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Until the late 1940s, when television began finding its way into American homes, companies relied...
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Therecanbenodoubtthatthecomputerrevolutionhastouchedvirtuallyeverypersoninthecountryinsomewayorother. Norcantherebeanydoubtthatithasbroughttremendousimprovementsinproductivityandefficiency.46Indeedtherearemanytasksundertakenbycomputersthatcouldnotbedonewithoutthemandwehavereachedthepointthatthebenefitsofcomputerizationaretakenforgranted. Havingacceptedthatcomputersareheretostaywhatisthedownside47Themostobviousansweristhatbecauseofincreasedefficiencylesspeopleareneededandthelossofjobsparticularlyintheserviceindustrieshasbeenenormouswithmorejoblossesyettocome. Howeveronamoreinsidiousnotemanyusershavenotrealizedhowcomputershaveintroducedvulnerabilitytotheirbusiness.Ifcomputersaresoonaboonhowdowecopewhensomethinggoeswrong Computershavemanyusesvaryingfrompureaccountingorback-officesystemstostockorproductioncontrolorcomputer-aideddesignormanufacturing.48Inmanyinstancesmanualsystemscanquicklybeintroducedtoensuresomecontinuityofthebusiness;butinmanycasesifthecomputerisdownsoisthebusiness. Themostprobablecausesofinterruptioninthepasthavebeenaccidentaldamageorbreakdownandthesecanusuallybedealtwithexpeditiously.Howeverinrecenttimestheexposurecausingmostconcerntoinsurershavebeentheft. 49InitiallytheproblemwasthetheftofPCsandbecausemostofthesewerebasedinofficeswhichhadnotbeentargetedbythievesinthepastandthushadrelativelypoorsecuritylossesmountedveryquickly.Itwascommonpracticeforathieftomakeafreshvisitoncetheequipmenthadbeenreplacedasthenewequipmentwouldbemoreattractiveduetorapidtechnologicaladvances.Theequipmentwouldusuallybecoveredbyinsurancebutproblemscouldbeexperiencediftherewerenoback-upsofdateand/orprogrammes. Theinitialreactionbyinsurerswastostepuprequestsforsecurityimprovementsincludingalarmsanddevicessuchaslock-downplatesorcables.50Howeverthecriminalfraternityquicklycametorealizethattherealvalueinthecomputersisinthechipwhichisremarkablyportableandunidentifiablesoevenwhencaughtthepolicehavetroubleprovingthetheft.Thisledtoevengreaterdemandsforsecurityincludingencapsulationandcomputersafes. Howeverthecriminalfraternityquicklycametorealizethattherealvalueinthecomputersisinthechipwhichisremarkablyportableandunidentifiablesoevenwhencaughtthepolicehavetroubleprovingthetheft.
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 6
Scientistshavelongwarnedthatsomelevelofglobalwarmingisadonedeal—dueinlargeparttoheat-trappinggreenhousegaseshumansalreadyhavepumpedskyward.Nowhoweverresearchersarefleshingouthowmuchfuturewarmingandsea-levelrisetheworldhastriggered.Theimplicitmessage:Wecan’tstopthissohowdowelivewithitsaysThomasWigleyaclimateresearcheratNCAR.OnegroupledbyGeraldMeehlatNCARusedtwostate-of-the-artclimatemodelstoexplorewhatcouldhappeniftheworldhadheldatmosphericconcentrationsofgreenhousegasessteadysince2000.Theresults:Eveniftheworldhadslammedonthebrakesfiveyearsagoglobalaveragetemperatureswouldrisebyabout1degreeFahrenheitbytheendofthe21stcentury.Sealevelswouldrisebyanother4inchesover20th-centuryincreases.Risingsea-levelswouldcontinuewellbeyond2100evenwithoutaddingwaterfrommeltingglaciersandicesheets.Therisehighlightstheoceans’enormouscapacitytoabsorbheatanditsslowreactiontochangesinatmosphericconditions.Theteamraneachmodelseveraltimeswitharangeofwhatifconcentrationsaswellasobservedconcentrationsforcomparison.TemperatureseventuallyleveloutDr.Meehlsaysinreviewinghisteam’sresults.Butsea-levelincreaseskeepongoing.Therelentlessnatureofsea-levelriseisprettydaunting.Dr.Wigleytookaslightlydifferentapproachwithasimplermodel.Heransimulationsthatcappedconcentrationsat2000levels.Ifconcentrationsareheldconstantwarmingcouldexceed1.8degreesF.by2400.Thetworesearchersaddthatfarfromholdingsteadyconcentrationsofgreenhousegasescontinuetorise.Thusatbesttheresultspointtotheleastchangepeoplecanexpecttheysay.Theideathatsomelevelofglobalclimatechangefromhumanactivitiesisinevitableisnotnew.Butthewordhasbeenslowtomakeitswayintothebroaderdebate.Manypeopledon’trealizewearecommittedrightnowtoasignificantamountofglobalwarmingandsea-levelrise.ThelongerwewaitthemoreclimatechangewearecommittedtointhefutureMeehlsays.Whiletheconceptofclimate-changecommitmentisn’tnewthesefreshresultstelluswhat’spossibleandwhat’srealisticandthatfortheimmediatefuturepreventionisnotonthetablesaysRogerPielkeJr.directoroftheCenterforScienceandTechnologyPolicyResearch.ToPielkeandothersthismeansadaptationshouldbegivenamuchhigherprioritythatit’sreceivedtodate.There’saculturalbiasinfavorofpreventionhesays.Butanysoundpolicyincludespreparationaswellheadds.Wehavethescientificandtechnologicalknowledgeweneedtoimproveadaptationandapplythatknowledgeglobally./AccordingtotheresearchofNCARiftheconcentrationswereheldsteadyat2000levels
