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Text 4 Until recently, the common factor in all the science used to figure out if a piece of ar...
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Ifyousmokeandyoustilldon’tbelievethatthere’s’adefinitelinkbetweensmokingandbronchialtroublesheartdiseaseandlungcancerthenyouarecertainlydeceivingyourself.Noonewillaccuseyouofhypocrisy..Letusjustsaythatyouaresufferingfromabadcaseofwishfulthinking.Thisneedn’tmakeyoutoouncomfortablebecauseyouareingoodcompany.Wheneverthesubjectofsmokingandhealthisraisedthegovernmentsofmostcountrieshearnoevilseenoevilandsmellnoevil.Admittedlyafewgovernmentshavetakentimidmeasures.41______ 42______.Theanswerissimplymoney.Tobaccoisawonderfulcommoditytotax.It’salmostlikeataxonourdailybread.IntaxrevenuealonethegovernmentofBritaincollectsenoughfromsmokerstopayforitsentireeducationalfacilities.Sowhiletheauthoritiespointouteversodiscreetlythatsmokingmayconceivablybeharmfulitdoesn’tdotoshouttooloudlyaboutit. Thisissurelythemostshort-sightedpolicyyoucouldimagine.43______Enormousamountsarespentoncancerresearchandoneffortstocurepeoplesufferingfromthedisease.Countlessvaluablelivesarelost.Inthelongrunthereisnodoubtthateverybodywouldbemuchbetter-offifsmokingwerebannedaltogether. Ofcoursewearenotreadyforsuchadrasticaction.Butifthegovernmentsoftheworldwerehonestlyconcernedaboutthewelfareoftheirpeoplesyou’dthinkthey’dconductaggressiveanti-smokingcampaigns.Farfromit!Thetobaccoindustryisallowedtospendstaggeringsumsonadvertising.Itsadvertisingisasinsidiousasitisdishonest.Wearenevershownpicturesofrealsmokerscoughinuptheirlungsearlyinthemorning.Thatwouldneverdo.44______ 45______Smokingshouldbebannedinallpublicplacesliketheatrescinemasandrestaurants.Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeopleespeciallyofthedireconsequencesoftakingupthehabit.Ahorrificwarning--sayapictureofadeath’sheadshouldbeincludedineverypacketofcigarettesthatissold.Asindividualswearecertainlyweakbutifgovernmentsactedhonestlyandcourageouslytheycouldprotectusfromourselves. A.Forastartgovernmentscouldbeginbybanningallcigaretteandtobaccoadvertisingandshouldthenconductanti-smokingadvertisingcampaignsoftheirown. B.Youdon’thavetolookveryfartofindoutwhytheofficialreactionstomedicalfindings havebeensolukewarm. C.Ifsmokingisbannedinourlifesomeeconomistswouldworryaboutagreatlossincigaretteseconomy. D.Whilemoneyiseagerlycollectedinvastsumswithonehanditispaidoutinincreasinglyvastersumswiththeother. E.Theadvertisementalwaysdepictsvirileclean-shavenyoungmen.Theysuggestitismanlytosmokeevenpositivelyhealthy!Smokingisassociatedwiththegreatopen-airlifewithbeautifulgirlstrueloveandtogetherness.Whatutternonsense! F.Smokingisdiscouragedamongthestudentsatailofourcollegesthesubjectofsmokingandhealthiswidelydiscussedthere. G.InBritainforinstancecigaretteadvertisinghasbeenbannedontelevision.Theconscienceofthenationisappeasedwhilethepopulationcontinuestopuffitswaytosmokycancerousdeath. 41
Text4 Itisallverywelltoblametrafficjamsthecostofpetrolandthequickpaceofmodemlifebutmannersontheroadsarebecominghorrible.Everybodyknowsthatthenicestmenbecomemonstersbehindthewheel.Itisallverywellagaintohaveatigerinthetrunkbuttohaveoneinthedriver’sseatisanothermatteraltogether.youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hogtherodeandinconsideratedriverbutnowadaysthewell-manneredmotorististheexceptiontotherole.Perhapsthesituationcallsfora’BeKindtoOtherDrivers’campaignotherwiseitmaygetcompletelyoutofhand. Roadpolitenessisnotonlygoodmannersbutgoodsensetoo.Ittakesthemostcool-headedandgood-temperedofdriverstoresistthetemptationstorevengewhensubjectedtouncivilizedbehavior.Ontheotherhandalittlepolitenessgoesalongwaytowardsrelievingthetensionsofmotoring.Afriendlyandorawaveofacknowledgementinresponsetoanactofpolitenesshelpstocreateasatmosphereofgoodwillandtolerancesonecessaryinmodemconditions.Butsuchacknowledgementsofpolitenessarealltooraretoday.Manydriversnowadaysdon’tevenseemabletorecognizepolitenesswhentheyseeit. Howevermisplacedpolitenesscanalsobedangerous.Typicalexamplesarethedriverwhobrakesviolentlytoallowacartoemergefromasidestreetatsomehazardtofollowingtrafficwhenafewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwhowavesachildacrossazebracrossingintothepathofoncomingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletoStopintime.Thesamegoesforencouragingoldladiestocrosstheroadwhereverandwhenevertheycareto.Italwaysamazesmethatthehighwaysarenotcoveredwiththedeadbodiesofthesegrannies. Aveterandriverwhosemannersarefaultlesstoldmeitwouldhelpifmotoristslearnttofiltercorrectlyintotrafficstreamsoneatatimewithoutcausingthetotalblockagesthatgiverisetobadtemper.Unfortunatelymodemmotoristscanteven-learntodriveletalonemasterthesubtleraspectsofroadsmanship.Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimeforallofustotakethemessagetoheart. Accordingtothepassagetroublesontheroadareprimarilycausedby
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points15
