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[A] The take-up of EVs—which run entirely on electricity stored in rechargeable batteries—is seen...
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[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
BGPEVPN的路由类型描述正确的是
完成VLAN到VxLAN的映射及转发
负责完成服务主机侧的OVS、EVS、SR-IOV的VLAN配置
负责打通物理网络的东西流量和东西向流量
负责完成安全组、QoS、端口安全的管理
目前最具影响力的国际性评估专业准则是
《国际评估准则》（IVS）
《评估与估价指南》（RedBook）
《专业评估执业统一准则》（USPAP）
《欧洲评估准则》（EVS）
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
目前最具影响力的国际性评估准则是
《国际评估准则》 （I VS）
《欧洲评估准则》 （EVS）
《专业评估执业统一准则》 （USPAP）
英国皇家特许测量师学会（RI CS） 评估准则
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
SDN解决方案中支持哪几种Overlay模式
NVE部署在TOR
NVE部署在EOR
NVE部署在OVS
NVE部署在EVS
SS4型电力机车上采用的真空接触器型号为EVS630／1-110DC额定工作电压为
220V
380V
1000V
1140V
SDN解决方案中NVE模块功能是什么
完成VLAN到VxLAN 的映射及转发
负责完成服务主机侧的 OVS、EVS、SR-IOV 的 VLAN 配置
负责打通物理网络的东西流量和东西向流量
负责完成安全组、 QoS、 端口安全的管理
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
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Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. 9
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. 17
Itmayturnoutthatthe"digitaldivide"--oneofthemostfashionablepoliticalslogansofrecentyears--islargelyfiction.Asyouwillrecalltheargumentwentwellbeyondtheunsurprisingnotionthattherichwouldownmorecomputersthanthepoor.Thedisturbingpartofthetheorywasthatsocietywasdividingitselfintogroupsoftechnology"haves"and"have-nots"andthatthissegregationwouldinturnworsenalreadylargeeconomicinequalities.Itisthisargumentthatiseitheruntrueorwildlyexaggerated. Weshouldalwayshavebeensuspicious.Afterallcomputershavespreadquicklybecausetheyhavebecomecheapertobuyandeasiertouse.Fallingpricesandskillrequirementssuggestthatthedigitaldividewouldspontaneouslyshrink--andsoithas. Nowanewstudyfurtherdiscreditsthedigitaldivide.ThestudybyeconomistDavidCardoftheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleychallengesthenotionthatcomputershavesignificantlyworsenedwageinequality.Thelogicofhowthissupposedlyhappensisstraightforward:computersraisethedemandforhigh-skilledworkersincreasingtheirwages.Meanwhilecomputerization--byautomatingmanyroutinetasks--reducesthedemandforlow-skilledworkersandtherebytheirwages.Thegapbetweenthetwowidens. Superficiallywagestatisticssupportthetheory.Considertheratiobetweenworkersnearthetopofthewagedistributionandthosenearthebottom.Computerizationincreased;sodidthewagegap. ButwaitpointoutCardandDiNardo.Thetroublewithblamingcomputersisthattheworseningofinequalityoccurredprimarilyintheearly1980s.Withcomputerusegrowingthewagegapshouldhavecontinuedtoexpandifitwasbeingdrivenbyashiftingdemandforskills.IndeedCardandDiNardofindmuchdetailedevidencethatcontradictsthetheory.Theyconcludethatcomputerizationdoesnotexplain"theriseinU.S.wageinequalityinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury." Thepopularperceptionofcomputers’impactonwagesishugelyoverblown.Lotsofotherinfluencescountforasmuchormore.Theworseningofwageinequalityintheearly1980sforexamplealmostcertainlyreflectedthedeep1981--1982recessionandthefallofinflation.Companiesfoundithardertoraiseprices.Tosurvivetheyconcludedthattheyhadtoholddownthewagesoftheirleastskilledleastmobileandyoungestworkers. The"digitaldivide"suggestedasimplesolutioncomputersforacomplexproblempoverty.Withmorecomputeraccessthepoorcouldescapetheirlot.Butcomputersneverwerethesourceofanyone’spovertyandasforescapingwhatpeopledoforthemselvesmattersmorethanwhattechnologycandoforthem. Theauthor’sattitudetowardtheopinionheldbyCardandDiNardoisoneof
Itmayturnoutthatthe"digitaldivide"--oneofthemostfashionablepoliticalslogansofrecentyears--islargelyfiction.Asyouwillrecalltheargumentwentwellbeyondtheunsurprisingnotionthattherichwouldownmorecomputersthanthepoor.Thedisturbingpartofthetheorywasthatsocietywasdividingitselfintogroupsoftechnology"haves"and"have-nots"andthatthissegregationwouldinturnworsenalreadylargeeconomicinequalities.Itisthisargumentthatiseitheruntrueorwildlyexaggerated. Weshouldalwayshavebeensuspicious.Afterallcomputershavespreadquicklybecausetheyhavebecomecheapertobuyandeasiertouse.Fallingpricesandskillrequirementssuggestthatthedigitaldividewouldspontaneouslyshrink--andsoithas. Nowanewstudyfurtherdiscreditsthedigitaldivide.ThestudybyeconomistDavidCardoftheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleychallengesthenotionthatcomputershavesignificantlyworsenedwageinequality.Thelogicofhowthissupposedlyhappensisstraightforward:computersraisethedemandforhigh-skilledworkersincreasingtheirwages.Meanwhilecomputerization--byautomatingmanyroutinetasks--reducesthedemandforlow-skilledworkersandtherebytheirwages.Thegapbetweenthetwowidens. Superficiallywagestatisticssupportthetheory.Considertheratiobetweenworkersnearthetopofthewagedistributionandthosenearthebottom.Computerizationincreased;sodidthewagegap. ButwaitpointoutCardandDiNardo.Thetroublewithblamingcomputersisthattheworseningofinequalityoccurredprimarilyintheearly1980s.Withcomputerusegrowingthewagegapshouldhavecontinuedtoexpandifitwasbeingdrivenbyashiftingdemandforskills.IndeedCardandDiNardofindmuchdetailedevidencethatcontradictsthetheory.Theyconcludethatcomputerizationdoesnotexplain"theriseinU.S.wageinequalityinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury." Thepopularperceptionofcomputers’impactonwagesishugelyoverblown.Lotsofotherinfluencescountforasmuchormore.Theworseningofwageinequalityintheearly1980sforexamplealmostcertainlyreflectedthedeep1981--1982recessionandthefallofinflation.Companiesfoundithardertoraiseprices.Tosurvivetheyconcludedthattheyhadtoholddownthewagesoftheirleastskilledleastmobileandyoungestworkers. The"digitaldivide"suggestedasimplesolutioncomputersforacomplexproblempoverty.Withmorecomputeraccessthepoorcouldescapetheirlot.Butcomputersneverwerethesourceofanyone’spovertyandasforescapingwhatpeopledoforthemselvesmattersmorethanwhattechnologycandoforthem. Itisgenerallybelievedthatthedigitaldivideissomething
