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具有民事权利能力的人，当然同时享有一切民事权利。 ( )
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民事权利能力是指民事主体依法享有民事权利承担民事义务的资格下列关于民事权利能力的说法中正确的是
被监护人不具有民事权利能力
“植物人”没有民事权利能力
享有民事权利能力的人应有意思能力
未成年人也享有民事权利能力
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Thepointoftherestorationistcritiqueofpreservationismistheclaimthatitrestsonanunhealthydualismthatconceivesnatureandhumankindasradicallydistinctandopposedtoeachother.Dissatisfactionwithdualismhasforsometimefiguredprominentlyintheunhappinessofenvironmentalistswithmainstreamindustrialsociety.Howeverthewritingsoftherestorationiststhemselves―particularlyWilliamJordanandFrederickTurner―offerlittleevidencetosupportthisaccusation.Intheirviewpreservationistsarefilledwiththesamebasicmind-setastheindustrialmainstreamtheonlydifferencebeingthatthelatterrankshumansovernaturewhiletheformerelevatesnatureoverhumans.WhileitisperhapspuzzlingthatJordanandTurnerdonotseethatthereisnologicthatrequiresdualismasaphilosophicalbasisforpreservationmorepuzzlingisthesharpnessandruthlessnessoftheirattackonpreservationistsreinforcedbythefactthattheyofferlittleifanycriticismofthosewhohaverobbedthenaturalworld. Thecrucialquestionhoweverabouttherestorationistoutlookhastodowiththedegreetowhichtherestorationistprogramisitselffaithfultothefirstprincipleofrestoration:thatnatureandhumanityarefundamentallyunitedratherthanseparate.Rejectingtheolddominationmodelwhichseeshumansasovernaturerestorationtheorysupportsamodelofcommunityparticipation.YetsomeofthedescriptionsthatJordanandTurnergiveofwhatrestorationistsareactuallyupto--forexampleTurner’’sdescriptionofhumansasthelordsofcreationorJordan’’sstatementthatthefateandwellbeingofthebiospheredependultimatelyonusandourrelationshipwithit--arenotconsistentwellwiththecommunity-participationmodel. Anotherholisticmodel―namelythatofnatureasanorganism―mightbemoreserviceabletotherestorationists.Aswiththecommunitymodeltheorganicmodelpicturesnatureasasystemofinterconnectedparts.Afundamentaldifferencehoweveristhatinanorganismthepartsarewhollyusefultothelifeoftheorganism.IfwecouldthinkofthebiosphereasasinglelivingorganismandcouldidentifyhumanswiththebrainortheDNAorcontrolcenterwewouldhaveamodelthatmorecloselyfitstherestorationists’’view. Howevertoconsiderhumansasthecontrolcenterofthelivingearthistoattributetothemadominatingroleinnature.Isthissignificantlydifferentfromtheold-fashioneddominationmodelInbothsystemshumansholdtheplaceofhighestauthorityandpowerintheworld.Alsoneitherviewrecognizesanylimitstothescopeandrangeofreasonablehumanmanipulationintheworld.Thisdoesnotmeanthattherearenorestrictionsonlybeneficialmanipulationshouldbeundertaken.Butitdoesnotmeanthatnothingisoff-limits.Afurtherparallelisthatbecausethefateoftheworldrestsonhumanstheymusthaveaclearideaofwhatneedstobedone.Therearealsoimportantdifferencesbetweenthetwotheories.Forexamplerestorationistsnolongerviewtheworldintheolddominationistwayasapassiveobject.Andthoughbothassigntohumansacontrollingroleintheworlddominationistsconceivethisintermsofconquestwhilerestorationistsconceiveitintermsofhealing.Alsorestorationistsinsistthattheideaswhichmustservetoguideourworkintheworldaredrawnnotsolelyfromaconsiderationofhumanneedsandpurposesbutfromanunderstandingofthebiosphere;asaresulttheyaremoreconsciousthandominationistsofourcapacitytohumannature. Theauthor’’sprimarycriticismoftherestorationistsisthat
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Scientifictraditiondemandsthatscientificpapersfollowtheformalprogression:methodfirstresultssecondconclusionthird.Therulespermitnohintthatasoftenhappensthemethodwasreallymadeupasthescientistwentalongorthataccidentalresultsdeterminedthemethodorthatthescientistreachedcertainconclusionsbeforetheresultswereallinorthathestartedoutwithcertainconclusionsorthathestarteddoingadifferentexperiment. Muchscientificwritingnotonlymisrepresentstheworkingsofsciencebutalsodoesadisservicetoscientiststhemselves.Bywritingreportsthatmakescientificinvestigationssoundasunvaryingandpredictableasthesunrisescientiststendtospreadthecuriousnotionthatscienceisinfallible.Thatmanyofthemareunconsciousoftheeffecttheycreatedoesnotaltertheimageinthepopularmind.Weheartimeandagainofthesuperiorityofthescientificmethod.Infactthewordunscientifichasalmostbecomeasynonymforuntrue.Yetthefinalevaluationofanysetofdataisanindividualsubjectivejudgment;andallhumanjudgmentisliabletoerror.Thoughtfulscientistsrealizeallthis;butyouwouldn’’tgathersofromreadingmostscientificliterature.Aself-importantstiffandunnaturalstyletoooftenseizesthepenoftheexperimenterthemomenthestartsputtingwordsonpaper. Editorsofscientificpublicationsarenotwithouttheirreasonsforthecurrentstyleofscientificwriting.Theirjournalsaren’’trich.Paperandprintingareexpensive.Thereforeitishelpfultocondensearticlesasmuchaspossible.Underpressureoftraditionthecondensationprocessremovesthehumanelementsfirst.Andfewscientificwritersrebelagainstthetradition.Evencourageousmendonotgooutoftheirwaytopublicizetheirdeviationsfromacceptedprocedures.Thentoothereisanapparentobjectivityandhumblenessattachedtothethirdpersonpassivevoicewritingtechniqueadoptedinthepreparationofmostscientificpapers.Sobitbybitthetruefaceofsciencebecomeshiddenbehindwhatseemstotheoutsidertobeaself-satisfiedall-knowingmask.Isitanywonderthatinthepopularliteraturethescientistoftenappearsasahybridsuperman-spoiledchild Nosmallcontributiontomodernculturecouldbethesimpleintroductionintotheearlieststageofourpublic-schoolsciencecoursesofanaturalstyleofwritingaboutlaboratoryexperimentsastheyreallyhappen.Thisissomethingthatcouldbedoneimmediatelywiththeopeningofclassesthisfall.Itrequiresnopreparationexceptapsychologicalacknowledgmentoftheobviousfactthatthepresentformofreportingexperimentsisamentaltiewhoseveryappearanceiscalculatedtorepeltheimaginativeyoungmindssciencesobadlyneeds. Mostscientificpapersturnouttobe
