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试评析“中体西用”的历史作用和局限。
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中体西用思想是近代以来中国学习和借鉴西方文明的一种政治文化理念阅读下列材料材料一今欲强中国存中学则不
中体西用思想是近代以来中国学习和借鉴西方文明的一种政治文化理念阅读下列材料材料一今欲强中国存中学则不
评析甲午战后至辛亥革命期问民族资本主义发展的原因和局限性或论述中国近代民族资本主义发展的原因途径特点
有学者认为所谓洋务运动乃是清朝统治者在汉族地主官僚和外国侵略者的支持下用出卖中国人民利益的办法换取外
该观点深刻揭示了洋务运动的本质目的
该观点全面剖析了洋务运动的历史原因
该观点准确阐释了“中体西用”的思想
该观点客观评价了洋务运动的历史作用
中体西用思想的根本局限是
只学习西方的科技
只学习西方的政治
封建制度的存在
中学有中学之体用，西学有两学之体用
有学者认为所谓洋务运动乃是清朝统治者在汉族地主官僚和外国侵略者的支持下用出卖中国人民利益的办法换取外
深刻揭示了洋务运动的本质目的
全面剖析了洋务运动的历史原因
准确阐释了“中体西用”的思想
客观评价了洋务运动的历史作用
从中体西用思想的形成发展分析其在历史上的作用及局限
评中体西用论的积极作用和消极影响
历史研究的心理学方法的作用和局限有哪些
历史学家陈旭麓在近代中国社会的新陈代谢中说那时候天下滔滔多是泥古而顽梗之人如果没有‘中体’作为前提‘
“西用”思想最早是由地主阶级提出的
“西用”以“中体”为前提主要是天下“多为泥古而顽梗之人”
“中体西用”的观点受传统的夷夏之辨的影响
由于缺乏依托“西用”最终没有进入中国的大门
试述西斯蒙第对资本主义分配制度进行批判的主要内容并对这种批判的正确性和局限性作出评析
有学者认为所谓洋务运动乃是清朝统治者在汉族地主官僚和外国侵略者的支持下用出卖中国人民利益的办法换取外
该观点深刻揭示了洋务运动的本质目的
该观点全面剖析了洋务运动的历史原因
该观点准确阐释了“中体西用”的思想
该观点客观评价了洋务运动的历史作用
太平天国农民反侵略反封建运动的历史作用和局限性体现在
体现在提出《天朝田亩制度》和《资政新篇》
体现在建立了太平天国和绝对平均主义
农民阶级是反侵略反封建的主力和农民阶级没有先进理论实行绝对平均主义
反侵略的立场和天京变乱中表现出来的自私性和无组织性
中体西用思想是近代以来中国学习和借鉴西方文明的一种政治文化理念阅读下列材料材料一今欲强中国存中学则不
简述个人主义的历史作用及其局限
比较中国近代教育的中体西用与日本教育的和魂洋才之差异及历史作用
试比较张之洞的中体西用思想与严复体用一致的文化教育观
中体西用思想的根本局限是
只学习西方的科技
只学习西方的政治
封建制度的存在
中学有中学之体用，西学有西学之体用
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Text2 InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantand hadstrongreligiousassociation.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfour yearsinhonourofZeuskingoftheOlympianGodseventuallylostitslocal characterbecamefirstanationaleventandthenaftertherulesagainst foreigncompetitorshadbeenabolishedinternational.Nooneknowsexactlyhow farbacktheOlympicGamesgobutsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776 B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMount Olympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreecebutno marriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaveswomenanddishonoured personswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsisuncertain buteventsincludedboy’sgymnasticsboxingwrestlinghorseracingandfield eventsthoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympic Games.OnthelastdayoftheGamesallthewinnerswere honouredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.Sogreat wasthehonourthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhis victory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoneytheywereinfact richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwith modernstandardsweunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling. Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1200yearstheGameswere suspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.Theycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecause peoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthy bodyproducedahealthymindandthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsand gameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1500years beforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin 1896.NowadaystheGamesareheldindifferentcountriesin turn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilitiesincludingastadiumswimming poolsandlivingaccommodationbutcompetingcountriespaytheirownathletes’ expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumof atorchlightedonMountOlympusbythesun’srays.Itiscarriedbya successionofrunnerstothestadium.Thetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationof theancientGreekathleticidealsanditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntilthe closingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflaghoweverisamodernconception: thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinents participatingintheGames.Modernathletes’resultscannotbecomparedwiththoseofancientrunnersbecause______.
