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冷战正式开始和正式结束的标志分别是
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
Text2 Whethertoteachyoungchildrena secondlanguageisdisputedamongteachersresearchersandpushyparents.On theonehandacquiringanewtongueissaidtobefareasierwhenyoung.Onthe otherteacherscomplainthatchildrenwhoseparentsspeakalanguageathome thatisdifferentfromtheoneusedintheclassroomsometimesstruggleintheir lessonsandareslowertoreachlinguisticmilestones.Woulda15-month-old childtheywondernotbebetteroffgoingtomusicclassesA studyjustpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesmay helpresolvethisquestionbygettingtothepointofwhatisgoingonina bilingualchild’sbrainhowasecondlanguageaffectsthewayhethinksand thusinwhatcircumstancesbeingbilingualmaybehelpful.AgnesKovacsand JacquesMehlerattheInternationalSchoolforAdvancedStudiesinTriestesay thatsomeaspectsofthecognitivedevelopmentofinfantsraisedinabilingual householdmustbeundergoingaccelerationinordertomanagewhichofthetwo languagestheyaredealingwith.Theaspectofcognitionin questionispartofwhatistermedthebrain’sexecutivefunction.Thisallows peopletoorganiseplanprioritiseactivityshifttheirattentionfromone thingtoanotherandsuppresshabitualresponses.Bilingualismiscommonin TriestewhichthoughItalianisalmostsurroundedbySlovenia.SoDr.Kovacs andDr.Mehlerlookedat40preverbalseven-month-oldshalfraisedin monolingualandhalfinbilingualhouseholdsandcomparedtheirperformancesin ataskthatneedscontrolofexecutivefunction.Firstthe babiesweretrainedtoexpecttheappearanceofapuppetonascreenafterthey hadheardasetofmeaninglesswordsinventedbytheresearchers.Thenthe wordsandthelocationofthepuppetwerechanged.Whenthiswasdonethe babieswhospeakonlyonelanguagehaddifficultyovercomingtheirlearnt responseevenwhentheresearchersgavethemfurthercluesthataswitchhad takenplace.Thebilingualbabieshoweverfounditfareasiertoswitchtheir attention—counteractingthepreviouslylearntbutnolongeruseful response.Monitoringlanguagesand.keepingthemseparateis partofthebrain’sexecutivefunctionsothesefindingssuggestthateven beforeachildcanspeakabilingualenvironmentmayspeedupthatfunction’s development.Beforerushingyouroffspringintobilingualkindergartensthough thereareafewcautions.Foronethingtheseextraordinarycognitivebenefits havebeendemonstratedsofaronlyincribbilinguals—thoselivingin householdswheretwolanguagesarespokenroutinely.Theresearchersspeculate thatitmightbethefactofhavingtolearntwolanguagesinthesamesetting thatrequiresgreateruseofexecutivefunction.Sowhetherthosebenefitsapply tochildrenwholearnonelanguageathomeandoneatschoolremains unclear.Thenewstudyconcludedthatbeingbilingualisfoundhelpful
Text3 Icameacrossanoldcountryguidethe otherday.Itlistedallthetradesmenineachvillageinmypartofthe countryanditwasimpressivetoseethegreatvarietyofserviceswhichwere availableonone’sowndoorstepinthelateVictoriancountryside. NowadaysasuperficialtravelerinruralEnglandmightconcludethatthe onlyvillagetradesmenstillflourishingwereeithersellingfrozenfoodtothe inhabitantsorsellingantiquestovisitors.Neverthelessthiswouldreallybe afalseimpression.Admittedlytherehasbeenacontractionofvillagecommerce butitsvigorisstillremarkable.Ourlocalgrocer’sshopfor exampleisactuallyexpandinginspiteofthecompetitionfromsupermarketsin thenearesttown.Womensensiblyprefertogothereandexchangethelocalnews whiledoingtheirshoppinginsteadofqueueingupanonymouslyatasupermarket. Andtheproprietorknowswellthatpersonalservicehasasubstantialcash value.Hispricesmaybeabithigherthanthoseinthetown buthewilldeliveranythingatanytime.Hisassistantsthinknothingof bicyclingdownthevillagestreetintheirlunchhourtotakeapieceofcheese toanold-agepensionerwhosentherorderbywordofmouthwithafriendwho happenedtobepassing.Themoreaffluentcustomerstelephonetheirshopping listsandthegoodsareontheirdoorstepswithinanhour.Theyhaveonlyto hintatafancyforsomecommodityoutsidetheusualstockandthegrocera red-facedfigureinstantlyobtainsitforthem.Thevillage gainsfromthissortofenterpriseofcourse.ButIalsofinditsatisfactory becauseavillageshopoffersoneofthefewwaysinwhichamodest individualistcanstillgetalongintheworldwithoutattachinghimselftothe bigbattalionsofindustryorcommerce.Mostofthevillage shopkeepersIknowatanyratearedecidedlyindividualistintheirways.For exampieourshoemakerisaformidablefigure:athick-setirritablemanwhom childrentreatwithmarkedrespectknowingthatanill-judgedwordcanprovoke anangryeruptionatanytime.Hestareswithcontemptatthepairsofcheap mass-producedshoestakentohimforrepair:hasitcometothisheseemstobe sayingthatheacraftsmanshouldhavetowastehisskillsuponsuchtrash Butweallknowhewillinfactdoexcellentworkuponthem.Andhemakes beautifulshoesforthosewhocanaffordsuch luxury.Anotheraspectofpersonalserviceavailableinthevillageshopisthat
