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手外伤用止血带止血，应缚于
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手外伤创口出血在转送医院途中首先采用的止血方法是
钳夹止血
缚止血带
患肢抬高
手压法
局部加压包扎
手外伤后创口出血在转送途中首先采用的止血方法是
患肢抬高
缚止血带
手压法
局部加压包扎
钳夹止血
止血带止血法缚扎部位原则是尽量靠近伤口以减少缺血范围因此上臂止血带应缚在中下1/3处
手外伤用止血带止血应缚于
腕部
前臂中部
肘关节上方
上臂中1/3处
上臂，上1/3处
手外伤用止血带止血应缚于
腕部
肘关节上方
前臂中部
上臂中1/3处
上臂上1/3处
手外伤后如有创口出血在急救转送途中首先应采用的止血方法是
手压止血法
患肢抬高
上臂缚止血带
局部加压包扎
前臂缚止血带
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AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
AtthestartoftheyearTheIndependentonSundayarguedthattherewerethreeoverwhelmingreasonswhyIraqshouldnotbeinvaded:therewasnoproofthatSaddamposedanimminentthreat;Iraqwouldbeevenmoreunstableasaresultofitsliberation;andaconflictwouldincreasethethreatposedbyterrorists.WhatwedidnotknowwasthatTonyBlairhadreceivedintelligenceandadvicethatraisedtheverysamepoints. Lastweek’sreportfromtheIntelligenceandSecurityCommitteeincludedtherevelationthatsomeoftheintelligencehadwarnedthatawaragainstIraqriskedanincreasedthreatofterrorism.WhydidMr.BlairnotmakethisevidenceavailabletothepublicinthewaythatsomuchofthealarmistintelligenceonSaddam’sweaponswaspublishedWhydidhechoosetoignoretheintelligenceandargueinsteadthatthewarwasnecessarypreciselybecauseofthethreatposedbyinternationalterrorism TherehavebeentwoparliamentaryinvestigationsintothiswarandtheHuttoninquirywillreopentomorrow.Intheirdifferentwaystheyhavebeenilluminatingbutnoneofthemhasaddressedthemainissuesrelatingtothewar.TheForeignAffairsCommitteehadthescopetorangewidelybutchosetobecomeentangledinthedisputebetweentheGovernmentandtheBBC.TheIntelligenceCommitteereachedtheconclusionthattheGovernment’sfileonSaddam’sweaponswasnotmixedupbutfailedtoexplainwhytheintelligencewassohopelesslywrong.TheHuttoninquiryisinvestigatingthedeathofDr.DavidKellyapersonaltragedyofmarginalrelevancetothewaragainstIraq. TonyBlairhasstilltocomeundercloseexaminationabouthisconductinthebuilding-uptowar.InsteadtheDefenceSecretaryGeoffHoonisbeingfingeredasifheweremaster-mindingthewarbehindeveryone’sbacksfromtheMinistry’ofDefence.Mr.HoonisnotaministerwhodarestothinkwithoutconsultingDowningStreetfirst.AtalltimeshewouldhavebeendancingtoDowningStreet’stunesMr.BlairwouldbewrongtoassumethathecandrawalineunderallofthisbymakingMr.Hoonthefall-guy.ItwasMr.BlairwhodecidedtotakeBritaintowarandaCabinetoflargelyskepticalministersthatbackedhim.ItwasMr.BlairwhotoldMPsthatunlessSaddamwasremovedterroristswouldposeagreaterglobalthreat--eventhoughhehadreceivedintelligencethatsuggestedawarwouldleadtoanincreaseinterrorism. ParliamentshouldbetheforuminwhichthePrimeMinisteriscalledmorefullytoaccountbutlainDuncanSmith’ssupportforthewarhasneuteredanalreadyineptopposition.IntheabsenceofproperparliamentaryscrutinyitislefttonewspaperslikethisonetokeepaskingthemostimportantquestionsuntilthePrimeMinisteranswersthem. Welearnfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthat
Scholasticthinkersheldawidevarietyofdoctrinesinbothphilosophyandtheologythestudyofreligion.WhatgivesunitytothewholeScholasticmovementtheacademicpracticeinEuropefromthe9thtothe17thcenturiesarethecommonaimsattitudesandmethodsgenerallyacceptedbyallitsmembers.ThechiefconcernoftheScholasticswasnettodiscovernewfactsbuttointegratetheknowledgealreadyacquiredseparatelybyGreekreasoningandChristianrevelation.ThisconcernisoneofthemostcharacteristicdifferencesbetweenScholasticismandmodernthoughtsincetheRenaissance. ThebasicaimoftheScholasticsdeterminedcertaincommonattitudesthemostimportantofwhichwastheirconvictionofthefundamentalharmonybetweenreasonandrevelation.TheScholasticsmaintainedthatbecausethesameGodwasthesourceofbothtypesofknowledgeandtruthwasoneofhischiefattributeshecouldnotcontradicthimselfinthesetwowaysofspeaking.Anyapparentoppositionbetweenrevelationandreasoncouldbetracedeithertoanincorrectuseofreasonortoaninaccurateinterpretationofthewordsofrevelation.BecausetheScholasticsbelievedthatrevelationwasthedirectteachingofGoditpossessedforthemahigherdegreeoftruthandcertaintythandidnaturalreason.Inapparentconflictsbetweenreligiousfaithandphilosophicreasoningfaithwasthusalwaysthesupremearbiter;thetheologian’sdecisionoverruledthatofthephilosopher.Aftertheearly13thcenturyScholasticthoughtemphasizedmoretheindependenceofphilosophywithinitsowndomain.NonethelessthroughouttheScholasticperiodphilosophywascalledtheservantoftheologynotonlybecausethetruthofphilosophywassubordinatedtothatoftheologybutalsobecausethetheologianusedphilosophytounderstandandexplainrevelation. ThisattitudeofScholasticismstandsinsharpcontrasttotheso-calleddouble-truththeoryoftheSpanishArabphilosopherandphysicianAverroes.HistheoryassumedthattruthwasaccessibletobothphilosophyandIslamictheologybutthatonlyphilosophycouldattainitperfectly.Theso-calledtruthsoftheologyservedhenceasimperfectimaginativeexpressionsforthecommonpeopleoftheauthentictruthaccessibleonlytophilosophy.Averroe’smaintainedthatphilosophictruthcouldevencontradictatleastverballytheteachingsofIslamictheology. AsaresultoftheirbeliefintheharmonybetweenfaithandreasontheScholasticsattemptedtodeterminetheprecisescopeandcompetenceofeachofthesefaculties.ManyearlyScholasticssuchastheItalianecclesiasticandphilosopherSt.Anselmdidnotclearlydistinguishthetwoandwereoverconfidentthatreasoncouldprovecertaindoctrinesofrevelation.LaterattheheightofthematureperiodofScholasticismtheItaliantheologianandphilosopherSt.ThomasAquinasworkedoutabalancebetweenreasonandrevelation. Whichofthefollowingbestillustratetherelationbetweenreasonandrevelation
