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Text 1 A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, t...
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Text1 Whethertheeyesare"thewindowofthesoul"isdebatable;thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpersonalcommunicationisafactduringthefirsttwomonthsofababy’slifethestimulusthatproducesasmileisapairofeyes.Theeyesneednotbereal:amaskwithtwodotswillproduceasmilesignificantlyarealhumanfacewitheyescoveredwillnotmotivateasmilenorwillthesightofonlyoneeyewhenthefaceispresentedinprofile.Thisattractiontoeyesasopposedtothenoseormouthcontinuesasthebabymatures.InonestudywhenAmericanfour-year-oldswereaskedtodrawpeople75percentofthemdrewpeoplewithmouthsbut99percentofthemdrewpeoplewitheyes.InJapanhoweverwherebabiesarecarriedontheirmother’sbackinfantsdonotacquireasmuchattachmenttoeyesastheydoinothercultures.AsaresultJapaneseadults’makelittleuseofthefaceeithertoencodeordecodemeaning..InfactArgylerevealsthatthe"properplacetofocusone’sgazeduringaconversationinJapanisontheneckofone’sconversationpartner." TheroleofeyecontactinaconversationalexchangebetweentwoAmericansiswelldefined:speakersmakecontactwiththeeyesoftheirlistenerforaboutonesecondthenglanceawayastheytalk;inafewmomentstheyreestablisheyecontactwiththelistenerorreassurethemselvesthattheiraudienceisstillattentivethenshifttheirgazeawayoncemore.Listenersmeanwhilekeeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeakerallowingthemselvestoglanceawayonlybriefly.Itisimportantthattheybelookingatthespeakerattheprecisemomentwhenthespeakerreestablisheseyecontact:iftheyarenotlookingthespeakerassumesthattheyaredisinterestedandeitherwillpauseuntileyecontactisresumedorwillterminatetheconversation.Justhowcriticalthiseyemaneuveringistothemaintenanceofconversationalflowbecomesevidentwhentwospeakersarewearingdarkglasses;theremaybeasortoftrafficjamofwordscausedbyinterruptionfalsestartsandunpredictablepauses. Babieswillnotbestimulatedtosmilebyaperson
Text4 AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlycourteousandhelpfulmostAmericanswereto’them.TobefairthisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadiansandshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereareofcourseexceptions.Small-mindedofficialsrudewaitersandill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment. Foralongperiodoftimeand{nmanypartsofthecountryatravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourceofdiversionandbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingaloneifhungryinjuredorilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement..Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylifeifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomedayrememberyoumightbeinthesamesituation. Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.YettheoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUSespeciallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails."IwasjusttravelingthroughgottalkingwiththisAmericanandprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing."SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommonbutarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition. AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Andofcoursespeakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto"translate"culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexamplewhen.anAmericanusestheword"friend"theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitorslanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.YetbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers. Thetraditionofhospitalitytostrangers
Text3 WhoknowsbetterthanyourcustomerswhereyouroperationscanbeimprovedTodayprogressivefirmsincreasinglyrelyonadvisorycouncilstosuggestimprovementsrecommendactionandofferfeedbackonprogramsandpolicies.Infactmanycompaniesfeelthatthisformofcommunicationisvitaltothecontinuousimprovementoftheirbusinessoperations. Acouncilamongotherthingsimprovescommunicationandspursimprovementofoperations.Rememberthatthesecrettosuccessisdialogue--the.exchangeofideasandopinions.Focusonproblemsyourcustomershave.Spelloutyourgoalsandobjectives. Eachmeetingshouldhaveaspecificobjectivetoaccomplish.Determinethemeeting’sfrequency.Ifyouwanttoimplementastrategicplananannualmeetingmaybeenough.Ifyouwanttofocusonoperationalissuesmoremeetingsmaybeneeded. Agoodcouncilwillhavenomorethan12peoplewithhalfofthemembersfromyourcompanyandhalfyourcustomers.Itshouldalsohavediversityinitsmembership.Membersshouldservefromonetothreeyears-rotationofmembershipwillensurethecouncildoesn’tbecomestale. Findanapproximatemeetingsitewhetherit’sin-houseoroffsitewheretherewillbenointerruptions.Youshouldpayforalltheexpensesrelatedtothemeeting--rememberthecouncilmembersareprovidingyourcompanywithaservice.Treatthemasyourguestsandyourexperts. Ifyouhaveafixedbeginningandendingtimetoyourmeetingsticktoit..Whenstructuringthemeetingrememberthe80720problem-solvingrule.Structurethemeetingsothat20percentofthetimeisspentidentifyingordiscussingaproblemand80percentofthetimeisspentdesigningasolution. Oftenitishelpfultohaveapersonactastimekeeperandannouncewhentheagendatimeforaparticularitemhasexpired.Howeverduringthemeetingbeflexible.Thefacilitatorcanallow.thegrouptodecidewhethertomoveontothenextitemorextendthediscussion.Asyougoalonglooktonarrowthedifferencesamongmembersandformaconsensus. Asthemeetingclosessummarizewhatwasaccomplishedcheckingforagreementandcommitmentamongthemembers.Makeadetailedlistofthefollow-upitemswhohasresponsibilityforeachitemandatimelineforcompletion. Theresultsfromreallylisteningtoandlearningfromyourcustomersinawell-runadvisorycouncilcanpayhugedividends. Whydoesthewriterputthesuggestionthatadvisorycouncilsshouldbesetup