Text2 Largemultinationalcorporationsmay bethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.Buttoafargreater extentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthe fortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories. Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploy nearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofailnew jobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopened theirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseean additional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Too manyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswill overestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition. Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccess requires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquit thecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheidea ofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleast forawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusiness Administrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelyto havedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryears fromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anew studyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNational FederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyears afterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Most creditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalready werecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorservice intheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethe launchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’s healthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmast tenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoften ignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability. Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnotto acknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheir ingeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayroll orvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydothey seetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofar gonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswill alsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumust spotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhaps franchiseyourhotidea.Accordingtothetextthemaindifferencebetweenamultinationalcorporationandasmallbusinessliesin
Scientifictraditiondemandsthatscientificpapersfollowtheformalprogression:methodfirstresultssecondconclusionthird.Therulespermitnohintthatasoftenhappensthemethodwasreallymadeupasthescientistwentalongorthataccidentalresultsdeterminedthemethodorthatthescientistreachedcertainconclusionsbeforetheresultswereallinorthathestartedoutwithcertainconclusionsorthathestarteddoingadifferentexperiment. Muchscientificwritingnotonlymisrepresentstheworkingsofsciencebutalsodoesadisservicetoscientiststhemselves.Bywritingreportsthatmakescientificinvestigationssoundasunvaryingandpredictableasthesunrisescientiststendtospreadthecuriousnotionthatscienceisinfallible.Thatmanyofthemareunconsciousoftheeffecttheycreatedoesnotaltertheimageinthepopularmind.Weheartimeandagainofthesuperiorityofthescientificmethod.Infactthewordunscientifichasalmostbecomeasynonymforuntrue.Yetthefinalevaluationofanysetofdataisanindividualsubjectivejudgment;andallhumanjudgmentisliabletoerror.Thoughtfulscientistsrealizeallthis;butyouwouldn’’tgathersofromreadingmostscientificliterature.Aself-importantstiffandunnaturalstyletoooftenseizesthepenoftheexperimenterthemomenthestartsputtingwordsonpaper. Editorsofscientificpublicationsarenotwithouttheirreasonsforthecurrentstyleofscientificwriting.Theirjournalsaren’’trich.Paperandprintingareexpensive.Thereforeitishelpfultocondensearticlesasmuchaspossible.Underpressureoftraditionthecondensationprocessremovesthehumanelementsfirst.Andfewscientificwritersrebelagainstthetradition.Evencourageousmendonotgooutoftheirwaytopublicizetheirdeviationsfromacceptedprocedures.Thentoothereisanapparentobjectivityandhumblenessattachedtothethirdpersonpassivevoicewritingtechniqueadoptedinthepreparationofmostscientificpapers.Sobitbybitthetruefaceofsciencebecomeshiddenbehindwhatseemstotheoutsidertobeaself-satisfiedall-knowingmask.Isitanywonderthatinthepopularliteraturethescientistoftenappearsasahybridsuperman-spoiledchild Nosmallcontributiontomodernculturecouldbethesimpleintroductionintotheearlieststageofourpublic-schoolsciencecoursesofanaturalstyleofwritingaboutlaboratoryexperimentsastheyreallyhappen.Thisissomethingthatcouldbedoneimmediatelywiththeopeningofclassesthisfall.Itrequiresnopreparationexceptapsychologicalacknowledgmentoftheobviousfactthatthepresentformofreportingexperimentsisamentaltiewhoseveryappearanceiscalculatedtorepeltheimaginativeyoungmindssciencesobadlyneeds. Theauthorpointsoutthatthoughtfulscientists
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
