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Many will know that the word "muscle" comes from the Latin for "mouse" (rippling under the skin, so ...
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PassageFour Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.
only one meaning
no meanings
the same meaning
many different meanings
第二部分阅读理解共两节满分30分第一节共10小题每小题2分满分20分阅读下列短文从每题所给的A.B.
完形填空TherearemanywordsintheEnglishlanguagE.Youwilln
Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisusedtoe
Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisusedtoe
Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisusedtoe
完形填空TherearemanywordsintheEnglishlanguagE.Youwilln
Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisusedtoe
Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisusedtoe
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A.the word means
that the word means
what the word means
what does the word mean
AlsoeveryoneknowsthemeaningofMr.Mrs.andMiss.Mr.isu
Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisusedtoe
阅读理解选择一个最佳答案Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmean
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Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisused
only one meaning
no meanings
the same meaning
many different meanings
阅读理解Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisuse
Idon’tknowthe______原始的meaningofthewordbutIknowhowt
Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisusedtoe
首字母缺词填空Therea__1_manywordsinEnglishbutyoucan’tknow
Coolisawordwithmanymeanings.Itsoldmeaningisusedtoe
only one meaning
no meanings
the same meaning
many different meanings
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TheswinefluwillprobablyreturninforceearlierthanseasonalfluusuallybeginsfederalhealthofficialspredictedFridaysayingtheyexpectedittoeruptassoonasschoolsopenratherthaninOctoberorNovember.TheswinefluisstillcirculatingintheUnitedStatesespeciallyinsummercampseventhoughhotweatherhasarrivedandtheregularfluseasonendedmonthsagosoweexpectchallengeswhenpeoplereturntoschoolwhenkidsarecongregatingtogetherDr.AnneSchuchatdirectorofrespiratorydiseasesattheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidinatelephonenewsconferenceheldjointlywithvaccineexpertsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationandtheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.Itisstillunclearhowmanydosesofaswinefluvaccinewillbeavailablebythenandofficialshavebeenreluctanttomakefirmpredictionsbeyondsayingthattheyexpecttensofmillionsratherthanhundredsofmillionsandtheyplantodistributethemtopeoplewhoarethemostvulnerablelikepregnantwomenandpeoplewhoarethemostlikelytoencountertheflulikehealthcareworkers.Thenumberofdosesavailablewilldependonhowfastseedstrainsgrowhowmuchprotectionasmalldoseprovidesandwhetherimmune-systemboosterscalledadjuvantsareneededandprovetobesafe;adjuvantsarenotusedinAmericanfluvaccinesnow.ClinicaltrialstestingthosequestionsareexpectedtotakeanothercoupleofmonthssaidDr.JesseL.GoodmandirectoroftheF.D．A．’sCenterforBiologicsEvaluationandResearch.AssumingaswinefluvaccinationcampaignbeginsitwillbevoluntaryDr.Schuchatemphasizedbutshestronglyencouragedpregnantwomentogetbothaseasonalflushotandaswineflushotwhentheyareavailable.TheC．D．C．hasbeencloselyfollowingthediseaseintheSouthernHemispherewinteranditismimickingthepatternsseenintheUnitedStatesandMexicointhespringshesaid.Mostinfectionsandmostseriouscasesareinchildrenandyoungadultsandthosewithunderlyingconditionsincludingpregnancyarethemostlikelytodie.Dr.Schuchatlikenedthespread’sunpredictabilitytothatofpopcorn:onecitycouldseeanexplosionofcasesandoverwhelmedhospitalswhileanothersawfew.Hermostimportantmessagesheaddedwasthatthevirusisn’tgoneandwefullyexpecttherewillbechallengesinthefall./WhydidofficialsexpecttheswineflutoeruptassoonasschoolsopenratherthaninOctoberorNovember
ThechurchofLaPlacitathelittlesquareformallycalledNuestraSeoraReinadeLosAngeleswasfoundedunderSpanishruleataroundthesametimeasthepueblobearingthesamenamethefutureLosAngeles.CatholicismandHispaniccultureseemedinseparablethere.Theystilllargelyare.VirtuallyallFatherEstrada’sparishionersareHispanicmostofthemofMexicanextraction.WhenGuatemalanandSalvadoreanrefugeesshowedupinthe1980sitwasnaturalforthemasgoodCatholicstofindsanctuaryatLaPlacitawheretheysleptonthepewsandFatherEstradagavethemfood.Itwasnaturalagainin2006whenthecountrywentonananti-immigrantbingeformanyoftheLatinocounter-marchestostartfromLaPlacita.LatinosstillcomefromalloversouthernCaliforniaforbaptismsandprayersocialservicesandasenseofcommunity.ButmoreandmoregrandmothersalsocometoFatherEstradawithworriesaboutchildrenorgrandchildrenwhohavebecomehermanosseparadosseparatedbrothersafterdefectingtoanevangelicalchurchusuallyonewithaPentecostalflavour.TheconvertsmayhavefollowedoneoftheevangelicalswhocometoLaPlacitatorecruitorfriendswhomtheymetataspiritualrockconcertorpicnic.Idon’tworrybutIfindittobechallengingsaysFatherEstrada.Some68%ofHispanicsinAmericaarestillCatholicaccordingtothePewResearchCentreathink-tankandtheirabsolutenumberthankstoimmigrationandhigherbirthratescontinuestoincrease.Butabout15%arenowborn-againevangelicalswhoarefastgainingmarketshareasGastonEspinosaaprofessorofreligionatClaremontMcKennaCollegeputsit.Heestimatesthatabout3.9mLatinoCatholicshaveconvertedandthatforeveryonewhocomesbacktotheCatholicChurchfourleaveit.Themainreasonhethinksisethnicidentity.EvangelicalservicesarenotonlyinSpanishasmanyCatholicsermonsarenowadaysbutareperformedbyLatinosratherthanIrishorPolish-Americanpriestswiththecadencesrhythmsinnuendosandflowfamiliarfromthemothercountry.TheevangelicalservicestendtobelivelierthanCatholicliturgyandtolastlongeroftenturningintoanoutinglastingthewholeday.WomenplaygreaterrolesandtherearefewerparishionersforeachpastorthanintheCatholicChurch.TheevangelicalchurchesarealsomoreexperientialsaysSamuelRodriguezathird-generationPuertoRicanPentecostalpastorandthepresidentoftheNationalHispanicChristianLeadershipConferenceanevangelicalassociation.IntheCatholicChurchabeliever’srelationshipwithJesusismediatedthroughhierarchiesandbureaucracieshesayswhereastheevangelicalchurchesprovidedirectaccesstoJesus.ThePentecostalsgoonestepfurtherwiththegiftsoftheHolySpirit1Corinthianslettingbelieversspeakintonguesandprayfordivinehealing.ThisisthefirstgroupinAmericatoreconcileboththeverticalandthehorizontalpartsofthecrosssaysMr.Rodriguez.BythishemeansthattheLatinoevangelicalchurchesemphasisenotonlycovenantfaithandrighteousnesstheverticalpartaswhiteevangelicalsdobutalsocommunitypublicpolicyandsocialjusticethehorizontalpartasmanyblackevangelicalsbutfewerwhiteonesdo.ToLatinoevangelicalsitisallonethinghesaysandthesocialoutreachthechurchprovidesgoesfarbeyondanygovernmentprogrammewithpastorssnatchingyoungmenawayfromganglifeandfightingtoupholdtherightsofimmigrants.ThisalsomeansthatLatinoevangelicalsasapoliticalforcearedistinctfromwhiteevangelicals.ManyofthewhiteshaveveeredhardrighthatingabortionandgaymarriageandreliablyvotingRepublicanthoughlesssoveryrecently.Latinostendtobeevenmorepro-lifeandtraditionalmarriagethanwhitessaysMr.Rodriguezbutonlybecausetheyknowthatmomanddadinthehomeistheprimeantidotetogangsanddrugs.Thatsamepragmatismmakesthembelieveingovernmentservicesandthetaxesthatpayforthemandofcourseinimmigrantrights.AsvotershereckonsLatinoevangelicalsarethereforethequintessentialindependentsupforgrabsbyeitherparty.ButitmaybeAmericanCatholicismthatchangesthemost.AboutathirdofAmericanCatholicsareLatinonowandtheirshareisgrowing.TheyarealsodifferentCatholicswithmorethanhalfdescribingthemselvesascharismaticsaccordingtothePewreport.CharismaticsremainintheirtraditionaldenominationbutbelieveinsomeaspectsofPentecostalismsuchasthegiftsoftheHolySpiritespeciallythespeakingintongues.LatinocharismaticsseethemselvesasarenewalmovementwithinCatholicismasitconvergeswithotherchurches.AndingeneralallchurchgoingLatinostendtoseethemselvesasrenewingChristianityinAmerica.ThatmakesthemapowerfulforceasdemographicchangesturnAmericaevermoreHispanicandincreasinglydifferentfromsecularEurope.WhatdoescharismaticsPara9Line3refertointhetext
ThetakingoftheBastillefortressasymbolofarbitraryroyalauthoritywasundoubtedlyofrevolutionaryimportanceintermsofweakeningthemonarchyandlegitimisingpopulardefiance.Butotherdayshaveafairclaimtohistoricsymbolismtoo:August26th1789whentheDeclarationoftheRightsofManwasadoptedforinstanceorAugust10th1792whentheTuileriesPalacewasstormedandthemonarchysuspended.BesidesthecommemorationofJuly14thscarcelybeganinrevolutionaryspirit. Atamilitaryfetetomarkitsfirstanniversaryin1790andtocelebratethenewconstitutionalsettlementtheMarquisdeLafayetteaFrenchgeneralsworeanoath"tobeforeverfaithfultotheNationtotheLawandtotheKing".DismayedJean-PaulMarataradicaljournalistandpoliticiandescribedtheproceedingsthatdayas"shameful"adding:"TheRevolutionasyethasbeenmerelyasorrowfuldreamforthepeople!" AsMr.PrendergastrecallsthefalloftheBastillewasnotquitethestuffofepicmyth.Strictlyspeakingtheprisonwasnot"taken";themobsurgedintoitsinnercourtyardonlyafterthegovernortheMarquisdeLaunayhadofferedasurrender.Althoughthecrowdwasprimarilyinsearchofarmsitfoundjustsevenprisonerstobefreed.47．"Happenstanceparanoiaandrandomviolence"characterisedtheeventwithrumourandcounter-rumourfuellingactsofferociousbrutality.Launayhimselfwasdraggedoutbythemobhisbodyrippedtoshredsandhisheadhackedoffbyacookwithakitchenknifebeforebeingstuckonapikeforpublicview. NapoleonBonaparteabolishedtheJuly14thcelebrationaltogether.Itwasnotresurrectedas"BastilleDay"until1880nearlyacenturyaftertheoriginalevents.TheideathenproposedbyBenjaminRaspailadeputywastocreatea"nationalfestival"aspartofarepublicanpackagethatalsoincludedadopting"LaMarseillaise"astheFrenchnationalanthem.ComposedbyClaude-JosephRougetdeLisleayoungengineerstationedwiththearmyoftheRhineitwaswritteninasinglenightin1792．In1880thedeputiesarguedpassionatelyaboutwhichdatetopickforthe"nationalfestival".48．NobodyasMrPrendergastpointsoutproposedSeptember22nd1792theactualdateofthefoundingofthefirstFrenchrepublicforfearoflegitimisingtheTerrorthatitunleashed. July14thwasthusapoliticalcompromise.Itmergedtherevolutionarymessageof1789withthatofunityandreconciliationexpressedbytheanniversaryfeteof1790．49．PartlytohelphealthewoundsofdefeatintheFranco-PrussianwarBastilleDaywasgivenamilitarythemewhichlaststothisdayandwrappedupinnationalistimagery"theunionofarmyandnationundertheflag". SincethenatvariousmomentsofcrisisinFrenchhistoryBastilleDayhasbeeninvestedwithdifferingmessagesaccordingtotheneedsofthetime:working-classsolidarityandrevolutionarypromisefortheFrontPopulaireandthegovernmentofLeonBlumin1936;liberationfromoccupationandtheresistance-as-revolutionmythin1945．Todayitismostlypageantrywithalingeringtouchofpopularfestivity.50．ButMrPrendergastcannotconcealhisscornforwhatheconsidershasbecome"analtogethershoddieraffairprogressivelymummifiedintoformalritualorchestratedbyassorteddignitaries"and"mediakitsch".FortheFrenchthesedaysheconcludesalittletoocruellyitisperhapsaboveallregardedas"essentiallyadayoffwork". 49
ThechurchofLaPlacitathelittlesquareformallycalledNuestraSeoraReinadeLosAngeleswasfoundedunderSpanishruleataroundthesametimeasthepueblobearingthesamenamethefutureLosAngeles.CatholicismandHispaniccultureseemedinseparablethere.Theystilllargelyare.VirtuallyallFatherEstrada’sparishionersareHispanicmostofthemofMexicanextraction.WhenGuatemalanandSalvadoreanrefugeesshowedupinthe1980sitwasnaturalforthemasgoodCatholicstofindsanctuaryatLaPlacitawheretheysleptonthepewsandFatherEstradagavethemfood.Itwasnaturalagainin2006whenthecountrywentonananti-immigrantbingeformanyoftheLatinocounter-marchestostartfromLaPlacita.LatinosstillcomefromalloversouthernCaliforniaforbaptismsandprayersocialservicesandasenseofcommunity.ButmoreandmoregrandmothersalsocometoFatherEstradawithworriesaboutchildrenorgrandchildrenwhohavebecomehermanosseparadosseparatedbrothersafterdefectingtoanevangelicalchurchusuallyonewithaPentecostalflavour.TheconvertsmayhavefollowedoneoftheevangelicalswhocometoLaPlacitatorecruitorfriendswhomtheymetataspiritualrockconcertorpicnic.Idon’tworrybutIfindittobechallengingsaysFatherEstrada.Some68%ofHispanicsinAmericaarestillCatholicaccordingtothePewResearchCentreathink-tankandtheirabsolutenumberthankstoimmigrationandhigherbirthratescontinuestoincrease.Butabout15%arenowborn-againevangelicalswhoarefastgainingmarketshareasGastonEspinosaaprofessorofreligionatClaremontMcKennaCollegeputsit.Heestimatesthatabout3.9mLatinoCatholicshaveconvertedandthatforeveryonewhocomesbacktotheCatholicChurchfourleaveit.Themainreasonhethinksisethnicidentity.EvangelicalservicesarenotonlyinSpanishasmanyCatholicsermonsarenowadaysbutareperformedbyLatinosratherthanIrishorPolish-Americanpriestswiththecadencesrhythmsinnuendosandflowfamiliarfromthemothercountry.TheevangelicalservicestendtobelivelierthanCatholicliturgyandtolastlongeroftenturningintoanoutinglastingthewholeday.WomenplaygreaterrolesandtherearefewerparishionersforeachpastorthanintheCatholicChurch.TheevangelicalchurchesarealsomoreexperientialsaysSamuelRodriguezathird-generationPuertoRicanPentecostalpastorandthepresidentoftheNationalHispanicChristianLeadershipConferenceanevangelicalassociation.IntheCatholicChurchabeliever’srelationshipwithJesusismediatedthroughhierarchiesandbureaucracieshesayswhereastheevangelicalchurchesprovidedirectaccesstoJesus.ThePentecostalsgoonestepfurtherwiththegiftsoftheHolySpirit1Corinthianslettingbelieversspeakintonguesandprayfordivinehealing.ThisisthefirstgroupinAmericatoreconcileboththeverticalandthehorizontalpartsofthecrosssaysMr.Rodriguez.BythishemeansthattheLatinoevangelicalchurchesemphasisenotonlycovenantfaithandrighteousnesstheverticalpartaswhiteevangelicalsdobutalsocommunitypublicpolicyandsocialjusticethehorizontalpartasmanyblackevangelicalsbutfewerwhiteonesdo.ToLatinoevangelicalsitisallonethinghesaysandthesocialoutreachthechurchprovidesgoesfarbeyondanygovernmentprogrammewithpastorssnatchingyoungmenawayfromganglifeandfightingtoupholdtherightsofimmigrants.ThisalsomeansthatLatinoevangelicalsasapoliticalforcearedistinctfromwhiteevangelicals.ManyofthewhiteshaveveeredhardrighthatingabortionandgaymarriageandreliablyvotingRepublicanthoughlesssoveryrecently.Latinostendtobeevenmorepro-lifeandtraditionalmarriagethanwhitessaysMr.Rodriguezbutonlybecausetheyknowthatmomanddadinthehomeistheprimeantidotetogangsanddrugs.Thatsamepragmatismmakesthembelieveingovernmentservicesandthetaxesthatpayforthemandofcourseinimmigrantrights.AsvotershereckonsLatinoevangelicalsarethereforethequintessentialindependentsupforgrabsbyeitherparty.ButitmaybeAmericanCatholicismthatchangesthemost.AboutathirdofAmericanCatholicsareLatinonowandtheirshareisgrowing.TheyarealsodifferentCatholicswithmorethanhalfdescribingthemselvesascharismaticsaccordingtothePewreport.CharismaticsremainintheirtraditionaldenominationbutbelieveinsomeaspectsofPentecostalismsuchasthegiftsoftheHolySpiritespeciallythespeakingintongues.LatinocharismaticsseethemselvesasarenewalmovementwithinCatholicismasitconvergeswithotherchurches.AndingeneralallchurchgoingLatinostendtoseethemselvesasrenewingChristianityinAmerica.ThatmakesthemapowerfulforceasdemographicchangesturnAmericaevermoreHispanicandincreasinglydifferentfromsecularEurope.AccordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingisnottheedgesofevangelicalchurchesagainstCatholicChurch
ShewasFrench;hewasEnglish;theyhadjustmovedtoLondonfromParis.Whenhefoundoutaboutheraffairshebeggedforareconciliation.Hewasmoreruthless:thesameafternoonhefiledfordivorceinFranceoneofthestingiestjurisdictionsinEuropeforthenon-earningspouseandwhereadulteryaffectsthecourt’sruling.HadshefiledfirstinEnglandherconductwouldhavebeenirrelevantandshewouldhavehadagoodchanceofalargeshareofthemaritalassetsandevenmaintenanceforlife.Internationaldivorceisfullofsuchdramasandanomaliessothenaturalresponseofpolicymakersistotrytomakethingssimplerandmorepredictable.ButthebiggestattemptinrecentyearstodojustthatinaEuropeanagreementcalledRomeⅢhasjustbeenshelved.InsteadseveralEUcountriesarenowpressingaheadwiththeirownharmonisationdeal.Manywonderifitwillworkanybetter.Atissueisthevexedquestionofwhichcountry’slawappliestothebreak-upofamixedmarriage.Thespousesmaylivelong-terminathirdcountryandbetemporarilyworkinginafourth.Theworstwaytosortthatoutiswithexpensivelegalbattlesinmultiplejurisdictions.Themainprincipleatpresentisthatthefirstcourttobeapproachedhearsthecase.Introducedin2001thispracticehasworkedwellinpreventinginternationallegalbattlesbuthasmadecouplesmuchmoretrigger-happybecausethespousewhohesitatesinordertosaveatroubledmarriagemayloseahugeamountofmoney.RomeIIIaimedtoremovetheincentivetogotocourtquickly.InsteadcourtsinanyEUcountrywouldautomaticallyapplythelocallawthathadchieflygovernedthemarriage.ThisapproachisalreadyinforceincountriessuchastheNetherlands.AcouplethatmovedthereandsoughtdivorcehavingspentmostofthemarriageinFrancesaywouldfindaDutchcourtdividingassetsandhandlingchildcustodyaccordingtoFrenchlaw.ThatworksfineamongcontinentalEuropeancountrieswherelegalsystemsbasedonRomanlawleavelittleroleforprecedentorthejudge’sdiscretion.Youcanlookuptherulesonawebsiteandapplythem.ButitisanathemainplacessuchasEnglandwherethesystemfavoursathoroughandoftenexpensiveinvestigationofthedetailsofeachcaseandthenletsjudgesdecideaccordingtopreviouscasesandEnglishlaw.Anothersnagisthatwhatmaysuitmiddle-classexpatriatesinBrusselswhojusthappenedtobethepeopledraftingRomeⅢmaynotsuitforexampleamixedmarriagethathasmainlybeenbasedinacountryperhapsnotevenanEUmemberwithasharplydifferentdivorcelaw.Swedishpoliticiansdon’tliketheideathattheircourtswouldbeaskedtoenforcemarriagelawsbasedonsayIslamicsharia.ThethreatofvetoesfromSwedenandlike-mindedcountrieshasblockedRomeⅢ.ButagroupofninecountriesledbySpainandFranceisgoingahead.TheyareresortingtoaprovisioninEUrules-neverbeforeinvoked-calledenhancedco-operationThissetsaprecedentforamulti-speed’Europeinwhichlike-mindedcountriesareallowedtomovetowardsgreaterintegrationratherthanseekingabig-bangbindingtreatythatscoopsupthewillingandunwillingalike.Somecountriesworrythatusingenhancedco-operationwillcreateunmanageablelayersofcomplexitywithEUlawreplacedbymultipleadhocagreements.ThereallessonmaybethatRomeIIIwasjusttooambitious.Amoremodestbutusefulgoalwouldbesimplytoclarifythefactorsthatdeterminewhichcourthearsadivorceandthenletthatcourtapplyitsownlaw.DavidHodsonaBritishexpertproposesaninternationaldealthatwouldstartbygivinggreatestweighttoanyprenuptialagreementfollowedbylong-termresidencyandthentakeintoaccountotherfactorssuchasnationality.Thatwouldthenmakeiteasiertoendmarriagesamicablywithmediationandout-of-courtagreementratherthanaracetostartthebeastlybusinessoflitigation.Accordingtothetextwhatmightpossiblybeareasonablecourseindeterminingwhichcourthearsadivorce.9