Text2 WASHINGTOND.C.--ThethreatofballisticmissilesfromcountriessuchasIranandNorthKoreacouldmaterializewithlittlewarningaCongressionalpanelofdefenseexpertsreportedtoday.ThatconclusiondiffersfromearlierassessmentsbytheU.S.intelligencecommunityandtheClintonAdministrationwhichhaveconcludedthatanewthreattoU.S.territoryisatleastadecadeoff. Thepanel--calledtheCommissiontoAssessTheBallisticMissileThreattotheUnitedStates--wassetupbytheNationalDefenseAuthorizationActof1997andfirstmetinJanuary1998.Itsninepolicymakers;technologistsandseniormilitaryofficialshad"unprecedentedaccesstothemostsensitiveandhighlyclassifiedinformation"saidpanelchairpersonDonaldRumsfeldaformersecretaryofdefenseatapressconferencehere.Thepanelfoundthatliberalizedexportcontrolsincreasedinternationalexchangesofstudentsandscientificpersonnelandleaksofclassifiedinformationhaveresultedin"massivetechnologytransfer"bothfromdevelopednationstoroguenationsandbetweenthosecountriesthemselves.Moreoverpotentialaggressorscouldminimizethetechnicalchallengebysettlingformissileswithlimitedaccuracyorreliability. ThereportwarnsthatnationswithScudmissiletechnologysuchasIrancouldtestalong-rangemissilewithinabout5yearsfromdecidingtopursuesuchaprogram.NorthKoreaalsohasthetechnologyforproducingbiologicalweaponsthepanelnoted.TestflightsoftheirmissilesthatwouldbeabletoreachpartsofHawaiiandAlaskacouldtakeplacewithin6monthsofadecision.BecauseoftheUnitedNationsarmsinspectionshoweverIraqislaggingbehindandwouldtake10yearsfrominitiatinganefforttoposingamissilethreattotheUnitedStates. SpeakeroftheHouseNewtGingrichcalledthereport"themostimportantwarningaboutournationalsecuritysincetheendoftheColdWar"andurgedtheestablishmentofabipartisanbicameralcommitteetoworkwiththeAdministrationtodecide:futurepolicy.AWhiteHousespokespersonwasnoncommittalsayingthatthereport’srecommendationsonintelligenceanalysiswouldbetakenintoaccountbutthattheadministrationstoodbyitsMarchintelligenceassessment.ThatreportconcludedthatitisunlikelythatcountriesotherthanRussiaChinaorNorthKoreacoulddeployaballisticmissilecapableofreachinganypartoftheUnitedStatesbefore2010. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueabouttheCommissiontoAssessTheBallisticMissileThreattotheUnitedStates
46Free-marketeconomyisaneconomicsysteminwhichindividualsratherthangovernmentmakethemajorityof.decisionsregardingeconomicactivitiesandtransactions.Iadividualsarefreetomakeeconomicdecisionsconcerningtheiremploymenthowtouseoraccumulatecapitalwhatexpenditurestomakeandwhethertousetheirresourcesnowortosavethemforlaterconsumption.Theprinciplesunderlyingfree-marketeconomiescanbetracedtothe18thcenturyBritisheconomistAdamSmith.47AccordingtoSmithindividualsactingintheirowneconomicself-interestwillmaximizetheeconomicsituationofsocietyasawholeasifguidedbyan"invisiblehand".Inafree-marketeconomythegovernment’sfunctionislimitedtoprovidingwhatareknownas"publicgoods"andperformingaregulatoryroleincertainsifuations. 48Publicgoodswhichincludedefenselawandorderandeducationhavetwocharacteristics;consumptionbyoneindividualdoesnotreducetheamountofthegoodsleftforothers;andthebenefitsthatanindividualreceivesdonotdepentlonthatperson’scontribution.Anexampleisalighthouse.Oneindividual’suseoflightprovidedbyalighthousedoesnotreducetheabilityofotherstouseit.inadditionthelighthouseownercannotrestrictindividualsfromusingthelight.49Thelatterillustratesthe"free-rider"phenomenonofpublicgoods--boththosewhohelpedpayforthelighthouseandthosewhodidnotwillenjoythesameamountoflight.The"free-rider"problemcanbeeliminatedifgovernmentscollecttaxesandthenprovidepublicgoods. Government’sroleinafree-marketeconomyalsoincludesprotectingprivatepropertyenforcingcontractsandregulatingcertaineconomicactivities.Governmentsgenerallyregulate"naturalmonopolies"suchasutilitiesorrailservice.Regulationisusedinplaceofcompetitiontopreventthesemonopoliesfrommakingexcessiveprofits.Governmentsmayalsorestricteconomicfreedomforthesakeofprotectingindividualrights.Examplesincludelawsthatrestrictchildlabororforbidthesaleofunsafegoods. Proponentsoffree-marketeconomiesbelievetheyprovideanumberofadvantages.Theyseefree-marketeconomiesalencouragingindividualresponsibilityfordecisionsandtheybelievethateconomicfreedomisessentialtopoliticalfreedom.Inadditionmanypeoplebelievethatfreemarketsaremoreefficientineconomicterms.50Freemarketsprovideincentivesbothtoindividualstoallocateresourcessuchaslaborandcapitalamongthemostproductiveusesandtofirmstoproducegoodsandservicesthatthepublicwantusingthemostefficientmeansofproduction. 48Publicgoodswhichincludedefenselawandorderandeducationhavetwocharacteristics;consumptionbyoneindividualdoesnotreducetheamountofthegoodsleftforothers;andthebenefitsthatanindividualreceivesdonotdepentlonthatperson’scontribution.