Peoplelikemostanimalsarenaturallylazy.Sotheascentofmankindissomethingofamystery.Humanswhomaketheirlivingshuntingandgatheringinthetraditionalwaydonothavetoputmucheffortintoit.Farmerswhorelyonraintowatertheircropsworksignificantlyharderandleadunhealthierlives.Buttherealback-breakingisthatcarriedoutbyfarmerswhouseirrigation.Yetitwastheinventionofirrigationatfirstsightsoharmfultoitspractitionersthatactuallyproducedasufficientsurplustofeedthepriestsscholarsartistsandsoonwhoseactivitiesarecollectivelythoughtofascivilization.Inthepast10000yearstheworld’sclimatehasbecometemporarilycolderanddrieronseveraloccasions.ThefirstoftheseknownastheYoungerDryasafteratundra-lovingplantthatthrivedduringitoccurredatthesametimeasthebeginningofagricultureinnorthernMesopotamia.Itiswidelybelievedthatthiswasnotacoincidence.ThedryingandcoolingoftheYoungerDryasadverselyaffectedthefoodsupplyofhunter-gatherers.Thatwouldhavecreatedanincentiveforagriculturetospreadoncesomebrightsparkinventedit.Whyfarmersthenmovedontoirrigationishoweverfarfromclear.ButHarveyWeissofYaleUniversitythinksheknows.Dr.Weissobservesthatthedevelopmentofirrigationcoincideswithasecondcooldryperiodsome8200yearsago.Hisanalysisofrainfallpatternsintheareasuggeststhatrainfallinagriculture’supper-Mesopotamianheartlandwouldatthistimehavefallenbelowthelevelneededtosustainfarmingreliably.Farmerswouldthushavebeenforcedoutoftheareainsearchofotheropportunities.Onceagainaninnovativesparkwasrequired.Butitclearlyoccurredtosomeofthesedisplacedfarmersthattheslow-movingwatersofthelowerTigrisandEuphratesnearsealevelcouldbedivertedusingcanalsandusedtowatercrops.Andtherestastheclichehasitishistory.Soclimatechangehelpedtointensifyagricultureandthusstartcivilization.Butanequallyintriguingideaisthatthespreadofagriculturecausedclimatechange.Inthiscasethepresumedcriminalisforestclearance.MostofthelandcultivatedbyearlyfarmersintheMiddleEastwouldhavebeenforested.Whenthetreesthatgrewtherewereclearedthecarbontheycontainedendedupintheatmosphereascarbondioxide.Moreoveroneformoffarming—thecultivationofriceinwaterloggedfields—generatesmethaneinlargequantities.WilliamRuddimanoftheUniversityofVirginiaexplainedthatincombinationthesetwophenomenahadwarmedtheatmospherepriortothestartoftheindustrialera.Asenvironmentalistsarewonttoobservemankindispartofnature.Thesestudiesshowjusthowintimatetherelationshipis.Theinventionofirrigationismeaningfulbecauseitcouldhelpto
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 14
Peoplelikemostanimalsarenaturallylazy.Sotheascentofmankindissomethingofamystery.Humanswhomaketheirlivingshuntingandgatheringinthetraditionalwaydonothavetoputmucheffortintoit.Farmerswhorelyonraintowatertheircropsworksignificantlyharderandleadunhealthierlives.Buttherealback-breakingisthatcarriedoutbyfarmerswhouseirrigation.Yetitwastheinventionofirrigationatfirstsightsoharmfultoitspractitionersthatactuallyproducedasufficientsurplustofeedthepriestsscholarsartistsandsoonwhoseactivitiesarecollectivelythoughtofascivilization.Inthepast10000yearstheworld’sclimatehasbecometemporarilycolderanddrieronseveraloccasions.ThefirstoftheseknownastheYoungerDryasafteratundra-lovingplantthatthrivedduringitoccurredatthesametimeasthebeginningofagricultureinnorthernMesopotamia.Itiswidelybelievedthatthiswasnotacoincidence.ThedryingandcoolingoftheYoungerDryasadverselyaffectedthefoodsupplyofhunter-gatherers.Thatwouldhavecreatedanincentiveforagriculturetospreadoncesomebrightsparkinventedit.Whyfarmersthenmovedontoirrigationishoweverfarfromclear.ButHarveyWeissofYaleUniversitythinksheknows.Dr.Weissobservesthatthedevelopmentofirrigationcoincideswithasecondcooldryperiodsome8200yearsago.Hisanalysisofrainfallpatternsintheareasuggeststhatrainfallinagriculture’supper-Mesopotamianheartlandwouldatthistimehavefallenbelowthelevelneededtosustainfarmingreliably.Farmerswouldthushavebeenforcedoutoftheareainsearchofotheropportunities.Onceagainaninnovativesparkwasrequired.Butitclearlyoccurredtosomeofthesedisplacedfarmersthattheslow-movingwatersofthelowerTigrisandEuphratesnearsealevelcouldbedivertedusingcanalsandusedtowatercrops.Andtherestastheclichehasitishistory.Soclimatechangehelpedtointensifyagricultureandthusstartcivilization.Butanequallyintriguingideaisthatthespreadofagriculturecausedclimatechange.Inthiscasethepresumedcriminalisforestclearance.MostofthelandcultivatedbyearlyfarmersintheMiddleEastwouldhavebeenforested.Whenthetreesthatgrewtherewereclearedthecarbontheycontainedendedupintheatmosphereascarbondioxide.Moreoveroneformoffarming—thecultivationofriceinwaterloggedfields—generatesmethaneinlargequantities.WilliamRuddimanoftheUniversityofVirginiaexplainedthatincombinationthesetwophenomenahadwarmedtheatmospherepriortothestartoftheindustrialera.Asenvironmentalistsarewonttoobservemankindispartofnature.Thesestudiesshowjusthowintimatetherelationshipis.Fromthefirstfourparagraphswecaninferthatthedawnofcivilization
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayto 1describethepicture 2deducethepurposeofthepainterofthepicture 3giveyourcommentonthisphenomenon. Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 18
Peoplelikemostanimalsarenaturallylazy.Sotheascentofmankindissomethingofamystery.Humanswhomaketheirlivingshuntingandgatheringinthetraditionalwaydonothavetoputmucheffortintoit.Farmerswhorelyonraintowatertheircropsworksignificantlyharderandleadunhealthierlives.Buttherealback-breakingisthatcarriedoutbyfarmerswhouseirrigation.Yetitwastheinventionofirrigationatfirstsightsoharmfultoitspractitionersthatactuallyproducedasufficientsurplustofeedthepriestsscholarsartistsandsoonwhoseactivitiesarecollectivelythoughtofascivilization.Inthepast10000yearstheworld’sclimatehasbecometemporarilycolderanddrieronseveraloccasions.ThefirstoftheseknownastheYoungerDryasafteratundra-lovingplantthatthrivedduringitoccurredatthesametimeasthebeginningofagricultureinnorthernMesopotamia.Itiswidelybelievedthatthiswasnotacoincidence.ThedryingandcoolingoftheYoungerDryasadverselyaffectedthefoodsupplyofhunter-gatherers.Thatwouldhavecreatedanincentiveforagriculturetospreadoncesomebrightsparkinventedit.Whyfarmersthenmovedontoirrigationishoweverfarfromclear.ButHarveyWeissofYaleUniversitythinksheknows.Dr.Weissobservesthatthedevelopmentofirrigationcoincideswithasecondcooldryperiodsome8200yearsago.Hisanalysisofrainfallpatternsintheareasuggeststhatrainfallinagriculture’supper-Mesopotamianheartlandwouldatthistimehavefallenbelowthelevelneededtosustainfarmingreliably.Farmerswouldthushavebeenforcedoutoftheareainsearchofotheropportunities.Onceagainaninnovativesparkwasrequired.Butitclearlyoccurredtosomeofthesedisplacedfarmersthattheslow-movingwatersofthelowerTigrisandEuphratesnearsealevelcouldbedivertedusingcanalsandusedtowatercrops.Andtherestastheclichehasitishistory.Soclimatechangehelpedtointensifyagricultureandthusstartcivilization.Butanequallyintriguingideaisthatthespreadofagriculturecausedclimatechange.Inthiscasethepresumedcriminalisforestclearance.MostofthelandcultivatedbyearlyfarmersintheMiddleEastwouldhavebeenforested.Whenthetreesthatgrewtherewereclearedthecarbontheycontainedendedupintheatmosphereascarbondioxide.Moreoveroneformoffarming—thecultivationofriceinwaterloggedfields—generatesmethaneinlargequantities.WilliamRuddimanoftheUniversityofVirginiaexplainedthatincombinationthesetwophenomenahadwarmedtheatmospherepriortothestartoftheindustrialera.Asenvironmentalistsarewonttoobservemankindispartofnature.Thesestudiesshowjusthowintimatetherelationshipis.Thepassageismainlyabout
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 2
Moreandmorepeoplearestartingtoworkfromhomere-assessingtheirwork-lifebalanceandcapitalisingonwhatindustrycallsremoteworking.ArecentsurveyofBritishcompaniesshowedthateightoutoftenbusinesseshavenowagreednewworkingarrangementsfortheirpersonnel.Theobjectoftheexercisewastoimprovethework-lifeBalanceofemployeesandencouragegreaterlevelsofefficiency.During2003/2004some900000requeststoworkflexiblyweremadeunderanewGovernmentschemeand800000oftheapplicationsweregranted.FurthermoresevenoutoftenbusinessessaidthattheyalsowouldbepreparedtoconsiderflexibleworkingrequestsfromotherstaffwhodidnotqualifyundertheGovernmentscheme.OneofthenewtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmakesremoteworkingpossibleistheAsymmetricalDigitalSubscriberLineADSLbroadbandthatcancarrybothvoiceanddataathigh-speed.Remoteworkerscanconnecttotheircompany’sVirtualPrivateNetworkeitherthroughDigitalSubscriberLineDSLinternetwhichispermanentlyconnectedorthroughaRemoteAccessServiceRASwhichinvolveshavingtodialineachtime.PeoplestartedthinkingaboutremoteworkingbackintheEightiesbutthetechnologywasnotavailabletoconsideritapossibilitysaysMeyrickVeversCommercialDirectorofTelewestBroadbandoneofUK’scommunicationandmediagroups.HowevernowwiththeincreasedavailabilityanduseofDSLtohomeusersremoteworkingisdefinitelyontheincrease.OfcoursesecurityisveryimportantandITdirectorsareunderstandablycautious.Buttheyarenowbeginningtofeelmorecomfortableaboutallowingtheirstaffahigherlevelofaccessfromhome.TelewestBusiness’sexperienceinputtingtogetherproductsolutionsisbasedonthecompany’sfocusonunderstandingtheircustomers’needs.Becausecustomers’needsarediverseandTelewestBusiness’spossiblesolutionsarewide-rangingthecompanyinvitesbusinessesseekingfurtherinformationtovisittheirwebsiteorcalldirect.Callcentreworkersmobilestaffsuchassalesexecutivesandlocalauthoritysocialworkersorparentsathomeareamongthoseforwhomremoteworkingappearstobeincreasinglyattractive.PeopleinindustryintheUKhavesomeofthelongestworkinghoursintheworldsaysVevers.Doingthosehourssolelyintheofficeismoredisruptivetothepersonallifeoftheindividualthanhavingtheflexibilitytoworkfromhome.Remoteworkingisallaboutpersonalchoiceandgivingpeoplemoreflexibilitythatsuitstheirpersonallives.AtTelewestBusinessweaimtotryandhelpplayapartinenablingcompaniestogivetheiremployeesthatflexibility./TheexampleofTelewestismentionedtoshowthat
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 20
A.Studythefollowinggraphcarefullyandwriteanessayin160-200words B.Youressayshouldcoverthesetwopoints: 1problemsariseoutoftheincreaseoftheprivatecars 2giveyourcounter-measure. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Scientistshavelongwarnedthatsomelevelofglobalwarmingisadonedeal—dueinlargeparttoheat-trappinggreenhousegaseshumansalreadyhavepumpedskyward.Nowhoweverresearchersarefleshingouthowmuchfuturewarmingandsea-levelrisetheworldhastriggered.Theimplicitmessage:Wecan’tstopthissohowdowelivewithitsaysThomasWigleyaclimateresearcheratNCAR.OnegroupledbyGeraldMeehlatNCARusedtwostate-of-the-artclimatemodelstoexplorewhatcouldhappeniftheworldhadheldatmosphericconcentrationsofgreenhousegasessteadysince2000.Theresults:Eveniftheworldhadslammedonthebrakesfiveyearsagoglobalaveragetemperatureswouldrisebyabout1degreeFahrenheitbytheendofthe21stcentury.Sealevelswouldrisebyanother4inchesover20th-centuryincreases.Risingsea-levelswouldcontinuewellbeyond2100evenwithoutaddingwaterfrommeltingglaciersandicesheets.Therisehighlightstheoceans’enormouscapacitytoabsorbheatanditsslowreactiontochangesinatmosphericconditions.Theteamraneachmodelseveraltimeswitharangeofwhatifconcentrationsaswellasobservedconcentrationsforcomparison.TemperatureseventuallyleveloutDr.Meehlsaysinreviewinghisteam’sresults.Butsea-levelincreaseskeepongoing.Therelentlessnatureofsea-levelriseisprettydaunting.Dr.Wigleytookaslightlydifferentapproachwithasimplermodel.Heransimulationsthatcappedconcentrationsat2000levels.Ifconcentrationsareheldconstantwarmingcouldexceed1.8degreesF.by2400.Thetworesearchersaddthatfarfromholdingsteadyconcentrationsofgreenhousegasescontinuetorise.Thusatbesttheresultspointtotheleastchangepeoplecanexpecttheysay.Theideathatsomelevelofglobalclimatechangefromhumanactivitiesisinevitableisnotnew.Butthewordhasbeenslowtomakeitswayintothebroaderdebate.Manypeopledon’trealizewearecommittedrightnowtoasignificantamountofglobalwarmingandsea-levelrise.ThelongerwewaitthemoreclimatechangewearecommittedtointhefutureMeehlsays.Whiletheconceptofclimate-changecommitmentisn’tnewthesefreshresultstelluswhat’spossibleandwhat’srealisticandthatfortheimmediatefuturepreventionisnotonthetablesaysRogerPielkeJr.directoroftheCenterforScienceandTechnologyPolicyResearch.ToPielkeandothersthismeansadaptationshouldbegivenamuchhigherprioritythatit’sreceivedtodate.There’saculturalbiasinfavorofpreventionhesays.Butanysoundpolicyincludespreparationaswellheadds.Wehavethescientificandtechnologicalknowledgeweneedtoimproveadaptationandapplythatknowledgeglobally./Theauthorwritesthispassageto
Moreandmorepeoplearestartingtoworkfromhomere-assessingtheirwork-lifebalanceandcapitalisingonwhatindustrycallsremoteworking.ArecentsurveyofBritishcompaniesshowedthateightoutoftenbusinesseshavenowagreednewworkingarrangementsfortheirpersonnel.Theobjectoftheexercisewastoimprovethework-lifeBalanceofemployeesandencouragegreaterlevelsofefficiency.During2003/2004some900000requeststoworkflexiblyweremadeunderanewGovernmentschemeand800000oftheapplicationsweregranted.FurthermoresevenoutoftenbusinessessaidthattheyalsowouldbepreparedtoconsiderflexibleworkingrequestsfromotherstaffwhodidnotqualifyundertheGovernmentscheme.OneofthenewtechnologicaldevelopmentsthatmakesremoteworkingpossibleistheAsymmetricalDigitalSubscriberLineADSLbroadbandthatcancarrybothvoiceanddataathigh-speed.Remoteworkerscanconnecttotheircompany’sVirtualPrivateNetworkeitherthroughDigitalSubscriberLineDSLinternetwhichispermanentlyconnectedorthroughaRemoteAccessServiceRASwhichinvolveshavingtodialineachtime.PeoplestartedthinkingaboutremoteworkingbackintheEightiesbutthetechnologywasnotavailabletoconsideritapossibilitysaysMeyrickVeversCommercialDirectorofTelewestBroadbandoneofUK’scommunicationandmediagroups.HowevernowwiththeincreasedavailabilityanduseofDSLtohomeusersremoteworkingisdefinitelyontheincrease.OfcoursesecurityisveryimportantandITdirectorsareunderstandablycautious.Buttheyarenowbeginningtofeelmorecomfortableaboutallowingtheirstaffahigherlevelofaccessfromhome.TelewestBusiness’sexperienceinputtingtogetherproductsolutionsisbasedonthecompany’sfocusonunderstandingtheircustomers’needs.Becausecustomers’needsarediverseandTelewestBusiness’spossiblesolutionsarewide-rangingthecompanyinvitesbusinessesseekingfurtherinformationtovisittheirwebsiteorcalldirect.Callcentreworkersmobilestaffsuchassalesexecutivesandlocalauthoritysocialworkersorparentsathomeareamongthoseforwhomremoteworkingappearstobeincreasinglyattractive.PeopleinindustryintheUKhavesomeofthelongestworkinghoursintheworldsaysVevers.Doingthosehourssolelyintheofficeismoredisruptivetothepersonallifeoftheindividualthanhavingtheflexibilitytoworkfromhome.Remoteworkingisallaboutpersonalchoiceandgivingpeoplemoreflexibilitythatsuitstheirpersonallives.AtTelewestBusinessweaimtotryandhelpplayapartinenablingcompaniestogivetheiremployeesthatflexibility./Accordingtothepassageremoteworking
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 4
Therecanbenodoubtthatthecomputerrevolutionhastouchedvirtuallyeverypersoninthecountryinsomewayorother. Norcantherebeanydoubtthatithasbroughttremendousimprovementsinproductivityandefficiency.46Indeedtherearemanytasksundertakenbycomputersthatcouldnotbedonewithoutthemandwehavereachedthepointthatthebenefitsofcomputerizationaretakenforgranted. Havingacceptedthatcomputersareheretostaywhatisthedownside47Themostobviousansweristhatbecauseofincreasedefficiencylesspeopleareneededandthelossofjobsparticularlyintheserviceindustrieshasbeenenormouswithmorejoblossesyettocome. Howeveronamoreinsidiousnotemanyusershavenotrealizedhowcomputershaveintroducedvulnerabilitytotheirbusiness.Ifcomputersaresoonaboonhowdowecopewhensomethinggoeswrong Computershavemanyusesvaryingfrompureaccountingorback-officesystemstostockorproductioncontrolorcomputer-aideddesignormanufacturing.48Inmanyinstancesmanualsystemscanquicklybeintroducedtoensuresomecontinuityofthebusiness;butinmanycasesifthecomputerisdownsoisthebusiness. Themostprobablecausesofinterruptioninthepasthavebeenaccidentaldamageorbreakdownandthesecanusuallybedealtwithexpeditiously.Howeverinrecenttimestheexposurecausingmostconcerntoinsurershavebeentheft. 49InitiallytheproblemwasthetheftofPCsandbecausemostofthesewerebasedinofficeswhichhadnotbeentargetedbythievesinthepastandthushadrelativelypoorsecuritylossesmountedveryquickly.Itwascommonpracticeforathieftomakeafreshvisitoncetheequipmenthadbeenreplacedasthenewequipmentwouldbemoreattractiveduetorapidtechnologicaladvances.Theequipmentwouldusuallybecoveredbyinsurancebutproblemscouldbeexperiencediftherewerenoback-upsofdateand/orprogrammes. Theinitialreactionbyinsurerswastostepuprequestsforsecurityimprovementsincludingalarmsanddevicessuchaslock-downplatesorcables.50Howeverthecriminalfraternityquicklycametorealizethattherealvalueinthecomputersisinthechipwhichisremarkablyportableandunidentifiablesoevenwhencaughtthepolicehavetroubleprovingthetheft.Thisledtoevengreaterdemandsforsecurityincludingencapsulationandcomputersafes. Inmanyinstancesmanualsystemscanquicklybeintroducedtoensuresomecontinuityofthebusiness;butinmanycasesifthecomputerisdownsoisthebusiness.
