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简述赞科夫实验教学论体系的原则。
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简述赞可夫的教学原则体系
当代较有影响的教育理论有
苏霍姆林斯基的全面和谐教育理论
布鲁姆的掌握学习理论
赞可夫的实验教学论体系
杜威的现代教育理论
布鲁纳的结构课程理论
20世纪五六十年代苏联教育理论界开展了一系列关于教育与发展的教育实验形成了实验教学论体系其代表人物是
马卡连柯
赞科夫
巴班斯基
苏霍姆林斯基
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新中国成立初期建立社会主义国有经济的主要途径是
十六大报告指出包括知识分子在内的工人阶级广大农民始终是推动我国先进生产力发展和社会全面进步的根本力量在社会变革中出现的一些新的社会阶层都是中国特色社会主义事业的建设者这些新的社会阶层有
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Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits. TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingthewayaheadseems.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethat’representsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorantthehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenotsobadspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted. Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention. Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits.
Directions: StudythepicturescarefullyandwriteacompositionentitledTheIncreasingUseofPrivateCarsinChina.Baseyouressayontheoutlinegivenbelow: 1.showyourunderstandingofthepictures 2.presentpossiblereasonsforthephenomenonand 3.drawaconclusion. Youshouldneatlywrite160—200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
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人工智能的出现表明
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下列关于我国已达到的总体小康的叙述正确的是
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits. TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingthewayaheadseems.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethat’representsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorantthehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenotsobadspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted. Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention. Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.
Willhumansalwaysbesuperiortomachines Thisstatementactuallyconsistsofaseriesofthreerelatedclaims:1machinesaretoolsofhumanminds;2humanmindswillalwaysbesuperiortomachines;and3itisbecausemachinesarehuman’toolsthathumanmindswillalwaysbesuperiortomachines.WhileIconcedethefirstclaimwhetherIagreewiththeothertwoclaimsdependspartlyonhowonedefines"superiority"andpartlyonhowwillingoneistohumbleoneselftotheunknownfuturescenarios. 41AfterallwouldanymachineevenexistunlessahumanbeinginventeditOfcoursenot.MoreoverIwouldbehard-pressedtothinkofanymachinethatcannotbedescribedasatool.Evenmachinesdesignedtoentertainoramuseus—forexampletoyrobotscarsandvideogamesandnoveltyitems—areinfacttoolswhichtheirinventorsandpromotersuseforengagingincommerceandthebusinessofentertainmentandamusement. 42AndtheclaimthatamachinecanbeanendinitselfwithoutpurposeorutilitarianfunctionforhumanswhatsoeverisdubiousatbestsinceIcannotconjureupevenasingleexampleofanysuchmachine. 43Asforthestatement’ssecondclaimincertainrespectsmachinesaresuperior.Wehavedevisedmachinesthatperformnumber-crunchingandotherrotecerebraltaskswithgreateraccuracyandspeedthanhumanmindsevercould.Howeverifonedefinessuperioritynotintermsofcompetenceinperformingrotetasksbutratherinotherwayshumanmindsaresuperior.Machineshavenocapacityforindependentthoughtformakingjudgmentsbasedonnormativeconsiderationsorfordevelopingemotionalresponsestointellectualproblems. 44Upuntilnowthenotionofhuman-mademachinesthatdeveloptheabilitytothinkontheirownandtodevelopso-called"emotionalintelligence"hasbeenpurefiction.Besideseveninfictionwehumansultimatelyprevailoversuchmachines—asinthecasesofFrankenstein’smonsterandHatthecomputerin2001:ASpaceOdyssey.Yetitseemspresumptuoustoassertwithconfidencethathumanswillalwaysmaintaintheirsuperiorstatusovertheirmachines.Inotherwordsmachineswillsoonexhibitthetraitstowhichwehumansattributeourownsuperiority. 45Andinsofarashumanshavetheuniquecapacityforindependentthoughtsubjectivejudgmentandemotionalresponseitalsoseemsfairtoclaimsuperiorityoverourmachines.Besidesshouldweeverbecomesocleveraspeciesastodevisemachinesthatcantrulythinkforthemselvesandlookoutfortheirownwell-beingthenquerywhetherthesemachinesofthefuturewouldbe"machines"anymore. [A]Recentadvancesinbiotechnologyparticularlyintheareaofhumangenomeresearchsuggestthatwithinthetwenty-firstcenturywe’llwitnessmachinesthatcanlearntothinkontheirowntorepairandnurturethemselvestoexperienceVisceralsensationsandsoforth. [B]Thestatementisclearlyaccurateinsofarasmachinesaretoolsofhumanminds. [C]Insumbecausewedevisemachinesinorderthattheymayserveusitisfairtocharacterizemachinesas"toolsofhumanminds." [D]It’shardlysurprisingthathuman-mademachinecandothemostworksthatbelongtohumanbefore. [E]Infactitisbecausewecandevisemachinesthataresuperiorintheserespectsthatwedevisethem--asourtools—tobeginwith. [F]Whenwedevelopanysortofmachinewealwayshavesomesortofendinmind—apurposeforthatmachine. 44
Itishardtopredicthowscienceisgoingtoturnoutandifitisreallygoodscienceitisimpossibletopredict.Ifthethingstobefoundareactuallynewtheyarebydefinitionunknowninadvance.Youcannotmakechoicesinthismatter.46Youeitherhavescienceoryoudon’tandifyouhaveityouareobligedtoacceptthesurprisinganddisturbingpiecesofinformationalongwiththeneatandpromptlyusefulbits. TheonlysolidpieceofscientifictruthaboutwhichIfeeltotallyconfidentisthatweareprofoundlyignorantaboutnature.IndeedIregardthisasthemajordiscoveryofthepasthundredyearsofbiology.Itisinitswayanilluminatingpieceofnews.47Itwouldhaveamazedthebrightestmindsofthe18thcenturyEnlightenmenttobetoldbyanyofushowlittleweknowandhowbewilderingthewayaheadseems.48Itisthissuddenconfrontationwiththedepthandscopeofignorancethat’representsthemostsignificantcontributionofthe20thcenturysciencetothehumanintellect.Inearliertimesweeitherpretendedtounderstandhowthingsworkedorignoredtheproblemorsimplymadeupstoriestofillthegaps.Nowthatwehavebegunexploringinearnestwearegettingglimpsesofhowhugethequestionsareandhowfarfrombeinganswered.Becauseofthiswearedepressed.49Itisnotsobadbeingignorantifyouaretotallyignorantthehardthingisknowinginsomedetailtherealityofignorancetheworstspotsandhereandtherethenotsobadspotsbutnotruelightattheendofthetunnelnorevenanytunnelsthatcanyetbetrusted. Butwearemakingabeginningandthereoughttobesomesatisfaction.Thereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbeansweredsoonerorlaterincludingeventhematterofconsciousness.50Tobesuretheremaywellbequestionswecan’tthinkupeverandthereforelimitstothereachofhumanintellectbutthatisanothermatter.Withinourlimitsweshouldbeabletoworkourwaythroughtoallouranswersifwekeepatitlongenoughandpayattention. 如果我们当中任何一个人要告诉18世纪启蒙运动中最聪明的人我们的知识有多么少以及未来看起来是多么让人困惑都会把他们搞糊涂
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