Text3 Awisemanoncesaidthattheonlythingnecessaryforthetriumphofevilisforgoodmentodonothing.SoasapoliceofficerIhavesomeurgentthingstosaytogoodpeople. DayafterdaymymenandIstruggletoholdbackatidalwaveofcrime.Somethinghasgoneterriblywrongwithouronce-proudAmericanwayoflife.Ithashappenedintheareaofvalues.AkeyingredientisdisappearingandIthinkIknowwhatitis:accountability. Accountabilityisn’thardtodefine.Itmeansthateverypersonisresponsibleforhisorheractionsandliablefortheirconsequences. Ofthemanyvaluesthatholdcivilizationtogether--honestykindnessandsoon-accountabilitymaybethemostimportantofall.Withoutittherecanbenorespectnotrustnolaw--andultimatelynosociety. Myjobasapoliceofficeristoimposeaccountabilityonpeoplewhorefuseorhaveneverlearnedtoimposeitonthemselves.Butaseverypolicemanknowsexternalcontrolsonpeople’sbehaviorarefarlesseffectivethaninternalrestraintssuchasguiltshameandembarrassment. Fortunately’therearestillcommunities’smallertownsusually--whereschoolsmaintaindisciplineandwhereparentsholdupstandardsthatproclaimInthisfamilycertainthingsarenottolerated--theysimplyarenotdone!" yetmoreandmoreespeciallyinourlargercitiesandsuburbstheseinnerrestraintsareloosening.Yourtypicalrobberhasnoneheconsidersyourpropertyhisproperty;hetakeswhathewantsincludingyourlifeifyouenragehint. Themaincauseofthisbreak-downisaradicalshiftinattitudes.Thirtyyearsagoifacrimewascommittedsocietywasconsideredthevictim.Nowinashockingreversalit’sthecriminalwhoisconsideredvictimized:byhisunderprivilegedupbringingbytheschoolthatdidn’tteachhimtoreadbythechurchthatfailedtoreachhimwithmoralguidancebytheparentswhodidn’tprovideastablehome. Idon’tbelieveit.Manyothersinequallydisadvantagedcircumstanceschoosenottoengageincriminalactivities.Ifwefreethecriminalevenpartlyfromaccountabilitywebecomeasocietyofendlessexcuseswherenooneacceptsresponsibilityforanything. WeinAmericadesperatelyneedmorepeoplewhobelievethatthepersonwhocommitsacrimeistheoneresponsibleforit. Themainideaofthepassageisthat
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points17
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points9
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points5
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points3
WorldTradeOrganizationWTOisaninternationalbodythatpromotesandenforcestheprovisionsoftradelawsandregulations.46TheWorldTradeOrganizationhastheauthoritytoadministerandpolicenewandexistingfreetradeagreementstooverseeworldtradepracticesandtosettletradedisputesamongmemberstates.TheWTO’wasestablishedin1994whenthemembersoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeGATTatreatyandinternationaltradeorganizationsignedanewtradepact.TheWTOwascreatedtoreplaceGATT. TheWTObeganoperationonJanuary11995.GATTandtheWTOcoexisteduntilDecember1995whenthemembersofGATTmetforthelasttime.AlthoughtheWTOreplacedGATT.thetradeagreementsestablishedbyGATTin1994arepartoftheWTOagreement.HowevertheWTOhasasignificantlybroaderscopethanGATT.GATTregulatedtradeinmerchandise.47TheWTOexpandedtheGATTagreementtoincludetradeinservicessuchasinternationaltelephoneserviceandprotectionsforintellectualproperty--thatiscreativeworksthatcanbeprotectedlegallysuchassoundrecordingsandcomputerprograms.TheWTOisalsoaformallystructuredorganizationwhoserulesarelegallybindingonitsmemberstates.Theorganizationprovidesaframeworkforinternationaltradelaw.48MemberscanrefertradedisputestotheWTOwhereadisputepanelcomposedofWTOofficialsservesasarbitrator.Memberscanappealthispanel’srulingstoaWTOappellatebodywhosedecisionsarefinal.DisputesmustberesolvedwithinthetimelimitssetbyWTOrules. Asof1996almostallofthe123nationsthathadsignedthenewGATTpacthadtransferredmembershiptotheWTOincludingtheUnitedStates.About30othernationshadalsoappliedformembership. 49TheWTOisbasedinGenevaSwitzerlandandiscontrolledbyageneralcouncilmadeupofmemberstates’ambassadorswhoalsoserveonvarioussubsidiaryandspecialistcommittees.TheministerialconferencewhichmeetseverytwoyearsandappointstheWTO’sdirector-generaloverseestheGeneralCouncil.RenatoRuggieroaformerItaliantradeministerbecamethefirstfull-timedirector-generaloftheWTOinMay1995.50TheagreementsthattheWTOwilladministerareexpectedtoincreaseannualworldtradebyatleast＄755billionbytheyear2002. TheWTOisbasedinGenevaSwitzerlandandiscontrolledbyageneralcouncilmadeupofmemberstates’ambassadorswhoalsoserveonvarioussubsidiaryandspecialistcommittees.
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points11
WorldTradeOrganizationWTOisaninternationalbodythatpromotesandenforcestheprovisionsoftradelawsandregulations.46TheWorldTradeOrganizationhastheauthoritytoadministerandpolicenewandexistingfreetradeagreementstooverseeworldtradepracticesandtosettletradedisputesamongmemberstates.TheWTO’wasestablishedin1994whenthemembersoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeGATTatreatyandinternationaltradeorganizationsignedanewtradepact.TheWTOwascreatedtoreplaceGATT. TheWTObeganoperationonJanuary11995.GATTandtheWTOcoexisteduntilDecember1995whenthemembersofGATTmetforthelasttime.AlthoughtheWTOreplacedGATT.thetradeagreementsestablishedbyGATTin1994arepartoftheWTOagreement.HowevertheWTOhasasignificantlybroaderscopethanGATT.GATTregulatedtradeinmerchandise.47TheWTOexpandedtheGATTagreementtoincludetradeinservicessuchasinternationaltelephoneserviceandprotectionsforintellectualproperty--thatiscreativeworksthatcanbeprotectedlegallysuchassoundrecordingsandcomputerprograms.TheWTOisalsoaformallystructuredorganizationwhoserulesarelegallybindingonitsmemberstates.Theorganizationprovidesaframeworkforinternationaltradelaw.48MemberscanrefertradedisputestotheWTOwhereadisputepanelcomposedofWTOofficialsservesasarbitrator.Memberscanappealthispanel’srulingstoaWTOappellatebodywhosedecisionsarefinal.DisputesmustberesolvedwithinthetimelimitssetbyWTOrules. Asof1996almostallofthe123nationsthathadsignedthenewGATTpacthadtransferredmembershiptotheWTOincludingtheUnitedStates.About30othernationshadalsoappliedformembership. 49TheWTOisbasedinGenevaSwitzerlandandiscontrolledbyageneralcouncilmadeupofmemberstates’ambassadorswhoalsoserveonvarioussubsidiaryandspecialistcommittees.TheministerialconferencewhichmeetseverytwoyearsandappointstheWTO’sdirector-generaloverseestheGeneralCouncil.RenatoRuggieroaformerItaliantradeministerbecamethefirstfull-timedirector-generaloftheWTOinMay1995.50TheagreementsthattheWTOwilladministerareexpectedtoincreaseannualworldtradebyatleast＄755billionbytheyear2002. TheWTOexpandedtheGATTagreementtoincludetradeinservicessuchasinternationaltelephoneserviceandprotectionsforintellectualproperty--thatiscreativeworksthatcanbeprotectedlegallysuchassoundrecordingsandcomputerprograms.