46Free-marketeconomyisaneconomicsysteminwhichindividualsratherthangovernmentmakethemajorityof.decisionsregardingeconomicactivitiesandtransactions.Iadividualsarefreetomakeeconomicdecisionsconcerningtheiremploymenthowtouseoraccumulatecapitalwhatexpenditurestomakeandwhethertousetheirresourcesnowortosavethemforlaterconsumption.Theprinciplesunderlyingfree-marketeconomiescanbetracedtothe18thcenturyBritisheconomistAdamSmith.47AccordingtoSmithindividualsactingintheirowneconomicself-interestwillmaximizetheeconomicsituationofsocietyasawholeasifguidedbyan"invisiblehand".Inafree-marketeconomythegovernment’sfunctionislimitedtoprovidingwhatareknownas"publicgoods"andperformingaregulatoryroleincertainsifuations. 48Publicgoodswhichincludedefenselawandorderandeducationhavetwocharacteristics;consumptionbyoneindividualdoesnotreducetheamountofthegoodsleftforothers;andthebenefitsthatanindividualreceivesdonotdepentlonthatperson’scontribution.Anexampleisalighthouse.Oneindividual’suseoflightprovidedbyalighthousedoesnotreducetheabilityofotherstouseit.inadditionthelighthouseownercannotrestrictindividualsfromusingthelight.49Thelatterillustratesthe"free-rider"phenomenonofpublicgoods--boththosewhohelpedpayforthelighthouseandthosewhodidnotwillenjoythesameamountoflight.The"free-rider"problemcanbeeliminatedifgovernmentscollecttaxesandthenprovidepublicgoods. Government’sroleinafree-marketeconomyalsoincludesprotectingprivatepropertyenforcingcontractsandregulatingcertaineconomicactivities.Governmentsgenerallyregulate"naturalmonopolies"suchasutilitiesorrailservice.Regulationisusedinplaceofcompetitiontopreventthesemonopoliesfrommakingexcessiveprofits.Governmentsmayalsorestricteconomicfreedomforthesakeofprotectingindividualrights.Examplesincludelawsthatrestrictchildlabororforbidthesaleofunsafegoods. Proponentsoffree-marketeconomiesbelievetheyprovideanumberofadvantages.Theyseefree-marketeconomiesalencouragingindividualresponsibilityfordecisionsandtheybelievethateconomicfreedomisessentialtopoliticalfreedom.Inadditionmanypeoplebelievethatfreemarketsaremoreefficientineconomicterms.50Freemarketsprovideincentivesbothtoindividualstoallocateresourcessuchaslaborandcapitalamongthemostproductiveusesandtofirmstoproducegoodsandservicesthatthepublicwantusingthemostefficientmeansofproduction. 46Free-marketeconomyisaneconomicsysteminwhichindividualsratherthangovernmentmakethemajorityof.decisionsregardingeconomicactivitiesandtransactions.
Text2 WASHINGTOND.C.--ThethreatofballisticmissilesfromcountriessuchasIranandNorthKoreacouldmaterializewithlittlewarningaCongressionalpanelofdefenseexpertsreportedtoday.ThatconclusiondiffersfromearlierassessmentsbytheU.S.intelligencecommunityandtheClintonAdministrationwhichhaveconcludedthatanewthreattoU.S.territoryisatleastadecadeoff. Thepanel--calledtheCommissiontoAssessTheBallisticMissileThreattotheUnitedStates--wassetupbytheNationalDefenseAuthorizationActof1997andfirstmetinJanuary1998.Itsninepolicymakers;technologistsandseniormilitaryofficialshad"unprecedentedaccesstothemostsensitiveandhighlyclassifiedinformation"saidpanelchairpersonDonaldRumsfeldaformersecretaryofdefenseatapressconferencehere.Thepanelfoundthatliberalizedexportcontrolsincreasedinternationalexchangesofstudentsandscientificpersonnelandleaksofclassifiedinformationhaveresultedin"massivetechnologytransfer"bothfromdevelopednationstoroguenationsandbetweenthosecountriesthemselves.Moreoverpotentialaggressorscouldminimizethetechnicalchallengebysettlingformissileswithlimitedaccuracyorreliability. ThereportwarnsthatnationswithScudmissiletechnologysuchasIrancouldtestalong-rangemissilewithinabout5yearsfromdecidingtopursuesuchaprogram.NorthKoreaalsohasthetechnologyforproducingbiologicalweaponsthepanelnoted.TestflightsoftheirmissilesthatwouldbeabletoreachpartsofHawaiiandAlaskacouldtakeplacewithin6monthsofadecision.BecauseoftheUnitedNationsarmsinspectionshoweverIraqislaggingbehindandwouldtake10yearsfrominitiatinganefforttoposingamissilethreattotheUnitedStates. SpeakeroftheHouseNewtGingrichcalledthereport"themostimportantwarningaboutournationalsecuritysincetheendoftheColdWar"andurgedtheestablishmentofabipartisanbicameralcommitteetoworkwiththeAdministrationtodecide:futurepolicy.AWhiteHousespokespersonwasnoncommittalsayingthatthereport’srecommendationsonintelligenceanalysiswouldbetakenintoaccountbutthattheadministrationstoodbyitsMarchintelligenceassessment.ThatreportconcludedthatitisunlikelythatcountriesotherthanRussiaChinaorNorthKoreacoulddeployaballisticmissilecapableofreachinganypartoftheUnitedStatesbefore2010. Fromthethirdparagraphweknowthat
Text4 AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlycourteousandhelpfulmostAmericanswereto’them.TobefairthisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadiansandshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereareofcourseexceptions.Small-mindedofficialsrudewaitersandill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment. Foralongperiodoftimeand{nmanypartsofthecountryatravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourceofdiversionandbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingaloneifhungryinjuredorilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement..Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylifeifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomedayrememberyoumightbeinthesamesituation. Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.YettheoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUSespeciallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails."IwasjusttravelingthroughgottalkingwiththisAmericanandprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing."SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommonbutarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition. AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Andofcoursespeakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto"translate"culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexamplewhen.anAmericanusestheword"friend"theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitorslanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.YetbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers. Familiesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertainstrangers
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 10
Text3 WhoknowsbetterthanyourcustomerswhereyouroperationscanbeimprovedTodayprogressivefirmsincreasinglyrelyonadvisorycouncilstosuggestimprovementsrecommendactionandofferfeedbackonprogramsandpolicies.Infactmanycompaniesfeelthatthisformofcommunicationisvitaltothecontinuousimprovementoftheirbusinessoperations. Acouncilamongotherthingsimprovescommunicationandspursimprovementofoperations.Rememberthatthesecrettosuccessisdialogue--the.exchangeofideasandopinions.Focusonproblemsyourcustomershave.Spelloutyourgoalsandobjectives. Eachmeetingshouldhaveaspecificobjectivetoaccomplish.Determinethemeeting’sfrequency.Ifyouwanttoimplementastrategicplananannualmeetingmaybeenough.Ifyouwanttofocusonoperationalissuesmoremeetingsmaybeneeded. Agoodcouncilwillhavenomorethan12peoplewithhalfofthemembersfromyourcompanyandhalfyourcustomers.Itshouldalsohavediversityinitsmembership.Membersshouldservefromonetothreeyears-rotationofmembershipwillensurethecouncildoesn’tbecomestale. Findanapproximatemeetingsitewhetherit’sin-houseoroffsitewheretherewillbenointerruptions.Youshouldpayforalltheexpensesrelatedtothemeeting--rememberthecouncilmembersareprovidingyourcompanywithaservice.Treatthemasyourguestsandyourexperts. Ifyouhaveafixedbeginningandendingtimetoyourmeetingsticktoit..Whenstructuringthemeetingrememberthe80720problem-solvingrule.Structurethemeetingsothat20percentofthetimeisspentidentifyingordiscussingaproblemand80percentofthetimeisspentdesigningasolution. Oftenitishelpfultohaveapersonactastimekeeperandannouncewhentheagendatimeforaparticularitemhasexpired.Howeverduringthemeetingbeflexible.Thefacilitatorcanallow.thegrouptodecidewhethertomoveontothenextitemorextendthediscussion.Asyougoalonglooktonarrowthedifferencesamongmembersandformaconsensus. Asthemeetingclosessummarizewhatwasaccomplishedcheckingforagreementandcommitmentamongthemembers.Makeadetailedlistofthefollow-upitemswhohasresponsibilityforeachitemandatimelineforcompletion. Theresultsfromreallylisteningtoandlearningfromyourcustomersinawell-runadvisorycouncilcanpayhugedividends. Whatseemstobethemostimportantthingyouhavetodecideonbeforeameetingstarts
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 18
ConventionalwisdominthethirtysomethingeradeclaresthattheAmericanmarriageisinserioustrouble:asky-highdivorceratenewstressesandtensionsinthesexwarsandeasyopportunitiesforextramaritaladventures.NotsoaccordingtoanewsurveyconductedbyGallupforPsychologyTodayandtwonationalTVprogramsKingWorld’sInsideEditionandABC’sHOME.AlthoughsomeexpertsquestionitsaccuracythepollindicatesAmericansaresurprisingandhappilymonogamous.41______ Thepoll’sfindingswillappearinPsychologyToday’sMarchissuealongwithananalysiswrittenbythemagazine’seditorinchiefTGeorgeHarrisandtheorchestratorofthesurveyFatherAndrewGreeley.42______ConsideringthewidespreadpublicitygiventomaritalcheatingGreeleyadmitsthatthesurveyresultswere"somethingofasurprise.""Peoplemaytalkmorethantheyactuallydo."SaysthecelibateRomanCatholicpriestwhoplanstoexpandhisresearchintoabooktentativelycalledFaithfulAttraction."Boastingaboutone’ssexualachievementisnothingnew.Notmanypeopleboastaboutbeingvirtuous."AddsHarris:"Thesecretsideofsexisfaithfulness." 43______.Fouroffivesaidtheywouldwedthesamepersonagaingiventhechance.Threeoutoffourdescribedtheirspousesasphysicallyattractive.Accordingtothepollthethreekeyfactorsinmakingamarriagehappyarecommunicationcooperation-inchildrearingandhouseworkandhavingaromanticimageofone’spartner.Some20%ormoresaidtheyoccasionallyindulgedinsucheroticactivitiesastakingshowerswiththeirspousesmakingloveoutdoorsandwatchingX-ratedvideostogether.BymodeststatisticalmarginsCatholicsappeartobemoresexuallyadventurousthanProtestants. HarrisandGreeleyarguethatthenationmaybeexperiencinganegativebacklashtothesexualrevolution.Theynoteforexamplethat51%ofwomenunder35regrettedhavinghadapremaritalsexualencounterthoughonly16%ofmenfeltthatway.44______ 45______SaysJuneReinischdirectoroftheKinseyInstituteinBloomingtonInd.:“Weestimatethatapproximately37%ofmarriedmenand29%ofmarriedwomenhaveatleastoneextramaritalaffair.”AsurveyconductedbyLillianRubinasociologistatQueensCollegeinNewYorkCityshowsa40%infidelityrateforspouses.GreeleyandHarrishavetwoexplanationsforthedisparitybetweentheirpoll’sresultsandtheconventionalwisdom:1mostsexualsurveysareeitherobsoleteorunscientific;2peoplearevictimsofwhattheauthorscall"pluralisticignorance."Translation:erroneousbeliefssharedbysomeindividualsaboutotherpeople.EventheenchantedspousesintheP.T.Polldidnotbelievetheircommitmenttofidelitywaswidelyshared. A.GreeleyaprofessorofsociologyattheUniversityofArizonaisprobablybestknownaswhatSpmagazinemightcallanun-bosomydirty-bookwriter;hispopnovelsTheCardinalSins;St.Valentine’sNightregularlymakethebestsellercharts. B.Communicationseemstobethefirstofallkeyfactorsinmakingamarriagesmoothsince therearesomepossiblemeansforpeopletodaytoerasemisunderstandings. C.Therearesomesharpchallengestothepoll’sroseateviewofAmericanwedlock. D.Nearlytwo-thirdsofthepoll’s657randomlyselectedrespondentswhowerequeriedbytelephoneshortlybeforeChristmassaidtheywere"veryhappy"intheirmarriage. E:Lackofsexeducationforyoungpeopleisalsooneofthereasonsforhighdivorcerate. F.Thesurvey90%ofhusbandsandwivessaidtheyhadneverbeenunfaithfultotheirspousesandmostgavehighapprovalratingstotheirmates. G.MeanwhileaccordingtoanotherpollthepercentageofAmericanswhodisapprovedofextramaritalsexrosefrom84%in1973to91%in1988. 42
