首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
宋朝为加强中央司法机构的控制，在皇宫中设立( )。
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《单项选择》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
宋代为了加强对司法的控制在中央设立了审刑院在地方上设立了__________
转运史
提点刑狱司
司法参军
佐判
宋太祖为了加强对三法司的控制在皇宫中设立了
枢密院
宣政院
理藩院
审刑院
宋初为了加强皇帝对司法的直接控制在中央和地方上分别设立_________
审刑院
大理寺
刑部
提点刑狱司
宋初为强化中央集权在皇宫中设置的审判复核机关为
审刑院
大理院
提点刑狱司
御史台
宋朝为加强对海外贸易的管理而设立的机构是
布政司
市舶司
转运使
户部
为加强对地方司法的监督宋朝在州县之上设立了作为中央在地方的司法派出机构
提法使司
都察院
肃政廉访司
提点刑狱司
为了加强君权_______设立特务机构锦衣卫为了加强中央对北方的控制______把都城迁往北京
汉朝宋朝和元朝加强中央集权的措施最相似的是
设立特务机构
改变和分散地方机构及权利
废除原来的全国行政区划
改变选官制度
汉朝宋朝和元朝加强中央集权的措施最相似的是
设立特务机构
改变和分散地方机构及权利
废除原来的全国行政区划
改变选官制度
宋代的中央司法机构不包括
御史台
丞相府
刑部
宫中审刑院
宋朝皇帝在宫廷设立的全面控制司法权的机构是
宣政
审刑
枢密
内阁
宋朝皇帝在宫廷设立的全面控制司法权的机构是
宣政
审刑
枢密
内阁
热门试题
更多
HorsethievescattlerustlersbankrobberstrainandstagecoachrobbershighwaymenmurderersthesewerebutsomeofthecriminalswhoinfestedtheAmericanfrontierduringthe19thcentury.InEnglishlegendRobinHoodcanbeconsideredabanditbuttheoutlawsoftheOldWestwerefarmoreviolentmenandwomenwithoutanyscrupleswhenitcametotakingpropertyorlife.Thecareersofmanyoutlawshavebeenglamorizedthroughfictionalaccountsoftheirdeedsandtheirexploitshavebeenthebasisformanymoviescripts.TheeraoftheAmericanoutlawlastedabout100yearsroughlyfrom1800to1900．TherehadbeenlawlessnessduringtheColonialEra.Frontiershavealwaysattractedmisfitsfailuresandrenegadeswhohopetoprofitbybeingbeyondthereachofgovernment.IntheyearsjustbeforetheRevolutionaryWargangsofhorsethievesinthebackcountryofSouthCarolinawerebrokenupbyorganizedbandsoffarmerscalledregulators.AsfrontiersettlementexpandedrapidlyaftertheRevolutionmoreopportunitiesforcriminalsopenedtwocommontypesofbanditswerehighwaymenandriverpirates.HighwaymenaccostedpeoplewhotraveledonfootorhorsebackwhileriverpiratespreyedupontheboattrafficontheOhioMississippiandotherrivers.Somebanditsengagedinboth.CriminalsintheWestgatheredmomentumwiththegoldrushestoCaliforniaIdahoMontanaNevadaandotherstates.Stagecoachesandtrainscarryinggoldandmoneybecameprimetargetsforbandsofoutlaws.BankrobberiesemergedaftertheCaliforniaGoldRushof1849andasprosperityfounditswaytofrontiertowns.Thefirststagerobberywasrecordedin1851andthefirsttrainrobberyhappenedin1866.AftertheCivilWartherewasthegrowthofthecattlekingdominTexasandneighboringstates.Cattlerustlingandhorsetheftturnedintosignificantoperations.Rangewarsbredagreatamountofviolence.Cattlemenfoughtoverlandandwaterrightsandtheyfoughtwithgreatbitternessagainstsheepfarmers.InTexasrangewarswerefoughtovertheuseofbarbedwiretofencegrazingland.Bytheendofthe19thcenturythefrontiererawaspast.Majorcrimeshiftedtothecities.Ethnicgangshadexistedintheslumsfordecadespreyingmostlyontheirfellowimmigrants.WiththearrivalofProhibitioninthe1920sanimpetuswasgiventotheformationoforganizedcrimeasitexiststoday.AccordingtoParagraphs5and6whichofthefollowingisINCORRECT
HorsethievescattlerustlersbankrobberstrainandstagecoachrobbershighwaymenmurderersthesewerebutsomeofthecriminalswhoinfestedtheAmericanfrontierduringthe19thcentury.InEnglishlegendRobinHoodcanbeconsideredabanditbuttheoutlawsoftheOldWestwerefarmoreviolentmenandwomenwithoutanyscrupleswhenitcametotakingpropertyorlife.Thecareersofmanyoutlawshavebeenglamorizedthroughfictionalaccountsoftheirdeedsandtheirexploitshavebeenthebasisformanymoviescripts.TheeraoftheAmericanoutlawlastedabout100yearsroughlyfrom1800to1900．TherehadbeenlawlessnessduringtheColonialEra.Frontiershavealwaysattractedmisfitsfailuresandrenegadeswhohopetoprofitbybeingbeyondthereachofgovernment.IntheyearsjustbeforetheRevolutionaryWargangsofhorsethievesinthebackcountryofSouthCarolinawerebrokenupbyorganizedbandsoffarmerscalledregulators.AsfrontiersettlementexpandedrapidlyaftertheRevolutionmoreopportunitiesforcriminalsopenedtwocommontypesofbanditswerehighwaymenandriverpirates.HighwaymenaccostedpeoplewhotraveledonfootorhorsebackwhileriverpiratespreyedupontheboattrafficontheOhioMississippiandotherrivers.Somebanditsengagedinboth.CriminalsintheWestgatheredmomentumwiththegoldrushestoCaliforniaIdahoMontanaNevadaandotherstates.Stagecoachesandtrainscarryinggoldandmoneybecameprimetargetsforbandsofoutlaws.BankrobberiesemergedaftertheCaliforniaGoldRushof1849andasprosperityfounditswaytofrontiertowns.Thefirststagerobberywasrecordedin1851andthefirsttrainrobberyhappenedin1866.AftertheCivilWartherewasthegrowthofthecattlekingdominTexasandneighboringstates.Cattlerustlingandhorsetheftturnedintosignificantoperations.Rangewarsbredagreatamountofviolence.Cattlemenfoughtoverlandandwaterrightsandtheyfoughtwithgreatbitternessagainstsheepfarmers.InTexasrangewarswerefoughtovertheuseofbarbedwiretofencegrazingland.Bytheendofthe19thcenturythefrontiererawaspast.Majorcrimeshiftedtothecities.Ethnicgangshadexistedintheslumsfordecadespreyingmostlyontheirfellowimmigrants.WiththearrivalofProhibitioninthe1920sanimpetuswasgiventotheformationoforganizedcrimeasitexiststoday.Wecaninferfromthetextthatthecareersofsomeoutlaws______.