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points19
1.whenandwheretoholdthedinner;2.whoyouwillinvite;3.showyoursincerewelcome.youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseMartininstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10pointsPartB
Backin1979afatunhealthypropertydeveloperMelZuckermanandhisexercise-fanaticwifeEnidopenedCanyonRanch"America’sfirsttotalvacation/fitnessresort"onanoldduderanchinTucsonArizona.Atthetimetheiroutdoorsynewage-ishventureseemedhighlyeccentric.TodayCanyonRanchisarguablythepremiumhealth-spabrandofchoiceforthesuper-rich.ItisgrowingfastandnowoperatesinseveralplacesincludingtheQueenMary2.41. "Thereisanewmarketcategorycalledwellnesslifestyleandinawholerangeofindustriesifyouarenotaddressingthatcategoryyouaregoingtofinditincreasinglyhardtostayinbusiness"enthusesKevinKellyCanyonRanch’spresident.ThisbroadnewcategoryMr.Kellygoeson"consolidatesalotofsub-categories"includingspastraditionalmedicineandalternativemedicinebehaviouraltherapyspiritualityfitnessnutritionandbeauty.42."Youcannolongersatisfytheconsumerwithjustfitnessjustmedicaljustspa"saysMr.Kelly. CanyonRanch’sstrategyreflectsthisbelief.43.ThisyearinMiamiBeachitwillopenthefirstofwhatitexpectstobemanyupmarkethousingestatesbuiltaroundaspacalledCanyonRanchLiving.TogetherwiththeClevelandCliniconeoftheworld’sleadingprivateprovidersoftraditionalmedicineitislaunchingan"executivehealth"productwhichcombinesdiagnosistreatmentandaboveallprevention.Italsohasplanstoproducefoodandskin-careproductsarangeofclothesandhealthy-livingeducationalmaterials. 44.Mr.Casereckonsthatoneoftherootsoftoday’shealth-carecrisisespeciallyinAmericaisthatpreventionandcarearenotsuitablyjoinedup.Agrowingnumberofemployersnowpromotewellnessatworkbothtocutcostsandtoreducestressandhealth-relatedabsenteeismsaysJonDenorisofCatalystHealthagymbusinessinLondon.HehasbeenhelpingtheBritisharmofHarleyDavidsonamotorbike-makertodevelopawellnessprogrammeforitsworkers. Thedesiretoreducehealth-carecostsisoneforcebehindtheriseofthewellnessindustry;theotheristhegrowingdemandfromconsumersforthingsthatmakethemfeelhealthier.SurveysfindthatthreeoutoffouradultAmericansnowfeelthattheirlivesare"outofbalance"saysMr.Kelly.Sothereisahugeopportunitytoofferthemproductsandservicesthatmakethemfeelmore"balanced."ThisrepresentsabigchangeinconsumerpsychologyclaimsMr.Kellyandonethatislikelytodeepenovertime:marketresearchsuggeststhat35-year-oldshaveamuchstrongerdesiretoleadhealthylifestylesthan65-year-olds. 45.Anotherwillbetomaintaincredibilityinandforanindustrythatcombinesserioussciencewithsnakeoil.Oneproblem—orisitanopportunity—insellingwellnessproductstoconsumersisthatsomeofthethingstheydemandmaybefaddishornonsensical.Easyfixessuchasnew-agetherapiesmayappealtothemmorethanharderbutprovenwaystoimprovehealth. OneofCanyonRanch’sanswerstothisproblemhasbeentohireRichardCarmonawhowasAmerica’ssurgeon-generaluntillastsummer.Inthatrolehemovedpreventionandwellnessnearertothecentreofpublic-healthpolicy.Thelasttimeasurgeon-generalventuredintobusinessitendeddisastrously:duringtheinternetbubbleEverettKooplaunchedDrKoop.comamedical-informationsitethatwentbustshortlyaftergoingpublicandachievingamarketcapitalisationofover$1billion.Thistimearoundthewellnessboomseemsunlikelytosuffersuchanastyturnfortheworse. [A]Itisexpandingabrandbuilton$I000-a-nightretreatsfortherichandfamousinseveraldifferentdirections. [B]Mr.Zuckermannowatrimandsprightly78-year-oldremainschairmanofthefirm. [C]Thereisgrowingevidencethatfocusingholisticallyonwellnesscanreducehealth-carecostsbyemphasizingpreventionovertreatment. [D]Onedifficultyforwellnessfirmswillbeacquiringtheexpertisetooperateinseveraldifferentareasofthemarket. [E]Itisalsooneoftheleadinglightsin"wellness"anincreasinglymainstream—andprofitable—business. [F]Asmorecustomersdemandaholisticapproachtofeelingwellfirmsthathavehithertospecialisedinonlyoneortwoofthoseareasarenowfacinggrowingmarketpressuretobroadentheirbusiness. [G]Andthereismuchdebateaboutthehealthbenefitsofvitaminsupplementsorganicfoodandalternativemedicinesletalonedifferentformsofspirituality. 41
TheAmericanscreenhaslongbeenasmokyplaceatleastsince1942’sNowVoyagerinwhichBetteDavisandPaulHenreidshowedhowtomakeandsealaromanticdealoverapairofcigarettesthatweresmolderingasmuchasthestars.Todaycigarettesaremorecommononscreenthanatanyothertimesincemidcentury:75%ofallHollywoodfilms—including36%ofthoseratedGorPG—showtobaccouseaccordingtoa2006surveybytheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco.Audiencesespeciallykidsaretakingnotice.TworecentstudiespublishedinLancetandPediatricshavefoundthatamongchildrenasyoungas10thoseexposedtothemostscreensmokingareupto2.7timesaslikelyasotherstopickupthehabit.Worseit’stheonesfromnonsmokinghomeswhoarehitthehardest.NowtheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthHSPH—thefolksbehindthedesignated-drivercampaign—arepushingtogetthesmokesoffthescreen.Somemoviesshowkidsupto14incidentsofsmokingperhoursaysBarryBloomHSPH’sdean.We’reinthebusinessofpreventingdiseaseandcigarettesaretheNo.1preventablecause.Harvardlongbelievedthatgettingcigarettesoutofmoviescouldhaveaspowerfulaneffectbutitwouldn’tbeeasy.Cigarettemakershadahistoryofstrikingproduct-placementdealswithHollywoodandwhilethe1998tobaccosettlementpreventsthatnothingstopsdirectorsfromincorporatingsmokingintoscenesontheirown.In1999Harvardbeganholdingone-on-onemeetingswithstudioexecstryingtochangethatandlastyeartheMotionPictureAssociationofAmericaflungthedooropeninvitingBloomtomakeapresentationinFebruarytoallthestudios.Harvard’sadvicewasdirect:Getthebuttsentirelyoutoratleastmakesmokingunappealing.Afewfilmsprovideaglimpseofwhatano-smokingorlow-smokingHollywoodwouldbelike.ProducerLindsayDoranwhooncehelpedpersuadedirectorJohnHughestokeepFerrisBuellersmoke-freeinthe1980shitwantedtodethesamefortheleadsofher2006movieStrangerThanFiction.WhenawriterconvincedherthatthecharacterplayedbyEmmaThompsonhadtosmokeDoranrelentedbutfromthewayThompsonhacksherwaythroughthefilmandsnuffsouthercigarettesinapalmfulofspitit’scleartheglamour’sgone.AndrememberallthesmokinginTheDevilWearsPradaNoThat’sbecausetheproducersofthatfilmkeptitoutentirely—eveninastorythattravelsfromtheUSfashionworldtoParistwoofthemosttobacco-happyplacesonearth.NoonesmokedinthatmoviesaysDoranandnoonenoticed.Suchmoviesarehardlytherulebutthepressureisgrowing.Likesmokersstudiosmayconcludethatquittingthehabitisnotjustalothealthierbutalsoalotsmarter.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardgettingcigarettesoutofscreen
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points7
ForthepasttwoyearsinSiliconValleythecentreofAmerica’stechnologyindustryconference-goershaveentertainedthemselvesplayingaguessinggame:howmanytimeswillaspeakermentionthephraselongtailItisusuallyahighnumberthankstotheinfluenceofthelong-tailtheorywhichwasfirstdevelopedbyChrisAndersontheeditorofWiredmagazineinanarticlein2004.Thoughtechnologistsandbloggerschuckleathoweverybusinesspresentationnowhastohaveitslong-tailsectionmostareenviousofMr.Andersonwhosebrainwavequicklybecamethemostfashionablebusinessideaaround.Whetherablockbusterfilmabestsellingnovelorachart-toppingrapsongpopularcultureidolisesthehit.Companiesdevotethemselvestocreatingthembecausethecostofdistributionandthelimitsofshelfspaceinphysicalshopsmeanthatprofitabilitydependsonahighvolumeofsales.Butaroundthebeginningofthiscenturyagroupofinternetcompaniesrealisedthatwithendlessshelvesandanationaloreveninternationalaudienceonlinetheycouldofferahugerangeofproducts—andmakemoneyatthesametime.ThenichetheobscureandthespecialistMr.Andersonargueswillgaingroundattheexpenseofthehit.Asevidencehepointstoadropinthenumberofcompaniesthattraditionallycalculatetheirrevenue/salesratioaccordingtothe80/20rule—wherethetopfifthofproductscontributefour-fifthsofrevenues.EcastaSanFranciscodigitaljukeboxcompanyfoundthat98%ofits10000albumssoldatleastonetrackeverythreemonths.ExpressedinthelanguageofstatisticstheexperiencesofEcastandothercompaniessuchasAragonanonlinebooksellersuggestthatproductsdowninthelongtailofastatisticaldistributionaddedtogethercanbehighlyprofitable.Theinternethelpspeoplefindtheirwaytorelativelyobscurematerialwithrecommendationsandreviewsbyotherpeopleandforthosewillingtohavetheirartistictastespredictedbyapieceofsoftwarecomputerprogramswhichanalysepastselections.Long-tailenthusiastsarguethatthewholeofculturewillbenefitnotjustcommercialenterprises.Televisionfilmandmusicaresuchbewitchingmediaintheirownrightthatmanypeoplearequitehappytowatchandlistentowhatthemainstreamprovides.Butifindividualshavetheopportunitytopickbettermoreideallysuitedentertainmentfromafarwiderselectiontheywilltakeitaccordingtothetheoryofthelongtail.SomeanalystsreckonthatentirepopulationsmightbecomehappierandwiseroncetheyhaveaccesstothousandsofdocumentariesindependentfilmsandsubgenresofeverykindofmusicinsteadofbeingsubjectedtowhatMr.Andersoncallsthetyrannyoflowest-common-denominatorfare.Thatmightbetakingthingsabitfar.Butthelongtailiscertainlyoneoftheinternet’sbettergiftstohumanity.Inthefirstparagraphtheauthormentionedtheconference-goers’guessinggamehewantstoshow
Germany’schimneysweeps—hallowedasbringersofgoodluckwiththeirblacktophatsandcoiled-wirebrushes—areunderattack.LastweektheEuropeanCommission’sdirectoratefortheinternalmarketrevivedproceedingsagainstanantiquatedGermanlawthatprotectssweepsagainstcompetition.Thecountry’schimneysweepsenjoyanear-perfectmonopoly.Germanyisdividedintoaround8000districtseachruledbyitsownmastersweepwhousuallyemploystwomoresweeps.Althoughthisisaprivateenterprisethemaintenanceandinspectionserviceprovidediscompulsoryandpricesaresetbythelocalauthority:sweepscannotstrayoutsidetheirdistrictnorcanhouseholderschangetheirsweepeveniftheyloathehim.Thisrulecutsbothways.TherearesomecustomersIcan’tstandeithersaysoneFrankfurtsweep.Therationaleissimple:chimney-sweepingandrelatedgasandheatingmaintenanceinGermanyaretreatedasamatterofpublicsafety.Annualorsemi-annualvisitsareprescribedkeepingthesweepsbusyallyearround.Forcenturieschimney-sweepsinEuropewereawanderingbreed.Butin1937thechimney-sweeplawwasrevisedbyHeinrichHimmlerthentheactinginteriorminister.HisrolestiedchimneysweepstotheirdistrictsanddecreedthattheyshouldbeGermantoenablehimtousesweepsaslocalspies.Thelawwasupdatedin1969leavingthelocalmonopoliesinplacebutopeninguptheprofessionintheoryatleasttonon-Germans.Butinpracticefewapply.FouryearsagoabravePolequalifiedasamasterinKaiserslauternaccordingtoafellowstudentandthisyearanItaliandidsointheRhinelandPalatinate.ButhelikemostnewlyqualifiedGermanmasterswillspendyearsonawaitinglistbeforehegetshisowndistrict.TheEuropeanCommissionwouldliketoseeacompetitivemarketinwhichpeoplecanchoosetheirownsweepsjustastheychoosebuildersorplumbers.Itfirstopenedinfringementproceedingsin2003andtheGermangovernmentofthetimepromisedtochangethelawbutfailedtodoso.AnddespitethehuffingandpuffingfromBrusselstilegovernmentisstillreluctanttodismantleitsantiquatedsystemonsafetygrounds.Thenumberofdeathsfromcarbon-monoxidepoisoninginGermanyisaroundone-tenththatinFranceorBelgiumclaimstheFrankfurtsweep.SoGermansarelikelytobestockwiththeirneighbourhoodSchornsteinfegers—whethertheycanstandeachotherornot—forsometimetocome.What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardtheanti-monopolyofchimneysweepinginGermany
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points13