Thequestionofwhereinsightscomefromhasbecomeahottopicinneurosciencedespitethefactthattheyarenoteasytoinduceexperimentallyinalaboratory.Dr.BhattacharyaandDr.Shethhavetakenacreativeapproach.Theyhaveselectedsomebrain-teasingbutpracticalproblemsinthehopethatthesewouldgetclosertomimickingrealinsight:Toqualifyapuzzlehadtobesimplenottoowidelyknownandwithoutamethodicalsolution.Theresearchersthenasked18youngadultstotrytosolvetheseproblemswhiletheirbrainwavesweremonitoredusinganelectroencephalographEEG. Atypicalbrain-teaserwentlikethis.Therearethreelightswitchesontheground-floorwallofathree-storeyhouse.Twooftheswitchesdonothingbutoneofthemcontrolsabulbonthesecondfloor.Whenyoubeginthebulbisoff.Youcanonlymakeonevisittothesecondfloor.Howdoyouworkoutwhichswitchistheonethatcontrolsthelight Thisproblemoroneequivalenttoitwaspresentedonacomputerscreentoavolunteerwhenthatvolunteerpressedabutton.Theelectricalactivityofthevolunteer’sbrainhisbrainwavepatternwasrecordedbytheEEGfromthebutton’spress.Eachvolunteerwasgiven30secondstoreadthepuzzleandanother60to90secondstosolveit. Somepeopleworkeditout;othersdidnot.ThesignificantpointthoughwasthattheEEGpredictedwhowouldfallwhere.Thosevolunteerswhowentontohaveaninsightinthiscasethatontheironeandonlyvisittothesecondfloortheycouldusenotjustthelighthuttheheatproducedbyabulbasevidenceofanactiveswitchhadhaddifferentbrainwaveactivityfromthosewhonevergotit.Intherightfrontalcortexapartofthebrainassociatedwithshiftingmentalstatestherewasanincreaseinhigh-frequencygammawavesthosewith47-48cyclesasecond.Moreoverthedifferencewasnoticeableuptoeightsecondsbeforethevolunteerrealisedhehadfoundthesolution.Dr.Sheththinksthismayhecapturingthe“transformationalthought”inactionbeforethebrain’s“owner”isconsciouslyawareofit. Thisfindingposesfascinatingquestionsabouthowthebrainreallyworks.Consciousthoughtitseemsdoesnotsolveproblems.Insteadunconsciousprocessinghappensinthebackgroundandonlydeliverstheanswertoconsciousnessonceithasbeenarrivedat.Foodforfurtherthoughtindeed. Throughwhichcharacterofthebraindidthescientistsstudythebrain
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. 5
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. 3
Studiesfrom10nationsrevealthattheratesofdepressionamongwomenaretwiceashighastheyareamongmen.Dowomenhaveabiologicalbentfordepressionoraresocialdoublestandardsthemajorcause Mentalhealthworkershavelongnoticedamongtheclinicallydepressedwomentakeupabiggerproportion.Untilrecentlythoughitwasunclearwhethermorewomenthanmenwereillorinsteadwhethermorewomensoughthelp.Infactamountingcollectionofstudieshasconfirmedthatmajordepressionistwiceascommonamongwomenasitisamongmen."Thisisoneofthemostconsistentfindingswehaveeverhad"saysMyrnaM.WeissmanofColumbiaUniversity. Scientistssearchingforexplanationsarechallengedbythefactthatavarietyofcuespromptdepressionindifferentpeople.Sortingoutwhichfactorsmighthaveagreaterinfluenceonwomenhasnotprovedeasy.Bothsexesstandanequalchanceofinheritingmajordepressionsogenesaremostlikelynottoblame.Yethormonesandsleepcycles--whichdifferdramaticallybetweenthesexescanaltermood.Alsomanyworkershaveproposedthatsocialdiscriminationmightputwomenunderhighlevelsofstress. In1990aninternationalgroupexaminesmooddisorders.Inthe10nationsreviewedsofartheteamhasfoundthatamonggenerationsreachingmaturityafter1945depressionseemstobeontheriseandoccursatayoungerage.Althoughoverallincidencevariesregionally"everywheretheratesofdepressionamongwomenareabouttwiceashighastheyareamongmen"Weissmansays. Incontrastlifetimeratesformanic-depressiveillnessdonotdifferaccordingtosexorculture.MarkS.GeorgeandhiscolleaguesattheNationalInstituteofMentalHealthNIMHrecentlystudiedwhichregionsofthebrainhavegreaterbloodflowduringperiodsofdepression.Georgefoundthat"thebrainactivityofthemenandwomenofdepressionlookedverydifferent."Hehassincecomparedfeelingsofangeranxietyandhappinessfindingnosuchbigadifference. BecauseoneinfiveAmericanwomenhasahistoryofdepressionespeciallyastheyoftenpursuetherapyfromothersourcessometimesontopofananti-depressantclinic.SaysLeibenluft:"Itisremarkablehowlittleworkhasbeendoneonthissubject. Whatcanwelearnfromthe3rdparagraph
“Thisisareallyexcitingtime—aneweraisstarting”saysPeterBazalgettethechiefcreativeofficerofEndemol.Heisreferringtotheupsurgeofinterestinmobiletelevisionanascentindustryattheintersectionoftelecomsandmediawhichoffersnewopportunitiestodevice-makerscontentproducersandmobile-networkoperators.Andheisfarfromaloneinhisenthusiasm. Alreadymanymobileoperatorsofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhichare“streamed”acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.41.______. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhichlaunchedavideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusic-playerinOctoberisstrikingdealswithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandtherangeofshowsthatcanbepurchasedforviewingonthedeviceincluding“Lost”“DesperateHousewives”and“Law＆Order”. 42.______.Forastartnobodyreallyknowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.Informaaconsultancysaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010.Butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedtoliveuptoexpectations.AndevenifpeopledowantTVonthemovethereisfurtheruncertaintyintwoareas:technologyandbusinessmodels. AtthemomentmobileTVismostlystreamedover3Gnetworks.ButsendinganindividualdatastreamtoeachviewerisinefficientandwillbeunsustainableinthelongrunifmobileTVtakesoff.43.______. 44.______.Thatsuggeststhatsomeshowssuchasdramabettersuitthedownloadmodelwhileotherssuchaslivenewssportsorrealityshowsarebettersuitedtoreal-timetransmission.Thetwoapproacheswillprobablyco-exist. Justasthereareseveralcompetingmobile-TVtechnologiestherearealsomanypossiblebusinessmodels.Mobileoperatorsmightchoosetobuildtheirownmobile-TVbroadcastnetworks;ortheycouldformaconsortiumandbuildasharednetwork;orexistingbroadcasterscouldbuildsuchnetworks. Thebigquestioniswhetherthebroadcastersandmobileoperatorscanagreehowtodividethespoilsassumingthereareany.Broadcastersownthecontentbutmobileoperatorsgenerallycontrolthehandsetsandtheydonotalwaysseeeyetoeye.45. Thenthereisthequestionofwhowillfundtheproductionofmobile-TVcontent:broadcastersoperatorsoradvertisersAgaintheanswerisprobably“alloftheabove”. [A]Sothegeneralconsensusisthat3Gstreamingisapreludetotheconstructionofdedicatedmobile-TVbroadcastnetworkswhichtransmitdigitalTVsignalsonentirelydifferentfrequenciestothoseusedforvoiceanddata.Therearethreemainstandards:DVB-HfavouredinEurope;DMBwhichhasbeenadoptedinSouthKoreaandJapan;andMediaFLOwhichisbeingrolledoutinAmerica.WatchingTVusinganyofthesetechnologiesrequiresaTV-capablehandsetofcourse. [B]IncontrastwatchingdownloadedTVprogrammesonaniPodorotherportablevideoplayerisalreadypossibletoday.Andunlikeaprogrammestreamedover3Gorbroadcastviaadedicatedmobile-TVnetworkshowsstoredonaniPodcanbewatchedon.anundergroundtrainorinregionswithpatchynetworkcoverage. [C]InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmoreefficientthansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks.InEuropetheItalianarmof3amobileoperatorrecentlyacquiredChannel7atelevisionchannelwithaviewtolaunchingmobile-TVbroadcastsinItalyinthesecondhalfof2006. [D]DespiteallthisactivityhowevertheprospectsformobileTVareunclear. [E]Assumingthetechnologyandthebusinessmodelscanbesortedoutthereisstillthetrickymatterofcontent. [F]InSouthKoreaaconsortiumofbroadcasterslaunchedafree-to-airDMBnetworklastmonthbutthecountry’smobileoperatorswerereluctanttoprovidetheiruserswithhandsetsabletoreceivethebroadcastssincetheywereunwillingtounderminetheprospectsfortheirownsubscription-basedmobile-TVservices. [G]ThepotentialformobileTVisvastinshort—butsoisthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice. 43
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. 1
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. 15
CabinetmeetingsoutsideLondonarerareandreluctantthings.HaroldWilsonheldoneinBrightonin1966butonlybecausetheLabourPartywasalreadythereforitsannualconference.In1921DavidLloydGeorgesummonedtheLiberalstoInvernessbecausehedidn’twanttocutshorthisholiday.GordonBrown’sdecisiontoholdhisfirstcabinetmeetingafterthesummerbreakinBirminghamonSeptember8thwasbornofanoblerdesiretoshowthealmostninetenthsofBritonswholiveoutsideLondonthattheyarenotignored.Hewillhavetodobetter:constitutionallytheyaremoresidelinednowthanever. ManylegislaturesusetheirsecondchambertostrengthentherepresentationofsparselypopulatedareaseveryAmericanstatefromWyomingtoCaliforniagetstwovotesintheSenateforexample.Britain’sHouseofLordsmostofwhosemembersareappointedsupposedlyonmerithastheoppositebias.AsurveybytheNewLocalGovernmentNetworkNLGNathink-tankfindsthatLondonandtwoofitsneighbouringregionsarehometomorepeersthantherestofBritaincombined;evenBirminghamthecountry’ssecond-largestcityhasjustone. OddlythisdistortionispartlythankstoreformsthatweresupposedtomaketheLordsmorerepresentative.Bythrowingoutmostofthehereditarypeersin1999Labourpavedthewayforasecondchamberthatwaslessposhlesswhiteandlessmalethanbefore.Butinbootingoutthelandedgentryitalsoditchedmanyofthosewhocamefromtheprovinces.TheDukeofNorthumberland270thintheSundayTimes’s"RichList"maynotbeamemberofadowntroddenminority.ButAlnwickCastlehisfamilypileisintheNorth-eastregionhometojust2%oftheLords’membersnow.Geographicallyspeakingthedukeandhisfellowtoffswerechampionsofdiversity. Thegovernmentnowwantstoreintroducesomegeographicalfairnessbutminusdukes.Long-incubatedplanstoreformtheLordswouldseeitconvertedduringthenextparliamentintoabodythatismainlyorentirelyelected.AwhitepaperinJulyoutlinedvariouselectoralsystemsallbasedonregionalorsub-regionalconstituencies. Somewouldliketoseetheseatofgovernmentprisedoutofthecapitalaltogetherthoughinthepastthishasnormallyrequiredacivilwaroraplague.SouthernerswhisperthatnoonewouldshowupifParliamentwerebasedinabackwatersuchasManchester.Butmanydon’tnow.TheNLGNfoundthatpeersresidentinNorthernIrelandvoteleastoften.ButnextfromthebottomaretheLondon-dwellerswhoshowupforlessthanathirdofthevotesontheirdoorstep.Eventheeightwholiveabroadaremoreassiduous.ThenorthmayseemanawfullylongwayawaybutapparentlysoisWestminster. WhywillGordonBrownholdhisfirstcabinetinBirmingham
Itmayturnoutthatthe"digitaldivide"--oneofthemostfashionablepoliticalslogansofrecentyears--islargelyfiction.Asyouwillrecalltheargumentwentwellbeyondtheunsurprisingnotionthattherichwouldownmorecomputersthanthepoor.Thedisturbingpartofthetheorywasthatsocietywasdividingitselfintogroupsoftechnology"haves"and"have-nots"andthatthissegregationwouldinturnworsenalreadylargeeconomicinequalities.Itisthisargumentthatiseitheruntrueorwildlyexaggerated. Weshouldalwayshavebeensuspicious.Afterallcomputershavespreadquicklybecausetheyhavebecomecheapertobuyandeasiertouse.Fallingpricesandskillrequirementssuggestthatthedigitaldividewouldspontaneouslyshrink--andsoithas. Nowanewstudyfurtherdiscreditsthedigitaldivide.ThestudybyeconomistDavidCardoftheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeleychallengesthenotionthatcomputershavesignificantlyworsenedwageinequality.Thelogicofhowthissupposedlyhappensisstraightforward:computersraisethedemandforhigh-skilledworkersincreasingtheirwages.Meanwhilecomputerization--byautomatingmanyroutinetasks--reducesthedemandforlow-skilledworkersandtherebytheirwages.Thegapbetweenthetwowidens. Superficiallywagestatisticssupportthetheory.Considertheratiobetweenworkersnearthetopofthewagedistributionandthosenearthebottom.Computerizationincreased;sodidthewagegap. ButwaitpointoutCardandDiNardo.Thetroublewithblamingcomputersisthattheworseningofinequalityoccurredprimarilyintheearly1980s.Withcomputerusegrowingthewagegapshouldhavecontinuedtoexpandifitwasbeingdrivenbyashiftingdemandforskills.IndeedCardandDiNardofindmuchdetailedevidencethatcontradictsthetheory.Theyconcludethatcomputerizationdoesnotexplain"theriseinU.S.wageinequalityinthelastquarterofthe20thcentury." Thepopularperceptionofcomputers’impactonwagesishugelyoverblown.Lotsofotherinfluencescountforasmuchormore.Theworseningofwageinequalityintheearly1980sforexamplealmostcertainlyreflectedthedeep1981--1982recessionandthefallofinflation.Companiesfoundithardertoraiseprices.Tosurvivetheyconcludedthattheyhadtoholddownthewagesoftheirleastskilledleastmobileandyoungestworkers. The"digitaldivide"suggestedasimplesolutioncomputersforacomplexproblempoverty.Withmorecomputeraccessthepoorcouldescapetheirlot.Butcomputersneverwerethesourceofanyone’spovertyandasforescapingwhatpeopledoforthemselvesmattersmorethanwhattechnologycandoforthem. Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthetextis
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. 11