Text3 Letusaskwhatwerethepreparation andtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalor forensic.Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadany educationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Not evenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.No schoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers. Whenhebecamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourableto continuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreading wereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknew thosefewthoroughly.Hetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldread nolanguagesavehisownandcanhavehadonlythefaintestacquaintancewith Europeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy.Thewantof regulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwas cast.Tillhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecould learnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratortobestored.Evenafterhe hadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomix withexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknew littlemorethanhedidhimself.Schoolsgavehimnothingand societygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill. Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionand indeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartof himself.Hisconvictionswerehisown—clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveor opinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedand hesitatedlongbeforehedecidedonhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepa policyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepaused andreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreor towastetimeinvainregretsthatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.He tookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotlean onhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependent self-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhis acts.WemaysaytakingthepassageasawholethatLincolnwas______.
Text1 Sharkshavegainedanunfairreputation forbeingfiercepredatorsoflargeseaanimals.Humanity’sunfoundedfearand hatredoftheseancientcreaturesisleadingtoaworldwideslaughterthatmay resultintheextinctionofmanylargercoastalsharkspecies.Thesharkisthe victimofawarpedattitudeofwildlifeprotection:westriveonlytoprotect thebeautifulnonthreateningpartsofourenvironment.Andinoureffortsto restoreonlynonthreateningpartsofourearthweignoreotherimportant parts.Aperfectillustrationofthisattitudeisthe contrastingattitudetowardsanotherlargeseaanimalthedolphin.Duringthe 1980senvironmentalistsintheU.S.A.protestedtheuseofdriftnetsfortuna fishinginthePacificOceansincethesenetsalsocaughtdolphins.The environmentalistsgeneratedenoughpoliticalandeconomicpressuretoprevent tunacompaniesfrombuyingtunathathadbeencaughtindriftnets.Incontrast tothiseffortthepopulationsofsharksinthePacificOceanhavedecreasedto thepointofextinctionandtherehasbeenverylittleeffortbythesame environmentaliststosavethisimportantspeciesofmarinewildlife.Sharksare amongtheoldestcreaturesonearthhavingsurvivedintheseasformorethan 350millionyears.Theyareextremelyefficientanimalsfeedingonwoundedor dyinganimalsthusperforminganimportantroleinnatureofweedingoutthe weakeranimalsinaspecies.JustthefactthatspeciessuchastheGreatWhite Sharkhavemanagedtoliveintheoceansforsomanymillionsofyearsisenough proofoftheirefficiencyandadaptabilitytochangingenvironments.Itistime forhumanswhomaynotsurviveanother1000yearsattheratetheyaredamaging theplanettoeastawaytheirfearsandbeginconsideringtheprotectionof sharksascreaturesthatmayprovideusinsightintoourown survival.Themainfocusofthispassageis______.