Text4 Itisallverywelltoblametrafficjamsthecostofpetrolandthequickpaceofmodemlifebutmannersontheroadsarebecominghorrible.Everybodyknowsthatthenicestmenbecomemonstersbehindthewheel.Itisallverywellagaintohaveatigerinthetrunkbuttohaveoneinthedriver’sseatisanothermatteraltogether.youmighttoleratetheoddroad-hogtherodeandinconsideratedriverbutnowadaysthewell-manneredmotorististheexceptiontotherole.Perhapsthesituationcallsfora’BeKindtoOtherDrivers’campaignotherwiseitmaygetcompletelyoutofhand. Roadpolitenessisnotonlygoodmannersbutgoodsensetoo.Ittakesthemostcool-headedandgood-temperedofdriverstoresistthetemptationstorevengewhensubjectedtouncivilizedbehavior.Ontheotherhandalittlepolitenessgoesalongwaytowardsrelievingthetensionsofmotoring.Afriendlyandorawaveofacknowledgementinresponsetoanactofpolitenesshelpstocreateasatmosphereofgoodwillandtolerancesonecessaryinmodemconditions.Butsuchacknowledgementsofpolitenessarealltooraretoday.Manydriversnowadaysdon’tevenseemabletorecognizepolitenesswhentheyseeit. Howevermisplacedpolitenesscanalsobedangerous.Typicalexamplesarethedriverwhobrakesviolentlytoallowacartoemergefromasidestreetatsomehazardtofollowingtrafficwhenafewsecondslatertheroadwouldbeclearanyway;orthemanwhowavesachildacrossazebracrossingintothepathofoncomingvehiclesthatmaybeunabletoStopintime.Thesamegoesforencouragingoldladiestocrosstheroadwhereverandwhenevertheycareto.Italwaysamazesmethatthehighwaysarenotcoveredwiththedeadbodiesofthesegrannies. Aveterandriverwhosemannersarefaultlesstoldmeitwouldhelpifmotoristslearnttofiltercorrectlyintotrafficstreamsoneatatimewithoutcausingthetotalblockagesthatgiverisetobadtemper.Unfortunatelymodemmotoristscanteven-learntodriveletalonemasterthesubtleraspectsofroadsmanship.Yearsagotheexpertswarnedusthatthecar-ownershipexplosionwoulddemandalotmoregive-and-takefromallroadusers.Itishightimeforallofustotakethemessagetoheart. Expertshavelongpointedoutthatinthefaceofcar-ownershipexplosion
ForthepasttwoyearsinSiliconValleythecentreofAmerica’stechnologyindustryconference-goershaveentertainedthemselvesplayingaguessinggame:howmanytimeswillaspeakermentionthephraselongtailItisusuallyahighnumberthankstotheinfluenceofthelong-tailtheorywhichwasfirstdevelopedbyChrisAndersontheeditorofWiredmagazineinanarticlein2004.Thoughtechnologistsandbloggerschuckleathoweverybusinesspresentationnowhastohaveitslong-tailsectionmostareenviousofMr.Andersonwhosebrainwavequicklybecamethemostfashionablebusinessideaaround.Whetherablockbusterfilmabestsellingnovelorachart-toppingrapsongpopularcultureidolisesthehit.Companiesdevotethemselvestocreatingthembecausethecostofdistributionandthelimitsofshelfspaceinphysicalshopsmeanthatprofitabilitydependsonahighvolumeofsales.Butaroundthebeginningofthiscenturyagroupofinternetcompaniesrealisedthatwithendlessshelvesandanationaloreveninternationalaudienceonlinetheycouldofferahugerangeofproducts—andmakemoneyatthesametime.ThenichetheobscureandthespecialistMr.Andersonargueswillgaingroundattheexpenseofthehit.Asevidencehepointstoadropinthenumberofcompaniesthattraditionallycalculatetheirrevenue/salesratioaccordingtothe80/20rule—wherethetopfifthofproductscontributefour-fifthsofrevenues.EcastaSanFranciscodigitaljukeboxcompanyfoundthat98%ofits10000albumssoldatleastonetrackeverythreemonths.ExpressedinthelanguageofstatisticstheexperiencesofEcastandothercompaniessuchasAragonanonlinebooksellersuggestthatproductsdowninthelongtailofastatisticaldistributionaddedtogethercanbehighlyprofitable.Theinternethelpspeoplefindtheirwaytorelativelyobscurematerialwithrecommendationsandreviewsbyotherpeopleandforthosewillingtohavetheirartistictastespredictedbyapieceofsoftwarecomputerprogramswhichanalysepastselections.Long-tailenthusiastsarguethatthewholeofculturewillbenefitnotjustcommercialenterprises.Televisionfilmandmusicaresuchbewitchingmediaintheirownrightthatmanypeoplearequitehappytowatchandlistentowhatthemainstreamprovides.Butifindividualshavetheopportunitytopickbettermoreideallysuitedentertainmentfromafarwiderselectiontheywilltakeitaccordingtothetheoryofthelongtail.SomeanalystsreckonthatentirepopulationsmightbecomehappierandwiseroncetheyhaveaccesstothousandsofdocumentariesindependentfilmsandsubgenresofeverykindofmusicinsteadofbeingsubjectedtowhatMr.Andersoncallsthetyrannyoflowest-common-denominatorfare.Thatmightbetakingthingsabitfar.Butthelongtailiscertainlyoneoftheinternet’sbettergiftstohumanity.What’sthemainideaofthispassage
Aswithmanyagrown-upsportingstarthefirsthintofgreatnesscameatanearlyageforLewisHamilton.Asaneight-year-oldathisfirstkartracehechargedmorelikeamaturedriverthananoviceremembersMartinHinesowneroftheZipKartracingcompany.ScythinghiswaythroughthefieldjustoutsideLondonHamiltonhadaconfidentstylethatseemeddifferentfromnormalrookiesHinessays.Therewasalittlesparkabouthim.Now22andinhisdebutseasoninFormulaOne—hebecamethefirstblackdrivertomakeitontothegridinmotorracing’sblue-ribbonchampionship.HissuccessandprofilethathaveearnedyoungHamiltoncomparisonswithothersportinggreats.Hiscolor—Hamilton’sgrandfathercametoBritainfromGrenadainthe50s—andthepositiveinfluenceofhisfatherAnthonyhavedrawnparallelswithTigerWoods.Hamiltonacknowledgesthathisparticipationcouldstokeinterestamongethnicgroupswhomaynotbeintothesportnow.Hopefullypeoplethatcanrelatetomewillseethatit’spossibleandalsotrytogetintothesporthetoldtheBBC.Moreoverhisyouthgoodlooksandwholesomeimagearealsolikelytogetmarketersfiredup.Countlessmorekartingtitlesfollowedbefore2001.HemadeseasoneddriverslooksillysaysTonyShawHamilton’sthenteammanageratManorMotorsport.Hamilton’srawnaturalspeedandcannyracecraftnudgedhimclosertothebigleagues.Hamilton’sunderstandingofwhenandwheretoovertakeandhowtotakeadvantageofasituationisveryadvancedShawsays.AthisfirstcrackatGP2thetraininggroundforFormulaOneHamiltondominatedthe2006seasonwithaseriesofblisteringdrivesonhiswaytothetitle.Hamiltonisnotworriedaboutshowingordoingwhathe’susedtodoingjustbecauseit’sFormulaOnesaysHill.Formanynewdriversthat’sanenormoushurdle.Withtheretirementlastyearofseven-timeworldchampionMichaelSchumacherthere’sonelessrivalforHamiltontonegotiate.AndHamiltoniscertainlynotshortonconfidence.WhenhefirstmetRonDennis—nowhisFormulaOneteamboss—asa10-year-oldinaborrowedsuitHamiltonpromptlytoldhimhewantedtodriveforMcLaren.Threeyearslaterhejoinedtheteam’ssupportprogramforpromisingyoungdrivers.Butsayformerteammanagershe’sreadytolistenandlearnwhenthingsgowrong.Hamiltonhasararecapacitytoquestionhimself—toanalyzeveryclearlyafteraracesaysFredericVasseurgeneralmanagerattheARTGrandPrixteambehindHamilton’sGP2championship.Asforwhetherhe’llbecometheTigerWoodsofthesportit’stooearlytoknowwhetherhecanliveuptothosestandards.Butfornowhisfansarebullish.DamonHillwasthelastBritishdrivertotaketheworldcrown.Andit’sHamiltonHillsayswholookslikelytobethenext./WhichisthemostimportantreasonwhyLewisHamiltonparallelswithTigerWoods
