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Clothes, decorations, physique, hair and facial (1) give a great deal of information a...
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DreamClotheshastheworstclothesintown.改为一般疑问句 Dre
Theclothesinthisshoppingcenterarethanthoseinothers
WeoftenbuyourclothesatMr.Cool'sClothes.
Theclothesstoreisfiveminutesbybus.就划线部分提问theclothe
Whenyouusethewashingmachinetowashclothesyouaresupp
1分Wecanbuyclothesthemostc便宜地inDreamClothes.
Idon’twanttogotoJasper’sClothesStore.Ithasthebadcl
Thepriceoftheclothesinthisstoreisverylow.Youcanbu
Comeandyourclothesatourgreatsaleinourclothesstore
I'veheardmanybeautifulclothesareon intheclothesst
ShewashesclotheseverySunday．改为否定句SheclotheseverySu
Theclothesstoreisfiveminutesbybus fromhere.画线提问 th
YoucanbuyclothesthemostatHuaxingClothesmanypeoplel
一Winchisthe hadclothesstoreintown?—DreamClothesThe
Theclothesnearourhomeisverynice.Ioftenbuyclothest
HuaxingClothesStoreonlysellsChinaclothes.
IlikeMiller’sClothesStorebecauseIcanbuyclothesthem
Mysisterlikestogotothatclothestobuyclothes.
Myaunthasgoodinclothes.Herclothesarealwaysbeautifu
TheclothesinOuyaNewLifearecheapthanthoseinothersho
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InsomewaystheUnitedStateshasmadespectacularprogress.Firesnolongerdestroy18000buildingsastheydidintheGreatChicagoFireof1871orkillhalfatownof2400peopleastheydidthesamenightinPeshtigoWisconsin.OtherthantheBeverlyHillSupperClubfireinKentuckyin1977ithasbeenfourdecadessincemorethan100Americansdiedinafire. ButevenwithsuchsuccessestheUnitedStatesstillhasoneoftheworstfiredeathratesintheworld.Safetyexpertssaytheproblemisneithermoneynortechnologybuttheindifferenceofacountrythatjustwillnottakefiresseriouslyenough.Americanfiredepartmentsaresomeoftheworld’sfastestandbest-equipped.Theyhavetobe.TheUnitedStateshastwiceJapan’spopulationand40timesasmanyfires.Itspendsfarlessonpreventingfiresthanonfightingthem.AndAmericanfire-safetylessonsareaimedalmostentirelyatchildrenwhodieindisproportionatelylargenumbersinfiresbutwhocontrarytopopularmythstartveryfewofthem. Expertssaythefatalerrorisanattitudethatfiresarenotreallyanyone’sfault.Thatisnotsoinothercountrieswherebothpubliceducationandthelawtreatfiresaseitherapersonalfailingoracrime.Japanhasmanywoodhouses;oftheestimated48firesinworldhistorythatburnedmorethan10000buildingsJapanhashad27.Penaltiesforcausingaseverefirebynegligencecanbeashighaslifeimprisonment. IntheUnitedStatesmosteducationdollarsarespentinelementaryschools.Butthelessonsareaimedatatoolimitedaudience;just9percentofallfiredeathsarecausedbychildrenplayingwithmatches. TheUnitedStatescontinuestorelymoreontechnologythanlawsorsocialpressure.Therearesmokedetectorsin85percentofallhomes.Somelocalbuildingcodesnowrequirehomesprinklers.Newheatersandironsshutthemselvesoffiftheyaretipped. ThereasonwhysomanyAmericansdieinfiresisthat
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
2004年12月2日至5日召开的指出2005年是贯彻落实科学发展观巩固宏观调控成果保持经济杜会良好发展态势的关键一年也是全面实现计划目标衔接的重要一年
TheCommercialRevolutionwasnotconfinedofcoursetothegrowthoftradeandbanking.Includedinitalsowerefundamentalchangesinmethodsofproduction.ThesystemofmanufacturedevelopedbythecraftguildsinthelaterMiddleAgeswasrapidlybecomingdefunct.Theguildsthemselvesdominatedbythemastercraftsmenhadgrownselfishandexclusive.Membershipinthemwascommonlyrestrictedtoafewprivilegedfamilies.Besidestheyweresocompletelychokedbytraditionthattheywereunabletomakeadjustmentstochangingconditions.Moreovernewindustrieshadsprungupentirelyoutsidetheguildsystem.Characteristicexampleswereminingandsmeltingandthewoolenindustry.Therapiddevelopmentoftheseenterpriseswasstimulatedbytechnicaladvancessuchastheinventionofthespinningwheelandthediscoveryofanewmethodofmakingbrasswhichsavedabouthalfofthefuelpreviouslyused.Intheminingandsmeltingindustriesaformoforganizationwasadoptedsimilartothatwhichhasprevailedeversince. ButthemosttypicalformofindustrialproductionintheCommercialRevolutionwasthedomesticsystemdevelopedfirstofallinthewoolenindustry.Thedomesticsystemderivesitsnamefromthefactthattheworkwasdoneinthehomesofindustrialartisansinsteadofintheshopofamastercraftsman.Sincethevariousjobsinthemanufactureofaproductweregivenoutoncontractthesystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem.Notwithstandingthepettyscaleofproductiontheorganizationwasbasicallycapitalistic.Therawmaterialwaspurchasedbyanentrepreneurandassignedtoindividualworkereachofwhomwouldcompletehisallottedtaskforastipulatedpayment.Inthecaseofthewoolenindustrytheyarnwouldbegivenoutfirstofalltothespinnersthentotheweaversfullersanddyerinsuccession.Whentheclothwasfinallyfinisheditwouldbetakenbytheclothierandsoldintheopenmarketforthehighestpriceitwouldbring. Theauthorimpliesthat
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Thoughitismere1to3percentofthepopulationtheupperclasspossessesatleast25percentofthenation’swealth.Thisclasshastwosegments:upper-upperandlower-upper.Basicallytheupper-upperclassisthe"oldrich"—familiesthathavebeenwealthyforseveralgenerations—anaristocracyofbirthandwealth.TheirnamesareintheSocialRegisteralistingofacceptablemembersofhighsociety.AfewareknownacrossthenationsuchastheRockefellersRooseveltsandVanderbilts.Mostarenotvisibletothegeneralpublic.Theyliveingrandseclusiondrawingtheirincomefromtheinvestmentoftheirinheritedwealth.Incontrastthelower-upperclassisthe"newrich".Althoughtheymaybewealthierthansomeoftheoldrich;thenewrichhavehustledtomaketheirmoneylikeeverybodyelsebeneaththeirclass.Thustheirprestigeisgenerallylowerthanthatoftheoldrichwhohavenotfounditnecessarytoliftafingertomaketheirmoneyandwhotendtolookdownuponthenewrich. Howeveritswealthisacquiredtheupperclassisveryveryrich.Theyhaveenoughmoneyandleisuretimetocultivateaninterestintheartsandtocollectrarebookspaintingandsculpture.Theygenerallyliveinexclusiveareasbelongtoexclusivesocialclubscommunicatewitheachotherandmarrytheirownkind—allofwhichkeepsthemsodistantfromthemassesthattheyhavebeencalledtheout-of-sightclass.Morethananyotherclasstheytendtobeconsciousofbeingmembersofaclass.TheyalsocommandanenormousamountofpowerandinfluencehereandabroadastheyholdmanytopgovernmentpositionsruntheCouncilonForeighRelationsandcontrolmultinationalcorporations.Theactionsaffectthelivesofmillions. Thereasonwhytheoldrichlookdownuponthenewrichisthat
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
加快资本周转速度之所以能增加年剩余价值量和提高年剩余价值率是因为
Directions: ThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorderforQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[ A]Inventoriesofthisstoredmerchandiseoftenneedtobefinanced.Modernmarketingisthereforeacoordinatedsystemofmanybusinessactivities.Butbasicallyitinvolvesfourthings:sellingthecorrectproductattheproperplacesellingitatapricedeterminedbydemandsatisfyingacustomer’sneedandwantsandproducingaprofitforthecompany. [B]Rawmaterialsrequiringlittleornospecialtreatmentcanbetransportedbyrailshiporbargeatlowcost.Largequantitiesofrawmaterialstravelasbulkfreight.Butfinishedproductsthatoftenrequirespecialtreatmentsuchasrefrigerationofcarefulhandlingareusuallytransportedbytruck.Thismerchandisefreightisusuallysmallerinvolumeandrequiresquickerdelivery.Merchandisefreightisatermforthetransportationofmanufacturedgoods. [C]Thetermsmarketandmarketingcanhaveseveralmeaningsdependinguponhowtheyareused.Thetermstockmarketreferstothebuyingandsellingofsharesincorporations.Aswellasotheractivitiesrelatedtostocktradingandpricing.TheimportantworldstockmarketsareinLondonGenevaNewYorkTokyoandSingaporeanothertpeofmarketisagrocerymarketwhichisaplacewherepeoplepurchasefood.Wheneconomistsusethewordmarket.Theymeanasetofforcesorconditionsthatdeterminethepriceofaproductsuchasthesupplyavailableforsaleandthedemandforitbyconsumers.Thetermmarketinginbusinessincludesallthesemeaningsandmore. [D]Inthepasttheconceptofmarketingemphasizedsales.Theproducerormanufacturermadeaproducthewantedtosell.Marketingwasthetaskoffiguringouthowtoselltheproduct.Basicallysellingtheproductwouldbeaccomplishedbysalespromotionwhichincludedadvertisingandpersonalselling.Inadditiontosalespromotionmarketingalsoinvolvedthephysicaldistributionoftheproducttotheplaceswhereitwasactuallysold.Distributionconsistedoftransportationstorageandrelatedservices.Suchasfinancingstandardizationandgradingandtherelatedrisks. [E]Marketingnowinvolvesfirstdecidingwhatthecustomerwantsanddesigningandproducingaproductthatsatisfiesthesewantsataprofittothecompany.Insteadofconcentratingsolelyonproductthecompanymustconsiderthedesiresoftheconsumer.Andthisismuchmoredifficultsinceitinvolveshumanbehavior.Productionontheotherhandismostlyanengineeringproblemthusdemandandmarketforcesarestillanimportantaspectofmodernmarketing.Buttheyareconsideredpriortotheproductionprocess. [F]Themodernmarketingconceptencompassesalloftheactivitiesmentionedbutitisbasedonadifferentsetofprinciples.Itsubscribestothenotionthatproductioncanbeeconomicallyjustifiedonlybyconsumption.Inotherwordsgoodsshouldbeproducedonlyiftheycanbesold.Thereforetheproducershouldconsiderwhoisgoingtobuytheproduct.Orwhatthemarketfortheproductisbeforeproductionbegins.Thisisverydifferentfrommakingaproductandthenthinkingabouthowtosellit. [G]Becauseproductsareoftenmarketedinternationallydistributionhasincreasedinimportance.Goodsmustbeattheplacewherethecustomerneedsthemorbroughtthere.Thisisknownasplaceutilityitaddsvaluetoaproduct.Howevermanymarketsareseparatedfromtheplaceofproduction.Whichmeansthatoftenbothrawmaterialsandfinishedproductsmustbetransportedtothepointswheretheyareneeded. [H]Alongallpointsofthedistributionchannelvariousamountsofstoragearerequired.Thetimeandmannerofsuchstoragedependsuponthetypeofproduct. 44
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Inolddayswhenaglimpseofstockingwaslookeduponassomethingfartooshockingtodistracttheseriousworkofanofficesecretariesweremen. ThencamethefirstWorldWarandthemalesecretarieswerereplacedbywomen.Aman’ssecretarybecamehispersonalservantchargedwithrememberinghiswife’sbirthdayandbuyingherpresents;takinghissuitstothedrycleaners;tellingliesonthetelephonetokeeppeoplehedidnotwishtospeaktoatbayandofcoursetypingandfilingandtakingshorthand. Nowallthismaybechangingagain.ThemicrochipandhightechnologyissweepingtheBritishofficetakingwithitmuchoftheroutineclericalworkthatsecretariesdid. "Onceofficetechnologytakesovergenerallythestatusofthejobwillriseagainbecauseitwillinvolveonlythehigh-poweredwork-andthenmenwillwanttodoitagain." Thatwassaidbyoneoftheexecutivesmaleofoneofthebiggestsecretarialagenciesinthiscountry.WhathehaspredictedisalreadyunderwayintheUS.OnegirldescribedtomearecenttemporaryjobplacingmeninsecretarialjobsinSanFrancisco.Shenotedthatallthemenshedealtwithappearedtobegaysopossiblythatisjustanewtwisttotheoldstory. Overherethoughtherearemencomingontothejobmarketassecretaries.Classicallygirlshavelearnedshorthandandtypingandgoneintoacompanytoseektheirfortunefromthebottom——andthat’swhathappenedtoJohnBowman.Althoughhejoinedanationalgrocerychainassecretarytoitsfirstwomanseniormanagerhehassincebeenpromotedtoanadministrationjob. "IfilledintheapplicationformandsaidIcoulddoaudio/typingandinfactIwastheonlyapplicant.Thegirlswerereluctanttoworkforthisyoungglamorousnewwomanwithallthispowerinthefirm." "Ididtypingatschoolandthenacommercialcourse.Ijustthoughtitwouldbeusefulfindingajob.InevergotanyfunnytreatmentfromthegirlsthoughIadmitI’venevermetanothermalesecretary.ButthenIjoinedthePostOfficeasaclerkandcarelesslyplayedwiththetypewriterandwrotelettersandthoughtthatafterallsecretariesweregettingagood￡1000ayearmorethanclerkslikeme