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 10
[A]Hereisaguidelinetoevaluateyourcurrentposture.Stepinfrontofamirrorandobservethefollowing:AreyoushouldersparalleltothefloororaretheyinclinedtoanysideTheyhavetobeparalleltothefloorandatthesamelevel.IsyourchinparalleltothefloorThechinhastobeparalleltothefloor.AreyourearsinlinewithyourshouldersThishelpstokeeptheheadintherightplace.AreyourkneesstraightorareyoulockingthembackThekneesshouldberelaxedandcenterednotforwardandnotlocked-onattheback. [B]Onceyoudeterminetheproblemwithyourposturethatiswhatyouneedtoworkon.Trytocorrectittogettherightpostureyoucandoafewthingsyourselfandalsouseachiropractor.Itwilltakepractice.Youprobablyhavehadmanyyearsofbadposture;soitwilltaketimetomakethenewpositionsahabit.Practiceandpracticeeverytimeyourememberandholdtherightpositionaslongasyoucan. [C]Ifwedonothavegoodpostureweputmoreweightinsomejointsandmusclesthanothersandthiscausespain.Badpostureaffectsyourhealthgeneralwellbeingandyourappearance.Ifyoudonothaveperfectpostureyoucanimproveit.Itrequirespracticebutitisworthit. [D]IsyourheadrelaxedcenteredandheldbackearsovershouldersIfyourheadisforwardbackwardortiltedtoanysideitisbadposture.DoyouhaveanarconyourchestThechesthastobeerectcenterandaslightlyuplifted.AreyouarchingyourbackforwardorbackThereisanarchinthebackbutisrelativelymoderate.Ifyourslookbiggeryouneedtocorrectyourposture.AreyourhipsatthesameleveloroneishigherthantheotherTheyhavetobeatthesamelevel.AreyouranklesstraightTheyhavetobe. [E]Thebestthingtodowhenyouexperiencelowerbackpainorotherpainwhencorrectingyourpostureistogotoadoctororachiropractortoeliminatethepossibilityofanyotherhealthproblems.Howeverifyoucannotgoyoumaytrytostrengthenyouabdominalmuscles.Thesemusclesaretheonesthathelpustokeepstraightandup.Youcanstrengthenthesemuscleswithabdominalexercises.Thesameexercisesyoudototightenyourtummy:crunches. [F]Yogaandballetexercisesareprobablythebestwaytoimproveyourposturebecausetheyworkthemusclesthatsufferthemostfrompoorposture.Swimmingisalsoagreatoption. [G]Thinkaboutonephysicalattributethatallmodelsandmostcelebritieshaveincommon.Youneverhaveseenanybodyontheredcarpetwalkingwithaslouchedback.Thesepeopleknowhowtowalk:theyhavegoodposture.Thisarticlediscusseshowtohaveagoodposture.Manyofusspendlonghoursatourdeskandforgetaboutgoodposture.Goodpostureisimportantnotonlyforappearancebutalsoforhealthreasons. Order: 44
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.2
[A]Hereisaguidelinetoevaluateyourcurrentposture.Stepinfrontofamirrorandobservethefollowing:AreyoushouldersparalleltothefloororaretheyinclinedtoanysideTheyhavetobeparalleltothefloorandatthesamelevel.IsyourchinparalleltothefloorThechinhastobeparalleltothefloor.AreyourearsinlinewithyourshouldersThishelpstokeeptheheadintherightplace.AreyourkneesstraightorareyoulockingthembackThekneesshouldberelaxedandcenterednotforwardandnotlocked-onattheback. [B]Onceyoudeterminetheproblemwithyourposturethatiswhatyouneedtoworkon.Trytocorrectittogettherightpostureyoucandoafewthingsyourselfandalsouseachiropractor.Itwilltakepractice.Youprobablyhavehadmanyyearsofbadposture;soitwilltaketimetomakethenewpositionsahabit.Practiceandpracticeeverytimeyourememberandholdtherightpositionaslongasyoucan. [C]Ifwedonothavegoodpostureweputmoreweightinsomejointsandmusclesthanothersandthiscausespain.Badpostureaffectsyourhealthgeneralwellbeingandyourappearance.Ifyoudonothaveperfectpostureyoucanimproveit.Itrequirespracticebutitisworthit. [D]IsyourheadrelaxedcenteredandheldbackearsovershouldersIfyourheadisforwardbackwardortiltedtoanysideitisbadposture.DoyouhaveanarconyourchestThechesthastobeerectcenterandaslightlyuplifted.AreyouarchingyourbackforwardorbackThereisanarchinthebackbutisrelativelymoderate.Ifyourslookbiggeryouneedtocorrectyourposture.AreyourhipsatthesameleveloroneishigherthantheotherTheyhavetobeatthesamelevel.AreyouranklesstraightTheyhavetobe. [E]Thebestthingtodowhenyouexperiencelowerbackpainorotherpainwhencorrectingyourpostureistogotoadoctororachiropractortoeliminatethepossibilityofanyotherhealthproblems.Howeverifyoucannotgoyoumaytrytostrengthenyouabdominalmuscles.Thesemusclesaretheonesthathelpustokeepstraightandup.Youcanstrengthenthesemuscleswithabdominalexercises.Thesameexercisesyoudototightenyourtummy:crunches. [F]Yogaandballetexercisesareprobablythebestwaytoimproveyourposturebecausetheyworkthemusclesthatsufferthemostfrompoorposture.Swimmingisalsoagreatoption. [G]Thinkaboutonephysicalattributethatallmodelsandmostcelebritieshaveincommon.Youneverhaveseenanybodyontheredcarpetwalkingwithaslouchedback.Thesepeopleknowhowtowalk:theyhavegoodposture.Thisarticlediscusseshowtohaveagoodposture.Manyofusspendlonghoursatourdeskandforgetaboutgoodposture.Goodpostureisimportantnotonlyforappearancebutalsoforhealthreasons. Order: 42