Text1 Sharkshavegainedanunfairreputation forbeingfiercepredatorsoflargeseaanimals.Humanity’sunfoundedfearand hatredoftheseancientcreaturesisleadingtoaworldwideslaughterthatmay resultintheextinctionofmanylargercoastalsharkspecies.Thesharkisthe victimofawarpedattitudeofwildlifeprotection:westriveonlytoprotect thebeautifulnonthreateningpartsofourenvironment.Andinoureffortsto restoreonlynonthreateningpartsofourearthweignoreotherimportant parts.Aperfectillustrationofthisattitudeisthe contrastingattitudetowardsanotherlargeseaanimalthedolphin.Duringthe 1980senvironmentalistsintheU.S.A.protestedtheuseofdriftnetsfortuna fishinginthePacificOceansincethesenetsalsocaughtdolphins.The environmentalistsgeneratedenoughpoliticalandeconomicpressuretoprevent tunacompaniesfrombuyingtunathathadbeencaughtindriftnets.Incontrast tothiseffortthepopulationsofsharksinthePacificOceanhavedecreasedto thepointofextinctionandtherehasbeenverylittleeffortbythesame environmentaliststosavethisimportantspeciesofmarinewildlife.Sharksare amongtheoldestcreaturesonearthhavingsurvivedintheseasformorethan 350millionyears.Theyareextremelyefficientanimalsfeedingonwoundedor dyinganimalsthusperforminganimportantroleinnatureofweedingoutthe weakeranimalsinaspecies.JustthefactthatspeciessuchastheGreatWhite Sharkhavemanagedtoliveintheoceansforsomanymillionsofyearsisenough proofoftheirefficiencyandadaptabilitytochangingenvironments.Itistime forhumanswhomaynotsurviveanother1000yearsattheratetheyaredamaging theplanettoeastawaytheirfearsandbeginconsideringtheprotectionof sharksascreaturesthatmayprovideusinsightintoourown survival.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthispassage
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeople thesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.Themainproblemas Platoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintention ofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesis education.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicand gymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeans everythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeans everythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostas wideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthan whatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.Cultureistobe devotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatois familiarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogousto Englandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracy enjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower; andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansof impressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrules unchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalities mainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorship fromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthe musictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheir childrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.The LydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpresses sorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourage andthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythms mustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmonious life.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobe veryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedand theremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesays willhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindas well.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50But atasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshape ofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethe will.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfitto beguardians.
Inthelate1960’smanypeopleinNorthAmericaturnedtheir attentiontoenvironmentalproblemsandnewsteel-and-glassskyscraperswere widelycriticized.41__________.Skyscrapersarealsolavish comsumersandwastersofelectricpower.Inonerecentyeartheadditionof17 millionsquarefeetofskyscraperofficespaceinNewYorkCityraisedthepeak dailydemandforelectricityby120000kilowatts—enoughtosupplytheentire cityofAlbanyNewYorkforaday.42__________.Theheat lossorgainthroughawallofhalf-inchplateglassismorethantentimes thatthroughatypicalmasonrywallfilledwithinsulationboard.Tolessenthe strainonheatingandair-conditioningequipmentbuildersofskyscrapershave beguntousedoubleglazedpanelsofglassandreflectiveglassescoatedwith silverorgoldmirrorfilmsthatreduceglareaswellasheatgain.However mirror-walledskyscrapersraisethetemperatureofthesurroundingairand affectneighboringbuildings.43__________.Iffullyoccupied thetwoWorldTradeCentertowersinNewYorkCitywouldalonegenerate2.25 milliongallonsofrawsewageeachyear—asmuchasacitythesizeofStanford Connecticutwhichhasapopulationofmorethan109000. Skyscrapersalsointerferewithtelevisionreceptionblockbirdflyways andobstructairtraffic.44__________.45__________.[A] Glass-walledskyscraperscanbeespeciallywasteful.[B]Tallbuildingsare aninevitablebuildingformandpartofthecontemporarylandscape.[C]In Bostoninthelate1960’ssomepeopleevenfearedthatshadowsfromskyscrapers wouldkillthegrassonBostonCommon.[D]Skyscrapersputaseverestrainon acity’ssanitationfacilitiestoo.