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以下哪项不属于桂枝汤证的见症
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以下证候不属于桂枝汤适应证的是
汗出恶风
发热头痛
咳嗽痰稀
鼻鸣干呕
舌苔薄白，脉浮缓
患者症见太阳病无汗而小便反少气上冲胸口噤不得语者方选
桂枝加葛根汤
葛根汤
栝萎桂枝汤
桂枝汤
以下哪项不属于桂枝汤证的证候
头痛发热
汗出恶风
鼻鸣干呕
苔白不渴
脉象浮数
以下除哪项外均为桂枝汤证可见之脉症
脉浮数
脉浮弱
身体疼痛
项背强
鼻鸣干呕
以下哪项不属于桂枝汤证的见症
汗出恶风
头痛发热
鼻鸣干呕
苔白不渴
脉象浮数
下列哪项不属于桂枝汤证的症候
头痛发热
汗出恶风
鼻鸣干呕
苔白不渴
脉象浮数
以下何项不属于太阳中风证的兼证
桂枝加附子汤证
桂枝加厚朴杏子汤证
桂枝加葛根汤证
桂枝新加汤证
桂枝加芍药汤证
下列哪项不属于桂枝汤证的证候
头痛发热
汗出恶风
苔白不渴
鼻鸣干呕
脉象浮数
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InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
St.Pauldidn’tlikeit.Moseswarnedhispeopleagainstit.Hesioddeclaredit"mischievous"and"hardtogetridofit"butOscarWildersaid"Gossipischarming." "Historyismerelygossip"hewroteinoneofhisfamousplays."Butscandalisgossipmadetediousbymorality." InpasttimeunderJewishlawgossipmongersmightbefinedorflogged.ThePuritansputtheminstocksorduckingstoolsbutnopunishmentseemedtohave-thedesiredeffectofpreventinggossipwhichhascontinueduninterruptedlyacrossthebackfencesofthecenturies. Todayhoweverthemuch-malignedhumanfoibleisbeinglookedatinadifferentlight.Psychologistssociologistsphilosophersevenevolutionarybiologistsareconcludingthatgossipmaynotbesobadafterall. Gossipis"anintrinsicallyvaluableactivity"philosophyprofessorAaronBen-Ze’evstatesinabookhehaseditedentitledGoodGossip.Foronethinggossiphelpsusacquireinformationthatweneedtoknowthatdoesn’tcomethroughordinarychannelssuchas:"Whatwastherealreasonso-and-sowasfiredfrom.theoffice"GossipalsoisaformofsocialbondingDr.Ben-Ze’evsays.Itis"akindofsharing"thatalso"satisfiesthetribalneed--namelytheneedtobelongtoandbeacceptedbyauniquegroup."What’smoretheprofessornotes"Gossipisenjoyable." AnothergossipgroupieDr.RonaldDeSousaaprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontodescribesgossipbasicallyasaformofindiscretionanda"saintlyvirtue"bywhichhemeansthattheknowledgespreadbygossipwillusuallyendupbeingslightlybeneficial."Itseemslikelythataworldinwhichallinformationwereuniversallyavailablewouldbepreferabletoaworldwhereimmensepowerresidesinthecontrolofsecrets"hewrites. Stilleverybodyknowsthatgossipcanhaveitsilleffectsespeciallyonthepoorwretchbeinggossipedabout.Andpeopleshouldrefrainfromcertainkindsofgossipthatmightbeharmfuleventhoughtheduckingstoolislongoutoffashion. BythewaythereisalsoaninterestingstrainofgossipcalledmedicalgossipwhichinitsbestformaccordingtoresearchersJerryM.SulsandFranklinGoodkincanmotivatepeoplewithsymptomsofseriousillnessbutwhoareunawareofittoseekmedicalhelp. Sogoaheadandgossip.ButrememberifasoftenisthecaseamonggossipersyoushouldsuddenlybecomeoneofthegossipersinsteaditisbesttoemploythefoolproofdefenserecommendedbyPlatowhomayhavelearnedthelessonfromSocrateswhoasyouknowwasthevictimofgossipspreadthathewascorruptingtheyouthofAthens:whenmenspeakilloftheesolivethatnobodywillbelievethem.OrasWillRogerssaid"Livesothatyouwouldn’tbeashamedtosellthefamilyparrottothetowngossip." Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadcarefullyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretolookforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18youread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther.Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirussoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading"itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatmeansitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersome-oneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelch.However.accordingtoMrHaleyWelchhascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"--signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast. Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. Thetoneofthetextcanbebestdescribedas
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadcarefullyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretolookforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18youread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