Thecommunicationsexplosionisonthescaleoftherailautomobileortelephonerevolution.Verysoonyou’llbeabletorecordyourentirelife1—anythingamicrophoneoracameracansenseyou’Ilbeableto2.Inparticularthenumberofimagesapersoncapturesinalifetimeissettoriseexponentially.Thethousand3ayearItakeofmychildrenonadigitalcameraareallprecioustome.4ageneration’stimemychildren’schildrenwillhavetotalimagedocumentationoftheirentirelives—a5logoftremendouspersonalvalue. Bythenwe’llbewrestlingwithanotherquestion:howwecontrolalltheelectronic6connectedtotheinternet:trillionsofPCslaptopscellphonesandothergadgets.InCambridgewe’realreadyworking7millimetre-squarecomputingandsensingdevicesthatcanbelinkedtotheinternetthroughtheradionetwork.Thissortof8willexpanddramatically9microscopiccommunicationsdevicesbecomedirt-cheapandmultiply.Justimagine10thepaintonthewallcoulddoifithadthissortofcommunicationsdustinit:changecolourplaymusicshowmoviesorevenspeaktoyou. 11costsraiseotherpossibilitiestoo.12launchingspacevehiclesisabouttobecomeverymuchcheaperthenumberofsatellitesislikelytogoupexponentially.There’slotsof13uptheresowecouldhavemillionsofthem.Andifyouhavemillionsofloworbitsatellitesyoucanestablisha14communicationsnetworkthatcompletelydoesawaywithtowersandmasts.Ifthesatellitesworkedonthecellularprinciplesoyougotspatialreuseoffrequenciessystem15wouldbeamazing.Speechisso16thatIexpectvoicecommunicationtobecomealmostfreeeventually:you’11payjustamonthlyfixed17andbeabletomakeasmanycallsasyouwant.Bythenpeoplewillalsohavefixedlinkswithbusiness18friendsandrelatives.OnedayI19beingabletokeepintouchwithmyfamilyinPolandonafibreopticaudio-video20;we’llbeabletohavealittleceremonyatsupper-timeopenthecurtainsandsitdown"together"toeat. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.4
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 16
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 12
46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbittenthedust—toomanynaturalresourcesratherthantoofewarethecauseofanincreasingnumberofwarsinthe21stcentury. 47Manygreenshadpredictedthatthenewcenturywouldseearashofwarsincountrieswherenaturalresourcessuchastimberwatermineralsandfertilemilsamrunningout.Butfarfromitsaysthe2002StateoftheWorldreportfromtheprestigiousWashington-basedthink-tanktheWorldwatchInstitute. Infactsaysthereport’sco-authorMichaelRennetthereare"numerousplacesinthedevelopingworldwhereabundantnaturalresourceshelpfuelconflicts."Morethanaquarterofcurrentconflictsareeitherbeingfoughtoverorarefundedbysomelucrativenaturalresource.ExamplescitedbytheWorldwatchInstituteinclude: ·DiamondminesinSierraLameandAngolamaltingthetwoAfricannationsripeforplunderbywarlords ·ProfitsfromsapphiresrubiesandtimberarmingtheKhmerRougeintheirinterminablejunglewarinCambodia ·GuerillasusingthethreatofsabotagetoextorthundredsofmillionsofdollarsfromoilcompaniesprospectinginColombia ·Opiumfunding20yearsofwarinAfghanistan ·TheCongo’scontinuingcivilwarsubsistingontheproceedsofelephanttusksandcoltanavitalmineralinthemanufactureofmobilephones WiththeendofthecoldwarsuperpowersnolongerfundcivilwarsfortheirowngeopoliticalendssaysRennet.Theirplacehasbeentakenbythemarket—intheformoftheplunderandsaleofnaturalresources. 48"Nature’sbountyattractsgroupsthatmayclaimtheyaredrivenbygrievancebutwhichinitiateviolencenottooverthrowagovernmentbuttogainandmaintaincontroloflucrativeresources"saysRennet.Suchresourcewarsarebeingfoughtbecauseof"greedratherthanneed." 49AccordingtoDavidKeenattheLondonSchoolofEconomics:"Wetendtoregardconflictaspimplyabreakdowninaparticularsystemratherthanastheemergenceofanotheralternativesystem9fprofitandpoweri.e.a’conflicteconomy’withthelootingofnaturalresourcesatitsheart." Rennetwarnsthatwarlordsinsuchconflictshavenointerestinwinningthewarbecauseitscontinuanceismoreprofitable.50AndhesaystoomanyWesterngovernmentsarehappytoturnablindeyeastheirowncorporationsreapthebenefitsincheapno-questions-askedrawmaterials. RennetarguestheissueofresourceconflictsshouldbeaddedtotheagendaoftheforthcomingWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmenttobeheldinJohannesburginAugust2002. AndhesaystoomanyWesterngovernmentsarehappytoturnablindeyeastheirowncorporationsreapthebenefitsincheapno-questions-askedrawmaterials.