[E]Stillpeoplecontinuetobuild skyscrapersforallthereasonsthattheyhavealwaysbuiltthem—personal ambitioncivicprideandthedesireofownerstohavethelargestpossible amountofrentablespace.[F]Someoftheseideasmaysoonappearinthecity asamoreholisticapproachistakeninbalancingenvironmentalandsocial factorswiththeeconomicsofbuildingdevelopment.[G]Ecologistspointed outthataclusteroftallbuildingsinacityoftenoverburdenspublic transportationandparkinglotcapacities.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Thefactisthattheenergycrisiswhichhassuddenlybeen officiallyannouncedhasbeenwithusforalongtimenowandwillbewithus foranevenlongertime.WhetherAraboilflowsfreelyornotitisclearto everyonethatworldindustrycannotbeallowedtodependonsofragileabase. 46Thesupplyofoilcanbeshutoffunexpectedlyatanytimeandinany casetheoilwellswillallrundryinthirtyyearsorsoatthepresentrate ofuse.47Newsourcesofenergymustbefoundandthis willtaketimebutitisnotlikelytoresultinanysituationthatwillever restorethatsenseofcheapandplentifulenergywehavehadinthetimes past.Foranindefiniteperiodfromhereonmankindisgoingtoadvance cautiouslyandconsideritselfluckythatitcanadvanceatall. Tomakethesituationworsethereisasyetnosignthatanyslowingof theworld’spopulationisinsight.Althoughthebirth-ratehasdroppedinsome nationsincludingtheUnitedStatesthepopulationoftheworldseemssureto passsixbillionandperhapsevensevenbillionasthetwenty-firstcentury opens.48Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughto matchthiswhichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterof producingandmarketingfood.Takingallthisintoaccount whatmightwereasonablyestimatesupermarketstobelikeintheyear 2001Tobeginwiththeworldfoodsupplyisgoingtobecome steadilytighteroverthenextthirtyyears—evenhereintheUnitedStates.By 2001thepopulationoftheUnitedStateswillbeatleasttwohundredfifty millionandpossiblytwohundredseventymillionandthenationwillfindit difficulttoexpandfoodproductiontofilltheadditionalmouths.49This willbeparticularlytruesinceenergypinchwillmakeitdifficulttocontinue agricultureinthehigh-energyAmericanfashionthatmakesitpossibleto combinefewfarmerswithhighyields.Itseemsalmost certainthatby2001theUnitedStateswillnolongerbeagreatfood-exporting nationandthatifnecessityforcesexportsitwillbeatthepriceof belt-tighteningathome.Infactasfooditemswilltendto declineinqualityanddecreaseinvarietythereisverylikelytobe increasinguseofflavouringadditives.50Untilsuchtimeasmankindhasthe sensetoloweritspopulationtothepointwheretheplanetcanprovidea comfortablesupportforallpeoplewillhavetoacceptmoreunnatural food.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Directions:Youareafreshmanandplanningtoapplyforabankloan.Writealettertothebankto 1introduceyourselfbriefly 2explainthereasonsofapplyingforabankloan. Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeople thesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.Themainproblemas Platoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintention ofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesis education.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicand gymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeans everythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeans everythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostas wideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthan whatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.Cultureistobe devotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatois familiarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogousto Englandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracy enjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower; andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansof impressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrules unchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalities mainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorship fromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthe musictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheir childrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.The LydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpresses sorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourage andthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythms mustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmonious life.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobe veryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedand theremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesays willhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindas well.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50But atasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshape ofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethe will.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfitto beguardians.