U.S.prisonsarefilledwithdrugoffenders;thenumberofprisonerstripledoverthepast20yearstonearly2millionwith60to70percenttestingpositiveforsubstanceabuseonarrest.Thecountryhasspentbillionsofdollarsattackingtheproblematitsroots.Butthereisgrowingconsensusthatthewarondrughasbeenlost.TheUnitedStatesisstilltheworld’’slargestconsumerofillegalsubstances;cocainecontinuestopourovertheborderfromMexico.Traffictapsintothenationalfrustrationdepictingthehorrorsofbothdrugsandthedrugwar.WithouttakingsidesthefilmilluminatesthenationaldebateandposesonalternativethatAmericansseemincreasinglywillingtoconsider:findingnewwaystotreatratherthanmerelypunishdrugabuse. Policyrevolutions―likelegalizingnarcoticsdrugsproducingsleeporinsensibility―remainadistantdream.ButthereisgrowingpublicawarenessthatthemoneyandenergywastedontryingtochecktheflowofdrugsintotheUnitedStatesmightbebetterspentontryingtocontroldemandinstead.Votersinseveralstatesarefaraheadofthepoliticiansapprovingballotinitiativesthatoffermoretreatmentopinions.Drugscourtsthatallowjudgestousecarrotsandstickstocompelsubstance-abusetreatmenthavegrownfifty-foldsincethemid-1990spartofanewunderstandingthatevenwithfrequentrelapsesreturnstoaformalstatetreatmentismuchlessexpensiveforsocietythanjailandban. Drugaddictionisincreasinglybeingviewedasmoreadiseasethanacrime.Scienceisyieldingcluesaboutthehedonicofpleasureregionofthebrainwhilebreakthroughmedicationsandgreaterunderstandingofthemental-healthproblemsthatunderliemanyaddictionsaregivingtherapistsnewtools. OfficialsacrosstheContinenthavealreadybegunshiftingtheirfocusfrompreventingdrugflowtorehabilitatingmakingabletoliveanormallifeagaindrugusers.ThenewEuropeanUnionDrugsStrategyfor2000-2004makesacommitmenttoincreasingthenumberofsuccessfullytreatedaddicts.GemanyItalyandLuxembourghavetransferredresponsibilityfordrugpolicyfromtheirMinistriesoftheInteriortotheMinistriesofHealthorSocialAffairs.InBritainthegovernmenthassetupaNationalTreatmentAgencytocoordinatetheeffortsofsocial-serviceagenciesandtheDepartmentofHealth.Anddrug-preventionandsupportagenciestherearegettingabout30percentmorefundingthisyear.Changingthemainnationalstrategyfromattackingdrugpusherstorehabilitatingaddictswon’’tcomeeasy.ButslowlysteadilyAmericanslikeEuropeansseemdeterminedtotry. Drugaddictionisbeingviewedasadiseasebecause
U.S.prisonsarefilledwithdrugoffenders;thenumberofprisonerstripledoverthepast20yearstonearly2millionwith60to70percenttestingpositiveforsubstanceabuseonarrest.Thecountryhasspentbillionsofdollarsattackingtheproblematitsroots.Butthereisgrowingconsensusthatthewarondrughasbeenlost.TheUnitedStatesisstilltheworld’’slargestconsumerofillegalsubstances;cocainecontinuestopourovertheborderfromMexico.Traffictapsintothenationalfrustrationdepictingthehorrorsofbothdrugsandthedrugwar.WithouttakingsidesthefilmilluminatesthenationaldebateandposesonalternativethatAmericansseemincreasinglywillingtoconsider:findingnewwaystotreatratherthanmerelypunishdrugabuse. Policyrevolutions―likelegalizingnarcoticsdrugsproducingsleeporinsensibility―remainadistantdream.ButthereisgrowingpublicawarenessthatthemoneyandenergywastedontryingtochecktheflowofdrugsintotheUnitedStatesmightbebetterspentontryingtocontroldemandinstead.Votersinseveralstatesarefaraheadofthepoliticiansapprovingballotinitiativesthatoffermoretreatmentopinions.Drugscourtsthatallowjudgestousecarrotsandstickstocompelsubstance-abusetreatmenthavegrownfifty-foldsincethemid-1990spartofanewunderstandingthatevenwithfrequentrelapsesreturnstoaformalstatetreatmentismuchlessexpensiveforsocietythanjailandban. Drugaddictionisincreasinglybeingviewedasmoreadiseasethanacrime.Scienceisyieldingcluesaboutthehedonicofpleasureregionofthebrainwhilebreakthroughmedicationsandgreaterunderstandingofthemental-healthproblemsthatunderliemanyaddictionsaregivingtherapistsnewtools. OfficialsacrosstheContinenthavealreadybegunshiftingtheirfocusfrompreventingdrugflowtorehabilitatingmakingabletoliveanormallifeagaindrugusers.ThenewEuropeanUnionDrugsStrategyfor2000-2004makesacommitmenttoincreasingthenumberofsuccessfullytreatedaddicts.GemanyItalyandLuxembourghavetransferredresponsibilityfordrugpolicyfromtheirMinistriesoftheInteriortotheMinistriesofHealthorSocialAffairs.InBritainthegovernmenthassetupaNationalTreatmentAgencytocoordinatetheeffortsofsocial-serviceagenciesandtheDepartmentofHealth.Anddrug-preventionandsupportagenciestherearegettingabout30percentmorefundingthisyear.Changingthemainnationalstrategyfromattackingdrugpusherstorehabilitatingaddictswon’’tcomeeasy.ButslowlysteadilyAmericanslikeEuropeansseemdeterminedtotry. AccordingtothetextU.S.prisoners
U.S.prisonsarefilledwithdrugoffenders;thenumberofprisonerstripledoverthepast20yearstonearly2millionwith60to70percenttestingpositiveforsubstanceabuseonarrest.Thecountryhasspentbillionsofdollarsattackingtheproblematitsroots.Butthereisgrowingconsensusthatthewarondrughasbeenlost.TheUnitedStatesisstilltheworld’’slargestconsumerofillegalsubstances;cocainecontinuestopourovertheborderfromMexico.Traffictapsintothenationalfrustrationdepictingthehorrorsofbothdrugsandthedrugwar.WithouttakingsidesthefilmilluminatesthenationaldebateandposesonalternativethatAmericansseemincreasinglywillingtoconsider:findingnewwaystotreatratherthanmerelypunishdrugabuse. Policyrevolutions―likelegalizingnarcoticsdrugsproducingsleeporinsensibility―remainadistantdream.ButthereisgrowingpublicawarenessthatthemoneyandenergywastedontryingtochecktheflowofdrugsintotheUnitedStatesmightbebetterspentontryingtocontroldemandinstead.Votersinseveralstatesarefaraheadofthepoliticiansapprovingballotinitiativesthatoffermoretreatmentopinions.Drugscourtsthatallowjudgestousecarrotsandstickstocompelsubstance-abusetreatmenthavegrownfifty-foldsincethemid-1990spartofanewunderstandingthatevenwithfrequentrelapsesreturnstoaformalstatetreatmentismuchlessexpensiveforsocietythanjailandban. Drugaddictionisincreasinglybeingviewedasmoreadiseasethanacrime.Scienceisyieldingcluesaboutthehedonicofpleasureregionofthebrainwhilebreakthroughmedicationsandgreaterunderstandingofthemental-healthproblemsthatunderliemanyaddictionsaregivingtherapistsnewtools. OfficialsacrosstheContinenthavealreadybegunshiftingtheirfocusfrompreventingdrugflowtorehabilitatingmakingabletoliveanormallifeagaindrugusers.ThenewEuropeanUnionDrugsStrategyfor2000-2004makesacommitmenttoincreasingthenumberofsuccessfullytreatedaddicts.GemanyItalyandLuxembourghavetransferredresponsibilityfordrugpolicyfromtheirMinistriesoftheInteriortotheMinistriesofHealthorSocialAffairs.InBritainthegovernmenthassetupaNationalTreatmentAgencytocoordinatetheeffortsofsocial-serviceagenciesandtheDepartmentofHealth.Anddrug-preventionandsupportagenciestherearegettingabout30percentmorefundingthisyear.Changingthemainnationalstrategyfromattackingdrugpusherstorehabilitatingaddictswon’’tcomeeasy.ButslowlysteadilyAmericanslikeEuropeansseemdeterminedtotry. MoreandmoreAmericansfavorallofthefollowingEXCEPT