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10points1
Aswithmanyagrown-upsportingstarthefirsthintofgreatnesscameatanearlyageforLewisHamilton.Asaneight-year-oldathisfirstkartracehechargedmorelikeamaturedriverthananoviceremembersMartinHinesowneroftheZipKartracingcompany.ScythinghiswaythroughthefieldjustoutsideLondonHamiltonhadaconfidentstylethatseemeddifferentfromnormalrookiesHinessays.Therewasalittlesparkabouthim.Now22andinhisdebutseasoninFormulaOne—hebecamethefirstblackdrivertomakeitontothegridinmotorracing’sblue-ribbonchampionship.HissuccessandprofilethathaveearnedyoungHamiltoncomparisonswithothersportinggreats.Hiscolor—Hamilton’sgrandfathercametoBritainfromGrenadainthe50s—andthepositiveinfluenceofhisfatherAnthonyhavedrawnparallelswithTigerWoods.Hamiltonacknowledgesthathisparticipationcouldstokeinterestamongethnicgroupswhomaynotbeintothesportnow.Hopefullypeoplethatcanrelatetomewillseethatit’spossibleandalsotrytogetintothesporthetoldtheBBC.Moreoverhisyouthgoodlooksandwholesomeimagearealsolikelytogetmarketersfiredup.Countlessmorekartingtitlesfollowedbefore2001.HemadeseasoneddriverslooksillysaysTonyShawHamilton’sthenteammanageratManorMotorsport.Hamilton’srawnaturalspeedandcannyracecraftnudgedhimclosertothebigleagues.Hamilton’sunderstandingofwhenandwheretoovertakeandhowtotakeadvantageofasituationisveryadvancedShawsays.AthisfirstcrackatGP2thetraininggroundforFormulaOneHamiltondominatedthe2006seasonwithaseriesofblisteringdrivesonhiswaytothetitle.Hamiltonisnotworriedaboutshowingordoingwhathe’susedtodoingjustbecauseit’sFormulaOnesaysHill.Formanynewdriversthat’sanenormoushurdle.Withtheretirementlastyearofseven-timeworldchampionMichaelSchumacherthere’sonelessrivalforHamiltontonegotiate.AndHamiltoniscertainlynotshortonconfidence.WhenhefirstmetRonDennis—nowhisFormulaOneteamboss—asa10-year-oldinaborrowedsuitHamiltonpromptlytoldhimhewantedtodriveforMcLaren.Threeyearslaterhejoinedtheteam’ssupportprogramforpromisingyoungdrivers.Butsayformerteammanagershe’sreadytolistenandlearnwhenthingsgowrong.Hamiltonhasararecapacitytoquestionhimself—toanalyzeveryclearlyafteraracesaysFredericVasseurgeneralmanagerattheARTGrandPrixteambehindHamilton’sGP2championship.Asforwhetherhe’llbecometheTigerWoodsofthesportit’stooearlytoknowwhetherhecanliveuptothosestandards.Butfornowhisfansarebullish.DamonHillwasthelastBritishdrivertotaketheworldcrown.Andit’sHamiltonHillsayswholookslikelytobethenext./WhichwordismostsimilarinmeaningtobullishLine2Lastparagraph
TheAmericanscreenhaslongbeenasmokyplaceatleastsince1942’sNowVoyagerinwhichBetteDavisandPaulHenreidshowedhowtomakeandsealaromanticdealoverapairofcigarettesthatweresmolderingasmuchasthestars.Todaycigarettesaremorecommononscreenthanatanyothertimesincemidcentury:75%ofallHollywoodfilms—including36%ofthoseratedGorPG—showtobaccouseaccordingtoa2006surveybytheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco.Audiencesespeciallykidsaretakingnotice.TworecentstudiespublishedinLancetandPediatricshavefoundthatamongchildrenasyoungas10thoseexposedtothemostscreensmokingareupto2.7timesaslikelyasotherstopickupthehabit.Worseit’stheonesfromnonsmokinghomeswhoarehitthehardest.NowtheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthHSPH—thefolksbehindthedesignated-drivercampaign—arepushingtogetthesmokesoffthescreen.Somemoviesshowkidsupto14incidentsofsmokingperhoursaysBarryBloomHSPH’sdean.We’reinthebusinessofpreventingdiseaseandcigarettesaretheNo.1preventablecause.Harvardlongbelievedthatgettingcigarettesoutofmoviescouldhaveaspowerfulaneffectbutitwouldn’tbeeasy.Cigarettemakershadahistoryofstrikingproduct-placementdealswithHollywoodandwhilethe1998tobaccosettlementpreventsthatnothingstopsdirectorsfromincorporatingsmokingintoscenesontheirown.In1999Harvardbeganholdingone-on-onemeetingswithstudioexecstryingtochangethatandlastyeartheMotionPictureAssociationofAmericaflungthedooropeninvitingBloomtomakeapresentationinFebruarytoallthestudios.Harvard’sadvicewasdirect:Getthebuttsentirelyoutoratleastmakesmokingunappealing.Afewfilmsprovideaglimpseofwhatano-smokingorlow-smokingHollywoodwouldbelike.ProducerLindsayDoranwhooncehelpedpersuadedirectorJohnHughestokeepFerrisBuellersmoke-freeinthe1980shitwantedtodethesamefortheleadsofher2006movieStrangerThanFiction.WhenawriterconvincedherthatthecharacterplayedbyEmmaThompsonhadtosmokeDoranrelentedbutfromthewayThompsonhacksherwaythroughthefilmandsnuffsouthercigarettesinapalmfulofspitit’scleartheglamour’sgone.AndrememberallthesmokinginTheDevilWearsPradaNoThat’sbecausetheproducersofthatfilmkeptitoutentirely—eveninastorythattravelsfromtheUSfashionworldtoParistwoofthemosttobacco-happyplacesonearth.NoonesmokedinthatmoviesaysDoranandnoonenoticed.Suchmoviesarehardlytherulebutthepressureisgrowing.Likesmokersstudiosmayconcludethatquittingthehabitisnotjustalothealthierbutalsoalotsmarter.It’shardtogetcigarettesoutofHollywoodbecause
