshortterme.g.moreelectricpowerfromcoalandoilreducedproductionofdomesticchemicalsandacommensuratesubstitutionofimports.Consumersandcompanieswillfeeltheeconomicpinchofhigherprices;particularlyifweexperienceanexceptionallyhotsummerandawinterwhenaveragetemperatureswere20%colderthantheyearbeforeintheNortheast.StilltheUnitedStatesfacesneitherthespecterofeconomicrecession--atleastnotsolelyduetogasprices--noroffreezingfamiliesunableto’obtaingastoheattheirhomes. GiventhisnewpriceplateaudemandadjustmentswillalsotakeplaceandvaryacrossregionsoftheUnitedStatesandacrossindustrieswithpowergenerationandchemicalsperhapsthemostaffected.Someinthoseindustriesmayfindthattheirfacilitiesarenolongerfinanciallyviableatthenewpriceplateauandtherewilllikelybeanotherroundofindustrialrestructuringnotunlikeothersthathaveresultedfrominternationaldifferencesinresourceandlaborcosts--lestweforgetnaturalgasisstillabundantandverylowcostinothercountriessuchasTrinidadQatarandIranjustaslaborisabundantandlowcostinChinaIndonesiaandpartsofLatinAmerica. FromapolicyperspectivetheUnitedStatesneedstocarefullyevaluateaseriesoftrade-offsbetweenenvironmentalconcernsandeconomicgrowth.Thegaspriceexperiencesofthelasttwoyearsarethefirstrealtastesoftheeconomiccostsofagas-basedenvironmentalstrategy.Evaluatingthesetrade-offsneedstobedonewithalevelheadandaclearunderstandingofthosetrade-offs. Whatisthemaintopicofthearticle
Globalizationwasthebuzzwordofthe1990sinthelasttwodecadesthemountofmoneyandgoodsmovingbetweencountrieshasbeenrisingsteadily.Atthesametimetradebarriersacrosstheworldhavebeenlowered.Sohowclosearewetoatrueglobaleconomyandwhateffectisitlikelytohave Anyonewhodoubtsthatglobalfinancialmarketscontrolnationaleconomiesneedonlylookatthecrisisfacingthe"tigers"oftheFarEast.Lastyearthevalueoftheircurrenciesplummetedafterinvestorsdecidedtheireconomicpolicieswerenotoughenough.Nowtheregionissufferingslowergrowthlowerlivingstandardsandrisingunemployment.ThesituationinAsiashowshowpowerhasshiftedfromindividualgovernmentstothemarkets.Intheorygovernmentsarefreetosettheirowneconomicpolicies;41.______________________ Thetrendtowardsglobalizationbeganinearnestintheearly1970swhenthesystemoffixedexchangeratessetupafterWorldWarⅡwasdismantled.Thismeantthatthevalueofcurrencieswouldnowbedeterminedbythemarketsinsteadofindividualgovernments.Overthenexttwodecadescountriesslowlybegantoremovetheirexchangecontrols.42.______________________ Otherfactorscontributingtotileriseofglobalizationarenewcommunicationstechnologiesandbettertransportationsystemsthesehaveenabledcompaniestogrowintomultinationalproducinggoodsononesideoftheplanetandsellingthemontheother.Lowercostshavealsohelpedthepriceoftelephonecallsforinstanceischeapernowthanatanytimeinhistory.Butadjustingtothisnew"economicorder"isprovingdifficult.InthedevelopedworldandinparticulartheEuropeanUnionglobalizationisfacingwidespreadpublicresistance.Criticscomplainthatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersjobsarebeinglosttoworkersinpoorercountriesandwagesforemployeesinrichcountriesarefalling.OpponentsintheEuropeanUnionpointtotheeffectsthatglobalizationhashadintheUSandBritain.Inthosecountrieswagesarestagnantexceptforaprivilegedfewandtaxesandwelfarebenefitshavebeenreducedtohelpcompaniescompetewithindustriesinthedevelopingworld. 43.______________________. Thoseinfavorofglobalizationaccusetheircriticsofbeingshort-sightedprotectionists.Theyclaimamoreintegratedglobaleconomywillultimatelybenefiteveryonebecauseitwillenablecountriestospecializeinthoseareaswheretheyperformbest.Developingcountrieswiththeirhigherpopulationsandlowerwageswillconcentrateonlabor-intensiveindustriessuchasrawmaterialsmanufacturinginmuchthesamewayaswesterncountriesdidduringtheindustrialrevolution.44.