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Itwasthebiggestscientificgrudgematchsincethespacerace.TheGenomeWarshadeverything:twogroupswithappealingleadersreadytofightinascientificdeadheatpushingthelimitsoftechnologyandrhetoricastheybattledtobecomethefirsttoreadeverylastoneofthe3billionDNA"letters"inthehumanbody.Thescientificimportanceoftheworkisunquestionable.ThecompletedDNAsequenceisexpectedtogivescientistsunprecedentedinsightsintotheworkingsofthehumanbodyrevolutionizingmedicineandbiology.Buttheraceitselfbetweenthegovernment’sHumanGenomeProjectandRockvilleMd.biotechnologycompanyCeleraGenomicswasatleastpartlysymbolicthepublic/privateconflictplayedoutinageneticlab. Nowtheraceisover.Afteryearsofpublicattacksandseveralfailedattemptsatreconciliationthetwosidesaretakingasteptowardaperiodofcalm.HOPheadFrancisCollinsand.AriPatrinosoftheDepartmentofEnergyanimportantallyonthegovernmentsideandCraigVenterthefounderofCeleraagreedtoholdajointpressconferenceinWashingtonthisMondaytodeclarethattheracewasoversortofthatbothsideshadwonkindofandthatthehostilitieswereresolvedforthetimebeing. Nooneisexactlysurehowthingswillbedifferentnow.Neithersidewillbeturningoffitssequencingmachinesanytimesoon--the"finishlines"eachhascrossedarelargelyarbitrarypoints"firstdrafts"ratherthanthedefinitiveversion.AndwhilethejointannouncementbringstheformerGenomeWarriorsclosertogetherthanthey’vebeeninyearsinsiderssayIthatfutureagreementsaremorelikelytotaketheformofcoordinationratherthanoutrightcollaboration. TheconflictblewupthisFebruarywhenBritain’sWelcomeTrustanHGPparticipantreleasedaconfidentiallettertoCeleraoutliningtheHGP’scomplaints.Ventercalledthemove"alowlifethingtodo"butbyspringtherewerethefirstsignsofathaw."Theattacksandnastinessarebadforscienceandourinvestors"VentertoldNewsweekinMarch"andfightingbackisprobablynothelpful."AtacancermeetingearlierthismonthVenterandCollinspraisedeachother’sapproachesandexpressedhopethatallofthescientistsinvolvedinsequencingthehumangenomewouldbeabletosharethecreditBylatelastweekthathopewasbecomingarealityasdetailsforMonday’sjointannouncementwerehammeredout.Scientistsinbothcampswelcomedanendtothehostilities."Ifthisendsthehorseracesciencewins."Withtheirdifferencebehindthemoratleastsetasidethescientistsshouldnowbeabletogetdowntotheinterestingstufffiguringhowtomakeuseofallthatdata ThetoneoftheauthorinreportingthejointpressconferencethisMondayis
AtthestartoftheyearTheIndependentonSundayarguedthattherewerethreeoverwhelmingreasonswhyIraqshouldnotbeinvaded:therewasnoproofthatSaddamposedanimminentthreat;Iraqwouldbeevenmoreunstableasaresultofitsliberation;andaconflictwouldincreasethethreatposedbyterrorists.WhatwedidnotknowwasthatTonyBlairhadreceivedintelligenceandadvicethatraisedtheverysamepoints. Lastweek’sreportfromtheIntelligenceandSecurityCommitteeincludedtherevelationthatsomeoftheintelligencehadwarnedthatawaragainstIraqriskedanincreasedthreatofterrorism.WhydidMr.BlairnotmakethisevidenceavailabletothepublicinthewaythatsomuchofthealarmistintelligenceonSaddam’sweaponswaspublishedWhydidhechoosetoignoretheintelligenceandargueinsteadthatthewarwasnecessarypreciselybecauseofthethreatposedbyinternationalterrorism TherehavebeentwoparliamentaryinvestigationsintothiswarandtheHuttoninquirywillreopentomorrow.Intheirdifferentwaystheyhavebeenilluminatingbutnoneofthemhasaddressedthemainissuesrelatingtothewar.TheForeignAffairsCommitteehadthescopetorangewidelybutchosetobecomeentangledinthedisputebetweentheGovernmentandtheBBC.TheIntelligenceCommitteereachedtheconclusionthattheGovernment’sfileonSaddam’sweaponswasnotmixedupbutfailedtoexplainwhytheintelligencewassohopelesslywrong.TheHuttoninquiryisinvestigatingthedeathofDr.DavidKellyapersonaltragedyofmarginalrelevancetothewaragainstIraq. TonyBlairhasstilltocomeundercloseexaminationabouthisconductinthebuilding-uptowar.InsteadtheDefenceSecretaryGeoffHoonisbeingfingeredasifheweremaster-mindingthewarbehindeveryone’sbacksfromtheMinistry’ofDefence.Mr.HoonisnotaministerwhodarestothinkwithoutconsultingDowningStreetfirst.AtalltimeshewouldhavebeendancingtoDowningStreet’stunesMr.BlairwouldbewrongtoassumethathecandrawalineunderallofthisbymakingMr.Hoonthefall-guy.ItwasMr.BlairwhodecidedtotakeBritaintowarandaCabinetoflargelyskepticalministersthatbackedhim.ItwasMr.BlairwhotoldMPsthatunlessSaddamwasremovedterroristswouldposeagreaterglobalthreat--eventhoughhehadreceivedintelligencethatsuggestedawarwouldleadtoanincreaseinterrorism. ParliamentshouldbetheforuminwhichthePrimeMinisteriscalledmorefullytoaccountbutlainDuncanSmith’ssupportforthewarhasneuteredanalreadyineptopposition.IntheabsenceofproperparliamentaryscrutinyitislefttonewspaperslikethisonetokeepaskingthemostimportantquestionsuntilthePrimeMinisteranswersthem. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheParliament
PartC Economicsasweknowitisthesocialscienceconcernedwiththeproductiondistributionexchangeandconsumptionofgoodsandservices.Economistsfocusonthewayinwhichindividualsgroupsbusinessenterprisesandgovernmentsseektoachieveefficientlyanyeconomicobjectivetheyselect.46Otherfieldsofstudyalsocontributetothisknowledge:Psychologyandethicstrytoexplainhowobjectivesareformedhistoryrecordschangesinhumanobjectivesandsociologyinterpretshumanbehaviorinsocialcontexts. Standardeconomicscanbedividedintotwomajorfields.47Thefirstpricetheoryormicroeconomicsexplainshowtheinterplayofsupplyanddemandincompetitivemarketscreatesamultitudeofindividualpriceswageratesprofitmarginsandrentalchanges.Microeconomicsassumesthatpeoplebehaverationally.Consumerstrytospendtheirincomeinwaysthatgivethemasmuchpleasureaspossible.Aseconomistssaytheymaximizeutility.Fortheirpartentrepreneursseekasmuchprofitastheycanextractfromtheiroperations. Thesecondfieldmacroeconomicsdealswithmodernexplanationsofnationalincomeandemployment.MacroeconomicsdatesfromthebookTheGeneralTheoryofEmploymentInterestandMoney1935bytheBritisheconomistJohnMaynardKeynes.Hisexplanationofprosperityanddepressioncentersonthetotaloraggregatedemandforgoodsandservicesbyconsumersbusinessinvestorsandgovernments.48BecauseaccordingtoKeynesinadequatetotaldemandincreasesunemploymenttheindicatedcureiseithermoreinvestmentbybusinessesormorespendingandconsequentlylargerbudgetdeficitsbygovernment. Economicissueshaveoccupiedpeople’smindsthroughouttheages.49AristotleandPlatoinancientGreecewroteaboutproblemsofwealthpropertyandtradebothofwhomwereprejudicedagainstcommercefeelingthattolivebytradewasundesirable.TheRomansborrowedtheireconomicideasfromtheGreeksandshowedthesamecontemptfortrade.50DuringtheMiddleAgestheeconomicideasoftheRomanCatholicchurchwereexpressedinthelawofthechurchwhichcondemnedthetakingofinterestformoneyloanedandregardedcommerceasinferiortoagriculture. EconomicsasasubjectofmodernstudydistinguishablefrommoralphilosophyandpoliticsdatesfromtheworkInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations1776bytheScottishphilosopherandeconomistAdamSmith.MercantilismandphysiocracywereprecursorsoftheclassicaleconomicsofSmithandhis19th-centurysuccessors. DuringtheMiddleAgestheeconomicideasoftheRomanCatholicchurchwereexpressedinthelawofthechurchwhichcondemnedthetakingofinterestformoneyloanedandregardedcommerceasinferiortoagriculture.
AtthestartoftheyearTheIndependentonSundayarguedthattherewerethreeoverwhelmingreasonswhyIraqshouldnotbeinvaded:therewasnoproofthatSaddamposedanimminentthreat;Iraqwouldbeevenmoreunstableasaresultofitsliberation;andaconflictwouldincreasethethreatposedbyterrorists.WhatwedidnotknowwasthatTonyBlairhadreceivedintelligenceandadvicethatraisedtheverysamepoints. Lastweek’sreportfromtheIntelligenceandSecurityCommitteeincludedtherevelationthatsomeoftheintelligencehadwarnedthatawaragainstIraqriskedanincreasedthreatofterrorism.WhydidMr.BlairnotmakethisevidenceavailabletothepublicinthewaythatsomuchofthealarmistintelligenceonSaddam’sweaponswaspublishedWhydidhechoosetoignoretheintelligenceandargueinsteadthatthewarwasnecessarypreciselybecauseofthethreatposedbyinternationalterrorism TherehavebeentwoparliamentaryinvestigationsintothiswarandtheHuttoninquirywillreopentomorrow.Intheirdifferentwaystheyhavebeenilluminatingbutnoneofthemhasaddressedthemainissuesrelatingtothewar.TheForeignAffairsCommitteehadthescopetorangewidelybutchosetobecomeentangledinthedisputebetweentheGovernmentandtheBBC.TheIntelligenceCommitteereachedtheconclusionthattheGovernment’sfileonSaddam’sweaponswasnotmixedupbutfailedtoexplainwhytheintelligencewassohopelesslywrong.TheHuttoninquiryisinvestigatingthedeathofDr.DavidKellyapersonaltragedyofmarginalrelevancetothewaragainstIraq. TonyBlairhasstilltocomeundercloseexaminationabouthisconductinthebuilding-uptowar.InsteadtheDefenceSecretaryGeoffHoonisbeingfingeredasifheweremaster-mindingthewarbehindeveryone’sbacksfromtheMinistry’ofDefence.Mr.HoonisnotaministerwhodarestothinkwithoutconsultingDowningStreetfirst.AtalltimeshewouldhavebeendancingtoDowningStreet’stunesMr.BlairwouldbewrongtoassumethathecandrawalineunderallofthisbymakingMr.Hoonthefall-guy.ItwasMr.BlairwhodecidedtotakeBritaintowarandaCabinetoflargelyskepticalministersthatbackedhim.ItwasMr.BlairwhotoldMPsthatunlessSaddamwasremovedterroristswouldposeagreaterglobalthreat--eventhoughhehadreceivedintelligencethatsuggestedawarwouldleadtoanincreaseinterrorism. ParliamentshouldbetheforuminwhichthePrimeMinisteriscalledmorefullytoaccountbutlainDuncanSmith’ssupportforthewarhasneuteredanalreadyineptopposition.IntheabsenceofproperparliamentaryscrutinyitislefttonewspaperslikethisonetokeepaskingthemostimportantquestionsuntilthePrimeMinisteranswersthem. BychosetobecomeentangledLine3Para.3theauthorimpliesthat