Ifyousmokeandyoustilldon’tbelievethatthere’s’adefinitelinkbetweensmokingandbronchialtroublesheartdiseaseandlungcancerthenyouarecertainlydeceivingyourself.Noonewillaccuseyouofhypocrisy..Letusjustsaythatyouaresufferingfromabadcaseofwishfulthinking.Thisneedn’tmakeyoutoouncomfortablebecauseyouareingoodcompany.Wheneverthesubjectofsmokingandhealthisraisedthegovernmentsofmostcountrieshearnoevilseenoevilandsmellnoevil.Admittedlyafewgovernmentshavetakentimidmeasures.41______ 42______.Theanswerissimplymoney.Tobaccoisawonderfulcommoditytotax.It’salmostlikeataxonourdailybread.IntaxrevenuealonethegovernmentofBritaincollectsenoughfromsmokerstopayforitsentireeducationalfacilities.Sowhiletheauthoritiespointouteversodiscreetlythatsmokingmayconceivablybeharmfulitdoesn’tdotoshouttooloudlyaboutit. Thisissurelythemostshort-sightedpolicyyoucouldimagine.43______Enormousamountsarespentoncancerresearchandoneffortstocurepeoplesufferingfromthedisease.Countlessvaluablelivesarelost.Inthelongrunthereisnodoubtthateverybodywouldbemuchbetter-offifsmokingwerebannedaltogether. Ofcoursewearenotreadyforsuchadrasticaction.Butifthegovernmentsoftheworldwerehonestlyconcernedaboutthewelfareoftheirpeoplesyou’dthinkthey’dconductaggressiveanti-smokingcampaigns.Farfromit!Thetobaccoindustryisallowedtospendstaggeringsumsonadvertising.Itsadvertisingisasinsidiousasitisdishonest.Wearenevershownpicturesofrealsmokerscoughinuptheirlungsearlyinthemorning.Thatwouldneverdo.44______ 45______Smokingshouldbebannedinallpublicplacesliketheatrescinemasandrestaurants.Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeopleespeciallyofthedireconsequencesoftakingupthehabit.Ahorrificwarning--sayapictureofadeath’sheadshouldbeincludedineverypacketofcigarettesthatissold.Asindividualswearecertainlyweakbutifgovernmentsactedhonestlyandcourageouslytheycouldprotectusfromourselves. A.Forastartgovernmentscouldbeginbybanningallcigaretteandtobaccoadvertisingandshouldthenconductanti-smokingadvertisingcampaignsoftheirown. B.Youdon’thavetolookveryfartofindoutwhytheofficialreactionstomedicalfindings havebeensolukewarm. C.Ifsmokingisbannedinourlifesomeeconomistswouldworryaboutagreatlossincigaretteseconomy. D.Whilemoneyiseagerlycollectedinvastsumswithonehanditispaidoutinincreasinglyvastersumswiththeother. E.Theadvertisementalwaysdepictsvirileclean-shavenyoungmen.Theysuggestitismanlytosmokeevenpositivelyhealthy!Smokingisassociatedwiththegreatopen-airlifewithbeautifulgirlstrueloveandtogetherness.Whatutternonsense! F.Smokingisdiscouragedamongthestudentsatailofourcollegesthesubjectofsmokingandhealthiswidelydiscussedthere. G.InBritainforinstancecigaretteadvertisinghasbeenbannedontelevision.Theconscienceofthenationisappeasedwhilethepopulationcontinuestopuffitswaytosmokycancerousdeath. 45
Germany’schimneysweeps—hallowedasbringersofgoodluckwiththeirblacktophatsandcoiled-wirebrushes—areunderattack.LastweektheEuropeanCommission’sdirectoratefortheinternalmarketrevivedproceedingsagainstanantiquatedGermanlawthatprotectssweepsagainstcompetition.Thecountry’schimneysweepsenjoyanear-perfectmonopoly.Germanyisdividedintoaround8000districtseachruledbyitsownmastersweepwhousuallyemploystwomoresweeps.Althoughthisisaprivateenterprisethemaintenanceandinspectionserviceprovidediscompulsoryandpricesaresetbythelocalauthority:sweepscannotstrayoutsidetheirdistrictnorcanhouseholderschangetheirsweepeveniftheyloathehim.Thisrulecutsbothways.TherearesomecustomersIcan’tstandeithersaysoneFrankfurtsweep.Therationaleissimple:chimney-sweepingandrelatedgasandheatingmaintenanceinGermanyaretreatedasamatterofpublicsafety.Annualorsemi-annualvisitsareprescribedkeepingthesweepsbusyallyearround.Forcenturieschimney-sweepsinEuropewereawanderingbreed.Butin1937thechimney-sweeplawwasrevisedbyHeinrichHimmlerthentheactinginteriorminister.HisrolestiedchimneysweepstotheirdistrictsanddecreedthattheyshouldbeGermantoenablehimtousesweepsaslocalspies.Thelawwasupdatedin1969leavingthelocalmonopoliesinplacebutopeninguptheprofessionintheoryatleasttonon-Germans.Butinpracticefewapply.FouryearsagoabravePolequalifiedasamasterinKaiserslauternaccordingtoafellowstudentandthisyearanItaliandidsointheRhinelandPalatinate.ButhelikemostnewlyqualifiedGermanmasterswillspendyearsonawaitinglistbeforehegetshisowndistrict.TheEuropeanCommissionwouldliketoseeacompetitivemarketinwhichpeoplecanchoosetheirownsweepsjustastheychoosebuildersorplumbers.Itfirstopenedinfringementproceedingsin2003andtheGermangovernmentofthetimepromisedtochangethelawbutfailedtodoso.AnddespitethehuffingandpuffingfromBrusselstilegovernmentisstillreluctanttodismantleitsantiquatedsystemonsafetygrounds.Thenumberofdeathsfromcarbon-monoxidepoisoninginGermanyisaroundone-tenththatinFranceorBelgiumclaimstheFrankfurtsweep.SoGermansarelikelytobestockwiththeirneighbourhoodSchornsteinfegers—whethertheycanstandeachotherornot—forsometimetocome.WhatdoesThisrulecutsbothwaysLine7Paragraph1mean
ForthepasttwoyearsinSiliconValleythecentreofAmerica’stechnologyindustryconference-goershaveentertainedthemselvesplayingaguessinggame:howmanytimeswillaspeakermentionthephraselongtailItisusuallyahighnumberthankstotheinfluenceofthelong-tailtheorywhichwasfirstdevelopedbyChrisAndersontheeditorofWiredmagazineinanarticlein2004.Thoughtechnologistsandbloggerschuckleathoweverybusinesspresentationnowhastohaveitslong-tailsectionmostareenviousofMr.Andersonwhosebrainwavequicklybecamethemostfashionablebusinessideaaround.Whetherablockbusterfilmabestsellingnovelorachart-toppingrapsongpopularcultureidolisesthehit.Companiesdevotethemselvestocreatingthembecausethecostofdistributionandthelimitsofshelfspaceinphysicalshopsmeanthatprofitabilitydependsonahighvolumeofsales.Butaroundthebeginningofthiscenturyagroupofinternetcompaniesrealisedthatwithendlessshelvesandanationaloreveninternationalaudienceonlinetheycouldofferahugerangeofproducts—andmakemoneyatthesametime.ThenichetheobscureandthespecialistMr.Andersonargueswillgaingroundattheexpenseofthehit.Asevidencehepointstoadropinthenumberofcompaniesthattraditionallycalculatetheirrevenue/salesratioaccordingtothe80/20rule—wherethetopfifthofproductscontributefour-fifthsofrevenues.EcastaSanFranciscodigitaljukeboxcompanyfoundthat98%ofits10000albumssoldatleastonetrackeverythreemonths.ExpressedinthelanguageofstatisticstheexperiencesofEcastandothercompaniessuchasAragonanonlinebooksellersuggestthatproductsdowninthelongtailofastatisticaldistributionaddedtogethercanbehighlyprofitable.Theinternethelpspeoplefindtheirwaytorelativelyobscurematerialwithrecommendationsandreviewsbyotherpeopleandforthosewillingtohavetheirartistictastespredictedbyapieceofsoftwarecomputerprogramswhichanalysepastselections.Long-tailenthusiastsarguethatthewholeofculturewillbenefitnotjustcommercialenterprises.Televisionfilmandmusicaresuchbewitchingmediaintheirownrightthatmanypeoplearequitehappytowatchandlistentowhatthemainstreamprovides.Butifindividualshavetheopportunitytopickbettermoreideallysuitedentertainmentfromafarwiderselectiontheywilltakeitaccordingtothetheoryofthelongtail.SomeanalystsreckonthatentirepopulationsmightbecomehappierandwiseroncetheyhaveaccesstothousandsofdocumentariesindependentfilmsandsubgenresofeverykindofmusicinsteadofbeingsubjectedtowhatMr.Andersoncallsthetyrannyoflowest-common-denominatorfare.Thatmightbetakingthingsabitfar.Butthelongtailiscertainlyoneoftheinternet’sbettergiftstohumanity.Whichofthefollowingstatementsislure