______________________. Theeffectofthissaysupporterswillbetoimproveproductivityinallcountriesleadingtohigherlivingstandards.Thefreemovementofcapitalwillalsohelppoorercountriesdevelopsotheycanplayafullandactiveroleintheworldeconomy. 45.______________________. Buthowclosearewetoatrulyglobaleconomy.’Forthelosersprobablytooclose.Butintermsofrealeconomicintegrationthereisstillalongwaytogo. [A]Evensupportersofglobalizationacknowledgehoweverthattherewillbelosers.Atpresentthosesufferingmostarepeopleworkinginlabor-intensiveindustriesinthedevelopedworld~Alreadytheyarefacingrisingunemploymentandfallingwagesascompaniesstruggletocompetewithmanufacturersindevelopingcountries.Theyarguethatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersandthewelfarestatetheirchancesofimprovingtheirskillsandlivingstandardswilldisappearresultinginagrowingdividebetweenrichandpoor. [B]Foreigninvestmentisalsoextremelysmallamountingtolittlemorethanfivepercentofthedevelopedworld’sdomesticinvestments. [C]Aglobaleconomywouldmeancompletefreedomofmovementofgoodsandservicescapitalandlabor.Yetevenignoringthetariffsandotherrestrictionsstillinplacecross-bordertraderemainstinycomparedtothevolumeofgoodsandservicestradedwithincountries. [D]Inpracticetheymustconformtoaglobaleconomicmodelorriskbeingpenalizedbythemarkets. [E]Therichercountriesontheotherhandwilldiversifyintohi-techindustrieswherehighproductivityandspecialistknowledgeareparamount. [F]Opponentsofglobalizationalsopointtoitseffectsonworkersinpoorercountries.Theyagreethatmultinationalsmaybehelpingtoreduceunemploymentinthedevelopingworldbuttheyarguethatjobsarehardlyworthhavingsincetheyarelow-paidandexploitative. [G]By1990nearlyallworld’smajoreconomicshadgotridofrestrictionsonhowmuchmoneycouldbemovedinandoutoftheircountries. 42
Globalizationwasthebuzzwordofthe1990sinthelasttwodecadesthemountofmoneyandgoodsmovingbetweencountrieshasbeenrisingsteadily.Atthesametimetradebarriersacrosstheworldhavebeenlowered.Sohowclosearewetoatrueglobaleconomyandwhateffectisitlikelytohave Anyonewhodoubtsthatglobalfinancialmarketscontrolnationaleconomiesneedonlylookatthecrisisfacingthe"tigers"oftheFarEast.Lastyearthevalueoftheircurrenciesplummetedafterinvestorsdecidedtheireconomicpolicieswerenotoughenough.Nowtheregionissufferingslowergrowthlowerlivingstandardsandrisingunemployment.ThesituationinAsiashowshowpowerhasshiftedfromindividualgovernmentstothemarkets.Intheorygovernmentsarefreetosettheirowneconomicpolicies;41.______________________ Thetrendtowardsglobalizationbeganinearnestintheearly1970swhenthesystemoffixedexchangeratessetupafterWorldWarⅡwasdismantled.Thismeantthatthevalueofcurrencieswouldnowbedeterminedbythemarketsinsteadofindividualgovernments.Overthenexttwodecadescountriesslowlybegantoremovetheirexchangecontrols.42.______________________ Otherfactorscontributingtotileriseofglobalizationarenewcommunicationstechnologiesandbettertransportationsystemsthesehaveenabledcompaniestogrowintomultinationalproducinggoodsononesideoftheplanetandsellingthemontheother.Lowercostshavealsohelpedthepriceoftelephonecallsforinstanceischeapernowthanatanytimeinhistory.Butadjustingtothisnew"economicorder"isprovingdifficult.InthedevelopedworldandinparticulartheEuropeanUnionglobalizationisfacingwidespreadpublicresistance.Criticscomplainthatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersjobsarebeinglosttoworkersinpoorercountriesandwagesforemployeesinrichcountriesarefalling.OpponentsintheEuropeanUnionpointtotheeffectsthatglobalizationhashadintheUSandBritain.Inthosecountrieswagesarestagnantexceptforaprivilegedfewandtaxesandwelfarebenefitshavebeenreducedtohelpcompaniescompetewithindustriesinthedevelopingworld. 