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Despitethegeneralnegativefindingsitisimportanttorememberthatallchildrenwholivethroughadivorcedonotbehaveinthesameway.Thespecificbehaviordependsonthechild’sindividualpersonalitycharacteristicsageatthetimeofdivorceandgender.Intermsofpersonalitywhencomparedtothoseratedasrelaxedandeasygoingchildrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorceasindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.Stresssuchasthatfoundindisruptedfamiliesseemstoimpairtheabilityoftemperamentalchildrentoadapttotheirsurroundingsthegreatertheamountofstressthelesswelltheyadapt.Incontrastamoderateamountofstressmayactuallyhelpaneasygoingrelaxedchildlearntocopewithadversity. Thereissomerelationshipbetweenageandchildren’scharacteristicreactiontodivorce.AsthechildgrowsolderthegreateristhelikelihoodofafreeexpressionofavarietyofcomplexfeelingsanunderstandingofthosefeelingsandarealizationthatthedecisiontodivorcecannotbeattributedtoanyonesimplecauseSelf-blamevirtuallydisappearsaftertheageof6fearofabandonmentdiminishesaftertheageof8andtheconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshameangerandself-reflection.GenderofthechildisalsoafactorthatpredictsthenatureofreactiontodivorceTheimpactofdivorceisinitiallygreateronboysthanongirls.Theyaremoreaggressivelesscomplianthavegreaterdifficultiesininterpersonalrelationshipsandexhibitproblembehaviorsbothathomeandatschool.Furthermoretheadjustmentproblemsofboysarestillnoticeableeventwoyearsafterthedivorce. Girls’adjustmentproblemsareusuallyinternalizedratherthanactedoutandareoftenresolvedbythesecondyearafterthedivorce.Howevernewproblemsmaysurfaceforgirlsastheyenteradolescenceandadulthood.HowcantherelativelygreaterimpactofdivorceonboysthanongirlsbeexplainedThegreatermaleaggressionandnoncompliancemayreflectthefactthatsuchbehaviorsaretoleratedandevenencouragedinmalesinourculturemorethantheyareinfemales.Furthermoreboysmayhaveaparticularneedforastrongmalemodelofself-controlaswellasforastrongdisciplinarianparent.Finallyboysaremorelikelytobeexposedtotheirparents’fightsthangirlsareandafterthebreakupboysarelesslikelythangirlstoreceivesympathyandsupportfrommothersteachersorpeers. Whatisthemainideaofthepassage
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Itwasthebiggestscientificgrudgematchsincethespacerace.TheGenomeWarshadeverything:twogroupswithappealingleadersreadytofightinascientificdeadheatpushingthelimitsoftechnologyandrhetoricastheybattledtobecomethefirsttoreadeverylastoneofthe3billionDNA"letters"inthehumanbody.Thescientificimportanceoftheworkisunquestionable.ThecompletedDNAsequenceisexpectedtogivescientistsunprecedentedinsightsintotheworkingsofthehumanbodyrevolutionizingmedicineandbiology.Buttheraceitselfbetweenthegovernment’sHumanGenomeProjectandRockvilleMd.biotechnologycompanyCeleraGenomicswasatleastpartlysymbolicthepublic/privateconflictplayedoutinageneticlab. Nowtheraceisover.Afteryearsofpublicattacksandseveralfailedattemptsatreconciliationthetwosidesaretakingasteptowardaperiodofcalm.HOPheadFrancisCollinsand.AriPatrinosoftheDepartmentofEnergyanimportantallyonthegovernmentsideandCraigVenterthefounderofCeleraagreedtoholdajointpressconferenceinWashingtonthisMondaytodeclarethattheracewasoversortofthatbothsideshadwonkindofandthatthehostilitieswereresolvedforthetimebeing. Nooneisexactlysurehowthingswillbedifferentnow.Neithersidewillbeturningoffitssequencingmachinesanytimesoon--the"finishlines"eachhascrossedarelargelyarbitrarypoints"firstdrafts"ratherthanthedefinitiveversion.AndwhilethejointannouncementbringstheformerGenomeWarriorsclosertogetherthanthey’vebeeninyearsinsiderssayIthatfutureagreementsaremorelikelytotaketheformofcoordinationratherthanoutrightcollaboration. TheconflictblewupthisFebruarywhenBritain’sWelcomeTrustanHGPparticipantreleasedaconfidentiallettertoCeleraoutliningtheHGP’scomplaints.Ventercalledthemove"alowlifethingtodo"butbyspringtherewerethefirstsignsofathaw."Theattacksandnastinessarebadforscienceandourinvestors"VentertoldNewsweekinMarch"andfightingbackisprobablynothelpful."AtacancermeetingearlierthismonthVenterandCollinspraisedeachother’sapproachesandexpressedhopethatallofthescientistsinvolvedinsequencingthehumangenomewouldbeabletosharethecreditBylatelastweekthathopewasbecomingarealityasdetailsforMonday’sjointannouncementwerehammeredout.Scientistsinbothcampswelcomedanendtothehostilities."Ifthisendsthehorseracesciencewins."Withtheirdifferencebehindthemoratleastsetasidethescientistsshouldnowbeabletogetdowntotheinterestingstufffiguringhowtomakeuseofallthatdata ThewordthawLine3Para.4mostprobablymeans