Recentlythenewshasbeenfilledwithreportsofthe"birdflu".46．Asiaisonaregion-widehealthalertwithgovernmentsslaughteringmillionsofchickenstocontainoutbreaksofthebirdfluinThailandVietnamCambodiaSouthKoreaJapanandChina. Influenza-commonlycalled"flu"-isoneoftheoldestandmostcommondiseasesknowntoman.Itcanalsobeoneofthedeadliest.47．Thegreat"Spanishflu"pandemicof1918-1919wasconsideredtheworstplagueinhistorykillingupto40millionpeoplewithhalfoftheworld’spopulationinfectedinonlyafewmonths. 48．Influenzacanalsoinfectmanydifferentwarm-bloodedanimalssuchasbirds.Howeverthe"flu"virususuallydevelopsdifferentvariantsthatarespecializedforeachspeciesofanimalsthattheyinfect.Crossspeciesinfectionsarerare. AflustraincalledinfluenzaAH5N1appearstohavemadeasuccessfuljumpfrombirdstohumans.TheviralstrainwasfirstisolatedfromSouthAfricanbirdsin1961．49．ThefirstknownhumaninfectionoccurredinaHongKongtoddlerinMayof1997．Bytheendof1997therewere13confirmedcasesandfourdeathsallinHongKong.InanattempttostopthespreadofthediseasethegovernmentofHongKongorderedtheslaughterofallchickensducksgeesequailanddomesticpigeons. HumansinfectedwithH5N1sofararethoughttohavecaughtthediseasefromfowlandnoperson-to-persontransmissionshavebeenreported.50．TheWHOhoweverfearsthatthebirdfluishighlyadaptableandmightleapthespeciesbarrier.Itsaysanyoneexposedtothediseaseshouldbequarantinedtoavoidcontactwithsufferersofregularhumaninfluenza. ThefirstknownhumaninfectionoccurredinaHongKongtoddlerinMayof1997．Bytheendof1997therewere13confirmedcasesandfourdeathsallinHongKong.InanattempttostopthespreadofthediseasethegovernmentofHongKongorderedtheslaughterofallchickensducksgeesequailanddomesticpigeons.
Todaynoonehaseverdoubtedabouttelevision’scharm.Since1920sBritaininventedthefirsttelevisionpeoplehavebeguntoliveinaworldcrowdedwithsoapoperasnewsmagazinesandTVadvertisements.41．______HoweverhaveweevertriedtofindoutthemagichereWhydidthetelevisionwinthecompetitionwithpapermediaandradioinsuchashortperiodBywhatkindofcontentiondidTVfinallycontrolmostoftheaudiencesAndwhydoesTVbecomethemeanstheindustrialcirclesscramblefor ItisarguedthattelevisionmaynotbeaformofartbutfifteenthousandyearsbeforetheprimitivepeoplehadlefturusdrawingsonAltamiraCaveinSpainwhichprovedthatpicturesarehumanever-lastingpursuitmuchearlierthanletters.42．______Thecomingofthe19thcenturyforetoldamassmediatimesandalsothebreak-throughinartsbecauseoftherapiddevelopmentintechnology.Firstbytheinventionofphotographyphotosshowedupbeforepeopleinawaymoresubstantiatedandfrequentthaneverbefore;thenradioenabledcommonpeopletoenjoyartsbyears;andfinallytelevisionintegratedadvantagesofbothphotosandsoundsintoanewcreationincontinuouslymovingstreams.43．______ Buttelevisionadvertisementswinpeople’sfavornotonlybecauseitisanartbutalsobecauseitknowspeople’sheart.Fromtheusualmentalactivitypeopleacceptathing-perceptionunderstandingrecollectionattitudeandactionwecanfindouthowaTVadmovespeople.44．______Thereisonlyaslowlyturningfistonthescreenwithavoice-over:whathasitgraspedAndthefistopenednothinginside.Whatitgraspsisjustyourattention.Whenthetargetedaudienceiswillingtowatchtheadthefirststepisfinishedandthentheyshouldloveit.HowtogaintheiridentificationTheadcircleshavesummedupmanyeffectiveexperiences.Theyoftenmaketheiradsentertainingandhumorousorexhibittheirgoodsinasmartandartfulwayorfindoutacraftyandclearpropositionwhichsometimesmaybe:DawnDetergent-wrapsthegreasewhichwillnotstainyourhandsGod!Alldetergentcoulddothisalthoughtheaudiencemaynotrealize..AsforthelinksofmemorizingattitudeandactionsinceTVisthemostcompulsivepenetratingandinfluentialmediumTVadsarestillthemostefficient.45．______Fromcpptocpmandfromthewell-knownTVratingstoaudienceshareTVadsareastagewhereeveryinterestgroupsandindividualsracktheirbrainstokeepmovinganditisalsooneofthebusinessareaswithfiercestcompetition. TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance. [A]FirstTVadalwayssparesnoefforttograspaudience’sattentionasshowninanadmadebythead-departmentofaTVstudiotopromoteitself. [B]Particularlywithitsunparalleledpowerofproductpromotiontelevisionhasservedastheadvertiser’sbelovedsonforalltheseyears. [C]Inthelatercenturiesalthoughgreatprogresseswerealsomadeinsculpturesarchitecturesandmusicdrawingwasalwaysthesynonymforart. [D]TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance. [E]Televisionoriginatedfromartultimatelysurpassedit. [F]TodayTVadshavebecomeoneoftherepresentativesofmodernbusinessoperation. [G]Televisionofthesamebloodwithmoviehasalsoborrowedmuchfromthiscomparativelymatureartformincreatingadvertisements. 41
Thisbookiswrittenexpresslyforstudentsinanattempttopresentthematerialthatismostusefulandinterestingtothem.Previouscoursesinchemistryarenotnecessaryfortheunderstandingofthematerialalthoughthosestudentswhohavehadhighschoolchemistrywillfindthatareviewoftheinorganicsectionwillbetterenablethemtomastertheorganicandbiochemistrysectionsthatfollow.Theauthorhasfeltthatinthepasttherewasanimproperselectionofmaterialfrominorganicorganicandbiochemistryinthemajorityofthetextbooksofchemistryfornurse.Thetendencyhasbeentodeveloptheinorganicchemistrytosuchanextentthatorganicandbiochemistryiscoveredtoobriefly.Therecentadvancesinbiochemistryandtheirwidespreadapplicationtothepracticeofmedicineandnursinghaveconsiderablyalteredthesituation.Notonlyisbiochemistrymorecloselyalliedtothepracticalchemistryofmedicineandnursingbutalsoitisofmoreinteresttothestudent.Intheauthor’sexperiencetheresponsetobiochemistryhasalwaysbeenmorefavorablethantotheothersections.Withinthebriefperiodallottedtochemistrythereforethesectionsoninorganicorganicandbiochemistryshouldbesoarrangedthatagoodshareofthetimeisspentinthestudyofbiochemistry.Thisbookpresentsmainlythosefundamentalsofinorganicandorganicchemistrythatarenecessaryfortheunderstandingofthesectiononbiochemistry.ThefundamentalpointssuggestedintheCurriculumGuideareincludedinthebookwithsomeadditionsinthebiochemistrysection.Theauthorfeelsthatastudyofurinevitaminsnutritionandhormonesissoobviouslyapartofbiochemistrythatatleastthefundamentalsshouldbeincludedinthiscourse.Thebookhasbeenplannedinsuchawaythatitmaybeadaptedtovariouscoursesinchemistry.ThematerialsuggestedbytheCurriculumGuideiscoveredinthefirstnineteenchaptersandmaybeusedinacceleratedcoursesorwhereminimumtimeisallottedtochemistry.Whenthetimeallottedtothecourseissixtytoninetyhourstheentirecontentsofthebookmaybeusedtoadvantage.WhilethebookhasbeenwrittenespeciallytofittheneedsofSchoolsofNursingitcouldreadilybeappliedininstanceswherestudentsarerequiredtotakebutonecourseinchemistry.Theapatheticattitudeofnonprofessionalstudentstowardacourseininorganicchemistrymaywellbeovercomebytheproperpresentationofmaterialselectedfrominorganicorganicandbiochemistry.Intheauthor’sexperiencethestudentsaremostinterestedin______.
ManypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazinestheBug-EyedMonsterembodyingeverytraitandfeaturethatmostpeoplefindrepulsiveisabouttograbandpresumablyravishasweetblondecurvaceousscantilycladEarthgirl.Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansanddegradesaworthwhileandevenimportantliteraryendeavor.Incontrasttothisunwarrantedstereotypesciencefictionrarelyemphasizessexandwhenitdoesitismorediscreetthanothercontemporaryfiction.Insteadthebasicinterestofsciencefictionliesintherelationbetweenmanandhistechnologyandbetweenmanandtheuniverse.Sciencefictionisaliteratureofchangeandaliteratureofthefutureandwhileitwouldbefoolishtoclaimthatsciencefictionisamajorliterarygenreatthistimetheaspectsofhumanlifethatitconsidersmakeitwellworthreadingandstudyingfornootherliteraryformdoesquitethesamethings.WhatissciencefictionTobeginthefollowingdefinitionshouldbehelpful:sciencefictionisaliterarysubgenrewhichpostulatesachangeforhumanbeingsfromconditionsasweknowthemandfollowstheimplicationsofthesechangestoaconclusion.Althoughthisdefinitionwillnecessarilybemodifiedandexpandeditcoversmuchofthebasicgroundworkandprovidesapointofdeparture.Thefirstpoint-thatsciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre-isaveryimportantonebutonewhichisoftenoverlookedorignoredinmostdiscussionsofsciencefiction.Specificallysciencefictioniseitherashortstoryoranovel.ThereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefictionwithKarelCapek’sRURRossum’sUniversalRobotsbeingtheonlyonethatiswellknownthebodyofpoetrythatmightbelabeledsciencefictionisonlyslightlylarger.Tosaythatsciencefictionisasubgenreofprosefictionistosaythatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneralthatisitsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.Everythingthatcanbesaidaboutprosefictioningeneralappliestosciencefiction.Everypieceofsciencefictionwhethershortstoryornovelmusthaveanarratorastoryaplotasettingcharacterslanguageandtheme.Andlikeanyprosethethemesofsciencefictionareconcernedwithinterpretingman’snatureandexperienceinrelationtotheworldaroundhim.Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedandpresentedinexactlythesamewaysthatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.Theyaretheresultofaparticularcombinationofnarratorstoryplotcharactersettingandlanguage.Inshortthereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefictionandthewaysofstudyingandanalyzingitarebasicallythesameastheywouldbeforanyotherstoryornovel.Fromthelastparagraphweknowthatpeoplereadsciencefictionespeciallyfor______.
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Todaynoonehaseverdoubtedabouttelevision’scharm.Since1920sBritaininventedthefirsttelevisionpeoplehavebeguntoliveinaworldcrowdedwithsoapoperasnewsmagazinesandTVadvertisements.41．______HoweverhaveweevertriedtofindoutthemagichereWhydidthetelevisionwinthecompetitionwithpapermediaandradioinsuchashortperiodBywhatkindofcontentiondidTVfinallycontrolmostoftheaudiencesAndwhydoesTVbecomethemeanstheindustrialcirclesscramblefor ItisarguedthattelevisionmaynotbeaformofartbutfifteenthousandyearsbeforetheprimitivepeoplehadlefturusdrawingsonAltamiraCaveinSpainwhichprovedthatpicturesarehumanever-lastingpursuitmuchearlierthanletters.42．______Thecomingofthe19thcenturyforetoldamassmediatimesandalsothebreak-throughinartsbecauseoftherapiddevelopmentintechnology.Firstbytheinventionofphotographyphotosshowedupbeforepeopleinawaymoresubstantiatedandfrequentthaneverbefore;thenradioenabledcommonpeopletoenjoyartsbyears;andfinallytelevisionintegratedadvantagesofbothphotosandsoundsintoanewcreationincontinuouslymovingstreams.43．______ Buttelevisionadvertisementswinpeople’sfavornotonlybecauseitisanartbutalsobecauseitknowspeople’sheart.Fromtheusualmentalactivitypeopleacceptathing-perceptionunderstandingrecollectionattitudeandactionwecanfindouthowaTVadmovespeople.44．______Thereisonlyaslowlyturningfistonthescreenwithavoice-over:whathasitgraspedAndthefistopenednothinginside.Whatitgraspsisjustyourattention.Whenthetargetedaudienceiswillingtowatchtheadthefirststepisfinishedandthentheyshouldloveit.HowtogaintheiridentificationTheadcircleshavesummedupmanyeffectiveexperiences.Theyoftenmaketheiradsentertainingandhumorousorexhibittheirgoodsinasmartandartfulwayorfindoutacraftyandclearpropositionwhichsometimesmaybe:DawnDetergent-wrapsthegreasewhichwillnotstainyourhandsGod!Alldetergentcoulddothisalthoughtheaudiencemaynotrealize..AsforthelinksofmemorizingattitudeandactionsinceTVisthemostcompulsivepenetratingandinfluentialmediumTVadsarestillthemostefficient.45．______Fromcpptocpmandfromthewell-knownTVratingstoaudienceshareTVadsareastagewhereeveryinterestgroupsandindividualsracktheirbrainstokeepmovinganditisalsooneofthebusinessareaswithfiercestcompetition. TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance. [A]FirstTVadalwayssparesnoefforttograspaudience’sattentionasshowninanadmadebythead-departmentofaTVstudiotopromoteitself. [B]Particularlywithitsunparalleledpowerofproductpromotiontelevisionhasservedastheadvertiser’sbelovedsonforalltheseyears. [C]Inthelatercenturiesalthoughgreatprogresseswerealsomadeinsculpturesarchitecturesandmusicdrawingwasalwaysthesynonymforart. [D]TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance. [E]Televisionoriginatedfromartultimatelysurpassedit. [F]TodayTVadshavebecomeoneoftherepresentativesofmodernbusinessoperation. [G]Televisionofthesamebloodwithmoviehasalsoborrowedmuchfromthiscomparativelymatureartformincreatingadvertisements. 45
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.13
ForthispartyouareallowedfifteenminutestowriteaninformalletterofcongratulationtoafriendofyoursCharlesbasedonthefollowingnotes.DonotsignyourownnameattheendofyourletterusingAnniinstead.1Congratulationsonyourfriend’sappointmenttotheGeneralMangerofthiscompany.2Thepromotionisduetohishardwork.3YouaregoingtoNewYorkverysoon.Youpromisetocallhimafteryoucomeback.4Expressyourbestwishesforthefuture.
ManypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazinestheBug-EyedMonsterembodyingeverytraitandfeaturethatmostpeoplefindrepulsiveisabouttograbandpresumablyravishasweetblondecurvaceousscantilycladEarthgirl.Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansanddegradesaworthwhileandevenimportantliteraryendeavor.Incontrasttothisunwarrantedstereotypesciencefictionrarelyemphasizessexandwhenitdoesitismorediscreetthanothercontemporaryfiction.Insteadthebasicinterestofsciencefictionliesintherelationbetweenmanandhistechnologyandbetweenmanandtheuniverse.Sciencefictionisaliteratureofchangeandaliteratureofthefutureandwhileitwouldbefoolishtoclaimthatsciencefictionisamajorliterarygenreatthistimetheaspectsofhumanlifethatitconsidersmakeitwellworthreadingandstudyingfornootherliteraryformdoesquitethesamethings.WhatissciencefictionTobeginthefollowingdefinitionshouldbehelpful:sciencefictionisaliterarysubgenrewhichpostulatesachangeforhumanbeingsfromconditionsasweknowthemandfollowstheimplicationsofthesechangestoaconclusion.Althoughthisdefinitionwillnecessarilybemodifiedandexpandeditcoversmuchofthebasicgroundworkandprovidesapointofdeparture.Thefirstpoint-thatsciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre-isaveryimportantonebutonewhichisoftenoverlookedorignoredinmostdiscussionsofsciencefiction.Specificallysciencefictioniseitherashortstoryoranovel.ThereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefictionwithKarelCapek’sRURRossum’sUniversalRobotsbeingtheonlyonethatiswellknownthebodyofpoetrythatmightbelabeledsciencefictionisonlyslightlylarger.Tosaythatsciencefictionisasubgenreofprosefictionistosaythatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneralthatisitsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.Everythingthatcanbesaidaboutprosefictioningeneralappliestosciencefiction.Everypieceofsciencefictionwhethershortstoryornovelmusthaveanarratorastoryaplotasettingcharacterslanguageandtheme.Andlikeanyprosethethemesofsciencefictionareconcernedwithinterpretingman’snatureandexperienceinrelationtotheworldaroundhim.Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedandpresentedinexactlythesamewaysthatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.Theyaretheresultofaparticularcombinationofnarratorstoryplotcharactersettingandlanguage.Inshortthereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefictionandthewaysofstudyingandanalyzingitarebasicallythesameastheywouldbeforanyotherstoryornovel.Accordingtotheauthorthepopularimageofsciencefictionis______.
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.19
ManypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazinestheBug-EyedMonsterembodyingeverytraitandfeaturethatmostpeoplefindrepulsiveisabouttograbandpresumablyravishasweetblondecurvaceousscantilycladEarthgirl.Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansanddegradesaworthwhileandevenimportantliteraryendeavor.Incontrasttothisunwarrantedstereotypesciencefictionrarelyemphasizessexandwhenitdoesitismorediscreetthanothercontemporaryfiction.Insteadthebasicinterestofsciencefictionliesintherelationbetweenmanandhistechnologyandbetweenmanandtheuniverse.Sciencefictionisaliteratureofchangeandaliteratureofthefutureandwhileitwouldbefoolishtoclaimthatsciencefictionisamajorliterarygenreatthistimetheaspectsofhumanlifethatitconsidersmakeitwellworthreadingandstudyingfornootherliteraryformdoesquitethesamethings.WhatissciencefictionTobeginthefollowingdefinitionshouldbehelpful:sciencefictionisaliterarysubgenrewhichpostulatesachangeforhumanbeingsfromconditionsasweknowthemandfollowstheimplicationsofthesechangestoaconclusion.Althoughthisdefinitionwillnecessarilybemodifiedandexpandeditcoversmuchofthebasicgroundworkandprovidesapointofdeparture.Thefirstpoint-thatsciencefictionisaliterarysubgenre-isaveryimportantonebutonewhichisoftenoverlookedorignoredinmostdiscussionsofsciencefiction.Specificallysciencefictioniseitherashortstoryoranovel.ThereareonlyafewdramaswhichcouldbecalledsciencefictionwithKarelCapek’sRURRossum’sUniversalRobotsbeingtheonlyonethatiswellknownthebodyofpoetrythatmightbelabeledsciencefictionisonlyslightlylarger.Tosaythatsciencefictionisasubgenreofprosefictionistosaythatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthesamebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneralthatisitsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.Everythingthatcanbesaidaboutprosefictioningeneralappliestosciencefiction.Everypieceofsciencefictionwhethershortstoryornovelmusthaveanarratorastoryaplotasettingcharacterslanguageandtheme.Andlikeanyprosethethemesofsciencefictionareconcernedwithinterpretingman’snatureandexperienceinrelationtotheworldaroundhim.Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedandpresentedinexactlythesamewaysthatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.Theyaretheresultofaparticularcombinationofnarratorstoryplotcharactersettingandlanguage.Inshortthereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefictionandthewaysofstudyingandanalyzingitarebasicallythesameastheywouldbeforanyotherstoryornovel.Sciencefictioniscalledaliterarysubgenrebecause______.
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Newclaimsforunemploymentinsurancedippedlastweeksuggestingthatcompaniesarelayingofffewerworkersasthebuddingeconomicrecoveryunfolds.TheLaborDepartmentreportedonThursdaythatfortheworkweekendingApril27newclaimsforjoblessbenefitswentdownbyaseasonallyadjusted10000to418000thelowestlevelsinceMarch23．InanotherreportorderstoU.S.factoriesroseforthefourthstraightmonthasolid0.4percentriseinMarch.Thefigurewaslargelyboostedbystrongerdemandforunendurablegoodssuchasfoodclothespaperproductsandchemicals.Totalunendurablegoodswereup1.6percentinMarchthebiggestincreaseintwoyears.Ordersalsoroseforsomemanufacturedgoodsincludingmetalsconstructionmachineryhouseholdappliancesanddefenseequipment.Thereportreinforcestheviewthatthenation’smanufacturers-whichsharplycutproductionandsawhundredsofthousandsofjobsevaporateduringtherecession-areonthecomebacktrail.StockswererisingagainonThursday.Inthefirsthalf-fouroftradingtheDowJonesindustrialaveragewasup43pointsandtheNasdaqindexwasup14points.Inthejobless-claimsreportevenwiththedeclineagovernmentanalystsaidthelevelwasinflatedasaresultofatechnicalfluke.Thedistortioniscomingfromarequirementthatlaid-offworkersseekingtotakeadvantageofafederalextensionforbenefitsmustsummitnewclaims.CongressrecentlypassedlegislationsignedintolawbyPresidentBushthatprovideda13-weekextensionofjoblessbenefits.Thefluckhascloudedthelayoffspictureforseveralweeks.Butthegovernmentanalystsaidtherefillingrequirementishavingmuchlessofaneffectontheclaimsnumbersthaninpreviousweeks.Themorestablefour-weekmovingaverageofnewclaimswhichsmoothesoutweeklyfluctuationalsofelllastweekto435750thelowestlevelsincethebeginningofApril.Butthenumberofworkerscontinuingtoreceiveunemploymentbenefitsroseto3.8millionfortheworkweekendingApril20evidencethatpeoplewhoareoutofworkarehavingtroublefindingnewjobs.Economistspredictthatjobgrowthwon’tbestrongenoughinthecomingmonthstopreventthenation’sunemploymentrate-nowat5.7percent-fromrising.ManyeconomistsareforecastingariseinApril’sjoblessrateto5.8percentandestimatingthatbusinessesaddedaround55000jobsduringthemonth.ThegovernmentwillreleasetheAprilemploymentreportonFriday.Evenastheeconomybouncesbackfromrecessionsomeeconomistsexpectthejoblessratewillpeaktojustover6percentbyJune.Thatisbecausecompanieswillbereluctanttoquicklyhirebacklaid-offworkersuntiltheyareassuredtherecoveryisheretostay.GiventhefledgingreboundmanyeconomistsexpecttheFederalReservetoleaveshort-terminterestrates-nowat40-yearlows-unchangedwhenitmeetsonMay7．TheFedadjustedinterestrates11timesinarowlastyeartorescuetheeconomyfromrecessionwhichbeganinMay2001.Thefactthatnewclaimsforjoblessbenefitsdecreasedshowsthat______.