43.______________________. Thoseinfavorofglobalizationaccusetheircriticsofbeingshort-sightedprotectionists.Theyclaimamoreintegratedglobaleconomywillultimatelybenefiteveryonebecauseitwillenablecountriestospecializeinthoseareaswheretheyperformbest.Developingcountrieswiththeirhigherpopulationsandlowerwageswillconcentrateonlabor-intensiveindustriessuchasrawmaterialsmanufacturinginmuchthesamewayaswesterncountriesdidduringtheindustrialrevolution.44.______________________. Theeffectofthissaysupporterswillbetoimproveproductivityinallcountriesleadingtohigherlivingstandards.Thefreemovementofcapitalwillalsohelppoorercountriesdevelopsotheycanplayafullandactiveroleintheworldeconomy. 45.______________________. Buthowclosearewetoatrulyglobaleconomy.’Forthelosersprobablytooclose.Butintermsofrealeconomicintegrationthereisstillalongwaytogo. [A]Evensupportersofglobalizationacknowledgehoweverthattherewillbelosers.Atpresentthosesufferingmostarepeopleworkinginlabor-intensiveindustriesinthedevelopedworld~Alreadytheyarefacingrisingunemploymentandfallingwagesascompaniesstruggletocompetewithmanufacturersindevelopingcountries.Theyarguethatwithouttheprotectionoftradebarriersandthewelfarestatetheirchancesofimprovingtheirskillsandlivingstandardswilldisappearresultinginagrowingdividebetweenrichandpoor. [B]Foreigninvestmentisalsoextremelysmallamountingtolittlemorethanfivepercentofthedevelopedworld’sdomesticinvestments. [C]Aglobaleconomywouldmeancompletefreedomofmovementofgoodsandservicescapitalandlabor.Yetevenignoringthetariffsandotherrestrictionsstillinplacecross-bordertraderemainstinycomparedtothevolumeofgoodsandservicestradedwithincountries. [D]Inpracticetheymustconformtoaglobaleconomicmodelorriskbeingpenalizedbythemarkets. [E]Therichercountriesontheotherhandwilldiversifyintohi-techindustrieswherehighproductivityandspecialistknowledgeareparamount. [F]Opponentsofglobalizationalsopointtoitseffectsonworkersinpoorercountries.Theyagreethatmultinationalsmaybehelpingtoreduceunemploymentinthedevelopingworldbuttheyarguethatjobsarehardlyworthhavingsincetheyarelow-paidandexploitative. [G]By1990nearlyallworld’smajoreconomicshadgotridofrestrictionsonhowmuchmoneycouldbemovedinandoutoftheircountries. 44
Text1 ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash. MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthat"thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques."Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque. Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy. Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof＆1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices. Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy——whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection——willbeafailure. Whenmentioningthesomething-for-nothingdaysParagraphlthewriteristalkingabout
Text2 Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40kin.Gulfoilaccountsfor400//ooofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablespendthriftregimesandaloomingfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey——IranandIraq——theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCo-operationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. Bymentioningthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedeserttheauthoristalkingabout
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points2
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points10
Text4 InanInterneterawhetherglobalizationmeansdemocracyanddevelopmentorhindrancetoprogressforeigninterferenceand.U.S.-ledeconomicdominationoverthedevelopingcountrieshasevokedhotdebate. Globalizationisaninevitabletendencywhichhasbroughtgreatopportunitiessuchasexchangeofknowledgeandinformationaccesstoothersocietiesaswellaseconomiccompetitionsandexposuretodifferentvaluesystems.Ontheotherhanditisalsoaccompaniedbyamultitudeofchallengestogetherwithsideeffectsontheformofincreasedpovertyratesbuttheeffectisnotalwayspredeterminedbecausetheproblemishowtodealwithitandmakepreparationforminimizingthechallenge. StatisticsdemonstrateinthelasttwocenturiestheindividualincomeaveragehasdecreasedandthesharesofprofitintheThirdWorldalsohavedemolishedincontrarytothedevelopedworld.Thereisaninternationaldistortionduetotheexploitationoftelecommunicationtechnologywhichfacilitatesmoneytransferwhichmadeiteasierforcapitalflight.DuringthelasttwocenturiesthenumberofcivilwarshasincreasedandtheworldbecameunderthecontrolofglobalizationandeconomicreformwhicheventuallyledcountrieslikeIndonesiatobebankrupted.ThisyearinSeattleover40000youngdemonstratorsprotestedagainstcapitalismandits"brutality"duringmeetingsoftheWorldTradeOrganization.Twohundredprotestersagainstglobalizationwerearrestedandhauledmanyawayinbusesaftertheyventuredintoadowntownsecurityzonewherepolicehadrestrictedmovementandimposedacurfew. "Globalizationisanexpressionrepeatedbyinternationalmediawhichistryingtopolishitforustoonlyseethebrightsidetoit.Wehavetobewareofthemotivesbehindthisideologicalexpressionandtheinfluenceofthisexpressiononourdestiny.Globalizationhasproventhatitisnothingbutcorruptionandtheworldisagainstit"saidDr.HishamGasseibprofessorofSumayaUniversity. Ifglobalizationisforceditselfonanynationitisconsideredoccupationbecauseitwipesanycultureoreducationandinsteadreflectspovertyandunemployment.Thehighcompetitionmadeahugenumberofpeopleliveontheedgewhichforcesthemdoanythingtogainmoneyandeventuallyputtheircountriesundercontrolofothercountries.Globalizationislikeaflatcharacterwithnodimensionsachallengeforallnations.NationswithgreatculturalbackgroundshouldnotacceptanygesturefromtheWestwithoutthoroughlystudyingit. What'sthemainideaofthearticle
Text1 ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash. MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthat"thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques."Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque. Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy. Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof＆1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices. Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy——whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection——willbeafailure. TheconclusioncanbedrawnfromthetextthatBritain'spublicservicesmaybe
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points14