PartC Economicsasweknowitisthesocialscienceconcernedwiththeproductiondistributionexchangeandconsumptionofgoodsandservices.Economistsfocusonthewayinwhichindividualsgroupsbusinessenterprisesandgovernmentsseektoachieveefficientlyanyeconomicobjectivetheyselect.46Otherfieldsofstudyalsocontributetothisknowledge:Psychologyandethicstrytoexplainhowobjectivesareformedhistoryrecordschangesinhumanobjectivesandsociologyinterpretshumanbehaviorinsocialcontexts. Standardeconomicscanbedividedintotwomajorfields.47Thefirstpricetheoryormicroeconomicsexplainshowtheinterplayofsupplyanddemandincompetitivemarketscreatesamultitudeofindividualpriceswageratesprofitmarginsandrentalchanges.Microeconomicsassumesthatpeoplebehaverationally.Consumerstrytospendtheirincomeinwaysthatgivethemasmuchpleasureaspossible.Aseconomistssaytheymaximizeutility.Fortheirpartentrepreneursseekasmuchprofitastheycanextractfromtheiroperations. Thesecondfieldmacroeconomicsdealswithmodernexplanationsofnationalincomeandemployment.MacroeconomicsdatesfromthebookTheGeneralTheoryofEmploymentInterestandMoney1935bytheBritisheconomistJohnMaynardKeynes.Hisexplanationofprosperityanddepressioncentersonthetotaloraggregatedemandforgoodsandservicesbyconsumersbusinessinvestorsandgovernments.48BecauseaccordingtoKeynesinadequatetotaldemandincreasesunemploymenttheindicatedcureiseithermoreinvestmentbybusinessesormorespendingandconsequentlylargerbudgetdeficitsbygovernment. Economicissueshaveoccupiedpeople’smindsthroughouttheages.49AristotleandPlatoinancientGreecewroteaboutproblemsofwealthpropertyandtradebothofwhomwereprejudicedagainstcommercefeelingthattolivebytradewasundesirable.TheRomansborrowedtheireconomicideasfromtheGreeksandshowedthesamecontemptfortrade.50DuringtheMiddleAgestheeconomicideasoftheRomanCatholicchurchwereexpressedinthelawofthechurchwhichcondemnedthetakingofinterestformoneyloanedandregardedcommerceasinferiortoagriculture. EconomicsasasubjectofmodernstudydistinguishablefrommoralphilosophyandpoliticsdatesfromtheworkInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations1776bytheScottishphilosopherandeconomistAdamSmith.MercantilismandphysiocracywereprecursorsoftheclassicaleconomicsofSmithandhis19th-centurysuccessors. Otherfieldsofstudyalsocontributetothisknowledge:Psychologyandethicstrytoexplainhowobjectivesareformedhistoryrecordschangesinhumanobjectivesandsociologyinterpretshumanbehaviorinsocialcontexts.
Scholasticthinkersheldawidevarietyofdoctrinesinbothphilosophyandtheologythestudyofreligion.WhatgivesunitytothewholeScholasticmovementtheacademicpracticeinEuropefromthe9thtothe17thcenturiesarethecommonaimsattitudesandmethodsgenerallyacceptedbyallitsmembers.ThechiefconcernoftheScholasticswasnettodiscovernewfactsbuttointegratetheknowledgealreadyacquiredseparatelybyGreekreasoningandChristianrevelation.ThisconcernisoneofthemostcharacteristicdifferencesbetweenScholasticismandmodernthoughtsincetheRenaissance. ThebasicaimoftheScholasticsdeterminedcertaincommonattitudesthemostimportantofwhichwastheirconvictionofthefundamentalharmonybetweenreasonandrevelation.TheScholasticsmaintainedthatbecausethesameGodwasthesourceofbothtypesofknowledgeandtruthwasoneofhischiefattributeshecouldnotcontradicthimselfinthesetwowaysofspeaking.Anyapparentoppositionbetweenrevelationandreasoncouldbetracedeithertoanincorrectuseofreasonortoaninaccurateinterpretationofthewordsofrevelation.BecausetheScholasticsbelievedthatrevelationwasthedirectteachingofGoditpossessedforthemahigherdegreeoftruthandcertaintythandidnaturalreason.Inapparentconflictsbetweenreligiousfaithandphilosophicreasoningfaithwasthusalwaysthesupremearbiter;thetheologian’sdecisionoverruledthatofthephilosopher.Aftertheearly13thcenturyScholasticthoughtemphasizedmoretheindependenceofphilosophywithinitsowndomain.NonethelessthroughouttheScholasticperiodphilosophywascalledtheservantoftheologynotonlybecausethetruthofphilosophywassubordinatedtothatoftheologybutalsobecausethetheologianusedphilosophytounderstandandexplainrevelation. ThisattitudeofScholasticismstandsinsharpcontrasttotheso-calleddouble-truththeoryoftheSpanishArabphilosopherandphysicianAverroes.HistheoryassumedthattruthwasaccessibletobothphilosophyandIslamictheologybutthatonlyphilosophycouldattainitperfectly.Theso-calledtruthsoftheologyservedhenceasimperfectimaginativeexpressionsforthecommonpeopleoftheauthentictruthaccessibleonlytophilosophy.Averroe’smaintainedthatphilosophictruthcouldevencontradictatleastverballytheteachingsofIslamictheology. AsaresultoftheirbeliefintheharmonybetweenfaithandreasontheScholasticsattemptedtodeterminetheprecisescopeandcompetenceofeachofthesefaculties.ManyearlyScholasticssuchastheItalianecclesiasticandphilosopherSt.Anselmdidnotclearlydistinguishthetwoandwereoverconfidentthatreasoncouldprovecertaindoctrinesofrevelation.LaterattheheightofthematureperiodofScholasticismtheItaliantheologianandphilosopherSt.ThomasAquinasworkedoutabalancebetweenreasonandrevelation. Averroesheldthat