Text1 Placingahumanbeingbehindthewheel ofanautomobileoftenhasthesamecuriouseffectascuttingcertainfibresin thebrain.Theresultineithercaseismoreprimitive behaviour.Hostilefeelingsareapttobeexpressedinanaggressive way.Thesamemanwhowillstepasideforastrangerata doorwaywillwhenbehindthewheelriskanaccidenttryingtobeatanother motoristthroughanintersection.Theimportanceofemotionalfactorsin automobileaccidentsisgainingrecognition.Doctorsandotherscientistshave concludedthatthehighwaydeathtollresemblesanepidemicandshouldbe investigatedassuch.Dr.RossA.McFarlandAssociateProfessor ofIndustrialHygieneattheHarvardUniversitySchoolofPublicHealthsaid thataccidentsnowconstituteagreaterthreattothesafetyoflargesegments ofthepopulationthandiseasesdo.Accidentsaretheleading causeofdeathbetweentheagesof1and35.Aboutonethirdofallaccidental deathsandoneseventhofallaccidentalinjuriesarecausedbymotor vehicles.Basedonthepresentrateofvehicleregistration unlesstheaccidentrateiscutinhalfoneofevery10personsinthecountry willbekilledorinjuredinatrafficaccidentinthenext15years. Researchtofindtheunderlyingcausesofaccidentsandtodevelopwaysto detectdriverswhoareapttocausethemisbeingconductedatuniversitiesand medicalcentres.Herearesomeoftheirfindingssofar:Aman drivesashelives.Ifheisoftenintroublewithcollectionagenciesthe courtsandpolicechancesarehewillhaverepeatedautomobileaccidents. Accidentrepeatersusuallyareegocentricexhibitionisticresentfulof authorityimpulsiveandlackinginsocialresponsibility.Asgrouptheycan beclassifiedasborderlinepsychopathicpersonalitiesaccordingtoDr. McFarland.Thesuspicionhoweverthataccidentrepeaterscould bedetectedinadvancebyscreeningoutpersonswithmorehostileimpulsesis false.AstudyattheUniversityofColoradoshowedthattherewerejustasmany overlyhostilepersonsamongthosewhohadnoaccidentsasamongthosewith repeatedaccidents.PsychologistscurrentlyarestudyingDenver highschoolpupilstotestthevalidityofthisconcept.Theyaremaking psychologicalevaluationsofthepupilstoseewhethersubsequentdriving recordswillbearouttheirthesis.Theauthorbelievesthatbehindthewheelofanautomobilesomepeopleact
Text4 Thefirsttechnologicalrevolutionin modernbiologystartedwhenJamesWatsonandFrancisCrickdescribedthe structureofDNAhalfacenturyago.Thatestablishedthefieldsofmolecular andcellbiologythebasisofthebiotechnologyindustry.Thesequencingofthe humangenomenearlyadecadeagosetoffasecondrevolutionwhichhasstarted toilluminatetheoriginsofdiseases.Nowtheindustryis convincedthatathirdrevolutionisunderway:theconvergenceofbiologyand engineering.ArecentreportfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysays thatphysicalscienceshavealreadybeentransformedbytheiradoptionof informationtechnologyadvancedmaterialsimagingnanotechnolugyand sophisticatedmodellingandsimulation.PhillipSharpaNobelprize-winnerat thatuniversitybelievesthatthosetoolsareabouttobebroughttobearon biologytoo.Butthechancesarethatthiswilltaketimeand turnouttobemoreofareformationthanarevolution.Theconventional health-caresystemsoftherichworldmayresistnewtechnologiesevenaspoor countriesleapfrogahead.Thereisalreadyabacklashagainstgenomicswhich hasbeenoversoldtoconsumersasadeterministicscience.Andgivensoaring health-carecostsinsurersandhealthsystemsmaynotwanttoadoptnew technologiesunlessinventorscanshowconclusivelythattheywillproduce betteroutcomesandoffervalueformoney.Iftheseobstacles canbeovercomethenthebiggestwinnerwillbethepatient.Inthepast medicinehastakenapaternalisticstancewiththeall-knowingphysician dispensingwisdomfromonhighbutthatisbecomingincreasinglyuntenable. Digitisationpromisestoconnectdoctorsnotonlytoeverythingtheyneedto knowabouttheirpatientsbutalsotootherdoctorswhohavetreatedsimilar disorders.Thatessentialreformwillenablemanyotherbigtechnological changestobeintroduced.Justasimportantitcanmakethat informationavailabletothepatientstooempoweringthemtoplayabiggerpart inmanagingtheirownhealthaffairs.Thisiscontroversialandwithgood reason.Manydoctorsandsomepatientsreckontheylacktheknowledgetomake informeddecisions.Butpatientsactuallyknowagreatdealaboutmanydiseases especiallychroniconeslikediabetesandheartproblemswithwhichtheyoften liveformanyyears.Thebestwaytodealwiththoseisforindividualstotake moreresponsibilityfortheirownhealthandpreventproblemsbeforethey requirecostlyhospitalvisits.Thatmeansputtingelectronichealthrecords directlyintopatients’hands.WhatdoesthewordbearLastlinePara.2probablymean
十一五期间甘肃省大力开发利用空中云水资源积极实施人工增雨增雪作业缓解全省水资源供需矛盾这一事实表明
科学发展观要求按照中国特色社会主义事业总体布局全面推进经济建设政治建设文化建设社会建设其中经济建设与社会建设是相辅相成的这是因为
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
____在孙中山诞辰一百四十周年纪念大会上的讲话提到1911年爆发的辛亥革命为中国的进步打开了闸门谱写了古老中国发展进步的历史新篇章这是孙中山先生为中国人民和中华民族建立的最具历史意义的伟大功勋这里的最具历史意义的伟大功勋最确切的理解应为
__指出新时期党的建设是新的伟大工程党的根本建设是
20世纪60年代__认为在社会主义建设方面应该持黄猫黑猫只要捉住老鼠就是好猫的态度这表明
要进一步做好增加就业加强社会保障工作积极帮助城乡特殊困难群众解决生产生活问题要下更大的决心坚决纠正土地征用中侵害农民利益的问题坚决纠正城镇拆迁中侵害居民利益的问题坚决纠正企业重组改制和破产中侵害职工合法权益的问题坚决纠正拖欠和克扣农民工工资的问题落实科学发展观解决这些问题必须坚持