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Thepointoftherestorationistcritiqueofpreservationismistheclaimthatitrestsonanunhealthydualismthatconceivesnatureandhumankindasradicallydistinctandopposedtoeachother.Dissatisfactionwithdualismhasforsometimefiguredprominentlyintheunhappinessofenvironmentalistswithmainstreamindustrialsociety.Howeverthewritingsoftherestorationiststhemselves―particularlyWilliamJordanandFrederickTurner―offerlittleevidencetosupportthisaccusation.Intheirviewpreservationistsarefilledwiththesamebasicmind-setastheindustrialmainstreamtheonlydifferencebeingthatthelatterrankshumansovernaturewhiletheformerelevatesnatureoverhumans.WhileitisperhapspuzzlingthatJordanandTurnerdonotseethatthereisnologicthatrequiresdualismasaphilosophicalbasisforpreservationmorepuzzlingisthesharpnessandruthlessnessoftheirattackonpreservationistsreinforcedbythefactthattheyofferlittleifanycriticismofthosewhohaverobbedthenaturalworld. Thecrucialquestionhoweverabouttherestorationistoutlookhastodowiththedegreetowhichtherestorationistprogramisitselffaithfultothefirstprincipleofrestoration:thatnatureandhumanityarefundamentallyunitedratherthanseparate.Rejectingtheolddominationmodelwhichseeshumansasovernaturerestorationtheorysupportsamodelofcommunityparticipation.YetsomeofthedescriptionsthatJordanandTurnergiveofwhatrestorationistsareactuallyupto--forexampleTurner’’sdescriptionofhumansasthelordsofcreationorJordan’’sstatementthatthefateandwellbeingofthebiospheredependultimatelyonusandourrelationshipwithit--arenotconsistentwellwiththecommunity-participationmodel. Anotherholisticmodel―namelythatofnatureasanorganism―mightbemoreserviceabletotherestorationists.Aswiththecommunitymodeltheorganicmodelpicturesnatureasasystemofinterconnectedparts.Afundamentaldifferencehoweveristhatinanorganismthepartsarewhollyusefultothelifeoftheorganism.IfwecouldthinkofthebiosphereasasinglelivingorganismandcouldidentifyhumanswiththebrainortheDNAorcontrolcenterwewouldhaveamodelthatmorecloselyfitstherestorationists’’view. Howevertoconsiderhumansasthecontrolcenterofthelivingearthistoattributetothemadominatingroleinnature.Isthissignificantlydifferentfromtheold-fashioneddominationmodelInbothsystemshumansholdtheplaceofhighestauthorityandpowerintheworld.Alsoneitherviewrecognizesanylimitstothescopeandrangeofreasonablehumanmanipulationintheworld.Thisdoesnotmeanthattherearenorestrictionsonlybeneficialmanipulationshouldbeundertaken.Butitdoesnotmeanthatnothingisoff-limits.Afurtherparallelisthatbecausethefateoftheworldrestsonhumanstheymusthaveaclearideaofwhatneedstobedone.Therearealsoimportantdifferencesbetweenthetwotheories.Forexamplerestorationistsnolongerviewtheworldintheolddominationistwayasapassiveobject.Andthoughbothassigntohumansacontrollingroleintheworlddominationistsconceivethisintermsofconquestwhilerestorationistsconceiveitintermsofhealing.Alsorestorationistsinsistthattheideaswhichmustservetoguideourworkintheworldaredrawnnotsolelyfromaconsiderationofhumanneedsandpurposesbutfromanunderstandingofthebiosphere;asaresulttheyaremoreconsciousthandominationistsofourcapacitytohumannature. Theauthorwouldprobablyagreethatpreservationists
Text2 Largemultinationalcorporationsmay bethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.Buttoafargreater extentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthe fortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories. Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploy nearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofailnew jobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopened theirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseean additional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Too manyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswill overestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition. Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccess requires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquit thecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheidea ofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleast forawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusiness Administrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelyto havedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryears fromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anew studyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNational FederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyears afterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Most creditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalready werecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorservice intheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethe launchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’s healthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmast tenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoften ignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability. Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnotto acknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheir ingeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayroll orvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydothey seetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofar gonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswill alsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumust spotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhaps franchiseyourhotidea.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthedevelopmentofsmallbusinessesis
Text2 Largemultinationalcorporationsmay bethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.Buttoafargreater extentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthe fortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories. Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploy nearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofailnew jobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopened theirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseean additional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Too manyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswill overestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition. Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccess requires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquit thecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheidea ofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleast forawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusiness Administrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelyto havedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryears fromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anew studyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNational FederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyears afterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Most creditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalready werecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorservice intheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethe launchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’s healthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmast tenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoften ignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability. Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnotto acknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheir ingeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayroll orvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydothey seetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofar gonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswill alsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumust spotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhaps franchiseyourhotidea.Whenopeningsmallbusinessesthemostimportantthingforsmall-businessownerstodois
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects. Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Thepointoftherestorationistcritiqueofpreservationismistheclaimthatitrestsonanunhealthydualismthatconceivesnatureandhumankindasradicallydistinctandopposedtoeachother.Dissatisfactionwithdualismhasforsometimefiguredprominentlyintheunhappinessofenvironmentalistswithmainstreamindustrialsociety.Howeverthewritingsoftherestorationiststhemselves―particularlyWilliamJordanandFrederickTurner―offerlittleevidencetosupportthisaccusation.Intheirviewpreservationistsarefilledwiththesamebasicmind-setastheindustrialmainstreamtheonlydifferencebeingthatthelatterrankshumansovernaturewhiletheformerelevatesnatureoverhumans.WhileitisperhapspuzzlingthatJordanandTurnerdonotseethatthereisnologicthatrequiresdualismasaphilosophicalbasisforpreservationmorepuzzlingisthesharpnessandruthlessnessoftheirattackonpreservationistsreinforcedbythefactthattheyofferlittleifanycriticismofthosewhohaverobbedthenaturalworld. Thecrucialquestionhoweverabouttherestorationistoutlookhastodowiththedegreetowhichtherestorationistprogramisitselffaithfultothefirstprincipleofrestoration:thatnatureandhumanityarefundamentallyunitedratherthanseparate.Rejectingtheolddominationmodelwhichseeshumansasovernaturerestorationtheorysupportsamodelofcommunityparticipation.YetsomeofthedescriptionsthatJordanandTurnergiveofwhatrestorationistsareactuallyupto--forexampleTurner’’sdescriptionofhumansasthelordsofcreationorJordan’’sstatementthatthefateandwellbeingofthebiospheredependultimatelyonusandourrelationshipwithit--arenotconsistentwellwiththecommunity-participationmodel. Anotherholisticmodel―namelythatofnatureasanorganism―mightbemoreserviceabletotherestorationists.Aswiththecommunitymodeltheorganicmodelpicturesnatureasasystemofinterconnectedparts.Afundamentaldifferencehoweveristhatinanorganismthepartsarewhollyusefultothelifeoftheorganism.IfwecouldthinkofthebiosphereasasinglelivingorganismandcouldidentifyhumanswiththebrainortheDNAorcontrolcenterwewouldhaveamodelthatmorecloselyfitstherestorationists’’view. Howevertoconsiderhumansasthecontrolcenterofthelivingearthistoattributetothemadominatingroleinnature.Isthissignificantlydifferentfromtheold-fashioneddominationmodelInbothsystemshumansholdtheplaceofhighestauthorityandpowerintheworld.Alsoneitherviewrecognizesanylimitstothescopeandrangeofreasonablehumanmanipulationintheworld.Thisdoesnotmeanthattherearenorestrictionsonlybeneficialmanipulationshouldbeundertaken.Butitdoesnotmeanthatnothingisoff-limits.Afurtherparallelisthatbecausethefateoftheworldrestsonhumanstheymusthaveaclearideaofwhatneedstobedone.Therearealsoimportantdifferencesbetweenthetwotheories.Forexamplerestorationistsnolongerviewtheworldintheolddominationistwayasapassiveobject.Andthoughbothassigntohumansacontrollingroleintheworlddominationistsconceivethisintermsofconquestwhilerestorationistsconceiveitintermsofhealing.Alsorestorationistsinsistthattheideaswhichmustservetoguideourworkintheworldaredrawnnotsolelyfromaconsiderationofhumanneedsandpurposesbutfromanunderstandingofthebiosphere;asaresulttheyaremoreconsciousthandominationistsofourcapacitytohumannature. TherestorationistsanddominationistsdifferintoallofthefollowingEXCEPT