In2007aFrenchfoodcompanywantedtobuyafamily-ownedfirminIndia.Thepatriarchwas72andtheFrenchfirmwantedtosendsomeoneofsimilarexperiencetotalktohim.Butbecauseofitsyouthfulcorporateculture-mostpeoplearehustledoutofthedoorintheirmid40s-ithadnoonetosend.IntheendthroughExperconnectanemploymentagencyinPariswhichplacesretiredpeopleitfounda58-year-oldformerheadofaEuropeanconsumer-goodsfirmandsenthimouttoMumbai.Francehasapoorrecordwhenitcomestokeepingolderpeopleintheworkforce.Theretirementageis60not65asinmostdevelopedcountries.In2005only37.8%ofpeopleaged55-64hadjobsversus56.8%inBritainand44.9%inGermany.Themainreasonisthatinthe1980swhentherewashighunemploymentthegovernmentpromotedearlyretirement.ThatentrenchedtheideathatolderworkerswerelessproductivesaysCarolineYoungExperconnect’sfounder.Nowcompaniesareworriedaboutlosingtheirmostskilledworkersespeciallyasthebabyboomgenerationnearsretirement.Arevaanuclear-powergrouprecentlylaunchedaschemetoaddresstheneedsofolderemployeesandplanstouseabout100retiredpeopleayearthroughExperconnect.BecausenuclearpowerwasunpopularfordecadesArevastoppedtrainingengineerssothatmuchofitsexpertiselieswithitsoldeststaff.Nowitistakingmuchmoreinterestinthem.WehavetobringaboutarevolutioninopinionsaysJeanCassingenaitshuman-resourcesstrategist.UnlikeotherrecruitmentagenciesExperconnectkeepsitsworkersonitsownbookssotheycancarryondrawingtheirpensions.Theytendtoworkpart-timeonone-offprojects.EngineersandpeoplewithhighlevelsoftechnicalskillaremostindemandinFrancesaysMsYoungasyoungerpeopleincreasinglychoosetogointofieldssuchasmarketing.ThalesadefenceandaerospacefirmisusingaformerradarexpertforinstanceandLouisBergerFranceanengineeringfirmoftenusesretiredengineerstomanagebiginfrastructureprojects.SofterindustriesalsomakeuseofExperconnect.Danoneafoodfirmhirespeopleforone-offmanagementroles.Olderpeoplehaveseenitallandtheyarelevel-headedsaysThomasKunzitsheadofbeverages.Thebeautyindustryisshortoftoxicologiststodeterminewhethernewlotionsaresafeandonefirmhasjusttakenona75-year-old.TwofamousFrenchluxury-goodscompaniesplantouseretiredworkersintheirhandbagdivisions.Onewantstosafeguarditsknowledgeoffineleathersandsewing;theotherwantstoapplyexpertisefromtheaerospaceindustrytomakenewkindsofmaterialsforhandbags.Despiteanimpressivehandfulofhigh-profileclientsExperconnecthasfounditdifficulttoconvinceFrenchcompaniesthatolderworkerscanbevaluable.Ithas2700retiredpeopleonitsbooksandhassofarplacedjust50ofthemonmissions.Oldprejudicesastheysaydiehard.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothetext
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
ThetakingoftheBastillefortressasymbolofarbitraryroyalauthoritywasundoubtedlyofrevolutionaryimportanceintermsofweakeningthemonarchyandlegitimisingpopulardefiance.Butotherdayshaveafairclaimtohistoricsymbolismtoo:August26th1789whentheDeclarationoftheRightsofManwasadoptedforinstanceorAugust10th1792whentheTuileriesPalacewasstormedandthemonarchysuspended.BesidesthecommemorationofJuly14thscarcelybeganinrevolutionaryspirit. Atamilitaryfetetomarkitsfirstanniversaryin1790andtocelebratethenewconstitutionalsettlementtheMarquisdeLafayetteaFrenchgeneralsworeanoath"tobeforeverfaithfultotheNationtotheLawandtotheKing".DismayedJean-PaulMarataradicaljournalistandpoliticiandescribedtheproceedingsthatdayas"shameful"adding:"TheRevolutionasyethasbeenmerelyasorrowfuldreamforthepeople!" AsMr.PrendergastrecallsthefalloftheBastillewasnotquitethestuffofepicmyth.Strictlyspeakingtheprisonwasnot"taken";themobsurgedintoitsinnercourtyardonlyafterthegovernortheMarquisdeLaunayhadofferedasurrender.Althoughthecrowdwasprimarilyinsearchofarmsitfoundjustsevenprisonerstobefreed.47．"Happenstanceparanoiaandrandomviolence"characterisedtheeventwithrumourandcounter-rumourfuellingactsofferociousbrutality.Launayhimselfwasdraggedoutbythemobhisbodyrippedtoshredsandhisheadhackedoffbyacookwithakitchenknifebeforebeingstuckonapikeforpublicview. NapoleonBonaparteabolishedtheJuly14thcelebrationaltogether.Itwasnotresurrectedas"BastilleDay"until1880nearlyacenturyaftertheoriginalevents.TheideathenproposedbyBenjaminRaspailadeputywastocreatea"nationalfestival"aspartofarepublicanpackagethatalsoincludedadopting"LaMarseillaise"astheFrenchnationalanthem.ComposedbyClaude-JosephRougetdeLisleayoungengineerstationedwiththearmyoftheRhineitwaswritteninasinglenightin1792．In1880thedeputiesarguedpassionatelyaboutwhichdatetopickforthe"nationalfestival".48．NobodyasMrPrendergastpointsoutproposedSeptember22nd1792theactualdateofthefoundingofthefirstFrenchrepublicforfearoflegitimisingtheTerrorthatitunleashed. July14thwasthusapoliticalcompromise.Itmergedtherevolutionarymessageof1789withthatofunityandreconciliationexpressedbytheanniversaryfeteof1790．49．PartlytohelphealthewoundsofdefeatintheFranco-PrussianwarBastilleDaywasgivenamilitarythemewhichlaststothisdayandwrappedupinnationalistimagery"theunionofarmyandnationundertheflag". SincethenatvariousmomentsofcrisisinFrenchhistoryBastilleDayhasbeeninvestedwithdifferingmessagesaccordingtotheneedsofthetime:working-classsolidarityandrevolutionarypromisefortheFrontPopulaireandthegovernmentofLeonBlumin1936;liberationfromoccupationandtheresistance-as-revolutionmythin1945．Todayitismostlypageantrywithalingeringtouchofpopularfestivity.50．ButMrPrendergastcannotconcealhisscornforwhatheconsidershasbecome"analtogethershoddieraffairprogressivelymummifiedintoformalritualorchestratedbyassorteddignitaries"and"mediakitsch".FortheFrenchthesedaysheconcludesalittletoocruellyitisperhapsaboveallregardedas"essentiallyadayoffwork". 47