Text3 Icameacrossanoldcountryguidethe otherday.Itlistedallthetradesmenineachvillageinmypartofthe countryanditwasimpressivetoseethegreatvarietyofserviceswhichwere availableonone’sowndoorstepinthelateVictoriancountryside. NowadaysasuperficialtravelerinruralEnglandmightconcludethatthe onlyvillagetradesmenstillflourishingwereeithersellingfrozenfoodtothe inhabitantsorsellingantiquestovisitors.Neverthelessthiswouldreallybe afalseimpression.Admittedlytherehasbeenacontractionofvillagecommerce butitsvigorisstillremarkable.Ourlocalgrocer’sshopfor exampleisactuallyexpandinginspiteofthecompetitionfromsupermarketsin thenearesttown.Womensensiblyprefertogothereandexchangethelocalnews whiledoingtheirshoppinginsteadofqueueingupanonymouslyatasupermarket. Andtheproprietorknowswellthatpersonalservicehasasubstantialcash value.Hispricesmaybeabithigherthanthoseinthetown buthewilldeliveranythingatanytime.Hisassistantsthinknothingof bicyclingdownthevillagestreetintheirlunchhourtotakeapieceofcheese toanold-agepensionerwhosentherorderbywordofmouthwithafriendwho happenedtobepassing.Themoreaffluentcustomerstelephonetheirshopping listsandthegoodsareontheirdoorstepswithinanhour.Theyhaveonlyto hintatafancyforsomecommodityoutsidetheusualstockandthegrocera red-facedfigureinstantlyobtainsitforthem.Thevillage gainsfromthissortofenterpriseofcourse.ButIalsofinditsatisfactory becauseavillageshopoffersoneofthefewwaysinwhichamodest individualistcanstillgetalongintheworldwithoutattachinghimselftothe bigbattalionsofindustryorcommerce.Mostofthevillage shopkeepersIknowatanyratearedecidedlyindividualistintheirways.For exampieourshoemakerisaformidablefigure:athick-setirritablemanwhom childrentreatwithmarkedrespectknowingthatanill-judgedwordcanprovoke anangryeruptionatanytime.Hestareswithcontemptatthepairsofcheap mass-producedshoestakentohimforrepair:hasitcometothisheseemstobe sayingthatheacraftsmanshouldhavetowastehisskillsuponsuchtrash Butweallknowhewillinfactdoexcellentworkuponthem.Andhemakes beautifulshoesforthosewhocanaffordsuch luxury.Theservicesavailableinvillagesnowadaysare
[A]NegotiationIsaTwo-wayStreet[B] CorrectCommonNegotiationMistakes[C]DotheRightKindof Homework[D]Don’tBeAfraidtoHaveDifficult Conversations[E]TacticIsDictatedbySituation [F]TrytoAskGoodQuestions[G]DealwithIssuesup frontMostpeoplethinkofnegotiationonlywhentheyneedto getsomethingmoresaysTammyLenskiaprofessionalmediatorwhohelps universitiesandbusinessesnationwidewithconflictmanagement.Therealityis thatatworkprettymucheveryconversationisanegotiation.You’re negotiatingdeadlinesthequalitylevelwhatmightbetakenoffyourplateto makeroomforthispriorityprojectandwhatbenefityoumightgetfortakingon thatproject.Theminuteyouwalkintotheworkplaceinthemorningyou’re negotiating.HerearesomeofLenski’stipsonbecomingagood negotiator—andimprovingyoursituationatwork: 41．______Peopleeitheraretooconfrontationalor caveinbecausethey’reafraidtoasksomebasicquestions.Ifpeoplethinkof anegotiationmoreasaconversationthansomethingthatneedstobewon they’lldomuchbettersaysTammyLenski.42．______ Playinghardballintheofficecanbackfirewhenyouneedtoworkwith yourcoworkerseveryday.Youhaveanongoingrelationshipwiththesefolks andyou’retryingtonotleavedebrisLenskisays.Peopleneedtostop thinkingaboutnegotiatingasgettingmoreofwhatIneedwhichmeansgetting lessofwhatyouneed.Insteadfindouttheotherperson’s needsandtrytocometoaconclusionthathelpsbothofyou.Thebest negotiatingisusingthereallygoodhumanrelationskillsinaneffectiveway Lenskisays.Itisn’taboutpushingorconvincingormanipulatingtheother person.It’sabouthavingthemfigureoutwhattheywantandhowyoucanhelp themgetit.43．_______Innegotiationsyou knowwhatyouwant.Butyoualsoneedtofindoutwhattheothersidewantsin return.It’smostefficientifyoujustaskopenly.When startingherprivatepractice10yearsagoLenskipresentedherfeetoprovide conflict-managementservicestoacompanyinturmoil.Thedepartmentheadasked hertoslashherprice20percent.Lenskisaidthiswasherbottom-linenumber butthedepartmentheadsaideverythingisnegotiable.Lenski thenaskedtheessentialquestion:Whydoyoubelieveeverythingis negotiableThedepartmentheadexplainedtheheadoffinancewouldaskifshe bargainedandgotagooddeal.AtthatpointLenskicrossedouttheoriginal feeandwroteanewonethatwasabout25percenthigher.Willthisworkshe asked.ThedepartmentheadsaidWellI’llhavetoofferyou 20percentlessthanthat.Andtheyhadadeal. 44．______Insteadofkeepingquietandthusbecoming resentfulnegotiatingisfiguringouthowtoraisethethingsthatare botheringyousotheycanbesortedoutLenskisays.Instead ofjustthinkingaboutwhatmightmakeitdifficulttoaccomplishyourgoal talkwithyourbossaboutthoseissuesrightaway.It’smuchmorehelpfulin generaltothinkaboutunderwhatconditionsyoumightmakeitpossibleandhow canyouhelpmedothatLenskisays.45．______ Lenskisayspeopletendtowastealotoftimeworryingaboutscary negotiationscenarios.Theygointoitthinkingaboutallthewaysitcango wrongshesayseventhoughthenegotiationgenerallyturnsoutmuchbetter thanexpected.Insteadtheyshouldspendtheirtimethinkingofitfromthe perspectiveoftheotherperson.Whatwouldmakethemwanttojoinwithyouto figurethingsoutNotwhatwillmakethemchangetheirmindbutwhatwillmake themwanttosortthisoutwithme.Invitethemintojointproblem-solving.