PerhapsonlyasmallboytrainedtobeawizardattheHogwartsSchoolofMagiccouldcastaspellsopowerfulastocreatethebiggestbooklaunchever.WhereverintheWorldtheclockstrikesmidnightonJune20thhisfollowerswillflocktogettheirpawsononeofmorethan10mcopiesof"HarryPotterandtheOrderofthePhoenix".Bookshopswillopeninthemiddleofthenightanddeliveryfirmsaredraftinginextrastaffandbiggertrucks.RelatedtoysgamesDVDsandothermerchandisewillbeeverywhere.TherewillbenoescapingPottermania. YetMr.Potter’sworldisacuriousoneinwhichthingsareoftennotwhattheyappear.WhileanexcitablemediaherebyincludingTheEconomisthappytosupportsuchafineexampleofglobalizationishelpingtohypethelaunchofJ.K.Rowling’sfifthnovelaboutthemostadventurousthingthatthepublishershaveorganizedisareadingbyMs.RowlinginLondon’sRoyalAlbertHalltobebroadcastasalivewebcast. HollywoodwhichownseverythingelsetodowithHarryPottersaysitisdoingevenless.IncredibleasitmayseemtheguardiansofthebrandsaythattoprotectthePotterfranchisetheyaretryingtomaintainalowprofile.Wellrelativelylow. Ms.Rowlingsignedacontractin1998withWarnerBrotherspartofAOLTimeWarnergivingthestudioexclusivefilmlicensingandmerchandisingrightsinreturnforwhatnowappearstohavebeenasteal:some$500000.WarnerlicensesotherfirmstoproducegoodsusingHarryPottercharactersorimagesfromwhichMs.Rowlinggetsabigenoughcutthatsheisnowwealthierthanthequeen--ifyoubelieveBritain’sSundayTimesrichlist.Theprocessisself-generating:eachbooksetsthestageforafilmwhichboostsbooksaleswhichliftssalesofPotterproducts. GloballythefirstfourHarryPotterbookshavesoldsome200mcopiesin55languages;thetwomovieshavegrossedover$1.8billionattheboxoffice. ThisisastunningsuccessbyanymeasureespeciallyasMsRowlinghaslongdemandedthatHarryPottershouldnotbeover-commercialized.InlinewithherwishesWarnersaysitisbeingextraordinarilycarefulatleastbyHollywoodstandardsaboutwhatitlicensesandtowhom.ItimposedtoughconditionsonCoca-Cola.insistingthatnoHarryPotterimagesshouldappearoncansandisnowintheprocessofmakingitslicensingprogrammedevenmorerestrictive.Cokemaysoonbeconsideredtoomassmarkettocarrythebrandatall. ThedealwithWarnertiesmuchofthemerchandisingtothefilmsalone.Therearenoofficiallysanctionedproductsrelatingto"OrderofthePhoenix";noryetfor"HarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban"thefilmofthethirdbookwhichisdueoutinJune2004.WarneragreesthatMs.Rowling’screationisadifferentsortofcommercialpropertyonewithlong-termpotentialthatcouldbedamagedbyatypicalHollywoodmarketingblitzsaysDianeNelsonthestudio’sglobalbrandmanagerforHarryPotter.Itisvitalsheaddsthatwithmoretocomereadersofthebooksarenotalienated."Theevidencefromourmarketresearchisthatenthusiasmforthepropertybyfansisnotwarning." Itcanbeconcludedfromthelastparagraphthat
PerhapsonlyasmallboytrainedtobeawizardattheHogwartsSchoolofMagiccouldcastaspellsopowerfulastocreatethebiggestbooklaunchever.WhereverintheWorldtheclockstrikesmidnightonJune20thhisfollowerswillflocktogettheirpawsononeofmorethan10mcopiesof"HarryPotterandtheOrderofthePhoenix".Bookshopswillopeninthemiddleofthenightanddeliveryfirmsaredraftinginextrastaffandbiggertrucks.RelatedtoysgamesDVDsandothermerchandisewillbeeverywhere.TherewillbenoescapingPottermania. YetMr.Potter’sworldisacuriousoneinwhichthingsareoftennotwhattheyappear.WhileanexcitablemediaherebyincludingTheEconomisthappytosupportsuchafineexampleofglobalizationishelpingtohypethelaunchofJ.K.Rowling’sfifthnovelaboutthemostadventurousthingthatthepublishershaveorganizedisareadingbyMs.RowlinginLondon’sRoyalAlbertHalltobebroadcastasalivewebcast. HollywoodwhichownseverythingelsetodowithHarryPottersaysitisdoingevenless.IncredibleasitmayseemtheguardiansofthebrandsaythattoprotectthePotterfranchisetheyaretryingtomaintainalowprofile.Wellrelativelylow. Ms.Rowlingsignedacontractin1998withWarnerBrotherspartofAOLTimeWarnergivingthestudioexclusivefilmlicensingandmerchandisingrightsinreturnforwhatnowappearstohavebeenasteal:some$500000.WarnerlicensesotherfirmstoproducegoodsusingHarryPottercharactersorimagesfromwhichMs.Rowlinggetsabigenoughcutthatsheisnowwealthierthanthequeen--ifyoubelieveBritain’sSundayTimesrichlist.Theprocessisself-generating:eachbooksetsthestageforafilmwhichboostsbooksaleswhichliftssalesofPotterproducts. GloballythefirstfourHarryPotterbookshavesoldsome