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 2
Text2 PeopleintheUnitedStatesinthenineteenthcenturywerehauntedbytheprospectthatunprecedentedchangeinthenation’seconomywouldbringsocialchaos.Intheyearsfollowing1820afterseveraldecadesofrelativestabilitytheeconomyenteredaperiodofsustainedandextremelyrapidgrowththatcontinuedtotheendofthenineteenthcentury.Accompanyingthatgrowthwasastructuralchangethatfeaturedincreasingeconomicdiversificationandagradualshiftinthenation’slaborforcefromagriculturetomanufacturingandothernonagriculturapursuits Althoughthebirthratecontinuedtodeclinefromitshighleveloftheeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturiesthepopulationroughlydoubledeverygenerationduringtherestofthenineteenthcentury.Asthepopulationgrewitsmakeupalsochanged.Massivewavesofimmigrationbroughtnewethnicgroupsintothecountry.Geographicandsocialmobility--downwardaswellasupward--touchedalmosteveryone.Localstudiesindicatethatnearlythree-quartersofthepopulationintheNorthandSouthintheemergingcitiesoftheNortheastandintherestlessruralcountiesoftheWestchangedtheirresidenceeachdecade.AsaconsequencehistorianDavidDonaldhaswritten"Socialatomizationaffectedeverysegmentofsociety"anditseemedtomanypeoplethat"alltherecognizedvaluesoforderlycivilizationweregraduallybeingeroded." Rapidindustrializationandincreasedgeographicmobilityinthenineteenthcenturyhadspecialimplicationsforwomenbecausethesechangestendedtomagnifysocialdistinctions.Astherolesmenandwomenplayedinsocietybecamemorerigidlydefinedsodidtherolestheyplayedinthehome.Inthecontextofextremecompetitivenessanddizzyingsocialchangethehouseholdlostmanyofitsearlierfunctionsandthehomecametoserveasahavenoftranquillityandorder.Asthesizeoffamiliesdecreasedtherolesofhusbandandwifebecamemoreclearlydifferentiatedthaneverbefore.Inthemiddleclassespeciallymenparticipatedintheproductiveeconomywhilewomenruledthehomeandservedasthecustodiansofcivilityandculture.Theintimacyofmarriagethatwascommoninearlierperiodswasrentandagulfthatattimesseemedunbridgeablewascreatedbetweenhusbandsandwives. Withwhichofthefollowingopinionswouldtheauthorbelikelytoagree
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 20
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 14
Text1 BasedonHinduscripturesthesystemofarrangedmarriageinIndiawaswellestablishedduringtheFDICperiod4000-1000B.C.andhasbeencloselyadheredtobythevastmajorityofthepopulationsincethatperiod.MarriageisseenasanindispensableeventinthelifeofaHinduandtheunmarriedpersonisviewedasincompleteandineligibleforparticipationincertainsocialandreligiousactivities. ThepracticeofarrangedmarriagecutsacrossallcastelinesregionalboundariesandlanguagebarriersinIndia.Marriageistreatedasanalliancebetweentwofamiliesratherthantwoindividuals.Inthecommonjointfamilyarrangementwhereseveralgenerationsarelivingtogethertheprospectivebrideisevaluatedonhersuitabilityaspartoftheentirefamilyenvironmentratherthanonlyasawifetoherhusband.Loveisnotviewedasanimportantelementinmateselectionnoriscourtshipthoughttobenecessaryfortestingtherelationship.Infactromanticloveisregardedasanuncontrollableandexplosiveemotionwhichinterfereswiththeuseofreasonandlogicindecision-making.Loveisthoughttobeadisruptiveelementsinceitimpliesatransferenceofloyaltyfromthefamilyoforientationtoanotherindividual.Thusmateselectionbyself-choiceisseenasendangeringthestabilityoftheentirejointfamilysinceitcouldleadtotheselectionofamateofunsuitabletemperamentorbackground.GuptahasestimatedthatIndianmarriagesbasedonloveoccuramonglessthanonepercentofthepopulation.Criticallifedecisionssuchaschoosingamatearegenerallydeterminedbyresponsiblemembersofthefamilyorkingroupthusreflectingtheculturalemphasisonfeminismasopposedtofreedomoftheindividualandpursuanceofpersonalgoals.Howeveritisanticipatedthatclosetiesandfeelingsofaffectionwilldevelopbetweenthecouplefollowingmarriage. MostresearchonmodernfamilylifeinIndiasuggeststhattherehasbeenlittlechangeintheviewsofIndianstowardmarriage.Howeverintheir1976studyofcollegestudentsRaofoundthatanincreasingnumberofyoungadultsinIndiawishtohavemorechoiceintheselectionoftheirfuturematealthoughtheystillprefertheirparentstoarrangetheirmarriages.Cormack1961alsostatesthatthecustomofprohibitingaprospectivecouplefromseeingeachotheruntiltheirweddingdayisbecomingobsoleteinmosturbanareasandamongcollege-educatedyouth. ApproximatelywhatpercentageofthepopulationinIndiamostprobablyobservesthecustomofarrangedmarriage
Directions: A.Title:EXAMINATIONS B.Wordlimit:160-200words C.Timelimit:40minutes D.Youarerequiredtodevelopyouressayaccordingtothegiventopicsentenceofeachparagraph. Howeveritisnoteasytoabolishexaminationsanditisevenmoredifficulttoimprovethem.