中国__在过渡时期的总路线是党和__根据列宁关于过渡时期学说是在借鉴苏联经验总结我国国民经济恢复时期实践经验的基础上提出来的它符合中国由新民主主义向社会主义转变的历史必然性具体表现为
__指出在中国主要的斗争形式是战争而主要的组织形式是军队其他的一切例如民众的组织和民众的斗争等等都是非常重要的都是一定不可少一定不可忽视但都是为着战争的这说明武装斗争是中国革命的主要形式这是由
Text3 Icameacrossanoldcountryguidethe otherday.Itlistedallthetradesmenineachvillageinmypartofthe countryanditwasimpressivetoseethegreatvarietyofserviceswhichwere availableonone’sowndoorstepinthelateVictoriancountryside. NowadaysasuperficialtravelerinruralEnglandmightconcludethatthe onlyvillagetradesmenstillflourishingwereeithersellingfrozenfoodtothe inhabitantsorsellingantiquestovisitors.Neverthelessthiswouldreallybe afalseimpression.Admittedlytherehasbeenacontractionofvillagecommerce butitsvigorisstillremarkable.Ourlocalgrocer’sshopfor exampleisactuallyexpandinginspiteofthecompetitionfromsupermarketsin thenearesttown.Womensensiblyprefertogothereandexchangethelocalnews whiledoingtheirshoppinginsteadofqueueingupanonymouslyatasupermarket. Andtheproprietorknowswellthatpersonalservicehasasubstantialcash value.Hispricesmaybeabithigherthanthoseinthetown buthewilldeliveranythingatanytime.Hisassistantsthinknothingof bicyclingdownthevillagestreetintheirlunchhourtotakeapieceofcheese toanold-agepensionerwhosentherorderbywordofmouthwithafriendwho happenedtobepassing.Themoreaffluentcustomerstelephonetheirshopping listsandthegoodsareontheirdoorstepswithinanhour.Theyhaveonlyto hintatafancyforsomecommodityoutsidetheusualstockandthegrocera red-facedfigureinstantlyobtainsitforthem.Thevillage gainsfromthissortofenterpriseofcourse.ButIalsofinditsatisfactory becauseavillageshopoffersoneofthefewwaysinwhichamodest individualistcanstillgetalongintheworldwithoutattachinghimselftothe bigbattalionsofindustryorcommerce.Mostofthevillage shopkeepersIknowatanyratearedecidedlyindividualistintheirways.For exampieourshoemakerisaformidablefigure:athick-setirritablemanwhom childrentreatwithmarkedrespectknowingthatanill-judgedwordcanprovoke anangryeruptionatanytime.Hestareswithcontemptatthepairsofcheap mass-producedshoestakentohimforrepair:hasitcometothisheseemstobe sayingthatheacraftsmanshouldhavetowastehisskillsuponsuchtrash Butweallknowhewillinfactdoexcellentworkuponthem.Andhemakes beautifulshoesforthosewhocanaffordsuch luxury.Inwhatwayisthevillageshoemakeraformidablefigure
Directions:Youjustcomebackfromyourholiday.Writealettertothemanagerofthehotelyoubookedtocomplainthebadserviceinthehotel.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Text1 Placingahumanbeingbehindthewheel ofanautomobileoftenhasthesamecuriouseffectascuttingcertainfibresin thebrain.Theresultineithercaseismoreprimitive behaviour.Hostilefeelingsareapttobeexpressedinanaggressive way.Thesamemanwhowillstepasideforastrangerata doorwaywillwhenbehindthewheelriskanaccidenttryingtobeatanother motoristthroughanintersection.Theimportanceofemotionalfactorsin automobileaccidentsisgainingrecognition.Doctorsandotherscientistshave concludedthatthehighwaydeathtollresemblesanepidemicandshouldbe investigatedassuch.Dr.RossA.McFarlandAssociateProfessor ofIndustrialHygieneattheHarvardUniversitySchoolofPublicHealthsaid thataccidentsnowconstituteagreaterthreattothesafetyoflargesegments ofthepopulationthandiseasesdo.Accidentsaretheleading causeofdeathbetweentheagesof1and35.Aboutonethirdofallaccidental deathsandoneseventhofallaccidentalinjuriesarecausedbymotor vehicles.Basedonthepresentrateofvehicleregistration unlesstheaccidentrateiscutinhalfoneofevery10personsinthecountry willbekilledorinjuredinatrafficaccidentinthenext15years. Researchtofindtheunderlyingcausesofaccidentsandtodevelopwaysto detectdriverswhoareapttocausethemisbeingconductedatuniversitiesand medicalcentres.Herearesomeoftheirfindingssofar:Aman drivesashelives.Ifheisoftenintroublewithcollectionagenciesthe courtsandpolicechancesarehewillhaverepeatedautomobileaccidents. Accidentrepeatersusuallyareegocentricexhibitionisticresentfulof authorityimpulsiveandlackinginsocialresponsibility.Asgrouptheycan beclassifiedasborderlinepsychopathicpersonalitiesaccordingtoDr. McFarland.Thesuspicionhoweverthataccidentrepeaterscould bedetectedinadvancebyscreeningoutpersonswithmorehostileimpulsesis false.AstudyattheUniversityofColoradoshowedthattherewerejustasmany overlyhostilepersonsamongthosewhohadnoaccidentsasamongthosewith repeatedaccidents.PsychologistscurrentlyarestudyingDenver highschoolpupilstotestthevalidityofthisconcept.Theyaremaking psychologicalevaluationsofthepupilstoseewhethersubsequentdriving recordswillbearouttheirthesis.Dr.McFarlandemphasizesthegreatmenaceofaccidentsbycomparingitto
Itisoftenobservedthattheaged spendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1 aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivial memories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation. Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3an identitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrole thatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothe futuretheindividualmentionshispastasaremindertolistenersthathere wasalife6living.7thememories formpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheperson 9theeventsandexperiencesofthe-yearsgonebyand 10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompleted life.Asthelifecycle11toitsclose theagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath. 12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathis almosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themere discussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14.Asadultsmany ofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkabout it—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceof someonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17only inthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforour reluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfact thatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonly oneofthenaturalprocesses20is so.