Sheknewhowtomakeanentrance.HerdarkhaircutinaseverepageboyAynRandwouldsweepintoaroomwithalongblackcapeadollar-signpinonherlapelandaneverpresentcigaretteinanivoryholder.MelodramaticyesbutRanddidn’thavetimetobesubtle.Shehadmillionsofpeopletoconverttoobjectivismherphilosophyofradicalindividualismlimitedgovernmentandavoidanceofaltruismandreligion.Heradoringfollowers--somecalledthemacult--reveredherasthehighpriestessoflaissez-fairecapitalismuntilherdeathin1982atage77. ThebadeconomyhasbeengoodnewsforRand’slegacy.Herfiercedenunciationsofgovernmentregulationhavesentsalesofhertwobest-knownnovelsTheFountainheadandAtlasShruggedsoaring.Yetherme-firstbrandofcapitalismhasbeenexccoriated严厉批评forfomenting引发therecentfinancialcrisis.Andhermostfamousformeracolyte-onetimeFedchairmanAlanGreenspan--hasbeenblamedforinflatingthehousingbubblebyrefusingtointerveneinthemarket. Inthemidstofthenewlyrekindleddebatetwoexcellentbiographieshavejustbeenpublished:AynRandandtheWorldSheMadebyAnneC.HellerDoubleday;592pagesisacomprehensivestudyinnovelisticdetailofRand’spersonallifeandGoddessoftheMarket:AynRandandtheAmericanRightbyJenniterBurnsOxford;369pagesleansmoreheavilyonRand’stheoriesandpolitics. FromherearliestyearsRandwasawomanonamission.Bornin1905toabourgeoisJewishfamilyinSt.PetersburgRandwas12whentheBolshevikRevolutiontookplace.HerfamilysuddenlypoorwasforcedtofleeandRand’shatredofcommunismandanysortofcollectivismwouldguideherlife.ArrivingintheUSin1926withanewnameAynrhymeswithfinemadeherwaytoHollywoodwhereshehadmodestsuccessasascreenwriterandmarriedanaspiringactorFrankO’Connor.HerpoliticizationcamewhensheandherhusbandworkedonRepublicanWendellWillkie’slosingpresidentialcampaignin1940.AccordingtoBurns"BeforeWillkieshehadbeenpro-capitalistyetpessimisticwriting’Thecapitalistworldislowunprincipledandcorrupt.’Nowshecelebratedcapitalismasthe’noblestcleanestandmostidealisticsystemofall’." TheFountainheadanepicnovelchroniclingthestrugglesofanarchitectnamedHowardRoarkagainstconventionalvalueswasherbreakoutwork.Inherracetogetthesprawling700-pagebooktopressshebegantakingtheamphetamineBenzedrine一种兴奋剂的名称tofuelherefforts."Randusedittopowerherlastmonthsofworkonthenovelincludingseveral24-hoursessionscorrectingpageproofs"writesBurns.ThebookbroughtRandfinancialsecurityandfame. WhatdowelearnaboutAynRand
CabinetmeetingsoutsideLondonarerareandreluctantthings.HaroldWilsonheldoneinBrightonin1966butonlybecausetheLabourPartywasalreadythereforitsannualconference.In1921DavidLloydGeorgesummonedtheLiberalstoInvernessbecausehedidn’twanttocutshorthisholiday.GordonBrown’sdecisiontoholdhisfirstcabinetmeetingafterthesummerbreakinBirminghamonSeptember8thwasbornofanoblerdesiretoshowthealmostninetenthsofBritonswholiveoutsideLondonthattheyarenotignored.Hewillhavetodobetter:constitutionallytheyaremoresidelinednowthanever. ManylegislaturesusetheirsecondchambertostrengthentherepresentationofsparselypopulatedareaseveryAmericanstatefromWyomingtoCaliforniagetstwovotesintheSenateforexample.Britain’sHouseofLordsmostofwhosemembersareappointedsupposedlyonmerithastheoppositebias.AsurveybytheNewLocalGovernmentNetworkNLGNathink-tankfindsthatLondonandtwoofitsneighbouringregionsarehometomorepeersthantherestofBritaincombined;evenBirminghamthecountry’ssecond-largestcityhasjustone. OddlythisdistortionispartlythankstoreformsthatweresupposedtomaketheLordsmorerepresentative.Bythrowingoutmostofthehereditarypeersin1999Labourpavedthewayforasecondchamberthatwaslessposhlesswhiteandlessmalethanbefore.Butinbootingoutthelandedgentryitalsoditchedmanyofthosewhocamefromtheprovinces.TheDukeofNorthumberland270thintheSundayTimes’s"RichList"maynotbeamemberofadowntroddenminority.ButAlnwickCastlehisfamilypileisintheNorth-eastregionhometojust2%oftheLords’membersnow.Geographicallyspeakingthedukeandhisfellowtoffswerechampionsofdiversity. Thegovernmentnowwantstoreintroducesomegeographicalfairnessbutminusdukes.Long-incubatedplanstoreformtheLordswouldseeitconvertedduringthenextparliamentintoabodythatismainlyorentirelyelected.AwhitepaperinJulyoutlinedvariouselectoralsystemsallbasedonregionalorsub-regionalconstituencies. Somewouldliketoseetheseatofgovernmentprisedoutofthecapitalaltogetherthoughinthepastthishasnormallyrequiredacivilwaroraplague.SouthernerswhisperthatnoonewouldshowupifParliamentwerebasedinabackwatersuchasManchester.Butmanydon’tnow.TheNLGNfoundthatpeersresidentinNorthernIrelandvoteleastoften.ButnextfromthebottomaretheLondon-dwellerswhoshowupforlessthanathirdofthevotesontheirdoorstep.Eventheeightwholiveabroadaremoreassiduous.ThenorthmayseemanawfullylongwayawaybutapparentlysoisWestminster. AccordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingisthereasonofUKhavingsuchapopulation-basisdistortedsecondchamber
46"Popularart"hasanumberofmeaningsimpossibletodefinewithanyprecisionwhichrangefromfolkloretojunkwithpolesbeingclearenoughbutthemiddletendingtoblur.TheHollywoodWesternofthe1930’sforexamplehaselementsoffolklorebutisclosertojunkthantohighartorfolkart.Therecanbegreattrashjustasthereisbadhighart.ThemusicalsofGeorgeGershwinaregreatpopularartneveraspiringtohighart.SchubertandBrahmshoweverusedelementsofpopularmusic--folkthemes--inworksclearlyintendedashighart.ThecaseofVerdiisadifferentone:hetookapopulargenre--bourgeoismelodramasettomusicanaccuratedefinitionofnineteenth-centuryopera-andwithoutalteringitsfundamentalnaturetransmuteditintohighart.47Thisremainsoneofthegreatestachievementsinmusicandonethatcannotbefullyappreciatedwithoutrecognizingtheessentialtrashinessofthegenre. AsanexampleofsuchatransmutationconsiderwhatVerdimadeofthetypicalpoliticalelementsofnineteenth-centuryopera.48Generallyintheplotsoftheseoperasaheroorheroine--usuallyportrayedonlyasanindividualunrestrainedbyclass--iscaughtbetweentheimmoralcorruptionofthearistocracyandthedoctrinairerigidityoftheleadersofthecivilians.Verditransformsthisnaiveandunlikeformulationwithmusicofextraordinaryenergyandrhythmicvitalitymusicmoresubtlethanitseemsatfirsthearing.Therearescenesandariasthatstillsoundlikecallstoarmsandwereclearlyunderstoodassuchwhentheywerefirstperformed.Suchpieceslendanimmediacytotheotherwiseveiledpoliticalmessageoftheseoperasandcallupfeelingsbeyondthoseoftheoperaitself. OrconsiderVerdi’streatmentofcharacter.49BeforeVerditherewererarelyanycharactersatallinmusicaldramaonlyaseriesofsituationswhichallowedthesingerstoexpressaseriesofemotionalstate.Anyattempttofindcoherentpsychologicalportrayalintheseoperasismisplacedingenuity.Theonlycoherencewasthesinger’svocaltechnique:whenthecastchangednewariaswerealmostalwayssubstitutedgenerallyadaptedfromotheroperas.Verdi’scharactersontheotherhandhavegenuineconsistencyandintegrityevenifinmanycasestheconsistencyisthatofpasteboardmelodrama.Theintegrityofthecharacterisachievedthroughthemusic:50oncehehadbecomeestablishedVerdididnotrewritehismusicfordifferentsingersorallowalterationsorsubstitutionsofsomebodyelse’sariasinoneofhisoperasaseveryeighteenth-centurycomposerhaddone.Whenherevisedanoperaitwasonlyfordramaticeconomyandeffectiveness. 47Thisremainsoneofthegreatestachievementsinmusicandonethatcannotbefullyappreciatedwithoutrecognizingtheessentialtrashinessofthegenre.