Text1 Sharkshavegainedanunfairreputation forbeingfiercepredatorsoflargeseaanimals.Humanity’sunfoundedfearand hatredoftheseancientcreaturesisleadingtoaworldwideslaughterthatmay resultintheextinctionofmanylargercoastalsharkspecies.Thesharkisthe victimofawarpedattitudeofwildlifeprotection:westriveonlytoprotect thebeautifulnonthreateningpartsofourenvironment.Andinoureffortsto restoreonlynonthreateningpartsofourearthweignoreotherimportant parts.Aperfectillustrationofthisattitudeisthe contrastingattitudetowardsanotherlargeseaanimalthedolphin.Duringthe 1980senvironmentalistsintheU.S.A.protestedtheuseofdriftnetsfortuna fishinginthePacificOceansincethesenetsalsocaughtdolphins.The environmentalistsgeneratedenoughpoliticalandeconomicpressuretoprevent tunacompaniesfrombuyingtunathathadbeencaughtindriftnets.Incontrast tothiseffortthepopulationsofsharksinthePacificOceanhavedecreasedto thepointofextinctionandtherehasbeenverylittleeffortbythesame environmentaliststosavethisimportantspeciesofmarinewildlife.Sharksare amongtheoldestcreaturesonearthhavingsurvivedintheseasformorethan 350millionyears.Theyareextremelyefficientanimalsfeedingonwoundedor dyinganimalsthusperforminganimportantroleinnatureofweedingoutthe weakeranimalsinaspecies.JustthefactthatspeciessuchastheGreatWhite Sharkhavemanagedtoliveintheoceansforsomanymillionsofyearsisenough proofoftheirefficiencyandadaptabilitytochangingenvironments.Itistime forhumanswhomaynotsurviveanother1000yearsattheratetheyaredamaging theplanettoeastawaytheirfearsandbeginconsideringtheprotectionof sharksascreaturesthatmayprovideusinsightintoourown survival.Whatistheauthor’sattitudeinthispassage
Thefactisthattheenergycrisiswhichhassuddenlybeen officiallyannouncedhasbeenwithusforalongtimenowandwillbewithus foranevenlongertime.WhetherAraboilflowsfreelyornotitisclearto everyonethatworldindustrycannotbeallowedtodependonsofragileabase. 46Thesupplyofoilcanbeshutoffunexpectedlyatanytimeandinany casetheoilwellswillallrundryinthirtyyearsorsoatthepresentrate ofuse.47Newsourcesofenergymustbefoundandthis willtaketimebutitisnotlikelytoresultinanysituationthatwillever restorethatsenseofcheapandplentifulenergywehavehadinthetimes past.Foranindefiniteperiodfromhereonmankindisgoingtoadvance cautiouslyandconsideritselfluckythatitcanadvanceatall. Tomakethesituationworsethereisasyetnosignthatanyslowingof theworld’spopulationisinsight.Althoughthebirth-ratehasdroppedinsome nationsincludingtheUnitedStatesthepopulationoftheworldseemssureto passsixbillionandperhapsevensevenbillionasthetwenty-firstcentury opens.48Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughto matchthiswhichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterof producingandmarketingfood.Takingallthisintoaccount whatmightwereasonablyestimatesupermarketstobelikeintheyear 2001Tobeginwiththeworldfoodsupplyisgoingtobecome steadilytighteroverthenextthirtyyears—evenhereintheUnitedStates.By 2001thepopulationoftheUnitedStateswillbeatleasttwohundredfifty millionandpossiblytwohundredseventymillionandthenationwillfindit difficulttoexpandfoodproductiontofilltheadditionalmouths.49This willbeparticularlytruesinceenergypinchwillmakeitdifficulttocontinue agricultureinthehigh-energyAmericanfashionthatmakesitpossibleto combinefewfarmerswithhighyields.Itseemsalmost certainthatby2001theUnitedStateswillnolongerbeagreatfood-exporting nationandthatifnecessityforcesexportsitwillbeatthepriceof belt-tighteningathome.Infactasfooditemswilltendto declineinqualityanddecreaseinvarietythereisverylikelytobe increasinguseofflavouringadditives.50Untilsuchtimeasmankindhasthe sensetoloweritspopulationtothepointwheretheplanetcanprovidea comfortablesupportforallpeoplewillhavetoacceptmoreunnatural food.
Text3 Letusaskwhatwerethepreparation andtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalor forensic.Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadany educationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Not evenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.No schoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers. Whenhebecamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourableto continuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreading wereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknew thosefewthoroughly.Hetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldread nolanguagesavehisownandcanhavehadonlythefaintestacquaintancewith Europeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy.Thewantof regulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwas cast.Tillhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecould learnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratortobestored.Evenafterhe hadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomix withexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknew littlemorethanhedidhimself.Schoolsgavehimnothingand societygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill. Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionand indeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartof himself.Hisconvictionswerehisown—clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveor opinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedand hesitatedlongbeforehedecidedonhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepa policyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepaused andreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreor towastetimeinvainregretsthatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.He tookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotlean onhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependent self-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhis acts.ItissaidinthesecondparagraphthatAbrahamLincoln______.