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 16
Text2 WASHINGTOND.C.--ThethreatofballisticmissilesfromcountriessuchasIranandNorthKoreacouldmaterializewithlittlewarningaCongressionalpanelofdefenseexpertsreportedtoday.ThatconclusiondiffersfromearlierassessmentsbytheU.S.intelligencecommunityandtheClintonAdministrationwhichhaveconcludedthatanewthreattoU.S.territoryisatleastadecadeoff. Thepanel--calledtheCommissiontoAssessTheBallisticMissileThreattotheUnitedStates--wassetupbytheNationalDefenseAuthorizationActof1997andfirstmetinJanuary1998.Itsninepolicymakers;technologistsandseniormilitaryofficialshad"unprecedentedaccesstothemostsensitiveandhighlyclassifiedinformation"saidpanelchairpersonDonaldRumsfeldaformersecretaryofdefenseatapressconferencehere.Thepanelfoundthatliberalizedexportcontrolsincreasedinternationalexchangesofstudentsandscientificpersonnelandleaksofclassifiedinformationhaveresultedin"massivetechnologytransfer"bothfromdevelopednationstoroguenationsandbetweenthosecountriesthemselves.Moreoverpotentialaggressorscouldminimizethetechnicalchallengebysettlingformissileswithlimitedaccuracyorreliability. ThereportwarnsthatnationswithScudmissiletechnologysuchasIrancouldtestalong-rangemissilewithinabout5yearsfromdecidingtopursuesuchaprogram.NorthKoreaalsohasthetechnologyforproducingbiologicalweaponsthepanelnoted.TestflightsoftheirmissilesthatwouldbeabletoreachpartsofHawaiiandAlaskacouldtakeplacewithin6monthsofadecision.BecauseoftheUnitedNationsarmsinspectionshoweverIraqislaggingbehindandwouldtake10yearsfrominitiatinganefforttoposingamissilethreattotheUnitedStates. SpeakeroftheHouseNewtGingrichcalledthereport"themostimportantwarningaboutournationalsecuritysincetheendoftheColdWar"andurgedtheestablishmentofabipartisanbicameralcommitteetoworkwiththeAdministrationtodecide:futurepolicy.AWhiteHousespokespersonwasnoncommittalsayingthatthereport’srecommendationsonintelligenceanalysiswouldbetakenintoaccountbutthattheadministrationstoodbyitsMarchintelligenceassessment.ThatreportconcludedthatitisunlikelythatcountriesotherthanRussiaChinaorNorthKoreacoulddeployaballisticmissilecapableofreachinganypartoftheUnitedStatesbefore2010. Thewordclassifiedinthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans
Agaragethesedaysisahighlyprizedassetlikelytoaddasmuchas10%～15%tothevalueofahouseespeciallyifit’sinacrowdedsuburbwherestreetparkingisdifficult. Itis1oneofthemostexpensiveadditionsyoucanmake.Abrickdouble2withaninternalfloor3of350squarefeetmightcostf8-9000thoughyoucould4thatbybetweenaquarterandahalf5youuseddirectlabourorbuiltityourself.Forthesame6you7have2extrabedroomsand.abathroom.8theprewardayswhensuburbangardenswere9thanahandkerchiefthegaragewas10asthe"motorhouse".Itusuallystoodatthe11ofthegardenasfarawayfromthe12aspossible.Nowadaysandnotjustfor13ofspacewe14thegaragetobe15tothehouseorsometimeseveninside16Normallyit17tobebig18fortwocarsparkedsideby19thoughsomebuildersstillcheatandprovideanose-to-tailunitwhichsavesonspacebutisanuisanceto20 20
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 6
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 8
Text1 Whethertheeyesare"thewindowofthesoul"isdebatable;thattheyareintenselyimportantininterpersonalcommunicationisafactduringthefirsttwomonthsofababy’slifethestimulusthatproducesasmileisapairofeyes.Theeyesneednotbereal:amaskwithtwodotswillproduceasmilesignificantlyarealhumanfacewitheyescoveredwillnotmotivateasmilenorwillthesightofonlyoneeyewhenthefaceispresentedinprofile.Thisattractiontoeyesasopposedtothenoseormouthcontinuesasthebabymatures.InonestudywhenAmericanfour-year-oldswereaskedtodrawpeople75percentofthemdrewpeoplewithmouthsbut99percentofthemdrewpeoplewitheyes.InJapanhoweverwherebabiesarecarriedontheirmother’sbackinfantsdonotacquireasmuchattachmenttoeyesastheydoinothercultures.AsaresultJapaneseadults’makelittleuseofthefaceeithertoencodeordecodemeaning..InfactArgylerevealsthatthe"properplacetofocusone’sgazeduringaconversationinJapanisontheneckofone’sconversationpartner." TheroleofeyecontactinaconversationalexchangebetweentwoAmericansiswelldefined:speakersmakecontactwiththeeyesoftheirlistenerforaboutonesecondthenglanceawayastheytalk;inafewmomentstheyreestablisheyecontactwiththelistenerorreassurethemselvesthattheiraudienceisstillattentivethenshifttheirgazeawayoncemore.Listenersmeanwhilekeeptheireyesonthefaceofthespeakerallowingthemselvestoglanceawayonlybriefly.Itisimportantthattheybelookingatthespeakerattheprecisemomentwhenthespeakerreestablisheseyecontact:iftheyarenotlookingthespeakerassumesthattheyaredisinterestedandeitherwillpauseuntileyecontactisresumedorwillterminatetheconversation.Justhowcriticalthiseyemaneuveringistothemaintenanceofconversationalflowbecomesevidentwhentwospeakersarewearingdarkglasses;theremaybeasortoftrafficjamofwordscausedbyinterruptionfalsestartsandunpredictablepauses. Theauthorisconvincedthattheeyesare