Thequestionofwhereinsightscomefromhasbecomeahottopicinneurosciencedespitethefactthattheyarenoteasytoinduceexperimentallyinalaboratory.Dr.BhattacharyaandDr.Shethhavetakenacreativeapproach.Theyhaveselectedsomebrain-teasingbutpracticalproblemsinthehopethatthesewouldgetclosertomimickingrealinsight:Toqualifyapuzzlehadtobesimplenottoowidelyknownandwithoutamethodicalsolution.Theresearchersthenasked18youngadultstotrytosolvetheseproblemswhiletheirbrainwavesweremonitoredusinganelectroencephalographEEG. Atypicalbrain-teaserwentlikethis.Therearethreelightswitchesontheground-floorwallofathree-storeyhouse.Twooftheswitchesdonothingbutoneofthemcontrolsabulbonthesecondfloor.Whenyoubeginthebulbisoff.Youcanonlymakeonevisittothesecondfloor.Howdoyouworkoutwhichswitchistheonethatcontrolsthelight Thisproblemoroneequivalenttoitwaspresentedonacomputerscreentoavolunteerwhenthatvolunteerpressedabutton.Theelectricalactivityofthevolunteer’sbrainhisbrainwavepatternwasrecordedbytheEEGfromthebutton’spress.Eachvolunteerwasgiven30secondstoreadthepuzzleandanother60to90secondstosolveit. Somepeopleworkeditout;othersdidnot.ThesignificantpointthoughwasthattheEEGpredictedwhowouldfallwhere.Thosevolunteerswhowentontohaveaninsightinthiscasethatontheironeandonlyvisittothesecondfloortheycouldusenotjustthelighthuttheheatproducedbyabulbasevidenceofanactiveswitchhadhaddifferentbrainwaveactivityfromthosewhonevergotit.Intherightfrontalcortexapartofthebrainassociatedwithshiftingmentalstatestherewasanincreaseinhigh-frequencygammawavesthosewith47-48cyclesasecond.Moreoverthedifferencewasnoticeableuptoeightsecondsbeforethevolunteerrealisedhehadfoundthesolution.Dr.Sheththinksthismayhecapturingthe“transformationalthought”inactionbeforethebrain’s“owner”isconsciouslyawareofit. Thisfindingposesfascinatingquestionsabouthowthebrainreallyworks.Consciousthoughtitseemsdoesnotsolveproblems.Insteadunconsciousprocessinghappensinthebackgroundandonlydeliverstheanswertoconsciousnessonceithasbeenarrivedat.Foodforfurtherthoughtindeed. Howdobrainsworkaccordingtothepassage
Sheknewhowtomakeanentrance.HerdarkhaircutinaseverepageboyAynRandwouldsweepintoaroomwithalongblackcapeadollar-signpinonherlapelandaneverpresentcigaretteinanivoryholder.MelodramaticyesbutRanddidn’thavetimetobesubtle.Shehadmillionsofpeopletoconverttoobjectivismherphilosophyofradicalindividualismlimitedgovernmentandavoidanceofaltruismandreligion.Heradoringfollowers--somecalledthemacult--reveredherasthehighpriestessoflaissez-fairecapitalismuntilherdeathin1982atage77. ThebadeconomyhasbeengoodnewsforRand’slegacy.Herfiercedenunciationsofgovernmentregulationhavesentsalesofhertwobest-knownnovelsTheFountainheadandAtlasShruggedsoaring.Yetherme-firstbrandofcapitalismhasbeenexccoriated严厉批评forfomenting引发therecentfinancialcrisis.Andhermostfamousformeracolyte-onetimeFedchairmanAlanGreenspan--hasbeenblamedforinflatingthehousingbubblebyrefusingtointerveneinthemarket. Inthemidstofthenewlyrekindleddebatetwoexcellentbiographieshavejustbeenpublished:AynRandandtheWorldSheMadebyAnneC.HellerDoubleday;592pagesisacomprehensivestudyinnovelisticdetailofRand’spersonallifeandGoddessoftheMarket:AynRandandtheAmericanRightbyJenniterBurnsOxford;369pagesleansmoreheavilyonRand’stheoriesandpolitics. FromherearliestyearsRandwasawomanonamission.Bornin1905toabourgeoisJewishfamilyinSt.PetersburgRandwas12whentheBolshevikRevolutiontookplace.HerfamilysuddenlypoorwasforcedtofleeandRand’shatredofcommunismandanysortofcollectivismwouldguideherlife.ArrivingintheUSin1926withanewnameAynrhymeswithfinemadeherwaytoHollywoodwhereshehadmodestsuccessasascreenwriterandmarriedanaspiringactorFrankO’Connor.HerpoliticizationcamewhensheandherhusbandworkedonRepublicanWendellWillkie’slosingpresidentialcampaignin1940.AccordingtoBurns"BeforeWillkieshehadbeenpro-capitalistyetpessimisticwriting’Thecapitalistworldislowunprincipledandcorrupt.’Nowshecelebratedcapitalismasthe’noblestcleanestandmostidealisticsystemofall’." TheFountainheadanepicnovelchroniclingthestrugglesofanarchitectnamedHowardRoarkagainstconventionalvalueswasherbreakoutwork.Inherracetogetthesprawling700-pagebooktopressshebegantakingtheamphetamineBenzedrine一种兴奋剂的名称tofuelherefforts."Randusedittopowerherlastmonthsofworkonthenovelincludingseveral24-hoursessionscorrectingpageproofs"writesBurns.ThebookbroughtRandfinancialsecurityandfame. AynRand’sstandpointdoesNOTinclude
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. 19
41Conflicts: Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithoneotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences. 42Sex: WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquiredifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina. 43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students: Onthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmall.Ifoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors. 44Gifts: InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriends.Inoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalled"gifts"butareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.Accustomedaswearetousingtheword"gift"torefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStates."gifts"givenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices. 45SocialIntercourse: WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.Onthewhole.Americanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings: [A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthdaythiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsidered"gifts"here. [B]Whilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessors"Professor"soandsoor"Dr."soandso.someprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.Agoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfillourclassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse. [C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.Yousee.Americanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters. [D]Onmanyoccasionsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife! [E]IntheUnitedStates.forexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.theteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded. [F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForsomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance. 43