Speechwhetheroralorwrittenisausedcommodity.Ifwearetobeheardwemust1ourwordsfromthose2touswithinfamiliespeergroupssocietalinstitutionsandpoliticalnetworks.Ourutterancespositionusbothinanimmediatesocialdialogue3ouraddresseeandsimultaneouslyinalargerideologicalone4byhistoryandsociety.Wespeakasanindividualandalsoasastudentorteacherahusbandorwifeapersonofaparticulardisciplinesocialclassreligionraceorothersociallyconstructed5.Thustovaryingdegreesallspeakingisa6ofothers’wordsandallwritingisrewriting.Aslanguage7weexperienceindividualagencybyinfusingourownintentions8otherpeople’swordsandthiscanbeveryhard. 9schoolslikeintochurchesandcourtroomsareplaces10peoplespeakwordsthataremoreimportantthantheyare.Thewordsofaparticulardisciplinelikethoseof"Godthefather"orof"thelaw"arebeingarticulatedbyspokespeopleforthegivenauthority.The11oftheaddressedthelisteneristoacknowledgethewordsandtheir12.InBakhtin’s13"theauthoritativewordislocatedinadistancedzoneorganicallyconnectedwitha14thatisfelttobehierarchallyhigher." 15partofgrowingupinanideologicalsenseisbecomingmore"selective"aboutthewordsweappropriateand16passontoothers.InBakhtin’s17responsiblepeopledonottreat18asgivenstheytreatthemasutterancesspokenbyparticularpeoplelocatedinspecificwaysinthesociallandscape.Becomingalivetothesocio-ideologicalcomplexityoflanguageuseis19tobecomingamoreresponsivelanguageuserandpotentiallyamoreplayfulonetooabletousea20ofsocialvoicesofperspectivesinarticulatingone’sownideas. 8
Therecanbenodoubtthatthecomputerrevolutionhastouchedvirtuallyeverypersoninthecountryinsomewayorother. Norcantherebeanydoubtthatithasbroughttremendousimprovementsinproductivityandefficiency.46Indeedtherearemanytasksundertakenbycomputersthatcouldnotbedonewithoutthemandwehavereachedthepointthatthebenefitsofcomputerizationaretakenforgranted. Havingacceptedthatcomputersareheretostaywhatisthedownside47Themostobviousansweristhatbecauseofincreasedefficiencylesspeopleareneededandthelossofjobsparticularlyintheserviceindustrieshasbeenenormouswithmorejoblossesyettocome. Howeveronamoreinsidiousnotemanyusershavenotrealizedhowcomputershaveintroducedvulnerabilitytotheirbusiness.Ifcomputersaresoonaboonhowdowecopewhensomethinggoeswrong Computershavemanyusesvaryingfrompureaccountingorback-officesystemstostockorproductioncontrolorcomputer-aideddesignormanufacturing.48Inmanyinstancesmanualsystemscanquicklybeintroducedtoensuresomecontinuityofthebusiness;butinmanycasesifthecomputerisdownsoisthebusiness. Themostprobablecausesofinterruptioninthepasthavebeenaccidentaldamageorbreakdownandthesecanusuallybedealtwithexpeditiously.Howeverinrecenttimestheexposurecausingmostconcerntoinsurershavebeentheft. 49InitiallytheproblemwasthetheftofPCsandbecausemostofthesewerebasedinofficeswhichhadnotbeentargetedbythievesinthepastandthushadrelativelypoorsecuritylossesmountedveryquickly.Itwascommonpracticeforathieftomakeafreshvisitoncetheequipmenthadbeenreplacedasthenewequipmentwouldbemoreattractiveduetorapidtechnologicaladvances.Theequipmentwouldusuallybecoveredbyinsurancebutproblemscouldbeexperiencediftherewerenoback-upsofdateand/orprogrammes. Theinitialreactionbyinsurerswastostepuprequestsforsecurityimprovementsincludingalarmsanddevicessuchaslock-downplatesorcables.50Howeverthecriminalfraternityquicklycametorealizethattherealvalueinthecomputersisinthechipwhichisremarkablyportableandunidentifiablesoevenwhencaughtthepolicehavetroubleprovingthetheft.Thisledtoevengreaterdemandsforsecurityincludingencapsulationandcomputersafes. Indeedtherearemanytasksundertakenbycomputersthatcouldnotbedonewithoutthemandwehavereachedthepointthatthebenefitsofcomputerizationaretakenforgranted.
TomBurkerecentlytriedtoprintoutaboardingpassfromhomebeforeoneofthefrequentflightshetakes.Hecouldn’t.HisnameoronesimilartoitisnowononeoftheTransportationSecurityAdministration’sterroristwatchlists.EverydaythousandsofpeoplelikeBurkefindthemselvesunabletodothingslikeprintaboardingpassandarepulledasideforextensivescreeningbecausetheirnameoranamethatsoundsliketheirsisononeofthewatchlists.FromtheTSA’sperspectivethescreeningisjustoneofthemanynewlayersofincreasedsecuritythataredesignedtopreventterroristactivity.Theinconvenienceisregrettablebutapricethatsocietyhastopayforsecurity.AndfornationalsecurityreasonstheFBIandothergovernmentagenciesresponsibleforsupplyingnamestothelistswillnotdisclosethecriteriatheyuse.Theysaythatwouldamounttotippingtheirhandstotheterrorists.Butcivillibertariansaremoreconcernedaboutthelong-termconsequenceofthecurrentlists.OnSept.112001theno-flylistcontained16names.Nowthecombinedlistsareestimatedtohaveasmanyas20000.InternalFBImemosfromagentsreferredtotheprocessasreallyconfusedandnotcomprehensiveandnotcentralized.Burkeandotherscontendthatsuchcommentsaredisturbingbecauseitwasduringthefirstyearaftertheattacksthatthewatchlistsgrewexponentially.TheunderlyingdangerisnotthatTomBurkecannolongergetaboardingpasstogetonanairlinesaysalawyer.It’sthattheTomBurkesintheworldmayforevermorebeassociatedwiththeterroristwatchlist.Burkesaystheydoknowthatthelistsarefrequent[yupdatedanddistributedinternationallybuttheydon’tknowhowtheoldlistsaredestroyed.Theyalsohopetoensurethatsometimeinthefutureapersonwhosenameisonthelistbutisnotaterroristdoesnotrunintofurthertroubleifsaylawenforcementinanothercountrythatthey’revisitingcomesacrosstheirnameononeoftheoldlists.Inadditionairlinesareconcernedthatthelistsarenotupdatedfrequentlyenough.We’vebeenencouragingtheTSAtoworkwithalloftheotherfederallaw-enforcementagenciestogetaregularreviewofthenamesthattheysubmittoTSAbecausetherehavebeenreportsthattheseagencieshavesaidthatiftherewasareviewmanyofthenamescouldberemovedsaysDianaCroninoftheAirTransportAssociation.IntheeyesoftheTSAthecurrentsystemis