46ThedeclineofcivilityandmannersmaybeworryingpeoplemorethancrimeaccordingtoGentilityRecallededitedbyDighyAndersonwhichlamentsthebreakdownoftraditionalcodesthatonceregulatedsocialconduct.Itcriticizedthefactthat"manners"arescornedasrepressiveandoutdated.TheresultaccordingtoMr.AndersondirectoroftheSocialAffairsUnitisasocietycharacterizedbyrudeness:loutishbehavioronthestreetsjostlingincrowdsimpoliteshopassistantsandbadtempereddrivers. 47Mr.Andersonsaysthecumulativeeffectoftheseapparentlytrivialbutoftenoffensiveistomakeeverydaylifeuneasyunpredictableandunpleasant.Astheyareencounteredfarmoreoftenthancrimetheycancausemoreanxietythancrime. Thebookhascontributionsfrom12academicsindisciplinesrangingfrommedicinetosociologyandchartswhatitcallsthe"coarsening"ofBritain.Oldfashionedtermssuchas"gentleman"and"lady"havelostallmeaningfulresonanceandneedtobereevaluateditsaysRachelTrickettformerprincipalofSt.Hugh’sCollegeOxfordsaysthatthenotionofa"lady"protectswomenratherthandemeaningthem.48Feminismanddemandsforequalityhaveblurredthedistinctionsbetweenthesexescreatingsituationswheremenareabletodominatewomenbecauseoftheirmoreaggressiveandforcefulnaturesshesays."Womenwithoutsomecodeofdeferenceorrespectbecomeincreasinglyvictims." CarolineMoorethefirstwomanfellowofPeterhouseCambridgepointsoutthat"gentleman"isnowusedonlywithironyorderision."Thepopularviewofagentlemanispoisedsomewherebetweentheimbecile低能的parasiteandthevillainousone." ForAnthonyO’HearprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofBradford49mannersarecloselyassociatedwiththedifferentformsofbehaviorappropriateto.ageandstatus.Theycurbtheimpetuosityofyouthandthebitternessofoldage.Egalitarianismhesayshasledtopeoplefailingtoacttheirage."Wehavevicechancellorswithearringsaristocratsashippiesthetrendyvicar教区牧师onhismotorbike. Dr.BruceCharltonalecturerinpublichealthmedicineinNewcastletakesissuewiththeexcessiveinformalityofrelationsbetweenprofessionalssuchrelationshipsTristamEngelhardtprofessorofmedicineHoustonTexassaysmannersareboundtomorals.50"Mannersexpressaparticularsetofvalues"hesays"goodmannersinterpretandtransformsocialreality.Theyprovidesocialorientation. 50Mannersexpressaparticularsetofvalueshesaysgoodmannersinterpretandtransformsocialreality.Theyprovidesocialorientation.
Text2 OwingtotheinsufficientgassupplyintheUnitedStatesthegaspricehasdramaticallyrisen.Thenewgaspricerealityandthepolicydecisionsitmaytriggerwillundoubtedlyleadtocriticalfinancialimplicationsforsomeindividualsorcompaniesbutthesituationcanhardlybetermeda"nationalcrisis"orevena"shortage".Whatistrueisthatbuyers--particularlythoseinthechemicalindustryandinindependentpowergeneration-willnotbeabletoacquirethequantityofgastheywishatthepricestheywishtopayorevenatpricesthatwillallowthemtoremaincompetitiveintheirmarketsparticularlyduringpeakdemandseasons. Overthenextyearortwotheresultwillbehigherandmorevolatilepricestobesurebuttherearemarket-drivenadjustmentmechanismsevenintheshortterme.g.moreelectricpowerfromcoalandoilreducedproductionofdomesticchemicalsandacommensuratesubstitutionofimports.Consumersandcompanieswillfeeltheeconomicpinchofhigherprices;particularlyifweexperienceanexceptionallyhotsummerandawinterwhenaveragetemperatureswere20%colderthantheyearbeforeintheNortheast.StilltheUnitedStatesfacesneitherthespecterofeconomicrecession--atleastnotsolelyduetogasprices--noroffreezingfamiliesunableto’obtaingastoheattheirhomes. GiventhisnewpriceplateaudemandadjustmentswillalsotakeplaceandvaryacrossregionsoftheUnitedStatesandacrossindustrieswithpowergenerationandchemicalsperhapsthemostaffected.Someinthoseindustriesmayfindthattheirfacilitiesarenolongerfinanciallyviableatthenewpriceplateauandtherewilllikelybeanotherroundofindustrialrestructuringnotunlikeothersthathaveresultedfrominternationaldifferencesinresourceandlaborcosts--lestweforgetnaturalgasisstillabundantandverylowcostinothercountriessuchasTrinidadQatarandIranjustaslaborisabundantandlowcostinChinaIndonesiaandpartsofLatinAmerica. FromapolicyperspectivetheUnitedStatesneedstocarefullyevaluateaseriesoftrade-offsbetweenenvironmentalconcernsandeconomicgrowth.Thegaspriceexperiencesofthelasttwoyearsarethefirstrealtastesoftheeconomiccostsofagas-basedenvironmentalstrategy.Evaluatingthesetrade-offsneedstobedonewithalevelheadandaclearunderstandingofthosetrade-offs. Whatdoestheunderlinedwordcommensurateinthesecondparagraphmean