“Thisisareallyexcitingtime—aneweraisstarting”saysPeterBazalgettethechiefcreativeofficerofEndemol.Heisreferringtotheupsurgeofinterestinmobiletelevisionanascentindustryattheintersectionoftelecomsandmediawhichoffersnewopportunitiestodevice-makerscontentproducersandmobile-networkoperators.Andheisfarfromaloneinhisenthusiasm. Alreadymanymobileoperatorsofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhichare“streamed”acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.41.______. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhichlaunchedavideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusic-playerinOctoberisstrikingdealswithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandtherangeofshowsthatcanbepurchasedforviewingonthedeviceincluding“Lost”“DesperateHousewives”and“Law＆Order”. 42.______.Forastartnobodyreallyknowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.Informaaconsultancysaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010.Butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedtoliveuptoexpectations.AndevenifpeopledowantTVonthemovethereisfurtheruncertaintyintwoareas:technologyandbusinessmodels. AtthemomentmobileTVismostlystreamedover3Gnetworks.ButsendinganindividualdatastreamtoeachviewerisinefficientandwillbeunsustainableinthelongrunifmobileTVtakesoff.43.______. 44.______.Thatsuggeststhatsomeshowssuchasdramabettersuitthedownloadmodelwhileotherssuchaslivenewssportsorrealityshowsarebettersuitedtoreal-timetransmission.Thetwoapproacheswillprobablyco-exist. Justasthereareseveralcompetingmobile-TVtechnologiestherearealsomanypossiblebusinessmodels.Mobileoperatorsmightchoosetobuildtheirownmobile-TVbroadcastnetworks;ortheycouldformaconsortiumandbuildasharednetwork;orexistingbroadcasterscouldbuildsuchnetworks. Thebigquestioniswhetherthebroadcastersandmobileoperatorscanagreehowtodividethespoilsassumingthereareany.Broadcastersownthecontentbutmobileoperatorsgenerallycontrolthehandsetsandtheydonotalwaysseeeyetoeye.45. Thenthereisthequestionofwhowillfundtheproductionofmobile-TVcontent:broadcastersoperatorsoradvertisersAgaintheanswerisprobably“alloftheabove”. [A]Sothegeneralconsensusisthat3Gstreamingisapreludetotheconstructionofdedicatedmobile-TVbroadcastnetworkswhichtransmitdigitalTVsignalsonentirelydifferentfrequenciestothoseusedforvoiceanddata.Therearethreemainstandards:DVB-HfavouredinEurope;DMBwhichhasbeenadoptedinSouthKoreaandJapan;andMediaFLOwhichisbeingrolledoutinAmerica.WatchingTVusinganyofthesetechnologiesrequiresaTV-capablehandsetofcourse. [B]IncontrastwatchingdownloadedTVprogrammesonaniPodorotherportablevideoplayerisalreadypossibletoday.Andunlikeaprogrammestreamedover3Gorbroadcastviaadedicatedmobile-TVnetworkshowsstoredonaniPodcanbewatchedon.anundergroundtrainorinregionswithpatchynetworkcoverage. [C]InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmoreefficientthansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks.InEuropetheItalianarmof3amobileoperatorrecentlyacquiredChannel7atelevisionchannelwithaviewtolaunchingmobile-TVbroadcastsinItalyinthesecondhalfof2006. [D]DespiteallthisactivityhowevertheprospectsformobileTVareunclear. [E]Assumingthetechnologyandthebusinessmodelscanbesortedoutthereisstillthetrickymatterofcontent. [F]InSouthKoreaaconsortiumofbroadcasterslaunchedafree-to-airDMBnetworklastmonthbutthecountry’smobileoperatorswerereluctanttoprovidetheiruserswithhandsetsabletoreceivethebroadcastssincetheywereunwillingtounderminetheprospectsfortheirownsubscription-basedmobile-TVservices. [G]ThepotentialformobileTVisvastinshort—butsoisthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice. 45
“Thisisareallyexcitingtime—aneweraisstarting”saysPeterBazalgettethechiefcreativeofficerofEndemol.Heisreferringtotheupsurgeofinterestinmobiletelevisionanascentindustryattheintersectionoftelecomsandmediawhichoffersnewopportunitiestodevice-makerscontentproducersandmobile-networkoperators.Andheisfarfromaloneinhisenthusiasm. Alreadymanymobileoperatorsofferaselectionoftelevisionchannelsorindividualshowswhichare“streamed”acrosstheirthird-generation3Gnetworks.41.______. MeanwhileAppleComputerwhichlaunchedavideo-capableversionofitsiPodportablemusic-playerinOctoberisstrikingdealswithtelevisionnetworkstoexpandtherangeofshowsthatcanbepurchasedforviewingonthedeviceincluding“Lost”“DesperateHousewives”and“Law＆Order”. 42.______.Forastartnobodyreallyknowsifconsumerswillpayforitthoughsurveyssuggesttheyliketheidea.Informaaconsultancysaystherewillbe125mmobile-TVusersby2010.Butmanyothermobiletechnologiesinspiredhighhopesandthenfailedtoliveuptoexpectations.AndevenifpeopledowantTVonthemovethereisfurtheruncertaintyintwoareas:technologyandbusinessmodels. AtthemomentmobileTVismostlystreamedover3Gnetworks.ButsendinganindividualdatastreamtoeachviewerisinefficientandwillbeunsustainableinthelongrunifmobileTVtakesoff.43.______. 44.______.Thatsuggeststhatsomeshowssuchasdramabettersuitthedownloadmodelwhileotherssuchaslivenewssportsorrealityshowsarebettersuitedtoreal-timetransmission.Thetwoapproacheswillprobablyco-exist. Justasthereareseveralcompetingmobile-TVtechnologiestherearealsomanypossiblebusinessmodels.Mobileoperatorsmightchoosetobuildtheirownmobile-TVbroadcastnetworks;ortheycouldformaconsortiumandbuildasharednetwork;orexistingbroadcasterscouldbuildsuchnetworks. Thebigquestioniswhetherthebroadcastersandmobileoperatorscanagreehowtodividethespoilsassumingthereareany.Broadcastersownthecontentbutmobileoperatorsgenerallycontrolthehandsetsandtheydonotalwaysseeeyetoeye.45. Thenthereisthequestionofwhowillfundtheproductionofmobile-TVcontent:broadcastersoperatorsoradvertisersAgaintheanswerisprobably“alloftheabove”. [A]Sothegeneralconsensusisthat3Gstreamingisapreludetotheconstructionofdedicatedmobile-TVbroadcastnetworkswhichtransmitdigitalTVsignalsonentirelydifferentfrequenciestothoseusedforvoiceanddata.Therearethreemainstandards:DVB-HfavouredinEurope;DMBwhichhasbeenadoptedinSouthKoreaandJapan;andMediaFLOwhichisbeingrolledoutinAmerica.WatchingTVusinganyofthesetechnologiesrequiresaTV-capablehandsetofcourse. [B]IncontrastwatchingdownloadedTVprogrammesonaniPodorotherportablevideoplayerisalreadypossibletoday.Andunlikeaprogrammestreamedover3Gorbroadcastviaadedicatedmobile-TVnetworkshowsstoredonaniPodcanbewatchedon.anundergroundtrainorinregionswithpatchynetworkcoverage. [C]InSouthKoreatelevisionisalsosenttomobilephonesviasatelliteandterrestrialbroadcastnetworkswhichisfarmoreefficientthansendingvideoacrossmobilenetworks.InEuropetheItalianarmof3amobileoperatorrecentlyacquiredChannel7atelevisionchannelwithaviewtolaunchingmobile-TVbroadcastsinItalyinthesecondhalfof2006. [D]DespiteallthisactivityhowevertheprospectsformobileTVareunclear. [E]Assumingthetechnologyandthebusinessmodelscanbesortedoutthereisstillthetrickymatterofcontent. [F]InSouthKoreaaconsortiumofbroadcasterslaunchedafree-to-airDMBnetworklastmonthbutthecountry’smobileoperatorswerereluctanttoprovidetheiruserswithhandsetsabletoreceivethebroadcastssincetheywereunwillingtounderminetheprospectsfortheirownsubscription-basedmobile-TVservices. [G]ThepotentialformobileTVisvastinshort—butsoisthedegreeofuncertaintyoverhowitshouldactuallybeputintopractice. 41
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. 7
Studiesfrom10nationsrevealthattheratesofdepressionamongwomenaretwiceashighastheyareamongmen.Dowomenhaveabiologicalbentfordepressionoraresocialdoublestandardsthemajorcause Mentalhealthworkershavelongnoticedamongtheclinicallydepressedwomentakeupabiggerproportion.Untilrecentlythoughitwasunclearwhethermorewomenthanmenwereillorinsteadwhethermorewomensoughthelp.Infactamountingcollectionofstudieshasconfirmedthatmajordepressionistwiceascommonamongwomenasitisamongmen."Thisisoneofthemostconsistentfindingswehaveeverhad"saysMyrnaM.WeissmanofColumbiaUniversity. Scientistssearchingforexplanationsarechallengedbythefactthatavarietyofcuespromptdepressionindifferentpeople.Sortingoutwhichfactorsmighthaveagreaterinfluenceonwomenhasnotprovedeasy.Bothsexesstandanequalchanceofinheritingmajordepressionsogenesaremostlikelynottoblame.Yethormonesandsleepcycles--whichdifferdramaticallybetweenthesexescanaltermood.Alsomanyworkershaveproposedthatsocialdiscriminationmightputwomenunderhighlevelsofstress. In1990aninternationalgroupexaminesmooddisorders.Inthe10nationsreviewedsofartheteamhasfoundthatamonggenerationsreachingmaturityafter1945depressionseemstobeontheriseandoccursatayoungerage.Althoughoverallincidencevariesregionally"everywheretheratesofdepressionamongwomenareabouttwiceashighastheyareamongmen"Weissmansays. Incontrastlifetimeratesformanic-depressiveillnessdonotdifferaccordingtosexorculture.MarkS.GeorgeandhiscolleaguesattheNationalInstituteofMentalHealthNIMHrecentlystudiedwhichregionsofthebrainhavegreaterbloodflowduringperiodsofdepression.Georgefoundthat"thebrainactivityofthemenandwomenofdepressionlookedverydifferent."Hehassincecomparedfeelingsofangeranxietyandhappinessfindingnosuchbigadifference. BecauseoneinfiveAmericanwomenhasahistoryofdepressionespeciallyastheyoftenpursuetherapyfromothersourcessometimesontopofananti-depressantclinic.SaysLeibenluft:"Itisremarkablehowlittleworkhasbeendoneonthissubject. WhatcanweinferfromMarkS.George’sresearch
46"Popularart"hasanumberofmeaningsimpossibletodefinewithanyprecisionwhichrangefromfolkloretojunkwithpolesbeingclearenoughbutthemiddletendingtoblur.TheHollywoodWesternofthe1930’sforexamplehaselementsoffolklorebutisclosertojunkthantohighartorfolkart.Therecanbegreattrashjustasthereisbadhighart.ThemusicalsofGeorgeGershwinaregreatpopularartneveraspiringtohighart.SchubertandBrahmshoweverusedelementsofpopularmusic--folkthemes--inworksclearlyintendedashighart.ThecaseofVerdiisadifferentone:hetookapopulargenre--bourgeoismelodramasettomusicanaccuratedefinitionofnineteenth-centuryopera-andwithoutalteringitsfundamentalnaturetransmuteditintohighart.47Thisremainsoneofthegreatestachievementsinmusicandonethatcannotbefullyappreciatedwithoutrecognizingtheessentialtrashinessofthegenre. AsanexampleofsuchatransmutationconsiderwhatVerdimadeofthetypicalpoliticalelementsofnineteenth-centuryopera.48Generallyintheplotsoftheseoperasaheroorheroine--usuallyportrayedonlyasanindividualunrestrainedbyclass--iscaughtbetweentheimmoralcorruptionofthearistocracyandthedoctrinairerigidityoftheleadersofthecivilians.Verditransformsthisnaiveandunlikeformulationwithmusicofextraordinaryenergyandrhythmicvitalitymusicmoresubtlethanitseemsatfirsthearing.Therearescenesandariasthatstillsoundlikecallstoarmsandwereclearlyunderstoodassuchwhentheywerefirstperformed.Suchpieceslendanimmediacytotheotherwiseveiledpoliticalmessageoftheseoperasandcallupfeelingsbeyondthoseoftheoperaitself. OrconsiderVerdi’streatmentofcharacter.49BeforeVerditherewererarelyanycharactersatallinmusicaldramaonlyaseriesofsituationswhichallowedthesingerstoexpressaseriesofemotionalstate.Anyattempttofindcoherentpsychologicalportrayalintheseoperasismisplacedingenuity.Theonlycoherencewasthesinger’svocaltechnique:whenthecastchangednewariaswerealmostalwayssubstitutedgenerallyadaptedfromotheroperas.Verdi’scharactersontheotherhandhavegenuineconsistencyandintegrityevenifinmanycasestheconsistencyisthatofpasteboardmelodrama.Theintegrityofthecharacterisachievedthroughthemusic:50oncehehadbecomeestablishedVerdididnotrewritehismusicfordifferentsingersorallowalterationsorsubstitutionsofsomebodyelse’sariasinoneofhisoperasaseveryeighteenth-centurycomposerhaddone.Whenherevisedanoperaitwasonlyfordramaticeconomyandeffectiveness. 49BeforeVerditherewererarelyanycharactersatallinmusicaldramaonlyaseriesofsituationswhichallowedthesingerstoexpressaseriesofemotionalstate.
YouareamanagerofAdministrativeOfficenamedJ.S.Sanford.TheboardofdirectorshavedecidedtorefurbishtheofficesofFinancialDepartment.Writeamemototellalltheemployeesthat: 1Howlongwillthisprojectlast 2WhereshallbethetemporaryofficesfortheFinancialDepartmentduringthisperiod’ 3Whichkindofaffairsmightbeinfluencedduringthisperiodandwhatwillbethecorrespondingsolutions Youshouldwriteabout100words.