Thefindingiscontrarytothecommonbeliefthatallpeople aremotivatedtoalleviatenegativemoodsaccordingtoJonathonBrowna UniversityofWashingtonpsychologist.46Manypeoplewith lowself-esteembelievesadnessispartoflifeandthatyoushouldn’ttryto getridofitwhilepeoplewithhighself-esteembelieveindoingsomethingto feelbetteriftheyhaveanegativeexperienceorgetinabadmoodsaid Brown.Theresearchersconductedfivestudiesinvolvingnearly 900people.47Inthekeyexperimenttheresearcherscreatedasadmoodby havingsubjectslistentomusicandfoundthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemwere significantlylesslikelythanpeoplewithhighself-esteemtoselectacomedy videofromamongsixtapestobreaktheirmood.Peoplewith lowself-esteemfeelresignationbecausetheyquestionwhetheranythingwillhelp andsay‘I’mnotgoodatbreakingorchangingamoodBrownsaid.Theyalso believesadnessisnotsomethingyougetridofandthatyoulearnandgrowfrom sadness.Theyfeelitisnotappropriatetotrytochangeamood.Thesearenot peoplewhowouldnecessarilygotothemoviesorshoppingtofeelbetter. Therearethingsthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemcandoto snapanegativemoodaccordingtoBrown.48Ifyouhave lowself-esteemyoushouldactivelytrytoriseabovethesadnessandlearn thatyouwillfeelbetterifyoudonotpassivelyacceptsadness.Youcan getbetterifyouremindyourselftodosomething.Youmayhavetokickyourself inthebutttogotoamoviebecauseitwillrequireaconsciouseffortrather thansomethingthatcomesautomaticallyhesaid.Theother fourstudiesreinforcedtheideathatlowself-esteempeoplearelessmotivated tochangeanegativemood.Theinitialstudyaskedstudentstorecordinadiary apositiveornegativeexperiencethathappenedtotheminthenext7to10days andwhattheydidafterwards.49Thesecondstudyfoundthatpeoplewithlow self-esteemareequallyknowledgeableasthosewithhighself-esteemabout strategiestorepairnegativemoods.Thefinaltwostudies askedpeopleabouttheirexperienceswhentheywereinanegativemood.50 Thosewithhighself-esteemweremorelikelytoexpresstheneedtodo somethingtochangethemoodandlesslikelytorecallinstanceswhenthey didn’tfindawaytoimprovetheirmood.Thosewithlowself-esteem howeverweremorelikelytosaysuchmoodsareacceptableandthatthey couldn’tchangeamoodeveniftheytried.Theyalsoweremorelikelytosay thatnegativemoodssappedtheirenergy.