Text4 Theideathatifyourhouseisbuilt intherightpositionthismayaffectyoursuccessinlifeseemsstrangeto manypeople.HowevertobelieversinFeng-Shuiortheartofgeomancynot onlythepositionbutalsothechoiceofdecorationsandeventhecolorofyour homecanmeanthedifferencebetweengoodfortuneanddisaster.Thisarthas beenpracticedforcenturiesinChinaandisstillusedalloverSouthEast Asia.EventhehugeHongKongbankscallinageomantiftheyareplanningto buildnewoffices.Theyhavesuchfaithinhisknowledgethatifheadvisesthem tomovetheywillaltertheirplansforeventheirbiggestbuildings. LikemanyOrientalbeliefsthegeomant’sskilldependsontheideaof harmonyinnature.IfthereisnoimbalancebetweentheopposingforcesofYin andYangthebuildingwillbringlucktoitsinhabitants.Thismeansthatthe housemustbebuiltontherightspotaswellasfacingtherightdirectionand alsobepaintedanauspiciouscolor.Forinstanceiftherearemountainstothe norththiswillprotestthemfromevilinfluences.Ifthehouseispaintedred thiswillbringhappinesstotheoccupantswhilegreensymbolizesyouthandwill bringlonglife.Otherfactorssuchastheowner’stimeanddateofbirthare takenintoaccounttoo.Thegeomantbelievesthatunlessalltheseare consideredwhenchoosingasiteforconstructionthefortuneofthepeople usingitwillbeatrisk.Indeedtoignorethegeomant’sadvice canhavefatalresults.ThedeathoftheinternationallyfamousKung-Fustar BruceLeehasbeenusedasanexample.ItissaidthatwhenLeefoundoutthat thehousehewaslivinginwasanunluckyonehefollowedageomant’sadvice andinstalledaneight-sidedmirroroutsidehisfrontdoortobringhimluck. Unfortunatelyastormdamagedthemirrorandthehousewasleftunprotected fromharmfulinfluences.SoonafterwardsLeediedinmysterious circumstances.NotonlyisFeng-ShuistillusedinSouthEast Asiabutithasalsospreadrightacrosstheworld.EveninmodernNewYorka successfulcommercialartistcalledMiltonGlaserhasfoundituseful.Hewasso desperateafterhisofficewasbrokenintosixtimesthatheconsulteda geomant.Hewastoldtoinstallafishtankwithsixblackfishandfixared clocktotheceiling.Sincethenhehasnotbeenburglarizedonce.Itmayseem anincrediblestorybutnoothersuitableexplanationhasbeen offered.Geomantsbelievethat______.
Inthelate1960’smanypeopleinNorthAmericaturnedtheir attentiontoenvironmentalproblemsandnewsteel-and-glassskyscraperswere widelycriticized.41__________.Skyscrapersarealsolavish comsumersandwastersofelectricpower.Inonerecentyeartheadditionof17 millionsquarefeetofskyscraperofficespaceinNewYorkCityraisedthepeak dailydemandforelectricityby120000kilowatts—enoughtosupplytheentire cityofAlbanyNewYorkforaday.42__________.Theheat lossorgainthroughawallofhalf-inchplateglassismorethantentimes thatthroughatypicalmasonrywallfilledwithinsulationboard.Tolessenthe strainonheatingandair-conditioningequipmentbuildersofskyscrapershave beguntousedoubleglazedpanelsofglassandreflectiveglassescoatedwith silverorgoldmirrorfilmsthatreduceglareaswellasheatgain.However mirror-walledskyscrapersraisethetemperatureofthesurroundingairand affectneighboringbuildings.43__________.Iffullyoccupied thetwoWorldTradeCentertowersinNewYorkCitywouldalonegenerate2.25 milliongallonsofrawsewageeachyear—asmuchasacitythesizeofStanford Connecticutwhichhasapopulationofmorethan109000. Skyscrapersalsointerferewithtelevisionreceptionblockbirdflyways andobstructairtraffic.44__________.45__________.[A] Glass-walledskyscraperscanbeespeciallywasteful.[B]Tallbuildingsare aninevitablebuildingformandpartofthecontemporarylandscape.[C]In Bostoninthelate1960’ssomepeopleevenfearedthatshadowsfromskyscrapers wouldkillthegrassonBostonCommon.[D]Skyscrapersputaseverestrainon acity’ssanitationfacilitiestoo.[E]Stillpeoplecontinuetobuild skyscrapersforallthereasonsthattheyhavealwaysbuiltthem—personal ambitioncivicprideandthedesireofownerstohavethelargestpossible amountofrentablespace.[F]Someoftheseideasmaysoonappearinthecity asamoreholisticapproachistakeninbalancingenvironmentalandsocial factorswiththeeconomicsofbuildingdevelopment.[G]Ecologistspointed outthataclusteroftallbuildingsinacityoftenoverburdenspublic transportationandparkinglotcapacities.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Directions: Yourfriend’sgrandpaafamousscientisthasjustpassedaway.Writeanoteofcondolencetoyourfriend. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenote.UseLiMinginstead.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text3 Letusaskwhatwerethepreparation andtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalor forensic.Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadany educationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Not evenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.No schoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers. Whenhebecamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourableto continuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreading wereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknew thosefewthoroughly.Hetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldread nolanguagesavehisownandcanhavehadonlythefaintestacquaintancewith Europeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy.Thewantof regulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwas cast.Tillhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecould learnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratortobestored.Evenafterhe hadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomix withexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknew littlemorethanhedidhimself.Schoolsgavehimnothingand societygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill. Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionand indeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartof himself.Hisconvictionswerehisown—clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveor opinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedand hesitatedlongbeforehedecidedonhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepa policyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepaused andreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreor towastetimeinvainregretsthatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.He tookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotlean onhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependent self-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhis acts.ItissaidinthethirdparagraphthatAbrahamLincoln______.
Text2 InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantand hadstrongreligiousassociation.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfour yearsinhonourofZeuskingoftheOlympianGodseventuallylostitslocal characterbecamefirstanationaleventandthenaftertherulesagainst foreigncompetitorshadbeenabolishedinternational.Nooneknowsexactlyhow farbacktheOlympicGamesgobutsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776 B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMount Olympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreecebutno marriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaveswomenanddishonoured personswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsisuncertain buteventsincludedboy’sgymnasticsboxingwrestlinghorseracingandfield eventsthoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympic Games.OnthelastdayoftheGamesallthewinnerswere honouredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.Sogreat wasthehonourthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhis victory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoneytheywereinfact richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwith modernstandardsweunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling. Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1200yearstheGameswere suspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.Theycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecause peoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthy bodyproducedahealthymindandthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsand gameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1500years beforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin 1896.NowadaystheGamesareheldindifferentcountriesin turn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilitiesincludingastadiumswimming poolsandlivingaccommodationbutcompetingcountriespaytheirownathletes’ expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumof atorchlightedonMountOlympusbythesun’srays.Itiscarriedbya successionofrunnerstothestadium.Thetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationof theancientGreekathleticidealsanditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntilthe closingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflaghoweverisamodernconception: thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinents participatingintheGames.IntheearlydaysofancientOlympicGames______.
Text4 Theideathatifyourhouseisbuilt intherightpositionthismayaffectyoursuccessinlifeseemsstrangeto manypeople.HowevertobelieversinFeng-Shuiortheartofgeomancynot onlythepositionbutalsothechoiceofdecorationsandeventhecolorofyour homecanmeanthedifferencebetweengoodfortuneanddisaster.Thisarthas beenpracticedforcenturiesinChinaandisstillusedalloverSouthEast Asia.EventhehugeHongKongbankscallinageomantiftheyareplanningto buildnewoffices.Theyhavesuchfaithinhisknowledgethatifheadvisesthem tomovetheywillaltertheirplansforeventheirbiggestbuildings. LikemanyOrientalbeliefsthegeomant’sskilldependsontheideaof harmonyinnature.IfthereisnoimbalancebetweentheopposingforcesofYin andYangthebuildingwillbringlucktoitsinhabitants.Thismeansthatthe housemustbebuiltontherightspotaswellasfacingtherightdirectionand alsobepaintedanauspiciouscolor.Forinstanceiftherearemountainstothe norththiswillprotestthemfromevilinfluences.Ifthehouseispaintedred thiswillbringhappinesstotheoccupantswhilegreensymbolizesyouthandwill bringlonglife.Otherfactorssuchastheowner’stimeanddateofbirthare takenintoaccounttoo.Thegeomantbelievesthatunlessalltheseare consideredwhenchoosingasiteforconstructionthefortuneofthepeople usingitwillbeatrisk.Indeedtoignorethegeomant’sadvice canhavefatalresults.ThedeathoftheinternationallyfamousKung-Fustar BruceLeehasbeenusedasanexample.ItissaidthatwhenLeefoundoutthat thehousehewaslivinginwasanunluckyonehefollowedageomant’sadvice andinstalledaneight-sidedmirroroutsidehisfrontdoortobringhimluck. Unfortunatelyastormdamagedthemirrorandthehousewasleftunprotected fromharmfulinfluences.SoonafterwardsLeediedinmysterious circumstances.NotonlyisFeng-ShuistillusedinSouthEast Asiabutithasalsospreadrightacrosstheworld.EveninmodernNewYorka successfulcommercialartistcalledMiltonGlaserhasfoundituseful.Hewasso desperateafterhisofficewasbrokenintosixtimesthatheconsulteda geomant.Hewastoldtoinstallafishtankwithsixblackfishandfixared clocktotheceiling.Sincethenhehasnotbeenburglarizedonce.Itmayseem anincrediblestorybutnoothersuitableexplanationhasbeen offered.ThestoryofMiltonGlasershowsthat______.