Optimismistheartofalwaysseeingtheglasshalffull1halfemptyfindingsomethingpositiveineventhemost2ofsituationsandlastbutnotleasttheabilitytoexpectthebestevenifthechancesare3.Itenablesyoutotrynewthingsdealwithfailureasalearningexperience4astoppingpoint.Ingeneraloptimismgivesyouareasontolive.Theworldwouldbeabetterplaceifitwasfullofoptimism5unfortunatelythetrendintoday’syouthis6theoppositeway.Todayitis7tobepessimistic.Onecouldspendhoursdiscussinghowwearrivedatthispoint8ouryouthrefusestosmelltherosesandinsteadprefersto9themselvesontheirownpessimistic10. Optimismisnotan11giftbutratheralearnedbehavior12.Likemostbehaviorsoptimismisbestlearnedbywatchingexamples13you.Thefirststepincreatingagenerationofpeoplewithapositiveoutlookonlifeisto14lifeonthebrightsideyourself.15itwouldbewrongto16yourchildfromallnegativityitisimportantthatyouarenotthe17ofdoubtsandworries.Findingsomethingpositiveinanegativesituationneedstobe18Showhowtomakethebestofthingsbyalways19thepositivebyencouragingyourchildafteran20andbyexplainingoverandoverthatfailureisjustapartofprogress. 13
41Conflicts: Ifyoudogetaplaceinthestudentdormitoryitislikelythatyouwillhavetoshareyourlivingspacewithoneotherstudent.WhilehavinganAmericanroommatewillhelpyoutolearnmoreaboutAmericanwaystherewillprobablybemanytimesthatdiscomfortorconflictwillariseduetoculturaldifferences. 42Sex: WithregardtosexingeneralAmericanbehaviorisquiredifferentfromthenormsfoundinChina. 43RelationshipBetweenTeachers&Students: Onthecampusparticularlywhereclassesaresmall.Ifoundastrangeinformalitythatcharacterizedtherelationshipbetweenstudentsandtheirprofessors. 44Gifts: InmyinteractionwithAmericanfriends.Inoticedthattheconceptofagiftisquitedifferenthere.ManythingswegivetoeachotherinChinaarenotcalled"gifts"butareconsideredtobeareflectionofordinarydutiesandmutualobligations.Accustomedaswearetousingtheword"gift"torefertosomethingvaluablegivenonspecialoccasionsitcomesasasurprisetoseehowoftenthewordisusedinAmerica.IntheUnitedStates."gifts"givenonmanydifferentoccasionsareonlyservices. 45SocialIntercourse: WhenyoudoenterAmericanhomesyouwillhaveanopportunitytoobservedifferentwaysofgreetingpeople.Onthewhole.Americanstendtobefarmorephysicalthanweintheirgreetings: [A]Iwasastonishedforexamplewhenafriendtoldmethathewasofferingtocareforhisyoungerbrotherandsistersothathisfathercouldtakeavacationforhisbirthdaythiswasagifttohim.Forusthiswouldbeconsidereddutyratherthanagift.Evenbetweenfriendsgesturesofthissortmightbeconsidered"gifts"here. [B]Whilemanystudentsdocalltheirprofessors"Professor"soandsoor"Dr."soandso.someprofessorsprefertobecalledfamiliarlybytheirfirstnames.Andinthespiritofinformalitymanyprofessorsmayinvitestudentstotheirhomesorcanbeseenchattingwithstudentsoveramealoracupofcoffeeintheschoolcafeteria.Agoodnumberofinstructorsevenrequestthatstudentsfillourclassevaluationformswhichassessthecontentandpresentationofthecourse. [C]Myroommatewasverysociableandhadmanyboyfriendswhocametovisitoftenverylate.OnenightaftermidnightIhadtostayinthebathroomforanextra40minutesbecauseIhadheardaman’svoiceinmyroom.MyroommatedidnotrealizehowawkwardIwouldfeelmeetingamanwhileIwasinmynightgown.Yousee.Americanstudentstendtobemuchmorecasualaboutthesematters. [D]Onmanyoccasionsforinstanceclosefriendsorsometimesevencasualacquaintancesembraceorkisseachotheronthecheeksingreetingorbiddingfarewell.Itmayevenhappenthatwherecouplesareclosefriendsthetwohusbandswillkisstheotherman’swife! [E]IntheUnitedStates.forexampleifastudentwantstoinvitehisteachertoadinnerpartytheinvitationshouldbesentaweekorsobeforethepartydate.Iftheinvitationisextendedonlythreeorfourdaysbeforethepartydate.theteacherwillfeelheisnothighlyregarded. [F]ForexamplemanyAmericanstudentsseemtoliketolistentopopularandsometimesloudmusicwhilestudyingintheirrooms.Sometimestheywillevenleavethemusiconwhentheyleavetheroom.ForsomereasonmanywilltellyoumusichelpsthemtorelaxandconcentrateanideawhichotherforeignstudentsandIfoundverystrangeanddisturbing.We’dliketostudyquietlywithoutanydisturbance. 41
CabinetmeetingsoutsideLondonarerareandreluctantthings.HaroldWilsonheldoneinBrightonin1966butonlybecausetheLabourPartywasalreadythereforitsannualconference.In1921DavidLloydGeorgesummonedtheLiberalstoInvernessbecausehedidn’twanttocutshorthisholiday.GordonBrown’sdecisiontoholdhisfirstcabinetmeetingafterthesummerbreakinBirminghamonSeptember8thwasbornofanoblerdesiretoshowthealmostninetenthsofBritonswholiveoutsideLondonthattheyarenotignored.Hewillhavetodobetter:constitutionallytheyaremoresidelinednowthanever. ManylegislaturesusetheirsecondchambertostrengthentherepresentationofsparselypopulatedareaseveryAmericanstatefromWyomingtoCaliforniagetstwovotesintheSenateforexample.Britain’sHouseofLordsmostofwhosemembersareappointedsupposedlyonmerithastheoppositebias.AsurveybytheNewLocalGovernmentNetworkNLGNathink-tankfindsthatLondonandtwoofitsneighbouringregionsarehometomorepeersthantherestofBritaincombined;evenBirminghamthecountry’ssecond-largestcityhasjustone. OddlythisdistortionispartlythankstoreformsthatweresupposedtomaketheLordsmorerepresentative.Bythrowingoutmostofthehereditarypeersin1999Labourpavedthewayforasecondchamberthatwaslessposhlesswhiteandlessmalethanbefore.Butinbootingoutthelandedgentryitalsoditchedmanyofthosewhocamefromtheprovinces.TheDukeofNorthumberland270thintheSundayTimes’s"RichList"maynotbeamemberofadowntroddenminority.ButAlnwickCastlehisfamilypileisintheNorth-eastregionhometojust2%oftheLords’membersnow.Geographicallyspeakingthedukeandhisfellowtoffswerechampionsofdiversity. Thegovernmentnowwantstoreintroducesomegeographicalfairnessbutminusdukes.Long-incubatedplanstoreformtheLordswouldseeitconvertedduringthenextparliamentintoabodythatismainlyorentirelyelected.AwhitepaperinJulyoutlinedvariouselectoralsystemsallbasedonregionalorsub-regionalconstituencies. Somewouldliketoseetheseatofgovernmentprisedoutofthecapitalaltogetherthoughinthepastthishasnormallyrequiredacivilwaroraplague.SouthernerswhisperthatnoonewouldshowupifParliamentwerebasedinabackwatersuchasManchester.Butmanydon’tnow.TheNLGNfoundthatpeersresidentinNorthernIrelandvoteleastoften.ButnextfromthebottomaretheLondon-dwellerswhoshowupforlessthanathirdofthevotesontheirdoorstep.Eventheeightwholiveabroadaremoreassiduous.ThenorthmayseemanawfullylongwayawaybutapparentlysoisWestminster. Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph
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