Text1 Placingahumanbeingbehindthewheel ofanautomobileoftenhasthesamecuriouseffectascuttingcertainfibresin thebrain.Theresultineithercaseismoreprimitive behaviour.Hostilefeelingsareapttobeexpressedinanaggressive way.Thesamemanwhowillstepasideforastrangerata doorwaywillwhenbehindthewheelriskanaccidenttryingtobeatanother motoristthroughanintersection.Theimportanceofemotionalfactorsin automobileaccidentsisgainingrecognition.Doctorsandotherscientistshave concludedthatthehighwaydeathtollresemblesanepidemicandshouldbe investigatedassuch.Dr.RossA.McFarlandAssociateProfessor ofIndustrialHygieneattheHarvardUniversitySchoolofPublicHealthsaid thataccidentsnowconstituteagreaterthreattothesafetyoflargesegments ofthepopulationthandiseasesdo.Accidentsaretheleading causeofdeathbetweentheagesof1and35.Aboutonethirdofallaccidental deathsandoneseventhofallaccidentalinjuriesarecausedbymotor vehicles.Basedonthepresentrateofvehicleregistration unlesstheaccidentrateiscutinhalfoneofevery10personsinthecountry willbekilledorinjuredinatrafficaccidentinthenext15years. Researchtofindtheunderlyingcausesofaccidentsandtodevelopwaysto detectdriverswhoareapttocausethemisbeingconductedatuniversitiesand medicalcentres.Herearesomeoftheirfindingssofar:Aman drivesashelives.Ifheisoftenintroublewithcollectionagenciesthe courtsandpolicechancesarehewillhaverepeatedautomobileaccidents. Accidentrepeatersusuallyareegocentricexhibitionisticresentfulof authorityimpulsiveandlackinginsocialresponsibility.Asgrouptheycan beclassifiedasborderlinepsychopathicpersonalitiesaccordingtoDr. McFarland.Thesuspicionhoweverthataccidentrepeaterscould bedetectedinadvancebyscreeningoutpersonswithmorehostileimpulsesis false.AstudyattheUniversityofColoradoshowedthattherewerejustasmany overlyhostilepersonsamongthosewhohadnoaccidentsasamongthosewith repeatedaccidents.PsychologistscurrentlyarestudyingDenver highschoolpupilstotestthevalidityofthisconcept.Theyaremaking psychologicalevaluationsofthepupilstoseewhethersubsequentdriving recordswillbearouttheirthesis.Accordingtothetextstudiesatleadinguniversitieshaveshownthat
[A]NegotiationIsaTwo-wayStreet[B] CorrectCommonNegotiationMistakes[C]DotheRightKindof Homework[D]Don’tBeAfraidtoHaveDifficult Conversations[E]TacticIsDictatedbySituation [F]TrytoAskGoodQuestions[G]DealwithIssuesup frontMostpeoplethinkofnegotiationonlywhentheyneedto getsomethingmoresaysTammyLenskiaprofessionalmediatorwhohelps universitiesandbusinessesnationwidewithconflictmanagement.Therealityis thatatworkprettymucheveryconversationisanegotiation.You’re negotiatingdeadlinesthequalitylevelwhatmightbetakenoffyourplateto makeroomforthispriorityprojectandwhatbenefityoumightgetfortakingon thatproject.Theminuteyouwalkintotheworkplaceinthemorningyou’re negotiating.HerearesomeofLenski’stipsonbecomingagood negotiator—andimprovingyoursituationatwork: 41．______Peopleeitheraretooconfrontationalor caveinbecausethey’reafraidtoasksomebasicquestions.Ifpeoplethinkof anegotiationmoreasaconversationthansomethingthatneedstobewon they’lldomuchbettersaysTammyLenski.42．______ Playinghardballintheofficecanbackfirewhenyouneedtoworkwith yourcoworkerseveryday.Youhaveanongoingrelationshipwiththesefolks andyou’retryingtonotleavedebrisLenskisays.Peopleneedtostop thinkingaboutnegotiatingasgettingmoreofwhatIneedwhichmeansgetting lessofwhatyouneed.Insteadfindouttheotherperson’s needsandtrytocometoaconclusionthathelpsbothofyou.Thebest negotiatingisusingthereallygoodhumanrelationskillsinaneffectiveway Lenskisays.Itisn’taboutpushingorconvincingormanipulatingtheother person.It’sabouthavingthemfigureoutwhattheywantandhowyoucanhelp themgetit.43．_______Innegotiationsyou knowwhatyouwant.Butyoualsoneedtofindoutwhattheothersidewantsin return.It’smostefficientifyoujustaskopenly.When startingherprivatepractice10yearsagoLenskipresentedherfeetoprovide conflict-managementservicestoacompanyinturmoil.Thedepartmentheadasked hertoslashherprice20percent.Lenskisaidthiswasherbottom-linenumber butthedepartmentheadsaideverythingisnegotiable.Lenski thenaskedtheessentialquestion:Whydoyoubelieveeverythingis negotiableThedepartmentheadexplainedtheheadoffinancewouldaskifshe bargainedandgotagooddeal.AtthatpointLenskicrossedouttheoriginal feeandwroteanewonethatwasabout25percenthigher.Willthisworkshe asked.ThedepartmentheadsaidWellI’llhavetoofferyou 20percentlessthanthat.Andtheyhadadeal. 44．______Insteadofkeepingquietandthusbecoming resentfulnegotiatingisfiguringouthowtoraisethethingsthatare botheringyousotheycanbesortedoutLenskisays.Instead ofjustthinkingaboutwhatmightmakeitdifficulttoaccomplishyourgoal talkwithyourbossaboutthoseissuesrightaway.It’smuchmorehelpfulin generaltothinkaboutunderwhatconditionsyoumightmakeitpossibleandhow canyouhelpmedothatLenskisays.45．______ Lenskisayspeopletendtowastealotoftimeworryingaboutscary negotiationscenarios.Theygointoitthinkingaboutallthewaysitcango wrongshesayseventhoughthenegotiationgenerallyturnsoutmuchbetter thanexpected.Insteadtheyshouldspendtheirtimethinkingofitfromthe perspectiveoftheotherperson.Whatwouldmakethemwanttojoinwithyouto figurethingsoutNotwhatwillmakethemchangetheirmindbutwhatwillmake themwanttosortthisoutwithme.Invitethemintojointproblem-solving.