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Newclaimsforunemploymentinsurancedippedlastweeksuggestingthatcompaniesarelayingofffewerworkersasthebuddingeconomicrecoveryunfolds.TheLaborDepartmentreportedonThursdaythatfortheworkweekendingApril27newclaimsforjoblessbenefitswentdownbyaseasonallyadjusted10000to418000thelowestlevelsinceMarch23．InanotherreportorderstoU.S.factoriesroseforthefourthstraightmonthasolid0.4percentriseinMarch.Thefigurewaslargelyboostedbystrongerdemandforunendurablegoodssuchasfoodclothespaperproductsandchemicals.Totalunendurablegoodswereup1.6percentinMarchthebiggestincreaseintwoyears.Ordersalsoroseforsomemanufacturedgoodsincludingmetalsconstructionmachineryhouseholdappliancesanddefenseequipment.Thereportreinforcestheviewthatthenation’smanufacturers-whichsharplycutproductionandsawhundredsofthousandsofjobsevaporateduringtherecession-areonthecomebacktrail.StockswererisingagainonThursday.Inthefirsthalf-fouroftradingtheDowJonesindustrialaveragewasup43pointsandtheNasdaqindexwasup14points.Inthejobless-claimsreportevenwiththedeclineagovernmentanalystsaidthelevelwasinflatedasaresultofatechnicalfluke.Thedistortioniscomingfromarequirementthatlaid-offworkersseekingtotakeadvantageofafederalextensionforbenefitsmustsummitnewclaims.CongressrecentlypassedlegislationsignedintolawbyPresidentBushthatprovideda13-weekextensionofjoblessbenefits.Thefluckhascloudedthelayoffspictureforseveralweeks.Butthegovernmentanalystsaidtherefillingrequirementishavingmuchlessofaneffectontheclaimsnumbersthaninpreviousweeks.Themorestablefour-weekmovingaverageofnewclaimswhichsmoothesoutweeklyfluctuationalsofelllastweekto435750thelowestlevelsincethebeginningofApril.Butthenumberofworkerscontinuingtoreceiveunemploymentbenefitsroseto3.8millionfortheworkweekendingApril20evidencethatpeoplewhoareoutofworkarehavingtroublefindingnewjobs.Economistspredictthatjobgrowthwon’tbestrongenoughinthecomingmonthstopreventthenation’sunemploymentrate-nowat5.7percent-fromrising.ManyeconomistsareforecastingariseinApril’sjoblessrateto5.8percentandestimatingthatbusinessesaddedaround55000jobsduringthemonth.ThegovernmentwillreleasetheAprilemploymentreportonFriday.Evenastheeconomybouncesbackfromrecessionsomeeconomistsexpectthejoblessratewillpeaktojustover6percentbyJune.Thatisbecausecompanieswillbereluctanttoquicklyhirebacklaid-offworkersuntiltheyareassuredtherecoveryisheretostay.GiventhefledgingreboundmanyeconomistsexpecttheFederalReservetoleaveshort-terminterestrates-nowat40-yearlows-unchangedwhenitmeetsonMay7．TheFedadjustedinterestrates11timesinarowlastyeartorescuetheeconomyfromrecessionwhichbeganinMay2001.Inthefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraphthelevelreferstothelevelof______.
Agreatmanyarticlesandbooksdiscussingenvironmentalandresourceproblemsbeginwiththepropositionthatthereisanenvironmentalandresourcecrisis.Ifthismeansthatthesituationofhumanityisworsenowthaninthepastthentheideaofacrisis-andallthatfollowsfromit-isdeadwrong.Inalmosteveryrespectimportanttohumanitythetrendshavebeenimprovingnotdeteriorating. Ourworldnowsupports5.6billionpeople.Inthenineteenthcenturytheearthcouldsustainonly1billion.And10000yearsagoonly1millionpeoplecouldkeepthemselvesalive.Peoplearenowlivingmorehealthilythaneverbefore. Onewouldexpectloversofhumanity-peoplewhohatewarandworryaboutfamineinAfrica-tojumpwithjoyatthisextraordinarytriumphofthehumanmindandhumanorganizationovertherawforcesofnature.41．______ Itisamazingbuttruethataresourceshortageresultingfrompopulationorincomegrowthusuallyleavesusbetteroffthaniftheshortagehadneverarisen.42．______ Thepricesoffoodmetalsandotherrawmaterialshavebeendecliningbyeverymeasuresincethebeginningofthenineteenthcenturyandasfarbackasweknow;thatisrawmaterialshavebeengettinglessscarcethroughouthistorydefyingthecommonsensenotionthatifonebeginswithaninventoryofaresourceandusessomeuptherewillbelessleft.Thisisdespiteandindirectlybecauseofincreasingpopulation.43．______ Alsowedonotsaythatabetterfuturehappensautomaticallyorwithouteffort.44．______ Weareconfidentthatthenatureofthephysicalworldpermitscontinuedimprovementinhumankind’seconomiclotinthelongrunindefinitely.Ofcoursetherearealwaysnewlyarisinglocalproblemsshortagesandpollutionresultingfromclimateorincreasedpopulationandincomeandnewtechnologies.Sometimestemporarylarge-scaleproblemsarise.45．______Thatisthegreatlessontobelearnedfromhumanhistory. [A]Iffirewoodhadnotbecomescarceinseventeenth-centuryEnglandcoalwouldnothavebeendeveloped.Ifcoalandwhaleoilshortageshadn’tloomedoilwellswouldnothavebeendug. [B]Buttheworld’sphysicalconditionsandtheresiliencepowerofrecoveringquicklyofawell-functioningeconomicandsocialsystemenableustoovercomesuchproblemsandthesolutionsusuallyleaveusbetteroffthaniftheproblemhadneverarisen. [C]Therecentextraordinarydecreaseinthedeathrate-tomymindthegreatestmiracleinhistory-accountsforthebumpercropofhumanity.Inthelast200yearslifeexpectancyintheadvancedcountriesjumpedfromthemid-30’sto70’s. [D]Insteadtheylamentfeelsorrowforthattherearesomanyhumanbeingsandwringtheirhandsindicatedespairabouttheproblemsthatmorepeopleinevitablybringandtheproblemthatresourceswillbefurtherdiminished. [E]Itwillhappenbecausemenandwomen--sometimesasindividualssometimesasenterprisesworkingforprofitsometimesasvoluntarynonprofitgroupsandsometimesasgovernmentalagencies-willaddressproblemswithmuscleandmindandwillprobablyovercomeashasbeenusualthroughhistory. [F]Statisticstudiesshowthatpopulationgrowthdoesn’tleadtoslowereconomicgrowththoughthisdefiescommonsense.Norishighpopulationdensityadragoneconomicdevelopment. [G]Wedon’tsaythatalliswelleverywhereandwedon’tpredictthatallwillberosyinthefuture.Childrenarehungryandsick;peopleliveoutlivesofphysicalorintellectualpovertyandlackofopportunity;warorsomeotherpollutionmaydousin. 41