ShewasFrench;hewasEnglish;theyhadjustmovedtoLondonfromParis.Whenhefoundoutaboutheraffairshebeggedforareconciliation.Hewasmoreruthless:thesameafternoonhefiledfordivorceinFranceoneofthestingiestjurisdictionsinEuropeforthenon-earningspouseandwhereadulteryaffectsthecourt’sruling.HadshefiledfirstinEnglandherconductwouldhavebeenirrelevantandshewouldhavehadagoodchanceofalargeshareofthemaritalassetsandevenmaintenanceforlife.Internationaldivorceisfullofsuchdramasandanomaliessothenaturalresponseofpolicymakersistotrytomakethingssimplerandmorepredictable.ButthebiggestattemptinrecentyearstodojustthatinaEuropeanagreementcalledRomeⅢhasjustbeenshelved.InsteadseveralEUcountriesarenowpressingaheadwiththeirownharmonisationdeal.Manywonderifitwillworkanybetter.Atissueisthevexedquestionofwhichcountry’slawappliestothebreak-upofamixedmarriage.Thespousesmaylivelong-terminathirdcountryandbetemporarilyworkinginafourth.Theworstwaytosortthatoutiswithexpensivelegalbattlesinmultiplejurisdictions.Themainprincipleatpresentisthatthefirstcourttobeapproachedhearsthecase.Introducedin2001thispracticehasworkedwellinpreventinginternationallegalbattlesbuthasmadecouplesmuchmoretrigger-happybecausethespousewhohesitatesinordertosaveatroubledmarriagemayloseahugeamountofmoney.RomeIIIaimedtoremovetheincentivetogotocourtquickly.InsteadcourtsinanyEUcountrywouldautomaticallyapplythelocallawthathadchieflygovernedthemarriage.ThisapproachisalreadyinforceincountriessuchastheNetherlands.AcouplethatmovedthereandsoughtdivorcehavingspentmostofthemarriageinFrancesaywouldfindaDutchcourtdividingassetsandhandlingchildcustodyaccordingtoFrenchlaw.ThatworksfineamongcontinentalEuropeancountrieswherelegalsystemsbasedonRomanlawleavelittleroleforprecedentorthejudge’sdiscretion.Youcanlookuptherulesonawebsiteandapplythem.ButitisanathemainplacessuchasEnglandwherethesystemfavoursathoroughandoftenexpensiveinvestigationofthedetailsofeachcaseandthenletsjudgesdecideaccordingtopreviouscasesandEnglishlaw.Anothersnagisthatwhatmaysuitmiddle-classexpatriatesinBrusselswhojusthappenedtobethepeopledraftingRomeⅢmaynotsuitforexampleamixedmarriagethathasmainlybeenbasedinacountryperhapsnotevenanEUmemberwithasharplydifferentdivorcelaw.Swedishpoliticiansdon’tliketheideathattheircourtswouldbeaskedtoenforcemarriagelawsbasedonsayIslamicsharia.ThethreatofvetoesfromSwedenandlike-mindedcountrieshasblockedRomeⅢ.ButagroupofninecountriesledbySpainandFranceisgoingahead.TheyareresortingtoaprovisioninEUrules-neverbeforeinvoked-calledenhancedco-operationThissetsaprecedentforamulti-speed’Europeinwhichlike-mindedcountriesareallowedtomovetowardsgreaterintegrationratherthanseekingabig-bangbindingtreatythatscoopsupthewillingandunwillingalike.Somecountriesworrythatusingenhancedco-operationwillcreateunmanageablelayersofcomplexitywithEUlawreplacedbymultipleadhocagreements.ThereallessonmaybethatRomeIIIwasjusttooambitious.Amoremodestbutusefulgoalwouldbesimplytoclarifythefactorsthatdeterminewhichcourthearsadivorceandthenletthatcourtapplyitsownlaw.DavidHodsonaBritishexpertproposesaninternationaldealthatwouldstartbygivinggreatestweighttoanyprenuptialagreementfollowedbylong-termresidencyandthentakeintoaccountotherfactorssuchasnationality.Thatwouldthenmakeiteasiertoendmarriagesamicablywithmediationandout-of-courtagreementratherthanaracetostartthebeastlybusinessoflitigation.Whatdoestrigger-happyinthefourthparagraphmostprobablymean7
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Whentwooftheworld’srichestandmightiestmenpledgetodestroyanenemyitistimetopayattention.BillGatestheformerbossofMicrosoftwhonowdevotesallhistimetohischaritablefoundationtravelledthisweektoNewYorkthecityrunbyMichaelBloombergtojoinhisfellowbillionaire’scampaigntostampoutsmoking.HavethetwopotentatesmettheirmatchDespitedecadesofworkbyhealthcampaignersmorethanonebillionpeoplestillsmoketoday.Smokingkillsuptohalfofthosewhofailtoquitpuffingreducingtheirlivesbyanaverageof10to15years.TheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOsaysmorethan5millionpeopleayeardieearlyfromtheeffectsdirectorindirectoftobacco.ThatexceedsthecombinedtollofHIV/AIDStuberculosisandmalaria.Despitethatdismalsituationtherearethreereasonstogivethelatestpairofcampaignersaslimchanceofsuccess:moneymethodsandmotivation.MessrsGatesandBloombergvowedtospendacombinedtotalof$500millionondiscouragingtheweed.SinceMr.Bloomberg’scharityhadalreadyannouncedanawardof$125millionearlierthenewmoneypledgedthisweektotalledamere$375million:$250millionfromthemayorandafresh$125millionfromthesoftwaremagnate’sphilanthropicoutfit.HowwillthiscashbespentInquiteinnovativewaysandthatisasecondreasonforoptimism.Hithertomostanti-smokingfundshavebeenchannelledthroughafewlargebureaucracies.ButMr.Bloomberg’scharitywantstoletathousandflowersbloom:inotherwordstolendahandtomanyinitiativesbothpublicandprivatetoseewhatworks.Therewillbeacompetitivegrantschemeforpoorcountrieswherethetobaccohabitisspreading.TheveryfactthattwogiantsareteamingupisalandmarkinAmericanphilanthropy-comparabletoWarrenBuffett’sdecisiontwoyearsagotoputhisfortuneatthedisposalofMr.Gates’foundation.AspartoftheirjointcommitmentMr.Gatesisgivingsomeofhis$125milliondirectlytoMr.Bloomberg’scharity;therestwillgotocarefullymonitoredprojectsinIndiaChinaandotherplaceswherethenumberofsmokersisrisingrelentlessly.Thenthereismotivation.Thereareotherbigplayersinthiscauseandthatshouldinduceeverynewentranttotrybringingsomethingfreshtotheparty.EarlierthisyeartheWHOstartedacampaignagainsttobaccoknownasMPower.Oneofitssellingpointswasthatincontrastwithmanyotherprojectsithadafairlyclearideaaboutwhatwasneeded.WHOexpertshavelistedaseriesoftacticsrangingfromaggressivepubliceducationtoariseintobaccotaxesthatdeliverresults.EvenifhightaxesleadtosomesmugglinganddiversionstudiesdoneinBrazilforexampleshowthatfiscalmeasuresdocurbconsumption.TheWorldBankwhichfundedthatresearchisalsothoughttobereadytojointheanti-smokingscrumafteryearsofpayinglittleattention.Acrowdedfieldindeed.Buthavinganextra$500millionfromtwohard-drivenbillionairessurelywon’thurt.WhatistheuniquesignificanceoftheMPowercampaign