200mcopiesin55languages;thetwomovieshavegrossedover$1.8billionattheboxoffice. ThisisastunningsuccessbyanymeasureespeciallyasMsRowlinghaslongdemandedthatHarryPottershouldnotbeover-commercialized.InlinewithherwishesWarnersaysitisbeingextraordinarilycarefulatleastbyHollywoodstandardsaboutwhatitlicensesandtowhom.ItimposedtoughconditionsonCoca-Cola.insistingthatnoHarryPotterimagesshouldappearoncansandisnowintheprocessofmakingitslicensingprogrammedevenmorerestrictive.Cokemaysoonbeconsideredtoomassmarkettocarrythebrandatall. ThedealwithWarnertiesmuchofthemerchandisingtothefilmsalone.Therearenoofficiallysanctionedproductsrelatingto"OrderofthePhoenix";noryetfor"HarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban"thefilmofthethirdbookwhichisdueoutinJune2004.WarneragreesthatMs.Rowling’screationisadifferentsortofcommercialpropertyonewithlong-termpotentialthatcouldbedamagedbyatypicalHollywoodmarketingblitzsaysDianeNelsonthestudio’sglobalbrandmanagerforHarryPotter.Itisvitalsheaddsthatwithmoretocomereadersofthebooksarenotalienated."Theevidencefromourmarketresearchisthatenthusiasmforthepropertybyfansisnotwarning." Theauthorbelievesthat
EuropeanfarmministershaveendedthreeweeksofnegotiationswithadealwhichtheyclaimrepresentsgenuinereformofthecommonagriculturalpolicyCAP.WillitbeenoughtokickofftheDohaworldtradenegotiations OnthefaceofitthedealagreedintheearlyhoursofThursdayJune26thlookspromising.Mostsubsidieslinkedtospecificfarmproductsareatlasttobebroken--theideaistoreplacethesewithadirectpaymenttofarmers.unconnectedtoparticularproducts.Supportpricesforseveralkeyproductsincludingmilkandbutteraretobecut-thatshouldmeanEuropeanpriceseventuallyfallingtowardstheworldmarketlevel.Cut-tingthelinkbetweensubsidyandproductionwasthemainobjectiveofproposalsputforwardbyMr.Fischlerwhichhadformedthestartingpointforthenegotiations. TheCAPishugelyunpopulararoundtheworld.ItsubsidizesEuropeanfarmerstosuchanextentthattheycanundercutfarmersfrompoorcountrieswhoalsofacetradebarriersthatlargelyexcludethemfromthepotentiallylucrativeEuropeanmarket.FarmtradeisalsoakeyfeatureoftheDoharoundoftradetalkslaunchedundertheauspicesoftheWorldTradeOrganizationWTOinNovember2001.DevelopingcountrieshavelinedupalongsideanumberofindustrialcountriestodemandanendtothemassivesubsidiesEuropepaysitsfarmers.SeveralDohadeadlineshavealreadybeenmissedbecauseoftheEU’sintransigenceandthesurvivalofthetalkswillbeatriskifnoprogressismadebySeptemberwhentheworld’stradeministersmeetinCancunMexico. ButnoweventheFrenchseemtohavegonealongwiththedealhammeredoutinLuxembourg.Uptoapointanyway.Thepackageofmeasuresgivesthegreenlightforthemosteagerreformerstomovefasttoimplementthechangeswithintheirowncountries.ButthereisanescapeclauseofsortsfortheFrenchandotherreform-aversenations.Theycandelayimplementationforuptotwoyears.Thereisalsoasuggestionthatthereformsmightnotapplywherethereisachancethattheywouldleadtoareductioninlandundercultivation. These1et-outsarepotentiallydamagingforEurope’snegotiatorsintheDoharound.TheycouldsignificantlyreducethecostsavingsthatthereformsmightotherwisegenerateandinturnkeepEuropeanexpenditureonfarmsupportunacceptablyhighbyworldstandards.MotegenerallytheescapeclausescouldunderminethereformsbyencouragingthesuspicionthatthenewpackagewillnotdeliverthechangesthatitssupportersclaimCloseanalysisofwhatisinevitablyaverycomplicatedpackagemightconfirmthesceptics’fears. Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Directions:Lookatthefollowingpictureandwriteanarticleoneagerlearners.Yourarticleshouldmeetthefollowingtworequirements: 1Interpretthemessageconveyedbythepicture. 2Makeyourcommentsonthephenomenon. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn46Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem47Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherlandsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.48.Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalpre-scientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.49Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousself-governingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning"values".Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends50Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithimpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems. Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied
AtColumbiaUniversitywhereItaughteconomicsformanyyearsbeforecomingtoChinamostofmystudentsspentagreatdealoftimeinvolunteerwork.TheytaughtpoorchildreninthelocalneighborhoodstheyvisitedtheelderlyinhospitalsandathomeandhelpedthemwiththeirshoppingtheyworkedtopreservehistoricsitesandplacesofbeautytheycleanedupwastedumpstheypreparedfoodforthehungrytheycreatedandranstudentnewspaperstheyorganizedconcertsandartisticeventstheyactedastranslatorsformigrantworkerstheyformedpoliticalpressuregroupstheyraisedmoneytocombatAIDSmalariaandotherdiseasesandsoon. Aspart0fthattraditionIdovolunteerworkhereinBeijingjustasIdidinNewYorkbutIfindthatmystudentsatTsinghuaUniversityandatotherschoolsinBeijingaremuchlessinvolvedinvolunteeringthenIhadexpected;InpartofcoursethisreflectstheheavierworkloadinChineseschoolswhichleaveslesstimeforoutsideactivities.ButIthinkthereismoretoitthanjustthis.Ithinkitalsoreflectsaverydifferentsysteminwhichvolunteerworkforstudentshereisusuallyorganizedorsponsoredbygovernmentschoolsorotherofficialgroupsratherthanbythestudentsthemselves.41. Thisisunfortunate.IthinkitwouldbebetterbothforthemandforsocietyifChinesestudentstooktheinitiativetodecidewhatkindsofproblemsorissuestheyfelttobeofimportanceandthenplayedamoreactiveroleinorganizingthework.42. Butthereareatleasttwootherimportantreasonsfordoingvolunteerwork.Thefirstisthatyoucanlearnalotaboutyourselfandaboutyourabilitiesbyorganizingtakingonresponsibilitiesdecidingonobjectivesandfulfillingthem.43. Thisisanimportantlesson.Manyofmystudentshereworkveryhardbuttheirattitudetowardstheirworkisnotalwaysahealthyone.Theydotheworknotbecausetheyloveitorfeelthatitisexcitingbutratherbecauseitisexpectedofthemandtheywillgetrewardedoratleastnotpunishediftheydoit.Withcharitableworkthereisnoexplicitreward.Youworkbecauseyouhavegoalsandintheendtheonlyjudgeofyourworkisyourself.44.Italsoforcesyoutothinkaboutwhatyouaredoingandthebestwaytoaccomplishyourobjectives.Youarenolongersimplydoingsomethingbecauseyourteacheroryourbosstoldyoutodoit. Thesecondimportantreasonforcharitableworkisthatitchangesyourrelationshipwithyoursociety.SometimesIfeelthatmanyofthepeopleImeetheredon’treallyappreciatethegreatnessofChinaandtheexcitementoftheprocessthroughwhichitiscurrentlyliving.TheChinesearewell-knownforbeingnationalisticbutsometimesIthinkthisnationalismhasmoretodowithdistrustofforeignersthanwithloveofcountry.ManyofmyfriendsandstudentssimplydonotknowverymuchabouttheirowncountryandoftenseemunhappywithorembarrassedbycertainaspectsofChina. 45.ForexampleifyouhelpthechildrenofmigrantworkerswiththeireducationyouwillquicklyrealizethatpoormigrantworkersshouldnotbeseenasanembarrassmenttoBeijing.OnthecontrarytheyareagreatstrengthandtheirstoriesarepartofahugeanddramaticexperimentthatChinaisundergoing.Inasmallwaybyworkingwithmigrantchildrenyoucanhelpmaketheexperimentasuccess. [A]Ithinkthatiftheyhadspentmoretimeengagedinactivitiesoutsideofschoolandfamilysuchasdoingvolunteerworktheywouldfeelverydifferently. [B]Thischangesthewayyouthinkaboutworkandaboutyourresponsibilitiestoyourselfandothers. [C]YouwillrealizehowfutureeventscanhavejustasBiganimpactonyourlifeandthoseofyourfriendsandfamily. [D]ThismeansthatmanystudentshereinBeijingthinkofvolunteeringassomethingthatmustbedonetopleaseteachersbossesorotherfiguresofauthorityratherthanbecauseofadesiretoaddressaproblemaboutwhichtheyhavethoughtverydeeply. [E]Whenyouworkcloselywithotherswhoarelessfortunatethanyouorwhenyousetalocalgoalandworktoaccomplishityouseedirectlyhowyouractionscanaffecttheworldaroundyou. [F]Ifyouareinterestedinvolunteerworkyoudon’thavetowaitforyourschoolyourteachersorofficialsontelevisiontotellyouwhattodo. [G]Therearemanyreasonswhythiswouldbegood.Themostobviousreasonofcourseisthatweallhaveobligationstowardsoursocietyandvolunteerworkisonewayofrepayingthisobligation. 42