Agreatmanyarticlesandbooksdiscussingenvironmentalandresourceproblemsbeginwiththepropositionthatthereisanenvironmentalandresourcecrisis.Ifthismeansthatthesituationofhumanityisworsenowthaninthepastthentheideaofacrisis-andallthatfollowsfromit-isdeadwrong.Inalmosteveryrespectimportanttohumanitythetrendshavebeenimprovingnotdeteriorating. Ourworldnowsupports5.6billionpeople.Inthenineteenthcenturytheearthcouldsustainonly1billion.And10000yearsagoonly1millionpeoplecouldkeepthemselvesalive.Peoplearenowlivingmorehealthilythaneverbefore. Onewouldexpectloversofhumanity-peoplewhohatewarandworryaboutfamineinAfrica-tojumpwithjoyatthisextraordinarytriumphofthehumanmindandhumanorganizationovertherawforcesofnature.41．______ Itisamazingbuttruethataresourceshortageresultingfrompopulationorincomegrowthusuallyleavesusbetteroffthaniftheshortagehadneverarisen.42．______ Thepricesoffoodmetalsandotherrawmaterialshavebeendecliningbyeverymeasuresincethebeginningofthenineteenthcenturyandasfarbackasweknow;thatisrawmaterialshavebeengettinglessscarcethroughouthistorydefyingthecommonsensenotionthatifonebeginswithaninventoryofaresourceandusessomeuptherewillbelessleft.Thisisdespiteandindirectlybecauseofincreasingpopulation.43．______ Alsowedonotsaythatabetterfuturehappensautomaticallyorwithouteffort.44．______ Weareconfidentthatthenatureofthephysicalworldpermitscontinuedimprovementinhumankind’seconomiclotinthelongrunindefinitely.Ofcoursetherearealwaysnewlyarisinglocalproblemsshortagesandpollutionresultingfromclimateorincreasedpopulationandincomeandnewtechnologies.Sometimestemporarylarge-scaleproblemsarise.45．______Thatisthegreatlessontobelearnedfromhumanhistory. [A]Iffirewoodhadnotbecomescarceinseventeenth-centuryEnglandcoalwouldnothavebeendeveloped.Ifcoalandwhaleoilshortageshadn’tloomedoilwellswouldnothavebeendug. [B]Buttheworld’sphysicalconditionsandtheresiliencepowerofrecoveringquicklyofawell-functioningeconomicandsocialsystemenableustoovercomesuchproblemsandthesolutionsusuallyleaveusbetteroffthaniftheproblemhadneverarisen. [C]Therecentextraordinarydecreaseinthedeathrate-tomymindthegreatestmiracleinhistory-accountsforthebumpercropofhumanity.Inthelast200yearslifeexpectancyintheadvancedcountriesjumpedfromthemid-30’sto70’s. [D]Insteadtheylamentfeelsorrowforthattherearesomanyhumanbeingsandwringtheirhandsindicatedespairabouttheproblemsthatmorepeopleinevitablybringandtheproblemthatresourceswillbefurtherdiminished. [E]Itwillhappenbecausemenandwomen--sometimesasindividualssometimesasenterprisesworkingforprofitsometimesasvoluntarynonprofitgroupsandsometimesasgovernmentalagencies-willaddressproblemswithmuscleandmindandwillprobablyovercomeashasbeenusualthroughhistory. [F]Statisticstudiesshowthatpopulationgrowthdoesn’tleadtoslowereconomicgrowththoughthisdefiescommonsense.Norishighpopulationdensityadragoneconomicdevelopment. [G]Wedon’tsaythatalliswelleverywhereandwedon’tpredictthatallwillberosyinthefuture.Childrenarehungryandsick;peopleliveoutlivesofphysicalorintellectualpovertyandlackofopportunity;warorsomeotherpollutionmaydousin. 45
Despitethefactthatcometsareprobablythemostnumerousastronomicalbodiesinthesolarsystemasidefromsmallmeteorfragmentsandtheasteroidstheyarelargelyamystery.Scientistsdonotknowexactlywhatcometsareorwheretheycomefrom.Educatedguessesarethebestwehaveinhand.Consideringtheroleofcometsinlegendandthememoryofmanitisremarkablethatwestillknowsolittlerelativelyaboutthem.ThemostfamouscometofallHalley’sCometnamedforthemanwhopredicteditsreturnwasfirstsightedbytheChinesein240B．C．andithasreturnedtoterrifythepeopleoftheworldonaregularbasiseverysincethen.Theancientconsidereditanobjectofillomen.BymysteriouscoincidencethearrivalofHalley’sCometcoincidedwithsucheventsasthebattleofHastingsin1066theJewishrevoltof66A．D．andthelastbattleofAttilatheHunagainsttheRomans.Norisittheonlycomettofillmanwithawebutmerelythemostfamousinaricharistocracyofblood-freezers.Cometsareevenmorefascinatingtoamateurastronomersthantoprofessionalsbecausethisisoneareawhereamateurscanmakemajordiscoveries.CometIkeyaSekioneofthebrightestcometstoappearinthiscenturywasdiscoveredin1965byapairofJapaneseamateursIkeyaandSeki.Thepersonwhodiscoversanewcometgetshisorhernameputonit.Andamateurshaveaheadstartintheracetodiscovernewcomets;theshorterfocallengthsontheirsmallertelescopesgivethemapositiveadvantageoverthehugetelescopessuchasMountWilsonwhichisbuilttoscanforgalaxiesnotcomparativelyshortdistances.MostscientiststendtoagreewithastronomerFredT.Whipplethatacometisreallyalargemushysnowballoffrozenicesandgasesammoniamethanepossiblycarbondioxidewithafewbitsofsolidparticlesstuckinside.Butnooneissurehowcometsarecreatedinthefirstplace.Scientistbelievethatcometsdon’texhibittheircharacteristictailwhiletheylurkfatoutinspaceawayfromthewarmthofthesunbutratherwanderintheformoffrozenlumpslikeicebergs.Thisisthecoreofthecomets.Onlywhenthecometapproachestheheatofthesundoestheicebegintomeltandstreamawayintheformofvisiblegases.Thetailsofthecometsstreamoutbehindforliterallyastronomicaldistances.HalleyComethadatailof94millionmileslongwhenitvisitedherein1910．TheGreatCometof1843hadatailof186millionmileslong.Thecoreofacomet______.
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Recentlythenewshasbeenfilledwithreportsofthe"birdflu".46．Asiaisonaregion-widehealthalertwithgovernmentsslaughteringmillionsofchickenstocontainoutbreaksofthebirdfluinThailandVietnamCambodiaSouthKoreaJapanandChina. Influenza-commonlycalled"flu"-isoneoftheoldestandmostcommondiseasesknowntoman.Itcanalsobeoneofthedeadliest.47．Thegreat"Spanishflu"pandemicof1918-1919wasconsideredtheworstplagueinhistorykillingupto40millionpeoplewithhalfoftheworld’spopulationinfectedinonlyafewmonths. 48．Influenzacanalsoinfectmanydifferentwarm-bloodedanimalssuchasbirds.Howeverthe"flu"virususuallydevelopsdifferentvariantsthatarespecializedforeachspeciesofanimalsthattheyinfect.Crossspeciesinfectionsarerare. AflustraincalledinfluenzaAH5N1appearstohavemadeasuccessfuljumpfrombirdstohumans.TheviralstrainwasfirstisolatedfromSouthAfricanbirdsin1961．49．ThefirstknownhumaninfectionoccurredinaHongKongtoddlerinMayof1997．Bytheendof1997therewere13confirmedcasesandfourdeathsallinHongKong.InanattempttostopthespreadofthediseasethegovernmentofHongKongorderedtheslaughterofallchickensducksgeesequailanddomesticpigeons. HumansinfectedwithH5N1sofararethoughttohavecaughtthediseasefromfowlandnoperson-to-persontransmissionshavebeenreported.50．TheWHOhoweverfearsthatthebirdfluishighlyadaptableandmightleapthespeciesbarrier.Itsaysanyoneexposedtothediseaseshouldbequarantinedtoavoidcontactwithsufferersofregularhumaninfluenza. ThegreatSpanishflupandemicof1918-1919wasconsideredtheworstplagueinhistorykillingupto40millionpeoplewithhalfoftheworld’spopulationinfectedinonlyafewmonths.