Ifyousmokeandyoustilldon’tbelievethatthere’s’adefinitelinkbetweensmokingandbronchialtroublesheartdiseaseandlungcancerthenyouarecertainlydeceivingyourself.Noonewillaccuseyouofhypocrisy..Letusjustsaythatyouaresufferingfromabadcaseofwishfulthinking.Thisneedn’tmakeyoutoouncomfortablebecauseyouareingoodcompany.Wheneverthesubjectofsmokingandhealthisraisedthegovernmentsofmostcountrieshearnoevilseenoevilandsmellnoevil.Admittedlyafewgovernmentshavetakentimidmeasures.41______ 42______.Theanswerissimplymoney.Tobaccoisawonderfulcommoditytotax.It’salmostlikeataxonourdailybread.IntaxrevenuealonethegovernmentofBritaincollectsenoughfromsmokerstopayforitsentireeducationalfacilities.Sowhiletheauthoritiespointouteversodiscreetlythatsmokingmayconceivablybeharmfulitdoesn’tdotoshouttooloudlyaboutit. Thisissurelythemostshort-sightedpolicyyoucouldimagine.43______Enormousamountsarespentoncancerresearchandoneffortstocurepeoplesufferingfromthedisease.Countlessvaluablelivesarelost.Inthelongrunthereisnodoubtthateverybodywouldbemuchbetter-offifsmokingwerebannedaltogether. Ofcoursewearenotreadyforsuchadrasticaction.Butifthegovernmentsoftheworldwerehonestlyconcernedaboutthewelfareoftheirpeoplesyou’dthinkthey’dconductaggressiveanti-smokingcampaigns.Farfromit!Thetobaccoindustryisallowedtospendstaggeringsumsonadvertising.Itsadvertisingisasinsidiousasitisdishonest.Wearenevershownpicturesofrealsmokerscoughinuptheirlungsearlyinthemorning.Thatwouldneverdo.44______ 45______Smokingshouldbebannedinallpublicplacesliketheatrescinemasandrestaurants.Greateffortsshouldbemadetoinformyoungpeopleespeciallyofthedireconsequencesoftakingupthehabit.Ahorrificwarning--sayapictureofadeath’sheadshouldbeincludedineverypacketofcigarettesthatissold.Asindividualswearecertainlyweakbutifgovernmentsactedhonestlyandcourageouslytheycouldprotectusfromourselves. A.Forastartgovernmentscouldbeginbybanningallcigaretteandtobaccoadvertisingandshouldthenconductanti-smokingadvertisingcampaignsoftheirown. B.Youdon’thavetolookveryfartofindoutwhytheofficialreactionstomedicalfindings havebeensolukewarm. C.Ifsmokingisbannedinourlifesomeeconomistswouldworryaboutagreatlossincigaretteseconomy. D.Whilemoneyiseagerlycollectedinvastsumswithonehanditispaidoutinincreasinglyvastersumswiththeother. E.Theadvertisementalwaysdepictsvirileclean-shavenyoungmen.Theysuggestitismanlytosmokeevenpositivelyhealthy!Smokingisassociatedwiththegreatopen-airlifewithbeautifulgirlstrueloveandtogetherness.Whatutternonsense! F.Smokingisdiscouragedamongthestudentsatailofourcollegesthesubjectofsmokingandhealthiswidelydiscussedthere. G.InBritainforinstancecigaretteadvertisinghasbeenbannedontelevision.Theconscienceofthenationisappeasedwhilethepopulationcontinuestopuffitswaytosmokycancerousdeath. 43
TheAmericanscreenhaslongbeenasmokyplaceatleastsince1942’sNowVoyagerinwhichBetteDavisandPaulHenreidshowedhowtomakeandsealaromanticdealoverapairofcigarettesthatweresmolderingasmuchasthestars.Todaycigarettesaremorecommononscreenthanatanyothertimesincemidcentury:75%ofallHollywoodfilms—including36%ofthoseratedGorPG—showtobaccouseaccordingtoa2006surveybytheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco.Audiencesespeciallykidsaretakingnotice.TworecentstudiespublishedinLancetandPediatricshavefoundthatamongchildrenasyoungas10thoseexposedtothemostscreensmokingareupto2.7timesaslikelyasotherstopickupthehabit.Worseit’stheonesfromnonsmokinghomeswhoarehitthehardest.NowtheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthHSPH—thefolksbehindthedesignated-drivercampaign—arepushingtogetthesmokesoffthescreen.Somemoviesshowkidsupto14incidentsofsmokingperhoursaysBarryBloomHSPH’sdean.We’reinthebusinessofpreventingdiseaseandcigarettesaretheNo.1preventablecause.Harvardlongbelievedthatgettingcigarettesoutofmoviescouldhaveaspowerfulaneffectbutitwouldn’tbeeasy.Cigarettemakershadahistoryofstrikingproduct-placementdealswithHollywoodandwhilethe1998tobaccosettlementpreventsthatnothingstopsdirectorsfromincorporatingsmokingintoscenesontheirown.In1999Harvardbeganholdingone-on-onemeetingswithstudioexecstryingtochangethatandlastyeartheMotionPictureAssociationofAmericaflungthedooropeninvitingBloomtomakeapresentationinFebruarytoallthestudios.Harvard’sadvicewasdirect:Getthebuttsentirelyoutoratleastmakesmokingunappealing.Afewfilmsprovideaglimpseofwhatano-smokingorlow-smokingHollywoodwouldbelike.ProducerLindsayDoranwhooncehelpedpersuadedirectorJohnHughestokeepFerrisBuellersmoke-freeinthe1980shitwantedtodethesamefortheleadsofher2006movieStrangerThanFiction.WhenawriterconvincedherthatthecharacterplayedbyEmmaThompsonhadtosmokeDoranrelentedbutfromthewayThompsonhacksherwaythroughthefilmandsnuffsouthercigarettesinapalmfulofspitit’scleartheglamour’sgone.AndrememberallthesmokinginTheDevilWearsPradaNoThat’sbecausetheproducersofthatfilmkeptitoutentirely—eveninastorythattravelsfromtheUSfashionworldtoParistwoofthemosttobacco-happyplacesonearth.NoonesmokedinthatmoviesaysDoranandnoonenoticed.Suchmoviesarehardlytherulebutthepressureisgrowing.Likesmokersstudiosmayconcludethatquittingthehabitisnotjustalothealthierbutalsoalotsmarter.WhytheauthormentionedNowVoyager
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