Text4 InanInterneterawhetherglobalizationmeansdemocracyanddevelopmentorhindrancetoprogressforeigninterferenceand.U.S.-ledeconomicdominationoverthedevelopingcountrieshasevokedhotdebate. Globalizationisaninevitabletendencywhichhasbroughtgreatopportunitiessuchasexchangeofknowledgeandinformationaccesstoothersocietiesaswellaseconomiccompetitionsandexposuretodifferentvaluesystems.Ontheotherhanditisalsoaccompaniedbyamultitudeofchallengestogetherwithsideeffectsontheformofincreasedpovertyratesbuttheeffectisnotalwayspredeterminedbecausetheproblemishowtodealwithitandmakepreparationforminimizingthechallenge. StatisticsdemonstrateinthelasttwocenturiestheindividualincomeaveragehasdecreasedandthesharesofprofitintheThirdWorldalsohavedemolishedincontrarytothedevelopedworld.Thereisaninternationaldistortionduetotheexploitationoftelecommunicationtechnologywhichfacilitatesmoneytransferwhichmadeiteasierforcapitalflight.DuringthelasttwocenturiesthenumberofcivilwarshasincreasedandtheworldbecameunderthecontrolofglobalizationandeconomicreformwhicheventuallyledcountrieslikeIndonesiatobebankrupted.ThisyearinSeattleover40000youngdemonstratorsprotestedagainstcapitalismandits"brutality"duringmeetingsoftheWorldTradeOrganization.Twohundredprotestersagainstglobalizationwerearrestedandhauledmanyawayinbusesaftertheyventuredintoadowntownsecurityzonewherepolicehadrestrictedmovementandimposedacurfew. "Globalizationisanexpressionrepeatedbyinternationalmediawhichistryingtopolishitforustoonlyseethebrightsidetoit.Wehavetobewareofthemotivesbehindthisideologicalexpressionandtheinfluenceofthisexpressiononourdestiny.Globalizationhasproventhatitisnothingbutcorruptionandtheworldisagainstit"saidDr.HishamGasseibprofessorofSumayaUniversity. Ifglobalizationisforceditselfonanynationitisconsideredoccupationbecauseitwipesanycultureoreducationandinsteadreflectspovertyandunemployment.Thehighcompetitionmadeahugenumberofpeopleliveontheedgewhichforcesthemdoanythingtogainmoneyandeventuallyputtheircountriesundercontrolofothercountries.Globalizationislikeaflatcharacterwithnodimensionsachallengeforallnations.NationswithgreatculturalbackgroundshouldnotacceptanygesturefromtheWestwithoutthoroughlystudyingit. WhatdoesthewordsofDr.'HishamGasseibmeaninthethirdparagraph
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points4
Text1 MoreAmericansarecohabiting-livingtogetheroutofwedlock--thanever.Someexportsapplaudthepracticebutotherswarnplayinghousedoesnotalwaysleadtomaritalbliss.AtonetimeinAmericalivingtogetheroutofwedlockwasscandalous.Unmarriedspouseswho"shackedup"weresaidtobe"livinginsin".Indeedcohabitationwasillegalthroughoutthecountryuntilabout1970.Todaystatisticstelladifferenttale.Thenumberofunwedcoupleslivingtogetherhasrisentoanewhigh--morethan4.1millionasofMarch1997accordingtotheCensusBureau.Thatfigurewasupfrom3.96millioncouplesthepreviousyearandrepresentsaquantumleapfromthe430000cohabitingcouplescountedin1960. Thebureaufound’thatcohabitingismostprevailinginthe24-35agegroupaccountingfor1.6millionsuchcouples.Cohabitantsclaimtheylivetogetherprimarilytosolidifytheirloveandcommitmenttoeachother.Mostintendtomarry;only13%ofcohabitantsdonotanticipatetolegalizetheirrelationship.Buttherealityfrommanycouplesisdifferent:Movingindoesnotleadto"happilyeverafter."Fortypercentofcohabitantsnevermakeittothealtar.Ofthe60%whodomarrymorethanhalfdivorcewithin10yearscomparedwith30%ofmarriedcoupleswhodidnotlivetogetherfirst.CohabitingpartnersaremoreunfaithfulandfightmoreoftenthanmarriedcouplesaccordingtoresearchbytheHowardCenterforFamilyReligionandSociety.Otherstudieshavecometoequallysimilarconclusions. Stillexpertspredictthenumberofcohabitingcouplesislikelytoincrease.Astheoffspringofthebabyboomercomeofagetheyareinclinedtodefermarriagesasdidtheirparents.Thiswillleadtomorecohabitationandnontraditionalfamilies.Untilpeopleunearththatlivingtogetherhaspitfallsitwon’twaneinpopularity.Cohabitinghasbeenportrayedwith"carefulneutrality"inthemediaandHollywoodcelebritieswhomoveinandoutofeachother’shomessetthestandard. ButWarrenFarrelltheSanDiego-basedauthorofWhyMenAretheWayTheyArearguesthatlivingtogetherisagoodideaforashortperiod."Tomakethejumpfromdatingwhenweputourbestfootforwardtobeingmarried"--withoutshowingeachotherthe"shadowsideofourselves"--istotreatmarriagefrivolouslyhesays. Whatdoestheunderlinedwordunearthmean
Text3 AIDSisoneofthemostfatalandrampantdiseasesthatdeprivesofhundredsofthousandsofliveseachyearallovertheworldandtheconditioninAfricancountriesismuchworseforlackofmedicineeducationaswellaspreventivemeasures.Scientistsandresearchershaveneverceasedtheireffortstohaltthewidespreadingtendencyofthisinfectingdiseaseunfortunatelytillnowtheyhavenotinventedanyeffectivevaccine.LastweekanexperimentalAIDSvaccinetestedinThailandonsome2500drugusersfailedtoprotectthemfrombecominginfectedwithHIVdeclaredVaxGenInc.thevaccine’sdeveloper.ThepoolresultswerewidelyexpectedsinceVaxGenInc.hadsaidearlierthatitsvaccinedidnotworkinalargerNorthAmericanstudy. MostAIDSresearchersagreethatvaccineswillbetheonlyeffectivewaytocontrolavirusthathaskilled28millionpeopleandinfected42millionmoreworldwide. Twodozenothervaccinesarebeingtestedon12000humanvolunteersbutnonehasadvancedasfarasVaxGen’sandanysuccessfulcandidateisyearsaway.OfficialsatBrisbaneCalif-basedVaxGensaidtheThairesultsunderscoredagainhowwilyAIDSisinthwartingtheimmunesystem.Thefindingsalsoshow"howimportantitisfortheinternationalpublichealthcommunitytoredoubletheefforttodevelopaneffectivevaccine"presidentDr.DonaldFrancissaid. VaxGen’svaccinelikemostothersbeingtesteddidnotcontainthevirusitselfandcannotcauseAIDS.Insteadthevaccinecontainedsmallmanmadegeneticbitsofthevirusthatscientistshadhopedwouldprovokeanimmuneresponsestrongenoughtostopthevirusfrominvadinghealthycells.Threeyearsagothecompanyenrolled2546peopleinandaroundBangkokwhowereathighriskforHIVbecausetheyhabituallyswappedneedlestoinjectdrugs.Halfweregiventheexperimentalvaccineandhalfweregivenaplacebo.Allvolunteersweregivenextensiverisk-reductioncounselingthecompanysaid.Intheendthevaccineofferednogreaterprotection:105’peoplegiventheplacebobecameinfectedwithHIVwhile106peoplegiventhevaccinetestedpositive.InFebruaryVaxGenannounceditsvaccinewasineffectiveagainstadifferentAIDSstrainfoundinNorthAmerica. Thefailureofthisexperimentalvaccinereinforcesthehardnessofanti-AIDSbattleandtheultimatesuccessseemstoemergeyearslater.HowevermankindisnotsovulnerabletobecompletelydefeatedbyAIDS. Accordingtothecontextwhatdoestheunderlinedwordstraininparagraph4mean
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points18
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points20
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points6
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points8
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