.Therewasashortageatthattimeyousee." "Itwassimplerworkingforawomanthanforaman.Ifoundshemadedecisionsshetoldeverybodywhatshethoughtandtherewasnoneofthatstuff’ringthisnumberformedearwhichmengoinfor." "Don’tforgetwewereateam—that’showIaboutit—notbossandservantbuttwopeopledoingdifferentthingsforthesamepurpose." OncehightechnologyhasmadethejobofsecretarylessroutinewilltherebemaletakeoverMenshouldbewareofthinkingthattheycanwalkrightintothebetterjobs.Therearealotofwomensecretarieswhowilldothejobaswellastheybecausetheyareasefficientandwelltrainedtocopewithwordprocessorsandcomputersandmen Asecretaryinthefuturewill
InsomewaystheUnitedStateshasmadespectacularprogress.Firesnolongerdestroy18000buildingsastheydidintheGreatChicagoFireof1871orkillhalfatownof2400peopleastheydidthesamenightinPeshtigoWisconsin.OtherthantheBeverlyHillSupperClubfireinKentuckyin1977ithasbeenfourdecadessincemorethan100Americansdiedinafire. ButevenwithsuchsuccessestheUnitedStatesstillhasoneoftheworstfiredeathratesintheworld.Safetyexpertssaytheproblemisneithermoneynortechnologybuttheindifferenceofacountrythatjustwillnottakefiresseriouslyenough.Americanfiredepartmentsaresomeoftheworld’sfastestandbest-equipped.Theyhavetobe.TheUnitedStateshastwiceJapan’spopulationand40timesasmanyfires.Itspendsfarlessonpreventingfiresthanonfightingthem.AndAmericanfire-safetylessonsareaimedalmostentirelyatchildrenwhodieindisproportionatelylargenumbersinfiresbutwhocontrarytopopularmythstartveryfewofthem. Expertssaythefatalerrorisanattitudethatfiresarenotreallyanyone’sfault.Thatisnotsoinothercountrieswherebothpubliceducationandthelawtreatfiresaseitherapersonalfailingoracrime.Japanhasmanywoodhouses;oftheestimated48firesinworldhistorythatburnedmorethan10000buildingsJapanhashad27.Penaltiesforcausingaseverefirebynegligencecanbeashighaslifeimprisonment. IntheUnitedStatesmosteducationdollarsarespentinelementaryschools.Butthelessonsareaimedatatoolimitedaudience;just9percentofallfiredeathsarecausedbychildrenplayingwithmatches. TheUnitedStatescontinuestorelymoreontechnologythanlawsorsocialpressure.Therearesmokedetectorsin85percentofallhomes.Somelocalbuildingcodesnowrequirehomesprinklers.Newheatersandironsshutthemselvesoffiftheyaretipped. TonarrowthegapbetweenthefiredeathrateintheUnitedStatesandthatinothercountriestheauthorsuggests
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease. Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmayhethattheseaccomplishmentscouldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseasesarebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshorttermtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillhefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath. Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillheadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960.and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990. 50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120years.Withcontinuingadvancesinmolecularmedicineandagrowingunderstandingoftheagingprocessthatlimitcouldriseto130yearsormore. Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease. Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmayhethattheseaccomplishmentscouldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseasesarebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshorttermtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillhefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath. Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillheadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960.and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990. 50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120years.Withcontinuingadvancesinmolecularmedicineandagrowingunderstandingoftheagingprocessthatlimitcouldriseto130yearsormore. Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease. Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmayhethattheseaccomplishmentscouldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseasesarebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshorttermtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillhefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath. Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillheadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960.and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990. 50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120years.Withcontinuingadvancesinmolecularmedicineandagrowingunderstandingoftheagingprocessthatlimitcouldriseto130yearsormore. AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120years
Inolddayswhenaglimpseofstockingwaslookeduponassomethingfartooshockingtodistracttheseriousworkofanofficesecretariesweremen. ThencamethefirstWorldWarandthemalesecretarieswerereplacedbywomen.Aman’ssecretarybecamehispersonalservantchargedwithrememberinghiswife’sbirthdayandbuyingherpresents;takinghissuitstothedrycleaners;tellingliesonthetelephonetokeeppeoplehedidnotwishtospeaktoatbayandofcoursetypingandfilingandtakingshorthand. Nowallthismaybechangingagain.ThemicrochipandhightechnologyissweepingtheBritishofficetakingwithitmuchoftheroutineclericalworkthatsecretariesdid. "Onceofficetechnologytakesovergenerallythestatusofthejobwillriseagainbecauseitwillinvolveonlythehigh-poweredwork-andthenmenwillwanttodoitagain." Thatwassaidbyoneoftheexecutivesmaleofoneofthebiggestsecretarialagenciesinthiscountry.WhathehaspredictedisalreadyunderwayintheUS.OnegirldescribedtomearecenttemporaryjobplacingmeninsecretarialjobsinSanFrancisco.Shenotedthatallthemenshedealtwithappearedtobegaysopossiblythatisjustanewtwisttotheoldstory. Overherethoughtherearemencomingontothejobmarketassecretaries.Classicallygirlshavelearnedshorthandandtypingandgoneintoacompanytoseektheirfortunefromthebottom——andthat’swhathappenedtoJohnBowman.Althoughhejoinedanationalgrocerychainassecretarytoitsfirstwomanseniormanagerhehassincebeenpromotedtoanadministrationjob. "IfilledintheapplicationformandsaidIcoulddoaudio/typingandinfactIwastheonlyapplicant.Thegirlswerereluctanttoworkforthisyoungglamorousnewwomanwithallthispowerinthefirm." "Ididtypingatschoolandthenacommercialcourse.Ijustthoughtitwouldbeusefulfindingajob.InevergotanyfunnytreatmentfromthegirlsthoughIadmitI’venevermetanothermalesecretary.ButthenIjoinedthePostOfficeasaclerkandcarelesslyplayedwiththetypewriterandwrotelettersandthoughtthatafterallsecretariesweregettingagood￡1000ayearmorethanclerkslikeme.Therewasashortageatthattimeyousee." "Itwassimplerworkingforawomanthanforaman.Ifoundshemadedecisionsshetoldeverybodywhatshethoughtandtherewasnoneofthatstuff’ringthisnumberformedearwhichmengoinfor." "Don’tforgetwewereateam—that’showIaboutit—notbossandservantbuttwopeopledoingdifferentthingsforthesamepurpose." OncehightechnologyhasmadethejobofsecretarylessroutinewilltherebemaletakeoverMenshouldbewareofthinkingthattheycanwalkrightintothebetterjobs.Therearealotofwomensecretarieswhowilldothejobaswellastheybecausetheyareasefficientandwelltrainedtocopewithwordprocessorsandcomputersandmen Whenhewasapostofficeclerksecretarieswerebetterpaidbecause
InsomewaystheUnitedStateshasmadespectacularprogress.Firesnolongerdestroy18000buildingsastheydidintheGreatChicagoFireof1871orkillhalfatownof2400peopleastheydidthesamenightinPeshtigoWisconsin.OtherthantheBeverlyHillSupperClubfireinKentuckyin1977ithasbeenfourdecadessincemorethan100Americansdiedinafire. ButevenwithsuchsuccessestheUnitedStatesstillhasoneoftheworstfiredeathratesintheworld.Safetyexpertssaytheproblemisneithermoneynortechnologybuttheindifferenceofacountrythatjustwillnottakefiresseriouslyenough.Americanfiredepartmentsaresomeoftheworld’sfastestandbest-equipped.Theyhavetobe.TheUnitedStateshastwiceJapan’spopulationand40timesasmanyfires.Itspendsfarlessonpreventingfiresthanonfightingthem.AndAmericanfire-safetylessonsareaimedalmostentirelyatchildrenwhodieindisproportionatelylargenumbersinfiresbutwhocontrarytopopularmythstartveryfewofthem. Expertssaythefatalerrorisanattitudethatfiresarenotreallyanyone’sfault.Thatisnotsoinothercountrieswherebothpubliceducationandthelawtreatfiresaseitherapersonalfailingoracrime.Japanhasmanywoodhouses;oftheestimated48firesinworldhistorythatburnedmorethan10000buildingsJapanhashad27.Penaltiesforcausingaseverefirebynegligencecanbeashighaslifeimprisonment. IntheUnitedStatesmosteducationdollarsarespentinelementaryschools.Butthelessonsareaimedatatoolimitedaudience;just9percentofallfiredeathsarecausedbychildrenplayingwithmatches. TheUnitedStatescontinuestorelymoreontechnologythanlawsorsocialpressure.Therearesmokedetectorsin85percentofallhomes.Somelocalbuildingcodesnowrequirehomesprinklers.Newheatersandironsshutthemselvesoffiftheyaretipped. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
__提出新民主主义革命三大经济纲领的著作是
Directions: ThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorderforQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-Etofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.[ A]Inventoriesofthisstoredmerchandiseoftenneedtobefinanced.Modernmarketingisthereforeacoordinatedsystemofmanybusinessactivities.Butbasicallyitinvolvesfourthings:sellingthecorrectproductattheproperplacesellingitatapricedeterminedbydemandsatisfyingacustomer’sneedandwantsandproducingaprofitforthecompany. [B]Rawmaterialsrequiringlittleornospecialtreatmentcanbetransportedbyrailshiporbargeatlowcost.Largequantitiesofrawmaterialstravelasbulkfreight.Butfinishedproductsthatoftenrequirespecialtreatmentsuchasrefrigerationofcarefulhandlingareusuallytransportedbytruck.Thismerchandisefreightisusuallysmallerinvolumeandrequiresquickerdelivery.Merchandisefreightisatermforthetransportationofmanufacturedgoods. [C]Thetermsmarketandmarketingcanhaveseveralmeaningsdependinguponhowtheyareused.Thetermstockmarketreferstothebuyingandsellingofsharesincorporations.Aswellasotheractivitiesrelatedtostocktradingandpricing.TheimportantworldstockmarketsareinLondonGenevaNewYorkTokyoandSingaporeanothertpeofmarketisagrocerymarketwhichisaplacewherepeoplepurchasefood.Wheneconomistsusethewordmarket.Theymeanasetofforcesorconditionsthatdeterminethepriceofaproductsuchasthesupplyavailableforsaleandthedemandforitbyconsumers.Thetermmarketinginbusinessincludesallthesemeaningsandmore. [D]Inthepasttheconceptofmarketingemphasizedsales.Theproducerormanufacturermadeaproducthewantedtosell.Marketingwasthetaskoffiguringouthowtoselltheproduct.Basicallysellingtheproductwouldbeaccomplishedbysalespromotionwhichincludedadvertisingandpersonalselling.Inadditiontosalespromotionmarketingalsoinvolvedthephysicaldistributionoftheproducttotheplaceswhereitwasactuallysold.Distributionconsistedoftransportationstorageandrelatedservices.Suchasfinancingstandardizationandgradingandtherelatedrisks. [E]Marketingnowinvolvesfirstdecidingwhatthecustomerwantsanddesigningandproducingaproductthatsatisfiesthesewantsataprofittothecompany.Insteadofconcentratingsolelyonproductthecompanymustconsiderthedesiresoftheconsumer.Andthisismuchmoredifficultsinceitinvolveshumanbehavior.Productionontheotherhandismostlyanengineeringproblemthusdemandandmarketforcesarestillanimportantaspectofmodernmarketing.Buttheyareconsideredpriortotheproductionprocess. [F]Themodernmarketingconceptencompassesalloftheactivitiesmentionedbutitisbasedonadifferentsetofprinciples.Itsubscribestothenotionthatproductioncanbeeconomicallyjustifiedonlybyconsumption.Inotherwordsgoodsshouldbeproducedonlyiftheycanbesold.Thereforetheproducershouldconsiderwhoisgoingtobuytheproduct.Orwhatthemarketfortheproductisbeforeproductionbegins.Thisisverydifferentfrommakingaproductandthenthinkingabouthowtosellit. [G]Becauseproductsareoftenmarketedinternationallydistributionhasincreasedinimportance.Goodsmustbeattheplacewherethecustomerneedsthemorbroughtthere.Thisisknownasplaceutilityitaddsvaluetoaproduct.Howevermanymarketsareseparatedfromtheplaceofproduction.Whichmeansthatoftenbothrawmaterialsandfinishedproductsmustbetransportedtothepointswheretheyareneeded. [H]Alongallpointsofthedistributionchannelvariousamountsofstoragearerequired.Thetimeandmannerofsuchstoragedependsuponthetypeofproduct. 42