Whentwooftheworld’srichestandmightiestmenpledgetodestroyanenemyitistimetopayattention.BillGatestheformerbossofMicrosoftwhonowdevotesallhistimetohischaritablefoundationtravelledthisweektoNewYorkthecityrunbyMichaelBloombergtojoinhisfellowbillionaire’scampaigntostampoutsmoking.HavethetwopotentatesmettheirmatchDespitedecadesofworkbyhealthcampaignersmorethanonebillionpeoplestillsmoketoday.Smokingkillsuptohalfofthosewhofailtoquitpuffingreducingtheirlivesbyanaverageof10to15years.TheWorldHealthOrganisationWHOsaysmorethan5millionpeopleayeardieearlyfromtheeffectsdirectorindirectoftobacco.ThatexceedsthecombinedtollofHIV/AIDStuberculosisandmalaria.Despitethatdismalsituationtherearethreereasonstogivethelatestpairofcampaignersaslimchanceofsuccess:moneymethodsandmotivation.MessrsGatesandBloombergvowedtospendacombinedtotalof$500millionondiscouragingtheweed.SinceMr.Bloomberg’scharityhadalreadyannouncedanawardof$125millionearlierthenewmoneypledgedthisweektotalledamere$375million:$250millionfromthemayorandafresh$125millionfromthesoftwaremagnate’sphilanthropicoutfit.HowwillthiscashbespentInquiteinnovativewaysandthatisasecondreasonforoptimism.Hithertomostanti-smokingfundshavebeenchannelledthroughafewlargebureaucracies.ButMr.Bloomberg’scharitywantstoletathousandflowersbloom:inotherwordstolendahandtomanyinitiativesbothpublicandprivatetoseewhatworks.Therewillbeacompetitivegrantschemeforpoorcountrieswherethetobaccohabitisspreading.TheveryfactthattwogiantsareteamingupisalandmarkinAmericanphilanthropy-comparabletoWarrenBuffett’sdecisiontwoyearsagotoputhisfortuneatthedisposalofMr.Gates’foundation.AspartoftheirjointcommitmentMr.Gatesisgivingsomeofhis$125milliondirectlytoMr.Bloomberg’scharity;therestwillgotocarefullymonitoredprojectsinIndiaChinaandotherplaceswherethenumberofsmokersisrisingrelentlessly.Thenthereismotivation.Thereareotherbigplayersinthiscauseandthatshouldinduceeverynewentranttotrybringingsomethingfreshtotheparty.EarlierthisyeartheWHOstartedacampaignagainsttobaccoknownasMPower.Oneofitssellingpointswasthatincontrastwithmanyotherprojectsithadafairlyclearideaaboutwhatwasneeded.WHOexpertshavelistedaseriesoftacticsrangingfromaggressivepubliceducationtoariseintobaccotaxesthatdeliverresults.EvenifhightaxesleadtosomesmugglinganddiversionstudiesdoneinBrazilforexampleshowthatfiscalmeasuresdocurbconsumption.TheWorldBankwhichfundedthatresearchisalsothoughttobereadytojointheanti-smokingscrumafteryearsofpayinglittleattention.Acrowdedfieldindeed.Buthavinganextra$500millionfromtwohard-drivenbillionairessurelywon’thurt.AstothemoneyofthiscampaignwhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
In2007aFrenchfoodcompanywantedtobuyafamily-ownedfirminIndia.Thepatriarchwas72andtheFrenchfirmwantedtosendsomeoneofsimilarexperiencetotalktohim.Butbecauseofitsyouthfulcorporateculture-mostpeoplearehustledoutofthedoorintheirmid40s-ithadnoonetosend.IntheendthroughExperconnectanemploymentagencyinPariswhichplacesretiredpeopleitfounda58-year-oldformerheadofaEuropeanconsumer-goodsfirmandsenthimouttoMumbai.Francehasapoorrecordwhenitcomestokeepingolderpeopleintheworkforce.Theretirementageis60not65asinmostdevelopedcountries.In2005only37.8%ofpeopleaged55-64hadjobsversus56.8%inBritainand44.9%inGermany.Themainreasonisthatinthe1980swhentherewashighunemploymentthegovernmentpromotedearlyretirement.ThatentrenchedtheideathatolderworkerswerelessproductivesaysCarolineYoungExperconnect’sfounder.Nowcompaniesareworriedaboutlosingtheirmostskilledworkersespeciallyasthebabyboomgenerationnearsretirement.Arevaanuclear-powergrouprecentlylaunchedaschemetoaddresstheneedsofolderemployeesandplanstouseabout100retiredpeopleayearthroughExperconnect.BecausenuclearpowerwasunpopularfordecadesArevastoppedtrainingengineerssothatmuchofitsexpertiselieswithitsoldeststaff.Nowitistakingmuchmoreinterestinthem.WehavetobringaboutarevolutioninopinionsaysJeanCassingenaitshuman-resourcesstrategist.UnlikeotherrecruitmentagenciesExperconnectkeepsitsworkersonitsownbookssotheycancarryondrawingtheirpensions.Theytendtoworkpart-timeonone-offprojects.EngineersandpeoplewithhighlevelsoftechnicalskillaremostindemandinFrancesaysMsYoungasyoungerpeopleincreasinglychoosetogointofieldssuchasmarketing.ThalesadefenceandaerospacefirmisusingaformerradarexpertforinstanceandLouisBergerFranceanengineeringfirmoftenusesretiredengineerstomanagebiginfrastructureprojects.SofterindustriesalsomakeuseofExperconnect.Danoneafoodfirmhirespeopleforone-offmanagementroles.Olderpeoplehaveseenitallandtheyarelevel-headedsaysThomasKunzitsheadofbeverages.Thebeautyindustryisshortoftoxicologiststodeterminewhethernewlotionsaresafeandonefirmhasjusttakenona75-year-old.TwofamousFrenchluxury-goodscompaniesplantouseretiredworkersintheirhandbagdivisions.Onewantstosafeguarditsknowledgeoffineleathersandsewing;theotherwantstoapplyexpertisefromtheaerospaceindustrytomakenewkindsofmaterialsforhandbags.Despiteanimpressivehandfulofhigh-profileclientsExperconnecthasfounditdifficulttoconvinceFrenchcompaniesthatolderworkerscanbevaluable.Ithas2700retiredpeopleonitsbooksandhassofarplacedjust50ofthemonmissions.Oldprejudicesastheysaydiehard.WhatispossiblythemostimportantreasonwhythecompanywanttosendanemployeeofsimilarexperiencetotheIndiancompany
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
In2007aFrenchfoodcompanywantedtobuyafamily-ownedfirminIndia.Thepatriarchwas72andtheFrenchfirmwantedtosendsomeoneofsimilarexperiencetotalktohim.Butbecauseofitsyouthfulcorporateculture-mostpeoplearehustledoutofthedoorintheirmid40s-ithadnoonetosend.IntheendthroughExperconnectanemploymentagencyinPariswhichplacesretiredpeopleitfounda58-year-oldformerheadofaEuropeanconsumer-goodsfirmandsenthimouttoMumbai.Francehasapoorrecordwhenitcomestokeepingolderpeopleintheworkforce.Theretirementageis60not65asinmostdevelopedcountries.In2005only37.8%ofpeopleaged55-64hadjobsversus56.8%inBritainand44.9%inGermany.Themainreasonisthatinthe1980swhentherewashighunemploymentthegovernmentpromotedearlyretirement.ThatentrenchedtheideathatolderworkerswerelessproductivesaysCarolineYoungExperconnect’sfounder.Nowcompaniesareworriedaboutlosingtheirmostskilledworkersespeciallyasthebabyboomgenerationnearsretirement.Arevaanuclear-powergrouprecentlylaunchedaschemetoaddresstheneedsofolderemployeesandplanstouseabout100retiredpeopleayearthroughExperconnect.BecausenuclearpowerwasunpopularfordecadesArevastoppedtrainingengineerssothatmuchofitsexpertiselieswithitsoldeststaff.Nowitistakingmuchmoreinterestinthem.WehavetobringaboutarevolutioninopinionsaysJeanCassingenaitshuman-resourcesstrategist.UnlikeotherrecruitmentagenciesExperconnectkeepsitsworkersonitsownbookssotheycancarryondrawingtheirpensions.Theytendtoworkpart-timeonone-offprojects.EngineersandpeoplewithhighlevelsoftechnicalskillaremostindemandinFrancesaysMsYoungasyoungerpeopleincreasinglychoosetogointofieldssuchasmarketing.ThalesadefenceandaerospacefirmisusingaformerradarexpertforinstanceandLouisBergerFranceanengineeringfirmoftenusesretiredengineerstomanagebiginfrastructureprojects.SofterindustriesalsomakeuseofExperconnect.Danoneafoodfirmhirespeopleforone-offmanagementroles.Olderpeoplehaveseenitallandtheyarelevel-headedsaysThomasKunzitsheadofbeverages.Thebeautyindustryisshortoftoxicologiststodeterminewhethernewlotionsaresafeandonefirmhasjusttakenona75-year-old.TwofamousFrenchluxury-goodscompaniesplantouseretiredworkersintheirhandbagdivisions.Onewantstosafeguarditsknowledgeoffineleathersandsewing;theotherwantstoapplyexpertisefromtheaerospaceindustrytomakenewkindsofmaterialsforhandbags.Despiteanimpressivehandfulofhigh-profileclientsExperconnecthasfounditdifficulttoconvinceFrenchcompaniesthatolderworkerscanbevaluable.Ithas2700retiredpeopleonitsbooksandhassofarplacedjust50ofthemonmissions.Oldprejudicesastheysaydiehard.Whatdoesone-offPara4Line2possiblymeaninthetext
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Scholarswritersandteachersinthemodernacademiccommunityhavestrongfeelingsaboutacknowledgingtheuseofanotherperson’sideas.IntheEnglish-speakingworldthetermplagiarismisusedtolabelthepracticeofnotgivingcreditforthesourceofone’sideas.41．______ 42．______Inmanyuniversitiesthepunishmentmayrangefromfailureinaparticularcoursetoexpulsionfromtheuniversity.Intheliteraryworldwherewritersareprotectedfromplagiarismbyinternationalcopyrightlawsthepenaltymayrangefromasmallfinetoimprisonmentandaruinedcareer.Protectionofscholarsandwritersthroughthecopyrightlawsandthroughthesocialpressuresoftheacademicandliterarycommunitiesisarelativelyrecentconcept.Suchsocialpressuresandcopyrightlawsrequirewriterstogivescrupulousattentiontodocumentationoftheirsources. Studentsasinexperiencedscholarsthemselvesmustavoidvarioustypesofplagiarismbybeingself-criticalintheiruseofotherscholars’ideasandbygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwordsotherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur.43．______ Plagiarismbyaccidentoroversightsometimesistheresultofthewriter’sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom.Hemayhavereaditlongagohearditinalecturesinceforgottenoracquireditsecond-handorthird-handfromdiscussionswithcolleagues.Hemayalsohavedifficultyindecidingwhethertheideaissuchcommonknowledgethatnoreferencetotheoriginalsourceisneeded.Althoughthistypeofplagiarismmustbeguardedagainstitistheleastseriousandiflessonslearnedcanbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished. Plagiarismthroughignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources.Thetechniquesfordocumentation-note-takingquotingfootnotinglistingbibliography-areeasilylearnedandcanpreventthewriterfrommakingunknowingmistakesoromissionsinhisreferences.44．______ Themostseriouskindofacademicthieveryisplagiarismbyintention.Thewriterlimitedbyhislazinessanddullnesscopiesthethoughtsandlanguageofothersandclaimsthemforhisown.Henotonlystealshetriestodeceivethereaderintobelievingtheideasareoriginal.Suchwordsasimmoraldishonestoffensiveanddespicableareusedtodescribethepracticeofplagiarismbyintention. Theoppositeofplagiarismisacknowledgement.45．______Studentsasdevelopingscholarswritersteachersandprofessionalleadersshouldrecognizeandassumetheirresponsibilitytodocumentallsourcesfromwhichlanguageandthoughtsareborrowed.Othermembersoftheprofessionwillnotonlyrespectthescholarshiptheywilladmirethehumilityandhonesty. [A]Thepenaltiesforplagiarismvaryfromsituationtosituation. [B]Manyscholarssuggestrigidself-regulationsinacademicworldinordertoprotectthepurityofacademics. [C]"Penaltyforplagiarismshouldberegulatedbylawsandregulations"saidonescholar"itisnobetterthantheft." [D]Althoughthereisnocopyrightinnewsorinideasonlyintheexpressionofthemthewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhissourcesforideasarechallenged. [E]Simplystatedplagiarismis"thewrongfulappropriationorpurloiningandpublicationasone’sownoftheideasortheexpressionofideasofanother." [F]Allmatureandtrustworthywritersmakeuseoftheideasofothersbuttheyarecarefultoacknowledgetheirindebtednesstotheirsources. [G]Thereareatleastthreeclassificationsofplagiarismasitisrevealedinstudents’inexactnessinidentifyingsourcesproperly.Theyareplagiarismbyaccidentbyignoranceandbyintention. 41
Scholarswritersandteachersinthemodernacademiccommunityhavestrongfeelingsaboutacknowledgingtheuseofanotherperson’sideas.IntheEnglish-speakingworldthetermplagiarismisusedtolabelthepracticeofnotgivingcreditforthesourceofone’sideas.41．______ 42．______Inmanyuniversitiesthepunishmentmayrangefromfailureinaparticularcoursetoexpulsionfromtheuniversity.Intheliteraryworldwherewritersareprotectedfromplagiarismbyinternationalcopyrightlawsthepenaltymayrangefromasmallfinetoimprisonmentandaruinedcareer.Protectionofscholarsandwritersthroughthecopyrightlawsandthroughthesocialpressuresoftheacademicandliterarycommunitiesisarelativelyrecentconcept.Suchsocialpressuresandcopyrightlawsrequirewriterstogivescrupulousattentiontodocumentationoftheirsources. Studentsasinexperiencedscholarsthemselvesmustavoidvarioustypesofplagiarismbybeingself-criticalintheiruseofotherscholars’ideasandbygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwordsotherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur.43．______ Plagiarismbyaccidentoroversightsometimesistheresultofthewriter’sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom.Hemayhavereaditlongagohearditinalecturesinceforgottenoracquireditsecond-handorthird-handfromdiscussionswithcolleagues.Hemayalsohavedifficultyindecidingwhethertheideaissuchcommonknowledgethatnoreferencetotheoriginalsourceisneeded.Althoughthistypeofplagiarismmustbeguardedagainstitistheleastseriousandiflessonslearnedcanbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished. Plagiarismthroughignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources.Thetechniquesfordocumentation-note-takingquotingfootnotinglistingbibliography-areeasilylearnedandcanpreventthewriterfrommakingunknowingmistakesoromissionsinhisreferences.44．