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts. AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswers onANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Aboutthree-quartersofAmericans accordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirds ofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandaneven highernumberdisdainCongress.Themediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofa wealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapinto broadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansin Washington.2007Yes.Butalso1992Themaindifference betweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—than RossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrong thenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthe courseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecade featuredimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformof thewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’t sobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticians likeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwith theproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snotto sayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.Responsibilitiesin placesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgathering dangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof 1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertaken byevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthe mercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong. Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonders whetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-war victory.Sometimesthepublicmoodis...wellmoody.Today we’remoodyagain.Weareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecently badlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchof thepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableof dealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare. Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymore justifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsagoNotreally.Thinkof itthisway:Haveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewould havepredictedonSept.1220017There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhere intheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeoreveninthe MiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemployment andastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostly stableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownand educationscoresareupabit.AsforAmericanforeignpolicy since9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandthereare manylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.But infactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincluding occasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficult problemsandhearteningdevelopments.Thekeyquestionof courseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofalQaedainwhatit hasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysothere canbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwe don’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewherein theMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbyno meansnecessarilygrim.TheauthorseemstobelievethattheUSwillhavepositiveoutcomesinIraqif
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’’svolcanoestheyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’’ssurface;onthecontrarymanyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowlyandinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates. Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmericaforexamplearemovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetailbutthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspotsanchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearthprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears. Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspotthematerialrisingfromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrowsitdevelopsdeepfissurescracks:inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofnewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinentssohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutabilityinconstancy. Thehot-spottheorymayproveusefulinexplaining____________.