Inthelate1960’smanypeopleinNorthAmericaturnedtheir attentiontoenvironmentalproblemsandnewsteel-and-glassskyscraperswere widelycriticized.41__________.Skyscrapersarealsolavish comsumersandwastersofelectricpower.Inonerecentyeartheadditionof17 millionsquarefeetofskyscraperofficespaceinNewYorkCityraisedthepeak dailydemandforelectricityby120000kilowatts—enoughtosupplytheentire cityofAlbanyNewYorkforaday.42__________.Theheat lossorgainthroughawallofhalf-inchplateglassismorethantentimes thatthroughatypicalmasonrywallfilledwithinsulationboard.Tolessenthe strainonheatingandair-conditioningequipmentbuildersofskyscrapershave beguntousedoubleglazedpanelsofglassandreflectiveglassescoatedwith silverorgoldmirrorfilmsthatreduceglareaswellasheatgain.However mirror-walledskyscrapersraisethetemperatureofthesurroundingairand affectneighboringbuildings.43__________.Iffullyoccupied thetwoWorldTradeCentertowersinNewYorkCitywouldalonegenerate2.25 milliongallonsofrawsewageeachyear—asmuchasacitythesizeofStanford Connecticutwhichhasapopulationofmorethan109000. Skyscrapersalsointerferewithtelevisionreceptionblockbirdflyways andobstructairtraffic.44__________.45__________.[A] Glass-walledskyscraperscanbeespeciallywasteful.[B]Tallbuildingsare aninevitablebuildingformandpartofthecontemporarylandscape.[C]In Bostoninthelate1960’ssomepeopleevenfearedthatshadowsfromskyscrapers wouldkillthegrassonBostonCommon.[D]Skyscrapersputaseverestrainon acity’ssanitationfacilitiestoo.[E]Stillpeoplecontinuetobuild skyscrapersforallthereasonsthattheyhavealwaysbuiltthem—personal ambitioncivicprideandthedesireofownerstohavethelargestpossible amountofrentablespace.[F]Someoftheseideasmaysoonappearinthecity asamoreholisticapproachistakeninbalancingenvironmentalandsocial factorswiththeeconomicsofbuildingdevelopment.[G]Ecologistspointed outthataclusteroftallbuildingsinacityoftenoverburdenspublic transportationandparkinglotcapacities.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheir transferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsof people.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwith colleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcredited withastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereaboutto makethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewas notquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. [B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecasefor academicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamental necessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainly nothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthe moststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurest philosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. [C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemain factorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Some ofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefar morecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsand students.[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedin numberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards interdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperly investigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldand byrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasingle discipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetween disciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledge reflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternational conferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareas whereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearch neededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itis preciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingof expertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialist periodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesand symposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthe bottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwith theirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcentury andparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewandering scholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehas ofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemost distantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapid transmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognize theveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthe scienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedan enormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined. Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouch withsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
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