Text4 AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendlycourteousandhelpfulmostAmericanswereto’them.TobefairthisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaandCanadiansandshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereareofcourseexceptions.Small-mindedofficialsrudewaitersandill-manneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUS.Yetitisanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment. Foralongperiodoftimeand{nmanypartsofthecountryatravelerwasawelcomebreakinanotherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswhogenerallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourceofdiversionandbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld. Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingaloneifhungryinjuredorilloftenhadnowheretoturnexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement..Itwasnotamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.Itreflectedtheharshnessofdailylifeifyoudidn’ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhimtherewasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomedayrememberyoumightbeinthesamesituation. Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.YettheoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUSespeciallyinthesmallercitiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails."IwasjusttravelingthroughgottalkingwiththisAmericanandprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner--amazing."SuchobservationsreportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommonbutarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.ThecasualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificialbutastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition. AsistrueofanydevelopedsocietyinAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignalsassumptionsandconventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.Andofcoursespeakingalanguagedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto"translate"culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexamplewhen.anAmericanusestheword"friend"theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferentfromthoseithasinthevisitorslanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabustodistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.YetbeingfriendlyisavirtuethatmanyAmericansvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers. Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 4
Text1 BasedonHinduscripturesthesystemofarrangedmarriageinIndiawaswellestablishedduringtheFDICperiod4000-1000B.C.andhasbeencloselyadheredtobythevastmajorityofthepopulationsincethatperiod.MarriageisseenasanindispensableeventinthelifeofaHinduandtheunmarriedpersonisviewedasincompleteandineligibleforparticipationincertainsocialandreligiousactivities. ThepracticeofarrangedmarriagecutsacrossallcastelinesregionalboundariesandlanguagebarriersinIndia.Marriageistreatedasanalliancebetweentwofamiliesratherthantwoindividuals.Inthecommonjointfamilyarrangementwhereseveralgenerationsarelivingtogethertheprospectivebrideisevaluatedonhersuitabilityaspartoftheentirefamilyenvironmentratherthanonlyasawifetoherhusband.Loveisnotviewedasanimportantelementinmateselectionnoriscourtshipthoughttobenecessaryfortestingtherelationship.Infactromanticloveisregardedasanuncontrollableandexplosiveemotionwhichinterfereswiththeuseofreasonandlogicindecision-making.Loveisthoughttobeadisruptiveelementsinceitimpliesatransferenceofloyaltyfromthefamilyoforientationtoanotherindividual.Thusmateselectionbyself-choiceisseenasendangeringthestabilityoftheentirejointfamilysinceitcouldleadtotheselectionofamateofunsuitabletemperamentorbackground.GuptahasestimatedthatIndianmarriagesbasedonloveoccuramonglessthanonepercentofthepopulation.Criticallifedecisionssuchaschoosingamatearegenerallydeterminedbyresponsiblemembersofthefamilyorkingroupthusreflectingtheculturalemphasisonfeminismasopposedtofreedomoftheindividualandpursuanceofpersonalgoals.Howeveritisanticipatedthatclosetiesandfeelingsofaffectionwilldevelopbetweenthecouplefollowingmarriage. MostresearchonmodernfamilylifeinIndiasuggeststhattherehasbeenlittlechangeintheviewsofIndianstowardmarriage.Howeverintheir1976studyofcollegestudentsRaofoundthatanincreasingnumberofyoungadultsinIndiawishtohavemorechoiceintheselectionoftheirfuturematealthoughtheystillprefertheirparentstoarrangetheirmarriages.Cormack1961alsostatesthatthecustomofprohibitingaprospectivecouplefromseeingeachotheruntiltheirweddingdayisbecomingobsoleteinmosturbanareasandamongcollege-educatedyouth. CuptahasestimatedthatIndianmarriagesbasedonloveoccuramonglessthanonepercentofthepopulationbecause
Asmanyofthestoriesinthisbookareaboutman-eatingtigersitisperhaps1toexplainwhythoseanimals2man-eatingtendencies.Aman-eatingtigerisatigerthathasbeencompelledthroughstressofcircumstancesbeyondits3toadoptadietalientoit.Thestressofcircumstancesisinninecasesoutoftenwoundsandinthetenthcaseoldage.Thewoundthathascaused4tigertotakeupman-eatingmightbetheresultofacarelesslyfired5andfailuretofollowupand6thewoundedanimalorbetheresultOfthetigerhavinglostitstemperwhenkillingaporcupine.Humanbeingsarenotthenaturalpreyoftigersanditisonlywhentigershavebeen7throughwoundsoroldagethatinordertolivetheyarecompelledtoadietofhumanflesh.Theycannolongermakea8ofanimalin9Atigerusesitsteethandclawswhenkilling.Whenthereforeatigerissuffering10oneormorepainfulwoundsorwhenitsteetharemissingordefectiveanditsclaws11downanditisunabletocatchtheanimalsithasbeenaccustomedtoeatingitis12bynecessitytokillinghumanbeings.The13fromanimaltohumanfleshisIbelieveinmostcasesaccidental.As14ofwhatImeanby"accidentaF’IquotethecaseoftheMuktesarman-eatingtigers.Thistigressacomparativelyyounganimalin15withaporcupinelostaneyeandgotsomefiftyquills16inlengthfromonetonineinchesembeddedunderthe17ofherrightforeleg.Suppurating18formedwheresheendeavouredtoextractthequillswithherteethandwhileshewaslyingupinathick19ofgrassstarvingandlickingherwoundsawomanselectedthisparticularplacetocutthegrassasfodderforhercattle.Atfirstthetigresstooknonoticebutwhenthewomanhadcutthegrassrightuptowhereshewaslyingthetigressstruckoncetheblow20inthewoman’sskull. 12