Text3 HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhas notbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivities havemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecause givingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybut ultimatelyenhancemilitarymight.Thatattitudeisnow changing.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearch CouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion$14billionoverseven yearsonblueskiesresearch.Whiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedby Europe’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCis intendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-class universitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisationsButtheERC’ sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreaching theirfullpotential.InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountry competewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.The proposedERCismodelledonthisschemeItwouldawardgrantstoindividual researchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmerit judgedbypeerreviewIftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEurope wouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeir fellowcountrymenashappensatpresent.Thiscompareswith thelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhich placesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.Itisopenonlyto researchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliament andthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasison competitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecide whichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropean ResearchAdvisoryBoard--anadvisorybodytothecommission—saysthatwinninga grantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearch excellence.ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobestepped upanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicine physicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChina andIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther.Oneofthe reasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackof genuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorability toattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.Recentestimatessuggestthat Europeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetof raisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%of GDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhave finishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.Itcould establishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirown ideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouraging talenttostayinEurope.Thecrucialissuenowiswhetherthe ERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceand bureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22 leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategy metforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution. Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody. ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecified restswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.If botharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmore competitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompolitical interference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearchers whichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshow manyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbe pointless.AccordingtoERCsupportersscientistsarenotreachingtheirfullpotentialbecause
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts. AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswers onANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Aboutthree-quartersofAmericans accordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirds ofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandaneven highernumberdisdainCongress.Themediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofa wealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapinto broadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansin Washington.2007Yes.Butalso1992Themaindifference betweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—than RossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrong thenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthe courseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecade featuredimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformof thewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’t sobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticians likeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwith theproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snotto sayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.Responsibilitiesin placesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgathering dangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof 1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertaken byevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthe mercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong. Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonders whetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-war victory.Sometimesthepublicmoodis...wellmoody.Today we’remoodyagain.Weareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecently badlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchof thepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableof dealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare. Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymore justifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsagoNotreally.Thinkof itthisway:Haveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewould havepredictedonSept.1220017There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhere intheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeoreveninthe MiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemployment andastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostly stableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownand educationscoresareupabit.AsforAmericanforeignpolicy since9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandthereare manylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.But infactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincluding occasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficult problemsandhearteningdevelopments.Thekeyquestionof courseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofalQaedainwhatit hasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysothere canbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwe don’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewherein theMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbyno meansnecessarilygrim.AccordingtotheauthorthepresentpessimismintheUSismainlydueto