St.Pauldidn’tlikeit.Moseswarnedhispeopleagainstit.Hesioddeclaredit"mischievous"and"hardtogetridofit"butOscarWildersaid"Gossipischarming." "Historyismerelygossip"hewroteinoneofhisfamousplays."Butscandalisgossipmadetediousbymorality." InpasttimeunderJewishlawgossipmongersmightbefinedorflogged.ThePuritansputtheminstocksorduckingstoolsbutnopunishmentseemedtohave-thedesiredeffectofpreventinggossipwhichhascontinueduninterruptedlyacrossthebackfencesofthecenturies. Todayhoweverthemuch-malignedhumanfoibleisbeinglookedatinadifferentlight.Psychologistssociologistsphilosophersevenevolutionarybiologistsareconcludingthatgossipmaynotbesobadafterall. Gossipis"anintrinsicallyvaluableactivity"philosophyprofessorAaronBen-Ze’evstatesinabookhehaseditedentitledGoodGossip.Foronethinggossiphelpsusacquireinformationthatweneedtoknowthatdoesn’tcomethroughordinarychannelssuchas:"Whatwastherealreasonso-and-sowasfiredfrom.theoffice"GossipalsoisaformofsocialbondingDr.Ben-Ze’evsays.Itis"akindofsharing"thatalso"satisfiesthetribalneed--namelytheneedtobelongtoandbeacceptedbyauniquegroup."What’smoretheprofessornotes"Gossipisenjoyable." AnothergossipgroupieDr.RonaldDeSousaaprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontodescribesgossipbasicallyasaformofindiscretionanda"saintlyvirtue"bywhichhemeansthattheknowledgespreadbygossipwillusuallyendupbeingslightlybeneficial."Itseemslikelythataworldinwhichallinformationwereuniversallyavailablewouldbepreferabletoaworldwhereimmensepowerresidesinthecontrolofsecrets"hewrites. Stilleverybodyknowsthatgossipcanhaveitsilleffectsespeciallyonthepoorwretchbeinggossipedabout.Andpeopleshouldrefrainfromcertainkindsofgossipthatmightbeharmfuleventhoughtheduckingstoolislongoutoffashion. BythewaythereisalsoaninterestingstrainofgossipcalledmedicalgossipwhichinitsbestformaccordingtoresearchersJerryM.SulsandFranklinGoodkincanmotivatepeoplewithsymptomsofseriousillnessbutwhoareunawareofittoseekmedicalhelp. Sogoaheadandgossip.ButrememberifasoftenisthecaseamonggossipersyoushouldsuddenlybecomeoneofthegossipersinsteaditisbesttoemploythefoolproofdefenserecommendedbyPlatowhomayhavelearnedthelessonfromSocrateswhoasyouknowwasthevictimofgossipspreadthathewascorruptingtheyouthofAthens:whenmenspeakilloftheesolivethatnobodywillbelievethem.OrasWillRogerssaid"Livesothatyouwouldn’tbeashamedtosellthefamilyparrottothetowngossip." ByGossipalsoisaformofsocialbondingParagraph5ProfessorAaronBen-Ze’evmeansgossip
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther.Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirussoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading"itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatmeansitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersome-oneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelch.However.accordingtoMrHaleyWelchhascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"--signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast. Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. SoBig.Fdamagedcomputerprogramsmainlyby
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadcarefullyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretolookforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18youread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadcarefullyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretolookforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18youread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
EuropeanfarmministershaveendedthreeweeksofnegotiationswithadealwhichtheyclaimrepresentsgenuinereformofthecommonagriculturalpolicyCAP.WillitbeenoughtokickofftheDohaworldtradenegotiations