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningandimplicationsand 3giveyourcomments. Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Despitethegeneralnegativefindingsitisimportanttorememberthatallchildrenwholivethroughadivorcedonotbehaveinthesameway.Thespecificbehaviordependsonthechild’sindividualpersonalitycharacteristicsageatthetimeofdivorceandgender.Intermsofpersonalitywhencomparedtothoseratedasrelaxedandeasygoingchildrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorceasindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.Stresssuchasthatfoundindisruptedfamiliesseemstoimpairtheabilityoftemperamentalchildrentoadapttotheirsurroundingsthegreatertheamountofstressthelesswelltheyadapt.Incontrastamoderateamountofstressmayactuallyhelpaneasygoingrelaxedchildlearntocopewithadversity. Thereissomerelationshipbetweenageandchildren’scharacteristicreactiontodivorce.AsthechildgrowsolderthegreateristhelikelihoodofafreeexpressionofavarietyofcomplexfeelingsanunderstandingofthosefeelingsandarealizationthatthedecisiontodivorcecannotbeattributedtoanyonesimplecauseSelf-blamevirtuallydisappearsaftertheageof6fearofabandonmentdiminishesaftertheageof8andtheconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshameangerandself-reflection.GenderofthechildisalsoafactorthatpredictsthenatureofreactiontodivorceTheimpactofdivorceisinitiallygreateronboysthanongirls.Theyaremoreaggressivelesscomplianthavegreaterdifficultiesininterpersonalrelationshipsandexhibitproblembehaviorsbothathomeandatschool.Furthermoretheadjustmentproblemsofboysarestillnoticeableeventwoyearsafterthedivorce. Girls’adjustmentproblemsareusuallyinternalizedratherthanactedoutandareoftenresolvedbythesecondyearafterthedivorce.Howevernewproblemsmaysurfaceforgirlsastheyenteradolescenceandadulthood.HowcantherelativelygreaterimpactofdivorceonboysthanongirlsbeexplainedThegreatermaleaggressionandnoncompliancemayreflectthefactthatsuchbehaviorsaretoleratedandevenencouragedinmalesinourculturemorethantheyareinfemales.Furthermoreboysmayhaveaparticularneedforastrongmalemodelofself-controlaswellasforastrongdisciplinarianparent.Finallyboysaremorelikelytobeexposedtotheirparents’fightsthangirlsareandafterthebreakupboysarelesslikelythangirlstoreceivesympathyandsupportfrommothersteachersorpeers. Temperamentalirritablekidshavedifficultyadaptingtoparentaldivorcebecause
Despitethegeneralnegativefindingsitisimportanttorememberthatallchildrenwholivethroughadivorcedonotbehaveinthesameway.Thespecificbehaviordependsonthechild’sindividualpersonalitycharacteristicsageatthetimeofdivorceandgender.Intermsofpersonalitywhencomparedtothoseratedasrelaxedandeasygoingchildrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorceasindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.Stresssuchasthatfoundindisruptedfamiliesseemstoimpairtheabilityoftemperamentalchildrentoadapttotheirsurroundingsthegreatertheamountofstressthelesswelltheyadapt.Incontrastamoderateamountofstressmayactuallyhelpaneasygoingrelaxedchildlearntocopewithadversity. Thereissomerelationshipbetweenageandchildren’scharacteristicreactiontodivorce.AsthechildgrowsolderthegreateristhelikelihoodofafreeexpressionofavarietyofcomplexfeelingsanunderstandingofthosefeelingsandarealizationthatthedecisiontodivorcecannotbeattributedtoanyonesimplecauseSelf-blamevirtuallydisappearsaftertheageof6fearofabandonmentdiminishesaftertheageof8andtheconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshameangerandself-reflection.GenderofthechildisalsoafactorthatpredictsthenatureofreactiontodivorceTheimpactofdivorceisinitiallygreateronboysthanongirls.Theyaremoreaggressivelesscomplianthavegreaterdifficultiesininterpersonalrelationshipsandexhibitproblembehaviorsbothathomeandatschool.Furthermoretheadjustmentproblemsofboysarestillnoticeableeventwoyearsafterthedivorce. Girls’adjustmentproblemsareusuallyinternalizedratherthanactedoutandareoftenresolvedbythesecondyearafterthedivorce.Howevernewproblemsmaysurfaceforgirlsastheyenteradolescenceandadulthood.HowcantherelativelygreaterimpactofdivorceonboysthanongirlsbeexplainedThegreatermaleaggressionandnoncompliancemayreflectthefactthatsuchbehaviorsaretoleratedandevenencouragedinmalesinourculturemorethantheyareinfemales.Furthermoreboysmayhaveaparticularneedforastrongmalemodelofself-controlaswellasforastrongdisciplinarianparent.Finallyboysaremorelikelytobeexposedtotheirparents’fightsthangirlsareandafterthebreakupboysarelesslikelythangirlstoreceivesympathyandsupportfrommothersteachersorpeers. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheimpactofdivorce
PartC Economicsasweknowitisthesocialscienceconcernedwiththeproductiondistributionexchangeandconsumptionofgoodsandservices.Economistsfocusonthewayinwhichindividualsgroupsbusinessenterprisesandgovernmentsseektoachieveefficientlyanyeconomicobjectivetheyselect.46Otherfieldsofstudyalsocontributetothisknowledge:Psychologyandethicstrytoexplainhowobjectivesareformedhistoryrecordschangesinhumanobjectivesandsociologyinterpretshumanbehaviorinsocialcontexts. Standardeconomicscanbedividedintotwomajorfields.47Thefirstpricetheoryormicroeconomicsexplainshowtheinterplayofsupplyanddemandincompetitivemarketscreatesamultitudeofindividualpriceswageratesprofitmarginsandrentalchanges.Microeconomicsassumesthatpeoplebehaverationally.Consumerstrytospendtheirincomeinwaysthatgivethemasmuchpleasureaspossible.Aseconomistssaytheymaximizeutility.Fortheirpartentrepreneursseekasmuchprofitastheycanextractfromtheiroperations. Thesecondfieldmacroeconomicsdealswithmodernexplanationsofnationalincomeandemployment.MacroeconomicsdatesfromthebookTheGeneralTheoryofEmploymentInterestandMoney1935bytheBritisheconomistJohnMaynardKeynes.Hisexplanationofprosperityanddepressioncentersonthetotaloraggregatedemandforgoodsandservicesbyconsumersbusinessinvestorsandgovernments.48BecauseaccordingtoKeynesinadequatetotaldemandincreasesunemploymenttheindicatedcureiseithermoreinvestmentbybusinessesormorespendingandconsequentlylargerbudgetdeficitsbygovernment. Economicissueshaveoccupiedpeople’smindsthroughouttheages.49AristotleandPlatoinancientGreecewroteaboutproblemsofwealthpropertyandtradebothofwhomwereprejudicedagainstcommercefeelingthattolivebytradewasundesirable.TheRomansborrowedtheireconomicideasfromtheGreeksandshowedthesamecontemptfortrade.50DuringtheMiddleAgestheeconomicideasoftheRomanCatholicchurchwereexpressedinthelawofthechurchwhichcondemnedthetakingofinterestformoneyloanedandregardedcommerceasinferiortoagriculture. EconomicsasasubjectofmodernstudydistinguishablefrommoralphilosophyandpoliticsdatesfromtheworkInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations1776bytheScottishphilosopherandeconomistAdamSmith.MercantilismandphysiocracywereprecursorsoftheclassicaleconomicsofSmithandhis19th-centurysuccessors. BecauseaccordingtoKeynesinadequatetotaldemandincreasesunemploymenttheindicatedcureiseithermoreinvestmentbybusinessesormorespendingandconsequentlylargerbudgetdeficitsbygovernment.
PartB UntilabouttwomillionyearsagoAfrica’svegetationhadalwaysbeencontrolledbytheinteractionsofclimate;geologysoilandgroundwaterconditions;andtheactivitiesofanimals.Theadditionofhumanstothelattergrouphoweverhasincreasinglyrenderedunrealtheconceptofafullydeveloped"natural"vegetation--i.e.oneapproximatingtheidealofavegetationalclimax.41_____________________.EarlyattemptsatmappingandclassifyingAfrica’svegetationstressedthisrelationship:sometimesthenamesofplantzoneswerederiveddirectlyfromclimates.Inthisdiscussiontheideaofzonesisretainedonlyinabroaddescriptivesense. 42_____________________.Inadditionovertimemorefloralregionsofvaryingshapeandsizehavebeenrecognized.Manyschemeshavearisensuccessivelyallofwhichhavehadtotakeviewsontwoimportantaspects:thegeneralscaleoftreatmenttobeadoptedandthedegreetowhichhumanmodificationistobecomprehendedordiscounted. 43_____________________.Quitetheoppositeassumptionisnowfrequentlyadvanced.Anintimatecombinationofmanyspecies--incomplexassociationsandrelatedtolocalizedsoilsslopesanddrainage--hasbeendetailedinmanystudiesoftheAfricantropics.InafewsquaremilestheremaybeavisiblesuccessionfromswampwithpapyrusthegrassofwhichtheancientEgyptiansmadepaperandfromwhichtheword"paper"originatedthroughswampygrasslandandbroad-leavedwoodlandandgrasstoapatchofforestonricherhillsidesoilandfinallytojuicyfleshyplantsonanearlynakedrocksummit. 44_____________________.Correspondinglyclassificationshavedifferedgreatlyintheirprinciplesfornaminggroupinganddescribingformations:somehavechosentermssuchasforestwoodlandthornbushthicketandshrubformuchofthesamebroadtractsthatothershavegroupedaswoodedsavannatreelessgrassyplainandsteppegrassyplainwithfewtrees.ThisisbestseeninthenomenclaturenamingofplantsadoptedbytwoofthemostcomprehensiveandauthoritativemapsofAfrica’svegetationthathavebeenpublished:R.W.J.Keay’sVegetationMapofAfricaSouthoftheTropicofCanceranditsmorewidelybasedsuccessorTheVegetationMapofAfricacompiledbyFrankWhite.IntheKeaymaptheterms"savanna"and"steppe"wereadoptedasprecisedefinitionofformationsbasedontheherblayerandthecoverageofwoodyvegetation;theWhitemaphoweverdiscardedthesetwocategoriesasspecificclassifications.Yetanyrapidabsenceofsavannaasinitspopularandmoregeneralsenseisdoubtful. 45_____________________.Howeversome100specifictypesofvegetationidentifiedonthesourcemaphavebeencompressedinto14broaderclassifications. [A]AsmorehasbecomeknownofthemanythousandsofAfricanplantspeciesandtheircomplexecologynamingclassificationandmappinghavealsobee0memoreparticularstressingwhatwasactuallypresentratherthanpostulatingaboutclimaticpotential. [B]InregionsofhigherrainfallsuchaseasternAfricasavannavegetationismaintainedbyperiodicfires.Consumingdrygrassattheendoftherainyseasonthefiresburnbacktheforestvegetationchecktheinvasionoftreesandshrubsandstimulatenewgrassgrowth. [C]OnceaswiththescientifictreatmentofAfricansoilsamuchgreateruniformitywasattributedtothevegetationthanwouldhavebeengenerallyacceptedinthesameperiodfortreatmentsofthelandsofwesternEuropeortheUnitedStates. [D]ThevegetationalmapofAfricaandgeneralvegetationgroupingsusedherefollowtheWhitemapanditsextensiveannotations. [E]Africanvegetationzonesarecloselylinkedtoclimaticzoneswiththesamezonesoccurringbothnorthandsouthoftheequatorinbroadlysimilarpatterns.Aswithclimaticzonesdifferencesintheamountandseasonaldistributionofprecipitationconstitutethemostimportantinfluenceonthedevelopmentofvegetation. [F]Neverthelessinbroadtermsclimateremainsthedominantcontrolovervegetation.ZonalbeltsofprecipitationreflectionlatitudeandcontrastingexposuretotheAtlanticandIndianoceansandtheircurrentsgivesomerealitytorelatedbeltsofvegetation. [G]ThespanofhumanoccupationinAfricaisbelievedtoexceedthatofanyothercontinent.Alltheresultantactivitieshavetendedonbalancetoreducetreecoverandincreasegrassland;buttherehasbeenconsiderabledisputeamongscholarsconcerningthenaturalversushuman-causeddevelopmentofmostAfricangrasslandsattheregionallevel. 44
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
PartB UntilabouttwomillionyearsagoAfrica’svegetationhadalwaysbeencontrolledbytheinteractionsofclimate;geologysoilandgroundwaterconditions;andtheactivitiesofanimals.Theadditionofhumanstothelattergrouphoweverhasincreasinglyrenderedunrealtheconceptofafullydeveloped"natural"vegetation--i.e.oneapproximatingtheidealofavegetationalclimax.41_____________________.EarlyattemptsatmappingandclassifyingAfrica’svegetationstressedthisrelationship:sometimesthenamesofplantzoneswerederiveddirectlyfromclimates.Inthisdiscussiontheideaofzonesisretainedonlyinabroaddescriptivesense. 42_____________________.Inadditionovertimemorefloralregionsofvaryingshapeandsizehavebeenrecognized.Manyschemeshavearisensuccessivelyallofwhichhavehadtotakeviewsontwoimportantaspects:thegeneralscaleoftreatmenttobeadoptedandthedegreetowhichhumanmodificationistobecomprehendedordiscounted. 43_____________________.Quitetheoppositeassumptionisnowfrequentlyadvanced.Anintimatecombinationofmanyspecies--incomplexassociationsandrelatedtolocalizedsoilsslopesanddrainage--hasbeendetailedinmanystudiesoftheAfricantropics.InafewsquaremilestheremaybeavisiblesuccessionfromswampwithpapyrusthegrassofwhichtheancientEgyptiansmadepaperandfromwhichtheword"paper"originatedthroughswampygrasslandandbroad-leavedwoodlandandgrasstoapatchofforestonricherhillsidesoilandfinallytojuicyfleshyplantsonanearlynakedrocksummit. 44_____________________.Correspondinglyclassificationshavedifferedgreatlyintheirprinciplesfornaminggroupinganddescribingformations:somehavechosentermssuchasforestwoodlandthornbushthicketandshrubformuchofthesamebroadtractsthatothershavegroupedaswoodedsavannatreelessgrassyplainandsteppegrassyplainwithfewtrees.ThisisbestseeninthenomenclaturenamingofplantsadoptedbytwoofthemostcomprehensiveandauthoritativemapsofAfrica’svegetationthathavebeenpublished:R.W.J.Keay’sVegetationMapofAfricaSouthoftheTropicofCanceranditsmorewidelybasedsuccessorTheVegetationMapofAfricacompiledbyFrankWhite.IntheKeaymaptheterms"savanna"and"steppe"wereadoptedasprecisedefinitionofformationsbasedontheherblayerandthecoverageofwoodyvegetation;theWhitemaphoweverdiscardedthesetwocategoriesasspecificclassifications.Yetanyrapidabsenceofsavannaasinitspopularandmoregeneralsenseisdoubtful. 45_____________________.Howeversome100specifictypesofvegetationidentifiedonthesourcemaphavebeencompressedinto14broaderclassifications. [A]AsmorehasbecomeknownofthemanythousandsofAfricanplantspeciesandtheircomplexecologynamingclassificationandmappinghavealsobee0memoreparticularstressingwhatwasactuallypresentratherthanpostulatingaboutclimaticpotential. [B]InregionsofhigherrainfallsuchaseasternAfricasavannavegetationismaintainedbyperiodicfires.Consumingdrygrassattheendoftherainyseasonthefiresburnbacktheforestvegetationchecktheinvasionoftreesandshrubsandstimulatenewgrassgrowth. [C]OnceaswiththescientifictreatmentofAfricansoilsamuchgreateruniformitywasattributedtothevegetationthanwouldhavebeengenerallyacceptedinthesameperiodfortreatmentsofthelandsofwesternEuropeortheUnitedStates. [D]ThevegetationalmapofAfricaandgeneralvegetationgroupingsusedherefollowtheWhitemapanditsextensiveannotations. [E]Africanvegetationzonesarecloselylinkedtoclimaticzoneswiththesamezonesoccurringbothnorthandsouthoftheequatorinbroadlysimilarpatterns.Aswithclimaticzonesdifferencesintheamountandseasonaldistributionofprecipitationconstitutethemostimportantinfluenceonthedevelopmentofvegetation. [F]Neverthelessinbroadtermsclimateremainsthedominantcontrolovervegetation.ZonalbeltsofprecipitationreflectionlatitudeandcontrastingexposuretotheAtlanticandIndianoceansandtheircurrentsgivesomerealitytorelatedbeltsofvegetation. [G]ThespanofhumanoccupationinAfricaisbelievedtoexceedthatofanyothercontinent.Alltheresultantactivitieshavetendedonbalancetoreducetreecoverandincreasegrassland;buttherehasbeenconsiderabledisputeamongscholarsconcerningthenaturalversushuman-causeddevelopmentofmostAfricangrasslandsattheregionallevel. 42
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