Scatteredaroundtheglobearemorethan100smallregionsofisolatedvolcanicactivityknowntogeologistsashotspots.Unlikemostoftheworld’’svolcanoestheyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingplatesthatmakeuptheearth’’ssurface;onthecontrarymanyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofaplate.Mostofthehotspotsmoveonlyslowlyandinsomecasesthemovementoftheplatespastthemhaslefttrailsofdeadvolcanoes.Thehotspotsandtheirvolcanictrailsaremilestonesthatmarkthepassageoftheplates. Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyonddispute.AfricaandSouthAmericaforexamplearemovingawayfromeachotherasnewmaterialisinjectedintotheseafloorbetweenthem.Thecomplementarycoastlinesandcertaingeologicalfeaturesthatseemtospantheoceanareremindersofwherethetwocontinentswereoncejoined.Therelativemotionoftheplatescarryingthesecontinentshasbeenconstructedindetailbutthemotionofoneplatewithrespecttoanothercannotreadilybetranslatedintomotionwithrespecttotheearth’’sinterior.Itisnotpossibletodeterminewhetherbothcontinentsaremovinginoppositedirectionsorwhetheronecontinentisstationaryandtheotherisdriftingawayfromit.Hotspotsanchoredinthedeeperlayersoftheearthprovidethemeasuringinstrumentsneededtoresolvethequestion.Fromananalysisofthehot-spotpopulationitappearsthattheAfricanplateisstationaryandthatithasnotmovedduringthepast30millionyears. Thesignificanceofhotspotsisnotconfinedtotheirroleasaframeofreference.Itnowappearsthattheyalsohaveanimportantinfluenceonthegeophysicalprocessesthatpropeltheplatesacrosstheglobe.Whenacontinentalplatecomestorestoverahotspotthematerialrisingfromdeeperlayerscreatesabroaddome.Asthedomegrowsitdevelopsdeepfissurescracks:inatleastafewcasesthecontinentmaybreakentirelyalongsomeofthesefissuressothatthehotspotinitiatestheformationofnewocean.Thusjustasearliertheorieshaveexplainedthemobilityofthecontinentssohotspotsmayexplaintheirmutabilityinconstancy. Theauthorbelievesthat____________.
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
Manytheoriesconcerningthecausesofjuveniledelinquencycrimescommittedbyyoungpeoplefocuseitherontheindividualoronsocietyasthemajorcontributinginfluence.Theories________ontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior________theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthrough________withothers.Theoriesfocusingontheroleofsocietysuggestthatchildrencommitcrimesin________totheirfailuretoriseabovetheirsocioeconomicstatus________asarejectionofmiddle-classvalues. Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilies________thefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.Thelattermaycommitcrimes________lackofadequateparentalcontrol.Alltheorieshoweveraretentativeandare________tocriticism. Changesinthesocialstructuremayindirecfiy________juvenilecrimerates.Forexamplechangesintheeconomythat________tofewerjobopportunitiesforyouthandrisingunemployment________makegainfulemploymentincreasinglydifficulttoobtain.Theresultingdiscontentmayin________leadmoreyouthsintocriminalbehavior. Familieshavealso________changestheseyears.Morefamiliesconsistofone-parenthouseholdsortwoworkingparents;________childrenarelikelytohavelesssupervisionathome________wascommoninthetraditionalfamily________Thislackofparentalsupervisionisthoughttobeaninfluenceonjuvenilecrimerates.Other________causesofoffensiveactsincludefrustrationorfailureinschooltheincreased________ofdrugsandalcoholandthegrowing________ofchildabuseandchildneglect.Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact________adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsfor eachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1. Egyptianwinehasanextensivehistory withinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1 tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare 2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3 theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknown isthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthe first6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasused extensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwinein Egypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintemple ceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sand other9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwere quitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10 viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11an exclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwith simplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12founda waytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushes andfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthe vines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwine pressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation 15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesand materials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspoured throughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17 theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18 .TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand 19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20 withit’sownvintageandquality.
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