Thoughitismere1to3percentofthepopulationtheupperclasspossessesatleast25percentofthenation’swealth.Thisclasshastwosegments:upper-upperandlower-upper.Basicallytheupper-upperclassisthe"oldrich"—familiesthathavebeenwealthyforseveralgenerations—anaristocracyofbirthandwealth.TheirnamesareintheSocialRegisteralistingofacceptablemembersofhighsociety.AfewareknownacrossthenationsuchastheRockefellersRooseveltsandVanderbilts.Mostarenotvisibletothegeneralpublic.Theyliveingrandseclusiondrawingtheirincomefromtheinvestmentoftheirinheritedwealth.Incontrastthelower-upperclassisthe"newrich".Althoughtheymaybewealthierthansomeoftheoldrich;thenewrichhavehustledtomaketheirmoneylikeeverybodyelsebeneaththeirclass.Thustheirprestigeisgenerallylowerthanthatoftheoldrichwhohavenotfounditnecessarytoliftafingertomaketheirmoneyandwhotendtolookdownuponthenewrich. Howeveritswealthisacquiredtheupperclassisveryveryrich.Theyhaveenoughmoneyandleisuretimetocultivateaninterestintheartsandtocollectrarebookspaintingandsculpture.Theygenerallyliveinexclusiveareasbelongtoexclusivesocialclubscommunicatewitheachotherandmarrytheirownkind—allofwhichkeepsthemsodistantfromthemassesthattheyhavebeencalledtheout-of-sightclass.Morethananyotherclasstheytendtobeconsciousofbeingmembersofaclass.TheyalsocommandanenormousamountofpowerandinfluencehereandabroadastheyholdmanytopgovernmentpositionsruntheCouncilonForeighRelationsandcontrolmultinationalcorporations.Theactionsaffectthelivesofmillions. AllthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPTthat
TheCommercialRevolutionwasnotconfinedofcoursetothegrowthoftradeandbanking.Includedinitalsowerefundamentalchangesinmethodsofproduction.ThesystemofmanufacturedevelopedbythecraftguildsinthelaterMiddleAgeswasrapidlybecomingdefunct.Theguildsthemselvesdominatedbythemastercraftsmenhadgrownselfishandexclusive.Membershipinthemwascommonlyrestrictedtoafewprivilegedfamilies.Besidestheyweresocompletelychokedbytraditionthattheywereunabletomakeadjustmentstochangingconditions.Moreovernewindustrieshadsprungupentirelyoutsidetheguildsystem.Characteristicexampleswereminingandsmeltingandthewoolenindustry.Therapiddevelopmentoftheseenterpriseswasstimulatedbytechnicaladvancessuchastheinventionofthespinningwheelandthediscoveryofanewmethodofmakingbrasswhichsavedabouthalfofthefuelpreviouslyused.Intheminingandsmeltingindustriesaformoforganizationwasadoptedsimilartothatwhichhasprevailedeversince. ButthemosttypicalformofindustrialproductionintheCommercialRevolutionwasthedomesticsystemdevelopedfirstofallinthewoolenindustry.Thedomesticsystemderivesitsnamefromthefactthattheworkwasdoneinthehomesofindustrialartisansinsteadofintheshopofamastercraftsman.Sincethevariousjobsinthemanufactureofaproductweregivenoutoncontractthesystemisalsoknownastheputtingoutsystem.Notwithstandingthepettyscaleofproductiontheorganizationwasbasicallycapitalistic.Therawmaterialwaspurchasedbyanentrepreneurandassignedtoindividualworkereachofwhomwouldcompletehisallottedtaskforastipulatedpayment.Inthecaseofthewoolenindustrytheyarnwouldbegivenoutfirstofalltothespinnersthentotheweaversfullersanddyerinsuccession.Whentheclothwasfinallyfinisheditwouldbetakenbytheclothierandsoldintheopenmarketforthehighestpriceitwouldbring. Theworddefunctinthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans
Whenaninventionismadetheinventorhasthreepossible1ofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingitkeeptheidea2orpatentit. A3patentistheresultofabargain4betweenaninventorandthestatehuttheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopolyandpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiod5. Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstances6thelifespanofapatent7toalterthisnormalprocessofevents. Thelongestextensionever8wastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitwasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent’snormallifetherewasnocolorTVto9andthusnohopeforrewardfortheinvention. Becauseapatentremainspermanently10afterithasterminatedtheshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothe11officecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseandif12thanhalfacenturysometimesevenrepatent.Indeedpatentexpertsoftenadviseanyone13toavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthrough14patentsthattheonesurewayofviolationofanyotherinventor’srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewisebecausepublicationofanideainanyotherform15invalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatideaitistraditionally16totakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceis17onthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity. Anyoneclosely8inpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasareinfactasoldasthehills.Itistheftreductiontocommercialpracticeeitherthroughnecessityordedicationorthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology19makesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryformagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginate20thelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearengineearwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
我党第一次明确提出彻底的反帝反封建的民主革命纲领的是
Directions: YouarerequiredtowriteanessayonthetopicWhichModeofTravelDoYouLikeYoushouldwritenolessthan200wordsandbaseyouressayontheoutlineandchartsbelow: 1.Therearetwomodesoftravel. 2.Comparetwomodesoftravelintermsof 1theattractionofpackagetravel. 2theattractionoftravelingonone’sown. 3thedisadvantageofboth 3.Yourpreference. 以下是某旅行社的宣传资料
我国现阶段不同国有企业的职工付出同样的劳动获得的劳动报酬会有所差别这是因为
我国与世界各国和地区在发展对外经济关系时都必须坚持的一个共同原则是
Thoughitismere1to3percentofthepopulationtheupperclasspossessesatleast25percentofthenation’swealth.Thisclasshastwosegments:upper-upperandlower-upper.Basicallytheupper-upperclassisthe"oldrich"—familiesthathavebeenwealthyforseveralgenerations—anaristocracyofbirthandwealth.TheirnamesareintheSocialRegisteralistingofacceptablemembersofhighsociety.AfewareknownacrossthenationsuchastheRockefellersRooseveltsandVanderbilts.Mostarenotvisibletothegeneralpublic.Theyliveingrandseclusiondrawingtheirincomefromtheinvestmentoftheirinheritedwealth.Incontrastthelower-upperclassisthe"newrich".Althoughtheymaybewealthierthansomeoftheoldrich;thenewrichhavehustledtomaketheirmoneylikeeverybodyelsebeneaththeirclass.Thustheirprestigeisgenerallylowerthanthatoftheoldrichwhohavenotfounditnecessarytoliftafingertomaketheirmoneyandwhotendtolookdownuponthenewrich. Howeveritswealthisacquiredtheupperclassisveryveryrich.Theyhaveenoughmoneyandleisuretimetocultivateaninterestintheartsandtocollectrarebookspaintingandsculpture.Theygenerallyliveinexclusiveareasbelongtoexclusivesocialclubscommunicatewitheachotherandmarrytheirownkind—allofwhichkeepsthemsodistantfromthemassesthattheyhavebeencalledtheout-of-sightclass.Morethananyotherclasstheytendtobeconsciousofbeingmembersofaclass.TheyalsocommandanenormousamountofpowerandinfluencehereandabroadastheyholdmanytopgovernmentpositionsruntheCouncilonForeighRelationsandcontrolmultinationalcorporations.Theactionsaffectthelivesofmillions. Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat
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