46Free-marketeconomyisaneconomicsysteminwhichindividualsratherthangovernmentmakethemajorityof.decisionsregardingeconomicactivitiesandtransactions.Iadividualsarefreetomakeeconomicdecisionsconcerningtheiremploymenthowtouseoraccumulatecapitalwhatexpenditurestomakeandwhethertousetheirresourcesnowortosavethemforlaterconsumption.Theprinciplesunderlyingfree-marketeconomiescanbetracedtothe18thcenturyBritisheconomistAdamSmith.47AccordingtoSmithindividualsactingintheirowneconomicself-interestwillmaximizetheeconomicsituationofsocietyasawholeasifguidedbyan"invisiblehand".Inafree-marketeconomythegovernment’sfunctionislimitedtoprovidingwhatareknownas"publicgoods"andperformingaregulatoryroleincertainsifuations. 48Publicgoodswhichincludedefenselawandorderandeducationhavetwocharacteristics;consumptionbyoneindividualdoesnotreducetheamountofthegoodsleftforothers;andthebenefitsthatanindividualreceivesdonotdepentlonthatperson’scontribution.Anexampleisalighthouse.Oneindividual’suseoflightprovidedbyalighthousedoesnotreducetheabilityofotherstouseit.inadditionthelighthouseownercannotrestrictindividualsfromusingthelight.49Thelatterillustratesthe"free-rider"phenomenonofpublicgoods--boththosewhohelpedpayforthelighthouseandthosewhodidnotwillenjoythesameamountoflight.The"free-rider"problemcanbeeliminatedifgovernmentscollecttaxesandthenprovidepublicgoods. Government’sroleinafree-marketeconomyalsoincludesprotectingprivatepropertyenforcingcontractsandregulatingcertaineconomicactivities.Governmentsgenerallyregulate"naturalmonopolies"suchasutilitiesorrailservice.Regulationisusedinplaceofcompetitiontopreventthesemonopoliesfrommakingexcessiveprofits.Governmentsmayalsorestricteconomicfreedomforthesakeofprotectingindividualrights.Examplesincludelawsthatrestrictchildlabororforbidthesaleofunsafegoods. Proponentsoffree-marketeconomiesbelievetheyprovideanumberofadvantages.Theyseefree-marketeconomiesalencouragingindividualresponsibilityfordecisionsandtheybelievethateconomicfreedomisessentialtopoliticalfreedom.Inadditionmanypeoplebelievethatfreemarketsaremoreefficientineconomicterms.50Freemarketsprovideincentivesbothtoindividualstoallocateresourcessuchaslaborandcapitalamongthemostproductiveusesandtofirmstoproducegoodsandservicesthatthepublicwantusingthemostefficientmeansofproduction. 50Freemarketsprovideincentivesbothtoindividualstoallocateresourcessuchaslaborandcapitalamongthemostproductiveusesandtofirmstoproducegoodsandservicesthatthepublicwantusingthemostefficientmeansofproduction.
ConventionalwisdominthethirtysomethingeradeclaresthattheAmericanmarriageisinserioustrouble:asky-highdivorceratenewstressesandtensionsinthesexwarsandeasyopportunitiesforextramaritaladventures.NotsoaccordingtoanewsurveyconductedbyGallupforPsychologyTodayandtwonationalTVprogramsKingWorld’sInsideEditionandABC’sHOME.AlthoughsomeexpertsquestionitsaccuracythepollindicatesAmericansaresurprisingandhappilymonogamous.41______ Thepoll’sfindingswillappearinPsychologyToday’sMarchissuealongwithananalysiswrittenbythemagazine’seditorinchiefTGeorgeHarrisandtheorchestratorofthesurveyFatherAndrewGreeley.42______ConsideringthewidespreadpublicitygiventomaritalcheatingGreeleyadmitsthatthesurveyresultswere"somethingofasurprise.""Peoplemaytalkmorethantheyactuallydo."SaysthecelibateRomanCatholicpriestwhoplanstoexpandhisresearchintoabooktentativelycalledFaithfulAttraction."Boastingaboutone’ssexualachievementisnothingnew.Notmanypeopleboastaboutbeingvirtuous."AddsHarris:"Thesecretsideofsexisfaithfulness." 43______.Fouroffivesaidtheywouldwedthesamepersonagaingiventhechance.Threeoutoffourdescribedtheirspousesasphysicallyattractive.Accordingtothepollthethreekeyfactorsinmakingamarriagehappyarecommunicationcooperation-inchildrearingandhouseworkandhavingaromanticimageofone’spartner.Some20%ormoresaidtheyoccasionallyindulgedinsucheroticactivitiesastakingshowerswiththeirspousesmakingloveoutdoorsandwatchingX-ratedvideostogether.BymodeststatisticalmarginsCatholicsappeartobemoresexuallyadventurousthanProtestants. HarrisandGreeleyarguethatthenationmaybeexperiencinganegativebacklashtothesexualrevolution.Theynoteforexamplethat51%ofwomenunder35regrettedhavinghadapremaritalsexualencounterthoughonly16%ofmenfeltthatway.44______ 45______SaysJuneReinischdirectoroftheKinseyInstituteinBloomingtonInd.:“Weestimatethatapproximately37%ofmarriedmenand29%ofmarriedwomenhaveatleastoneextramaritalaffair.”AsurveyconductedbyLillianRubinasociologistatQueensCollegeinNewYorkCityshowsa40%infidelityrateforspouses.GreeleyandHarrishavetwoexplanationsforthedisparitybetweentheirpoll’sresultsandtheconventionalwisdom:1mostsexualsurveysareeitherobsoleteorunscientific;2peoplearevictimsofwhattheauthorscall"pluralisticignorance."Translation:erroneousbeliefssharedbysomeindividualsaboutotherpeople.EventheenchantedspousesintheP.T.Polldidnotbelievetheircommitmenttofidelitywaswidelyshared. A.GreeleyaprofessorofsociologyattheUniversityofArizonaisprobablybestknownaswhatSpmagazinemightcallanun-bosomydirty-bookwriter;hispopnovelsTheCardinalSins;St.Valentine’sNightregularlymakethebestsellercharts. B.Communicationseemstobethefirstofallkeyfactorsinmakingamarriagesmoothsince therearesomepossiblemeansforpeopletodaytoerasemisunderstandings. C.Therearesomesharpchallengestothepoll’sroseateviewofAmericanwedlock. D.Nearlytwo-thirdsofthepoll’s657randomlyselectedrespondentswhowerequeriedbytelephoneshortlybeforeChristmassaidtheywere"veryhappy"intheirmarriage. E:Lackofsexeducationforyoungpeopleisalsooneofthereasonsforhighdivorcerate. F.Thesurvey90%ofhusbandsandwivessaidtheyhadneverbeenunfaithfultotheirspousesandmostgavehighapprovalratingstotheirmates. G.MeanwhileaccordingtoanotherpollthepercentageofAmericanswhodisapprovedofextramaritalsexrosefrom84%in1973to91%in1988. 44
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