TomBurkerecentlytriedtoprintoutaboardingpassfromhomebeforeoneofthefrequentflightshetakes.Hecouldn’t.HisnameoronesimilartoitisnowononeoftheTransportationSecurityAdministration’sterroristwatchlists.EverydaythousandsofpeoplelikeBurkefindthemselvesunabletodothingslikeprintaboardingpassandarepulledasideforextensivescreeningbecausetheirnameoranamethatsoundsliketheirsisononeofthewatchlists.FromtheTSA’sperspectivethescreeningisjustoneofthemanynewlayersofincreasedsecuritythataredesignedtopreventterroristactivity.Theinconvenienceisregrettablebutapricethatsocietyhastopayforsecurity.AndfornationalsecurityreasonstheFBIandothergovernmentagenciesresponsibleforsupplyingnamestothelistswillnotdisclosethecriteriatheyuse.Theysaythatwouldamounttotippingtheirhandstotheterrorists.Butcivillibertariansaremoreconcernedaboutthelong-termconsequenceofthecurrentlists.OnSept.112001theno-flylistcontained16names.Nowthecombinedlistsareestimatedtohaveasmanyas20000.InternalFBImemosfromagentsreferredtotheprocessasreallyconfusedandnotcomprehensiveandnotcentralized.Burkeandotherscontendthatsuchcommentsaredisturbingbecauseitwasduringthefirstyearaftertheattacksthatthewatchlistsgrewexponentially.TheunderlyingdangerisnotthatTomBurkecannolongergetaboardingpasstogetonanairlinesaysalawyer.It’sthattheTomBurkesintheworldmayforevermorebeassociatedwiththeterroristwatchlist.Burkesaystheydoknowthatthelistsarefrequent[yupdatedanddistributedinternationallybuttheydon’tknowhowtheoldlistsaredestroyed.Theyalsohopetoensurethatsometimeinthefutureapersonwhosenameisonthelistbutisnotaterroristdoesnotrunintofurthertroubleifsaylawenforcementinanothercountrythatthey’revisitingcomesacrosstheirnameononeoftheoldlists.Inadditionairlinesareconcernedthatthelistsarenotupdatedfrequentlyenough.We’vebeenencouragingtheTSAtoworkwithalloftheotherfederallaw-enforcementagenciestogetaregularreviewofthenamesthattheysubmittoTSAbecausetherehavebeenreportsthattheseagencieshavesaidthatiftherewasareviewmanyofthenamescouldberemovedsaysDianaCroninoftheAirTransportAssociation.Accordingtoparagraph4Burke’sgreatconcernaboutthecurrentsystemisthat
Scientistshavelongwarnedthatsomelevelofglobalwarmingisadonedeal—dueinlargeparttoheat-trappinggreenhousegaseshumansalreadyhavepumpedskyward.Nowhoweverresearchersarefleshingouthowmuchfuturewarmingandsea-levelrisetheworldhastriggered.Theimplicitmessage:Wecan’tstopthissohowdowelivewithitsaysThomasWigleyaclimateresearcheratNCAR.OnegroupledbyGeraldMeehlatNCARusedtwostate-of-the-artclimatemodelstoexplorewhatcouldhappeniftheworldhadheldatmosphericconcentrationsofgreenhousegasessteadysince2000.Theresults:Eveniftheworldhadslammedonthebrakesfiveyearsagoglobalaveragetemperatureswouldrisebyabout1degreeFahrenheitbytheendofthe21stcentury.Sealevelswouldrisebyanother4inchesover20th-centuryincreases.Risingsea-levelswouldcontinuewellbeyond2100evenwithoutaddingwaterfrommeltingglaciersandicesheets.Therisehighlightstheoceans’enormouscapacitytoabsorbheatanditsslowreactiontochangesinatmosphericconditions.Theteamraneachmodelseveraltimeswitharangeofwhatifconcentrationsaswellasobservedconcentrationsforcomparison.TemperatureseventuallyleveloutDr.Meehlsaysinreviewinghisteam’sresults.Butsea-levelincreaseskeepongoing.Therelentlessnatureofsea-levelriseisprettydaunting.Dr.Wigleytookaslightlydifferentapproachwithasimplermodel.Heransimulationsthatcappedconcentrationsat2000levels.Ifconcentrationsareheldconstantwarmingcouldexceed1.8degreesF.by2400.Thetworesearchersaddthatfarfromholdingsteadyconcentrationsofgreenhousegasescontinuetorise.Thusatbesttheresultspointtotheleastchangepeoplecanexpecttheysay.Theideathatsomelevelofglobalclimatechangefromhumanactivitiesisinevitableisnotnew.Butthewordhasbeenslowtomakeitswayintothebroaderdebate.Manypeopledon’trealizewearecommittedrightnowtoasignificantamountofglobalwarmingandsea-levelrise.ThelongerwewaitthemoreclimatechangewearecommittedtointhefutureMeehlsays.Whiletheconceptofclimate-changecommitmentisn’tnewthesefreshresultstelluswhat’spossibleandwhat’srealisticandthatfortheimmediatefuturepreventionisnotonthetablesaysRogerPielkeJr.directoroftheCenterforScienceandTechnologyPolicyResearch.ToPielkeandothersthismeansadaptationshouldbegivenamuchhigherprioritythatit’sreceivedtodate.There’saculturalbiasinfavorofpreventionhesays.Butanysoundpolicyincludespreparationaswellheadds.Wehavethescientificandtechnologicalknowledgeweneedtoimproveadaptationandapplythatknowledgeglobally./ByatbesttheresultspointtotheleastchangepeoplecanexpectLines7～8Paragraph3theresearcherstrytotellusthat
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