Agreatmanyarticlesandbooksdiscussingenvironmentalandresourceproblemsbeginwiththepropositionthatthereisanenvironmentalandresourcecrisis.Ifthismeansthatthesituationofhumanityisworsenowthaninthepastthentheideaofacrisis-andallthatfollowsfromit-isdeadwrong.Inalmosteveryrespectimportanttohumanitythetrendshavebeenimprovingnotdeteriorating. Ourworldnowsupports5.6billionpeople.Inthenineteenthcenturytheearthcouldsustainonly1billion.And10000yearsagoonly1millionpeoplecouldkeepthemselvesalive.Peoplearenowlivingmorehealthilythaneverbefore. Onewouldexpectloversofhumanity-peoplewhohatewarandworryaboutfamineinAfrica-tojumpwithjoyatthisextraordinarytriumphofthehumanmindandhumanorganizationovertherawforcesofnature.41．______ Itisamazingbuttruethataresourceshortageresultingfrompopulationorincomegrowthusuallyleavesusbetteroffthaniftheshortagehadneverarisen.42．______ Thepricesoffoodmetalsandotherrawmaterialshavebeendecliningbyeverymeasuresincethebeginningofthenineteenthcenturyandasfarbackasweknow;thatisrawmaterialshavebeengettinglessscarcethroughouthistorydefyingthecommonsensenotionthatifonebeginswithaninventoryofaresourceandusessomeuptherewillbelessleft.Thisisdespiteandindirectlybecauseofincreasingpopulation.43．______ Alsowedonotsaythatabetterfuturehappensautomaticallyorwithouteffort.44．______ Weareconfidentthatthenatureofthephysicalworldpermitscontinuedimprovementinhumankind’seconomiclotinthelongrunindefinitely.Ofcoursetherearealwaysnewlyarisinglocalproblemsshortagesandpollutionresultingfromclimateorincreasedpopulationandincomeandnewtechnologies.Sometimestemporarylarge-scaleproblemsarise.45．______Thatisthegreatlessontobelearnedfromhumanhistory. [A]Iffirewoodhadnotbecomescarceinseventeenth-centuryEnglandcoalwouldnothavebeendeveloped.Ifcoalandwhaleoilshortageshadn’tloomedoilwellswouldnothavebeendug. [B]Buttheworld’sphysicalconditionsandtheresiliencepowerofrecoveringquicklyofawell-functioningeconomicandsocialsystemenableustoovercomesuchproblemsandthesolutionsusuallyleaveusbetteroffthaniftheproblemhadneverarisen. [C]Therecentextraordinarydecreaseinthedeathrate-tomymindthegreatestmiracleinhistory-accountsforthebumpercropofhumanity.Inthelast200yearslifeexpectancyintheadvancedcountriesjumpedfromthemid-30’sto70’s. [D]Insteadtheylamentfeelsorrowforthattherearesomanyhumanbeingsandwringtheirhandsindicatedespairabouttheproblemsthatmorepeopleinevitablybringandtheproblemthatresourceswillbefurtherdiminished. [E]Itwillhappenbecausemenandwomen--sometimesasindividualssometimesasenterprisesworkingforprofitsometimesasvoluntarynonprofitgroupsandsometimesasgovernmentalagencies-willaddressproblemswithmuscleandmindandwillprobablyovercomeashasbeenusualthroughhistory. [F]Statisticstudiesshowthatpopulationgrowthdoesn’tleadtoslowereconomicgrowththoughthisdefiescommonsense.Norishighpopulationdensityadragoneconomicdevelopment. [G]Wedon’tsaythatalliswelleverywhereandwedon’tpredictthatallwillberosyinthefuture.Childrenarehungryandsick;peopleliveoutlivesofphysicalorintellectualpovertyandlackofopportunity;warorsomeotherpollutionmaydousin. 43
Newclaimsforunemploymentinsurancedippedlastweeksuggestingthatcompaniesarelayingofffewerworkersasthebuddingeconomicrecoveryunfolds.TheLaborDepartmentreportedonThursdaythatfortheworkweekendingApril27newclaimsforjoblessbenefitswentdownbyaseasonallyadjusted10000to418000thelowestlevelsinceMarch23．InanotherreportorderstoU.S.factoriesroseforthefourthstraightmonthasolid0.4percentriseinMarch.Thefigurewaslargelyboostedbystrongerdemandforunendurablegoodssuchasfoodclothespaperproductsandchemicals.Totalunendurablegoodswereup1.6percentinMarchthebiggestincreaseintwoyears.Ordersalsoroseforsomemanufacturedgoodsincludingmetalsconstructionmachineryhouseholdappliancesanddefenseequipment.Thereportreinforcestheviewthatthenation’smanufacturers-whichsharplycutproductionandsawhundredsofthousandsofjobsevaporateduringtherecession-areonthecomebacktrail.StockswererisingagainonThursday.Inthefirsthalf-fouroftradingtheDowJonesindustrialaveragewasup43pointsandtheNasdaqindexwasup14points.Inthejobless-claimsreportevenwiththedeclineagovernmentanalystsaidthelevelwasinflatedasaresultofatechnicalfluke.Thedistortioniscomingfromarequirementthatlaid-offworkersseekingtotakeadvantageofafederalextensionforbenefitsmustsummitnewclaims.CongressrecentlypassedlegislationsignedintolawbyPresidentBushthatprovideda13-weekextensionofjoblessbenefits.Thefluckhascloudedthelayoffspictureforseveralweeks.Butthegovernmentanalystsaidtherefillingrequirementishavingmuchlessofaneffectontheclaimsnumbersthaninpreviousweeks.Themorestablefour-weekmovingaverageofnewclaimswhichsmoothesoutweeklyfluctuationalsofelllastweekto435750thelowestlevelsincethebeginningofApril.Butthenumberofworkerscontinuingtoreceiveunemploymentbenefitsroseto3.8millionfortheworkweekendingApril20evidencethatpeoplewhoareoutofworkarehavingtroublefindingnewjobs.Economistspredictthatjobgrowthwon’tbestrongenoughinthecomingmonthstopreventthenation’sunemploymentrate-nowat5.7percent-fromrising.ManyeconomistsareforecastingariseinApril’sjoblessrateto5.8percentandestimatingthatbusinessesaddedaround55000jobsduringthemonth.ThegovernmentwillreleasetheAprilemploymentreportonFriday.Evenastheeconomybouncesbackfromrecessionsomeeconomistsexpectthejoblessratewillpeaktojustover6percentbyJune.Thatisbecausecompanieswillbereluctanttoquicklyhirebacklaid-offworkersuntiltheyareassuredtherecoveryisheretostay.GiventhefledgingreboundmanyeconomistsexpecttheFederalReservetoleaveshort-terminterestrates-nowat40-yearlows-unchangedwhenitmeetsonMay7．TheFedadjustedinterestrates11timesinarowlastyeartorescuetheeconomyfromrecessionwhichbeganinMay2001.Oneresultofthepresentbuddingeconomicrecoveryisthe______.