根据中华人民共和国民法通则规定下列属于民事责任承担方式的有
[A]NegotiationIsaTwo-wayStreet[B] CorrectCommonNegotiationMistakes[C]DotheRightKindof Homework[D]Don’tBeAfraidtoHaveDifficult Conversations[E]TacticIsDictatedbySituation [F]TrytoAskGoodQuestions[G]DealwithIssuesup frontMostpeoplethinkofnegotiationonlywhentheyneedto getsomethingmoresaysTammyLenskiaprofessionalmediatorwhohelps universitiesandbusinessesnationwidewithconflictmanagement.Therealityis thatatworkprettymucheveryconversationisanegotiation.You’re negotiatingdeadlinesthequalitylevelwhatmightbetakenoffyourplateto makeroomforthispriorityprojectandwhatbenefityoumightgetfortakingon thatproject.Theminuteyouwalkintotheworkplaceinthemorningyou’re negotiating.HerearesomeofLenski’stipsonbecomingagood negotiator—andimprovingyoursituationatwork: 41．______Peopleeitheraretooconfrontationalor caveinbecausethey’reafraidtoasksomebasicquestions.Ifpeoplethinkof anegotiationmoreasaconversationthansomethingthatneedstobewon they’lldomuchbettersaysTammyLenski.42．______ Playinghardballintheofficecanbackfirewhenyouneedtoworkwith yourcoworkerseveryday.Youhaveanongoingrelationshipwiththesefolks andyou’retryingtonotleavedebrisLenskisays.Peopleneedtostop thinkingaboutnegotiatingasgettingmoreofwhatIneedwhichmeansgetting lessofwhatyouneed.Insteadfindouttheotherperson’s needsandtrytocometoaconclusionthathelpsbothofyou.Thebest negotiatingisusingthereallygoodhumanrelationskillsinaneffectiveway Lenskisays.Itisn’taboutpushingorconvincingormanipulatingtheother person.It’sabouthavingthemfigureoutwhattheywantandhowyoucanhelp themgetit.43．_______Innegotiationsyou knowwhatyouwant.Butyoualsoneedtofindoutwhattheothersidewantsin return.It’smostefficientifyoujustaskopenly.When startingherprivatepractice10yearsagoLenskipresentedherfeetoprovide conflict-managementservicestoacompanyinturmoil.Thedepartmentheadasked hertoslashherprice20percent.Lenskisaidthiswasherbottom-linenumber butthedepartmentheadsaideverythingisnegotiable.Lenski thenaskedtheessentialquestion:Whydoyoubelieveeverythingis negotiableThedepartmentheadexplainedtheheadoffinancewouldaskifshe bargainedandgotagooddeal.AtthatpointLenskicrossedouttheoriginal feeandwroteanewonethatwasabout25percenthigher.Willthisworkshe asked.ThedepartmentheadsaidWellI’llhavetoofferyou 20percentlessthanthat.Andtheyhadadeal. 44．______Insteadofkeepingquietandthusbecoming resentfulnegotiatingisfiguringouthowtoraisethethingsthatare botheringyousotheycanbesortedoutLenskisays.Instead ofjustthinkingaboutwhatmightmakeitdifficulttoaccomplishyourgoal talkwithyourbossaboutthoseissuesrightaway.It’smuchmorehelpfulin generaltothinkaboutunderwhatconditionsyoumightmakeitpossibleandhow canyouhelpmedothatLenskisays.45．______ Lenskisayspeopletendtowastealotoftimeworryingaboutscary negotiationscenarios.Theygointoitthinkingaboutallthewaysitcango wrongshesayseventhoughthenegotiationgenerallyturnsoutmuchbetter thanexpected.Insteadtheyshouldspendtheirtimethinkingofitfromthe perspectiveoftheotherperson.Whatwouldmakethemwanttojoinwithyouto figurethingsoutNotwhatwillmakethemchangetheirmindbutwhatwillmake themwanttosortthisoutwithme.Invitethemintojointproblem-solving.
Text4 Thefirsttechnologicalrevolutionin modernbiologystartedwhenJamesWatsonandFrancisCrickdescribedthe structureofDNAhalfacenturyago.Thatestablishedthefieldsofmolecular andcellbiologythebasisofthebiotechnologyindustry.Thesequencingofthe humangenomenearlyadecadeagosetoffasecondrevolutionwhichhasstarted toilluminatetheoriginsofdiseases.Nowtheindustryis convincedthatathirdrevolutionisunderway:theconvergenceofbiologyand engineering.ArecentreportfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologysays thatphysicalscienceshavealreadybeentransformedbytheiradoptionof informationtechnologyadvancedmaterialsimagingnanotechnolugyand sophisticatedmodellingandsimulation.PhillipSharpaNobelprize-winnerat thatuniversitybelievesthatthosetoolsareabouttobebroughttobearon biologytoo.Butthechancesarethatthiswilltaketimeand turnouttobemoreofareformationthanarevolution.Theconventional health-caresystemsoftherichworldmayresistnewtechnologiesevenaspoor countriesleapfrogahead.Thereisalreadyabacklashagainstgenomicswhich hasbeenoversoldtoconsumersasadeterministicscience.Andgivensoaring health-carecostsinsurersandhealthsystemsmaynotwanttoadoptnew technologiesunlessinventorscanshowconclusivelythattheywillproduce betteroutcomesandoffervalueformoney.Iftheseobstacles canbeovercomethenthebiggestwinnerwillbethepatient.Inthepast medicinehastakenapaternalisticstancewiththeall-knowingphysician dispensingwisdomfromonhighbutthatisbecomingincreasinglyuntenable. Digitisationpromisestoconnectdoctorsnotonlytoeverythingtheyneedto knowabouttheirpatientsbutalsotootherdoctorswhohavetreatedsimilar disorders.Thatessentialreformwillenablemanyotherbigtechnological changestobeintroduced.Justasimportantitcanmakethat informationavailabletothepatientstooempoweringthemtoplayabiggerpart inmanagingtheirownhealthaffairs.Thisiscontroversialandwithgood reason.Manydoctorsandsomepatientsreckontheylacktheknowledgetomake informeddecisions.Butpatientsactuallyknowagreatdealaboutmanydiseases especiallychroniconeslikediabetesandheartproblemswithwhichtheyoften liveformanyyears.Thebestwaytodealwiththoseisforindividualstotake moreresponsibilityfortheirownhealthandpreventproblemsbeforethey requirecostlyhospitalvisits.Thatmeansputtingelectronichealthrecords directlyintopatients’hands.Whowillgetthemostbenefitinthenewrevolutioninmodernbiology