OnthefaceofitthedealagreedintheearlyhoursofThursdayJune26thlookspromising.Mostsubsidieslinkedtospecificfarmproductsareatlasttobebroken--theideaistoreplacethesewithadirectpaymenttofarmers.unconnectedtoparticularproducts.Supportpricesforseveralkeyproductsincludingmilkandbutteraretobecut-thatshouldmeanEuropeanpriceseventuallyfallingtowardstheworldmarketlevel.Cut-tingthelinkbetweensubsidyandproductionwasthemainobjectiveofproposalsputforwardbyMr.Fischlerwhichhadformedthestartingpointforthenegotiations. TheCAPishugelyunpopulararoundtheworld.ItsubsidizesEuropeanfarmerstosuchanextentthattheycanundercutfarmersfrompoorcountrieswhoalsofacetradebarriersthatlargelyexcludethemfromthepotentiallylucrativeEuropeanmarket.FarmtradeisalsoakeyfeatureoftheDoharoundoftradetalkslaunchedundertheauspicesoftheWorldTradeOrganizationWTOinNovember2001.DevelopingcountrieshavelinedupalongsideanumberofindustrialcountriestodemandanendtothemassivesubsidiesEuropepaysitsfarmers.SeveralDohadeadlineshavealreadybeenmissedbecauseoftheEU’sintransigenceandthesurvivalofthetalkswillbeatriskifnoprogressismadebySeptemberwhentheworld’stradeministersmeetinCancunMexico. ButnoweventheFrenchseemtohavegonealongwiththedealhammeredoutinLuxembourg.Uptoapointanyway.Thepackageofmeasuresgivesthegreenlightforthemosteagerreformerstomovefasttoimplementthechangeswithintheirowncountries.ButthereisanescapeclauseofsortsfortheFrenchandotherreform-aversenations.Theycandelayimplementationforuptotwoyears.Thereisalsoasuggestionthatthereformsmightnotapplywherethereisachancethattheywouldleadtoareductioninlandundercultivation. These1et-outsarepotentiallydamagingforEurope’snegotiatorsintheDoharound.TheycouldsignificantlyreducethecostsavingsthatthereformsmightotherwisegenerateandinturnkeepEuropeanexpenditureonfarmsupportunacceptablyhighbyworldstandards.MotegenerallytheescapeclausescouldunderminethereformsbyencouragingthesuspicionthatthenewpackagewillnotdeliverthechangesthatitssupportersclaimCloseanalysisofwhatisinevitablyaverycomplicatedpackagemightconfirmthesceptics’fears. Thenewpackageofmeasuresisinevitablyacomplicatedonedueto
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn46Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem47Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherlandsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.48.Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalpre-scientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.49Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousself-governingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning"values".Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends50Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithimpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems. Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon
There1notonetypeofreadingbutseveralaccordingtoyourreasonsforreading.Toreadcarefullyyouhaveto2yourreadingspeedandtechnique3youraim4reading.Skimmingisatechniquenecessaryforquickandefficientreading. Whenskimmingyou5thereading6quicklyinordertogetthe7ofittoknowhowitisorganized8anideaofthetoneortheintentionofthewriter.Skimmingis9anactivitywhich10anoverallviewofthetextand11adefinitereadingcompetence. Skimmingdoesn’tneedreadingallthematerialbutitdoesn’tmeanthatitisan12skillforthelazybecauseitneedahighdegreeofalertnessandconcentration. Whenyoureadyouusuallystartwith13understandingandmovetowardsdetailedunderstandingratherthanworkingtheotherwayround.But14isalsousedafteryouhavealreadycarefullystudiedandyouneedto15themajorideasandconcepts. Inordertobeabletoskimquicklyand16throughatextyoushouldknowwheretolookforwhatyouwant.Inpreviewskimmingyoureadtheintroductoryinformationtheheadingsandsubheadingsandthesummaryifoneisprovided.17thisskimmingdecidewhethertoreadthematerialmorethoroughlyandselecttheappropriatespeed18youread. Thesameprocedure19forpreviewskimmingcouldalsobeusedtogetanoverview.Anothermethodwouldbetoreadonlykeywords.Thisisdonebyomittingtheunnecessarywordsphrasesandsentences. Inordertoskimefficientlyandfulfillyourpurpose20practiceisnecessary. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