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Thisbookiswrittenexpresslyforstudentsinanattempttopresentthematerialthatismostusefulandinterestingtothem.Previouscoursesinchemistryarenotnecessaryfortheunderstandingofthematerialalthoughthosestudentswhohavehadhighschoolchemistrywillfindthatareviewoftheinorganicsectionwillbetterenablethemtomastertheorganicandbiochemistrysectionsthatfollow.Theauthorhasfeltthatinthepasttherewasanimproperselectionofmaterialfrominorganicorganicandbiochemistryinthemajorityofthetextbooksofchemistryfornurse.Thetendencyhasbeentodeveloptheinorganicchemistrytosuchanextentthatorganicandbiochemistryiscoveredtoobriefly.Therecentadvancesinbiochemistryandtheirwidespreadapplicationtothepracticeofmedicineandnursinghaveconsiderablyalteredthesituation.Notonlyisbiochemistrymorecloselyalliedtothepracticalchemistryofmedicineandnursingbutalsoitisofmoreinteresttothestudent.Intheauthor’sexperiencetheresponsetobiochemistryhasalwaysbeenmorefavorablethantotheothersections.Withinthebriefperiodallottedtochemistrythereforethesectionsoninorganicorganicandbiochemistryshouldbesoarrangedthatagoodshareofthetimeisspentinthestudyofbiochemistry.Thisbookpresentsmainlythosefundamentalsofinorganicandorganicchemistrythatarenecessaryfortheunderstandingofthesectiononbiochemistry.ThefundamentalpointssuggestedintheCurriculumGuideareincludedinthebookwithsomeadditionsinthebiochemistrysection.Theauthorfeelsthatastudyofurinevitaminsnutritionandhormonesissoobviouslyapartofbiochemistrythatatleastthefundamentalsshouldbeincludedinthiscourse.Thebookhasbeenplannedinsuchawaythatitmaybeadaptedtovariouscoursesinchemistry.ThematerialsuggestedbytheCurriculumGuideiscoveredinthefirstnineteenchaptersandmaybeusedinacceleratedcoursesorwhereminimumtimeisallottedtochemistry.Whenthetimeallottedtothecourseissixtytoninetyhourstheentirecontentsofthebookmaybeusedtoadvantage.WhilethebookhasbeenwrittenespeciallytofittheneedsofSchoolsofNursingitcouldreadilybeappliedininstanceswherestudentsarerequiredtotakebutonecourseinchemistry.Theapatheticattitudeofnonprofessionalstudentstowardacourseininorganicchemistrymaywellbeovercomebytheproperpresentationofmaterialselectedfrominorganicorganicandbiochemistry.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthisbookis______.
Ineverycultivatedlanguagetherearetwogreatclassesofwordswhichtakentogethercomprisesthewholevocabulary.Firsttherearethosewords1whichwebecomeacquaintedindailyconversationwhichwe2thatistosayfromthe3ofourownfamilyandfromourfamiliarassociatesand4weshouldknowanduse5wecouldnotreadorwrite.They6thecommonthingsoflifeandarethestockintradeofallwho7thelanguage.Suchwordsmaybecalled"popular"sincetheybelongtothepeople8andarenottheexclusive9ofalimitedclass. Ontheotherhandourlanguage10amultitudeofwordswhicharecomparatively11usedinordinaryconversation.Theirmeaningsareknowntoeveryeducatedpersonbutthereislittle12tousethemathomeorinthemarket-place.Our13acquaintancewiththemcomesnotfromourmother’s14orfromthetalkofourschool-mates15frombooksthatwereadlecturesthatwe16orthemore17conversationofhighlyeducatedspeakerswhoarediscussingsomeparticular18inastyleappropriatelyelevatedabovethehabitual19ofeverydaylife.Suchwordsarecalled"learned"andthe20betweenthemandthe"popular"wordsisofgreatimportancetoarightunderstandingoflinguisticprocess. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Todaynoonehaseverdoubtedabouttelevision’scharm.Since1920sBritaininventedthefirsttelevisionpeoplehavebeguntoliveinaworldcrowdedwithsoapoperasnewsmagazinesandTVadvertisements.41．______HoweverhaveweevertriedtofindoutthemagichereWhydidthetelevisionwinthecompetitionwithpapermediaandradioinsuchashortperiodBywhatkindofcontentiondidTVfinallycontrolmostoftheaudiencesAndwhydoesTVbecomethemeanstheindustrialcirclesscramblefor ItisarguedthattelevisionmaynotbeaformofartbutfifteenthousandyearsbeforetheprimitivepeoplehadlefturusdrawingsonAltamiraCaveinSpainwhichprovedthatpicturesarehumanever-lastingpursuitmuchearlierthanletters.42．______Thecomingofthe19thcenturyforetoldamassmediatimesandalsothebreak-throughinartsbecauseoftherapiddevelopmentintechnology.Firstbytheinventionofphotographyphotosshowedupbeforepeopleinawaymoresubstantiatedandfrequentthaneverbefore;thenradioenabledcommonpeopletoenjoyartsbyears;andfinallytelevisionintegratedadvantagesofbothphotosandsoundsintoanewcreationincontinuouslymovingstreams.43．______ Buttelevisionadvertisementswinpeople’sfavornotonlybecauseitisanartbutalsobecauseitknowspeople’sheart.Fromtheusualmentalactivitypeopleacceptathing-perceptionunderstandingrecollectionattitudeandactionwecanfindouthowaTVadmovespeople.44．______Thereisonlyaslowlyturningfistonthescreenwithavoice-over:whathasitgraspedAndthefistopenednothinginside.Whatitgraspsisjustyourattention.Whenthetargetedaudienceiswillingtowatchtheadthefirststepisfinishedandthentheyshouldloveit.HowtogaintheiridentificationTheadcircleshavesummedupmanyeffectiveexperiences.Theyoftenmaketheiradsentertainingandhumorousorexhibittheirgoodsinasmartandartfulwayorfindoutacraftyandclearpropositionwhichsometimesmaybe:DawnDetergent-wrapsthegreasewhichwillnotstainyourhandsGod!Alldetergentcoulddothisalthoughtheaudiencemaynotrealize..AsforthelinksofmemorizingattitudeandactionsinceTVisthemostcompulsivepenetratingandinfluentialmediumTVadsarestillthemostefficient.45．______Fromcpptocpmandfromthewell-knownTVratingstoaudienceshareTVadsareastagewhereeveryinterestgroupsandindividualsracktheirbrainstokeepmovinganditisalsooneofthebusinessareaswithfiercestcompetition. TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance. [A]FirstTVadalwayssparesnoefforttograspaudience’sattentionasshowninanadmadebythead-departmentofaTVstudiotopromoteitself. [B]Particularlywithitsunparalleledpowerofproductpromotiontelevisionhasservedastheadvertiser’sbelovedsonforalltheseyears. [C]Inthelatercenturiesalthoughgreatprogresseswerealsomadeinsculpturesarchitecturesandmusicdrawingwasalwaysthesynonymforart. [D]TVadsstillthemainformoftoday’sadvertisingwillneverbeacircleshortofcreationandadvance. [E]Televisionoriginatedfromartultimatelysurpassedit. [F]TodayTVadshavebecomeoneoftherepresentativesofmodernbusinessoperation. [G]Televisionofthesamebloodwithmoviehasalsoborrowedmuchfromthiscomparativelymatureartformincreatingadvertisements. 43
热门题库
更多
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号