Text2 Whethertoteachyoungchildrena secondlanguageisdisputedamongteachersresearchersandpushyparents.On theonehandacquiringanewtongueissaidtobefareasierwhenyoung.Onthe otherteacherscomplainthatchildrenwhoseparentsspeakalanguageathome thatisdifferentfromtheoneusedintheclassroomsometimesstruggleintheir lessonsandareslowertoreachlinguisticmilestones.Woulda15-month-old childtheywondernotbebetteroffgoingtomusicclassesA studyjustpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencesmay helpresolvethisquestionbygettingtothepointofwhatisgoingonina bilingualchild’sbrainhowasecondlanguageaffectsthewayhethinksand thusinwhatcircumstancesbeingbilingualmaybehelpful.AgnesKovacsand JacquesMehlerattheInternationalSchoolforAdvancedStudiesinTriestesay thatsomeaspectsofthecognitivedevelopmentofinfantsraisedinabilingual householdmustbeundergoingaccelerationinordertomanagewhichofthetwo languagestheyaredealingwith.Theaspectofcognitionin questionispartofwhatistermedthebrain’sexecutivefunction.Thisallows peopletoorganiseplanprioritiseactivityshifttheirattentionfromone thingtoanotherandsuppresshabitualresponses.Bilingualismiscommonin TriestewhichthoughItalianisalmostsurroundedbySlovenia.SoDr.Kovacs andDr.Mehlerlookedat40preverbalseven-month-oldshalfraisedin monolingualandhalfinbilingualhouseholdsandcomparedtheirperformancesin ataskthatneedscontrolofexecutivefunction.Firstthe babiesweretrainedtoexpecttheappearanceofapuppetonascreenafterthey hadheardasetofmeaninglesswordsinventedbytheresearchers.Thenthe wordsandthelocationofthepuppetwerechanged.Whenthiswasdonethe babieswhospeakonlyonelanguagehaddifficultyovercomingtheirlearnt responseevenwhentheresearchersgavethemfurthercluesthataswitchhad takenplace.Thebilingualbabieshoweverfounditfareasiertoswitchtheir attention—counteractingthepreviouslylearntbutnolongeruseful response.Monitoringlanguagesand.keepingthemseparateis partofthebrain’sexecutivefunctionsothesefindingssuggestthateven beforeachildcanspeakabilingualenvironmentmayspeedupthatfunction’s development.Beforerushingyouroffspringintobilingualkindergartensthough thereareafewcautions.Foronethingtheseextraordinarycognitivebenefits havebeendemonstratedsofaronlyincribbilinguals—thoselivingin householdswheretwolanguagesarespokenroutinely.Theresearchersspeculate thatitmightbethefactofhavingtolearntwolanguagesinthesamesetting thatrequiresgreateruseofexecutivefunction.Sowhetherthosebenefitsapply tochildrenwholearnonelanguageathomeandoneatschoolremains unclear.Whatisgoingoninabilingualchild’sbrainaccordingtothenewstudy
2003年某公司购进一套设备价值5000万元公司每年按照机器原始价值的5%计算机器磨损并提取折旧基金2009年由于技术水平提高该套机器的市场价格下跌至4000万元为了准确反映机器的残余价值公司决定对该机器加速折旧折旧率由原来的5%提高为10%关于这一现象的说法正确的是
Thefindingiscontrarytothecommonbeliefthatallpeople aremotivatedtoalleviatenegativemoodsaccordingtoJonathonBrowna UniversityofWashingtonpsychologist.46Manypeoplewith lowself-esteembelievesadnessispartoflifeandthatyoushouldn’ttryto getridofitwhilepeoplewithhighself-esteembelieveindoingsomethingto feelbetteriftheyhaveanegativeexperienceorgetinabadmoodsaid Brown.Theresearchersconductedfivestudiesinvolvingnearly 900people.47Inthekeyexperimenttheresearcherscreatedasadmoodby havingsubjectslistentomusicandfoundthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemwere significantlylesslikelythanpeoplewithhighself-esteemtoselectacomedy videofromamongsixtapestobreaktheirmood.Peoplewith lowself-esteemfeelresignationbecausetheyquestionwhetheranythingwillhelp andsay‘I’mnotgoodatbreakingorchangingamoodBrownsaid.Theyalso believesadnessisnotsomethingyougetridofandthatyoulearnandgrowfrom sadness.Theyfeelitisnotappropriatetotrytochangeamood.Thesearenot peoplewhowouldnecessarilygotothemoviesorshoppingtofeelbetter. Therearethingsthatpeoplewithlowself-esteemcandoto snapanegativemoodaccordingtoBrown.48Ifyouhave lowself-esteemyoushouldactivelytrytoriseabovethesadnessandlearn thatyouwillfeelbetterifyoudonotpassivelyacceptsadness.Youcan getbetterifyouremindyourselftodosomething.Youmayhavetokickyourself inthebutttogotoamoviebecauseitwillrequireaconsciouseffortrather thansomethingthatcomesautomaticallyhesaid.Theother fourstudiesreinforcedtheideathatlowself-esteempeoplearelessmotivated tochangeanegativemood.Theinitialstudyaskedstudentstorecordinadiary apositiveornegativeexperiencethathappenedtotheminthenext7to10days andwhattheydidafterwards.49Thesecondstudyfoundthatpeoplewithlow self-esteemareequallyknowledgeableasthosewithhighself-esteemabout strategiestorepairnegativemoods.Thefinaltwostudies askedpeopleabouttheirexperienceswhentheywereinanegativemood.50 Thosewithhighself-esteemweremorelikelytoexpresstheneedtodo somethingtochangethemoodandlesslikelytorecallinstanceswhenthey didn’tfindawaytoimprovetheirmood.Thosewithlowself-esteem howeverweremorelikelytosaysuchmoodsareacceptableandthatthey couldn’tchangeamoodeveniftheytried.Theyalsoweremorelikelytosay thatnegativemoodssappedtheirenergy.
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