AtColumbiaUniversitywhereItaughteconomicsformanyyearsbeforecomingtoChinamostofmystudentsspentagreatdealoftimeinvolunteerwork.TheytaughtpoorchildreninthelocalneighborhoodstheyvisitedtheelderlyinhospitalsandathomeandhelpedthemwiththeirshoppingtheyworkedtopreservehistoricsitesandplacesofbeautytheycleanedupwastedumpstheypreparedfoodforthehungrytheycreatedandranstudentnewspaperstheyorganizedconcertsandartisticeventstheyactedastranslatorsformigrantworkerstheyformedpoliticalpressuregroupstheyraisedmoneytocombatAIDSmalariaandotherdiseasesandsoon. Aspart0fthattraditionIdovolunteerworkhereinBeijingjustasIdidinNewYorkbutIfindthatmystudentsatTsinghuaUniversityandatotherschoolsinBeijingaremuchlessinvolvedinvolunteeringthenIhadexpected;InpartofcoursethisreflectstheheavierworkloadinChineseschoolswhichleaveslesstimeforoutsideactivities.ButIthinkthereismoretoitthanjustthis.Ithinkitalsoreflectsaverydifferentsysteminwhichvolunteerworkforstudentshereisusuallyorganizedorsponsoredbygovernmentschoolsorotherofficialgroupsratherthanbythestudentsthemselves.41. Thisisunfortunate.IthinkitwouldbebetterbothforthemandforsocietyifChinesestudentstooktheinitiativetodecidewhatkindsofproblemsorissuestheyfelttobeofimportanceandthenplayedamoreactiveroleinorganizingthework.42. Butthereareatleasttwootherimportantreasonsfordoingvolunteerwork.Thefirstisthatyoucanlearnalotaboutyourselfandaboutyourabilitiesbyorganizingtakingonresponsibilitiesdecidingonobjectivesandfulfillingthem.43. Thisisanimportantlesson.Manyofmystudentshereworkveryhardbuttheirattitudetowardstheirworkisnotalwaysahealthyone.Theydotheworknotbecausetheyloveitorfeelthatitisexcitingbutratherbecauseitisexpectedofthemandtheywillgetrewardedoratleastnotpunishediftheydoit.Withcharitableworkthereisnoexplicitreward.Youworkbecauseyouhavegoalsandintheendtheonlyjudgeofyourworkisyourself.44.Italsoforcesyoutothinkaboutwhatyouaredoingandthebestwaytoaccomplishyourobjectives.Youarenolongersimplydoingsomethingbecauseyourteacheroryourbosstoldyoutodoit. Thesecondimportantreasonforcharitableworkisthatitchangesyourrelationshipwithyoursociety.SometimesIfeelthatmanyofthepeopleImeetheredon’treallyappreciatethegreatnessofChinaandtheexcitementoftheprocessthroughwhichitiscurrentlyliving.TheChinesearewell-knownforbeingnationalisticbutsometimesIthinkthisnationalismhasmoretodowithdistrustofforeignersthanwithloveofcountry.ManyofmyfriendsandstudentssimplydonotknowverymuchabouttheirowncountryandoftenseemunhappywithorembarrassedbycertainaspectsofChina. 45.ForexampleifyouhelpthechildrenofmigrantworkerswiththeireducationyouwillquicklyrealizethatpoormigrantworkersshouldnotbeseenasanembarrassmenttoBeijing.OnthecontrarytheyareagreatstrengthandtheirstoriesarepartofahugeanddramaticexperimentthatChinaisundergoing.Inasmallwaybyworkingwithmigrantchildrenyoucanhelpmaketheexperimentasuccess. [A]Ithinkthatiftheyhadspentmoretimeengagedinactivitiesoutsideofschoolandfamilysuchasdoingvolunteerworktheywouldfeelverydifferently. [B]Thischangesthewayyouthinkaboutworkandaboutyourresponsibilitiestoyourselfandothers. [C]YouwillrealizehowfutureeventscanhavejustasBiganimpactonyourlifeandthoseofyourfriendsandfamily. [D]ThismeansthatmanystudentshereinBeijingthinkofvolunteeringassomethingthatmustbedonetopleaseteachersbossesorotherfiguresofauthorityratherthanbecauseofadesiretoaddressaproblemaboutwhichtheyhavethoughtverydeeply. [E]Whenyouworkcloselywithotherswhoarelessfortunatethanyouorwhenyousetalocalgoalandworktoaccomplishityouseedirectlyhowyouractionscanaffecttheworldaroundyou. [F]Ifyouareinterestedinvolunteerworkyoudon’thavetowaitforyourschoolyourteachersorofficialsontelevisiontotellyouwhattodo. [G]Therearemanyreasonswhythiswouldbegood.Themostobviousreasonofcourseisthatweallhaveobligationstowardsoursocietyandvolunteerworkisonewayofrepayingthisobligation. 44
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn46Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem47Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherlandsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.48.Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalpre-scientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.49Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousself-governingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerning"values".Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends50Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithimpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems. Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithimpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.
SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther.Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirussoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading"itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatmeansitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersome-oneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelch.However.accordingtoMrHaleyWelchhascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"--signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast. Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. ComparedwithSoBig.FBlasterwasavirusthatwas
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
PerhapsonlyasmallboytrainedtobeawizardattheHogwartsSchoolofMagiccouldcastaspellsopowerfulastocreatethebiggestbooklaunchever.WhereverintheWorldtheclockstrikesmidnightonJune20thhisfollowerswillflocktogettheirpawsononeofmorethan10mcopiesof"HarryPotterandtheOrderofthePhoenix".Bookshopswillopeninthemiddleofthenightanddeliveryfirmsaredraftinginextrastaffandbiggertrucks.RelatedtoysgamesDVDsandothermerchandisewillbeeverywhere.TherewillbenoescapingPottermania. YetMr.Potter’sworldisacuriousoneinwhichthingsareoftennotwhattheyappear.WhileanexcitablemediaherebyincludingTheEconomisthappytosupportsuchafineexampleofglobalizationishelpingtohypethelaunchofJ.K.Rowling’sfifthnovelaboutthemostadventurousthingthatthepublishershaveorganizedisareadingbyMs.RowlinginLondon’sRoyalAlbertHalltobebroadcastasalivewebcast. HollywoodwhichownseverythingelsetodowithHarryPottersaysitisdoingevenless.IncredibleasitmayseemtheguardiansofthebrandsaythattoprotectthePotterfranchisetheyaretryingtomaintainalowprofile.Wellrelativelylow. Ms.Rowlingsignedacontractin1998withWarnerBrotherspartofAOLTimeWarnergivingthestudioexclusivefilmlicensingandmerchandisingrightsinreturnforwhatnowappearstohavebeenasteal:some$500000.WarnerlicensesotherfirmstoproducegoodsusingHarryPottercharactersorimagesfromwhichMs.Rowlinggetsabigenoughcutthatsheisnowwealthierthanthequeen--ifyoubelieveBritain’sSundayTimesrichlist.Theprocessisself-generating:eachbooksetsthestageforafilmwhichboostsbooksaleswhichliftssalesofPotterproducts. GloballythefirstfourHarryPotterbookshavesoldsome200mcopiesin55languages;thetwomovieshavegrossedover$1.8billionattheboxoffice. ThisisastunningsuccessbyanymeasureespeciallyasMsRowlinghaslongdemandedthatHarryPottershouldnotbeover-commercialized.InlinewithherwishesWarnersaysitisbeingextraordinarilycarefulatleastbyHollywoodstandardsaboutwhatitlicensesandtowhom.ItimposedtoughconditionsonCoca-Cola.insistingthatnoHarryPotterimagesshouldappearoncansandisnowintheprocessofmakingitslicensingprogrammedevenmorerestrictive.Cokemaysoonbeconsideredtoomassmarkettocarrythebrandatall. ThedealwithWarnertiesmuchofthemerchandisingtothefilmsalone.Therearenoofficiallysanctionedproductsrelatingto"OrderofthePhoenix";noryetfor"HarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkaban"thefilmofthethirdbookwhichisdueoutinJune2004.WarneragreesthatMs.Rowling’screationisadifferentsortofcommercialpropertyonewithlong-termpotentialthatcouldbedamagedbyatypicalHollywoodmarketingblitzsaysDianeNelsonthestudio’sglobalbrandmanagerforHarryPotter.Itisvitalsheaddsthatwithmoretocomereadersofthebooksarenotalienated."Theevidencefromourmarketresearchisthatenthusiasmforthepropertybyfansisnotwarning." WhentheauthorsaystherewillbenoescapingPottermaniaheimpliesthat
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