______ Themostseriouskindofacademicthieveryisplagiarismbyintention.Thewriterlimitedbyhislazinessanddullnesscopiesthethoughtsandlanguageofothersandclaimsthemforhisown.Henotonlystealshetriestodeceivethereaderintobelievingtheideasareoriginal.Suchwordsasimmoraldishonestoffensiveanddespicableareusedtodescribethepracticeofplagiarismbyintention. Theoppositeofplagiarismisacknowledgement.45．______Studentsasdevelopingscholarswritersteachersandprofessionalleadersshouldrecognizeandassumetheirresponsibilitytodocumentallsourcesfromwhichlanguageandthoughtsareborrowed.Othermembersoftheprofessionwillnotonlyrespectthescholarshiptheywilladmirethehumilityandhonesty. [A]Thepenaltiesforplagiarismvaryfromsituationtosituation. [B]Manyscholarssuggestrigidself-regulationsinacademicworldinordertoprotectthepurityofacademics. [C]"Penaltyforplagiarismshouldberegulatedbylawsandregulations"saidonescholar"itisnobetterthantheft." [D]Althoughthereisnocopyrightinnewsorinideasonlyintheexpressionofthemthewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhissourcesforideasarechallenged. [E]Simplystatedplagiarismis"thewrongfulappropriationorpurloiningandpublicationasone’sownoftheideasortheexpressionofideasofanother." [F]Allmatureandtrustworthywritersmakeuseoftheideasofothersbuttheyarecarefultoacknowledgetheirindebtednesstotheirsources. [G]Thereareatleastthreeclassificationsofplagiarismasitisrevealedinstudents’inexactnessinidentifyingsourcesproperly.Theyareplagiarismbyaccidentbyignoranceandbyintention. 43
Whenthereisbloodinthewateritisonlynaturalthatdorsalfinsswirlaroundexcitedly.NowthatAmerica’shousingmarketisailingpredatorshavetheirsightsonthecountry’scredit-cardmarket.AnalystsatGoldmanSachsreckonthatcredit-cardlossescouldreach$99billionifcontagionspreadsfromsubprimemortgagestootherformsofconsumercredit.Signsofstrainareclearlyvisible.Therearerisesinboththecharge-offanddelinquencyrateswhichmeasuretheshareofbalancesthatareuncollectableormorethan30dayslaterespectively.HSBCannouncedlastmonththatithadtakena$1.4billionchargeinitsAmericanconsumer-financebusinesspartlybecauseofweaknessamongcardborrowers.Itistooearlytopanicthough.Charge-offsanddelinquenciesarestilllow.AccordingtoMoody’saratingagencythethird-quarterdelinquencyrateof3.89%wasalmostafullpercentagepointbelowthehistoricalaverage.Thedeteriorationinratescanbepartlyexplainedbytechnicalfactors.AchangeinAmerica’spersonal-bankruptcylawsin2005ledtoanabruptfallinbankruptcyfilingswhichinturnaccountforabigchunkofcredit-cardlosses;thenumberoffilingsandthuscharge-offrateswouldberisingagainwhetherornotoverallconditionsforborrowersweregettingworse.Theindustryalsoreportssolidpaymentrateswhichshowhowmuchoftheirdebtconsumerspayoffeachmonth.Andconfidenceincredit-cardasset-backedsecuritiesisprettyfirmdespiteparalysisinothercornersofstructuredfinance.DennisMoroneyofTowerGrouparesearchfirmpredictsthatissuancevolumesfor2007willendupbeing25%higherthanlastyear.Directchannelsofinfectionbetweenthesubprime-mortgagecrisisandthecredit-cardmarketcertainlyexist:consumersarelikeliertoloaduponcredit-carddebtnowthathome-equityloansaredryingup.Butcardissuerslookatcashflowratherthanassetvaluessofallinghousepricesdonotnecessarilytriggerachangeinborrowers’creditworthiness.Theymayevenworktoissuers’advantage.Theincentivesforconsumerstokeeppayingthemortgagedecreaseifpropertiesareworthlessthanthevalueoftheloan;carddebtriseshigherupthelistofrepaymentprioritiesasaresult.Cardissuersarealsoabletorespondmuchmoreswiftlyandflexiblytostormierconditionsthanmortgagelendersarebychanginginterestratesoralteringcreditlimits.Thatshouldintheoryreducetheriskofarapidrepricingofassets.WearenotgoingtowakeuponedayandtotallyrevaluetheloanssaysGaryPerlinCapitalOne’schieffinancialofficer.Ifasuddensubprime-stylemeltdowninthecredit-cardmarketisimprobabletherisksofasustaineddownturnaremuchmorereal.IflowerhousepricesandacontractionincreditpushAmericaintorecessiontheindustrywillundoubtedlyfaceagrimmerfuture.Keepwatchingforthosedorsalfins.WhichofthefollowingstatementsmayNOTsupporttheexpressionItistooearlytopanicthoughinthesecondparagraph
TheswinefluwillprobablyreturninforceearlierthanseasonalfluusuallybeginsfederalhealthofficialspredictedFridaysayingtheyexpectedittoeruptassoonasschoolsopenratherthaninOctoberorNovember.TheswinefluisstillcirculatingintheUnitedStatesespeciallyinsummercampseventhoughhotweatherhasarrivedandtheregularfluseasonendedmonthsagosoweexpectchallengeswhenpeoplereturntoschoolwhenkidsarecongregatingtogetherDr.AnneSchuchatdirectorofrespiratorydiseasesattheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidinatelephonenewsconferenceheldjointlywithvaccineexpertsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationandtheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.Itisstillunclearhowmanydosesofaswinefluvaccinewillbeavailablebythenandofficialshavebeenreluctanttomakefirmpredictionsbeyondsayingthattheyexpecttensofmillionsratherthanhundredsofmillionsandtheyplantodistributethemtopeoplewhoarethemostvulnerablelikepregnantwomenandpeoplewhoarethemostlikelytoencountertheflulikehealthcareworkers.Thenumberofdosesavailablewilldependonhowfastseedstrainsgrowhowmuchprotectionasmalldoseprovidesandwhetherimmune-systemboosterscalledadjuvantsareneededandprovetobesafe;adjuvantsarenotusedinAmericanfluvaccinesnow.ClinicaltrialstestingthosequestionsareexpectedtotakeanothercoupleofmonthssaidDr.JesseL.GoodmandirectoroftheF.D．A．’sCenterforBiologicsEvaluationandResearch.AssumingaswinefluvaccinationcampaignbeginsitwillbevoluntaryDr.Schuchatemphasizedbutshestronglyencouragedpregnantwomentogetbothaseasonalflushotandaswineflushotwhentheyareavailable.TheC．D．C．hasbeencloselyfollowingthediseaseintheSouthernHemispherewinteranditismimickingthepatternsseenintheUnitedStatesandMexicointhespringshesaid.Mostinfectionsandmostseriouscasesareinchildrenandyoungadultsandthosewithunderlyingconditionsincludingpregnancyarethemostlikelytodie.Dr.Schuchatlikenedthespread’sunpredictabilitytothatofpopcorn:onecitycouldseeanexplosionofcasesandoverwhelmedhospitalswhileanothersawfew.Hermostimportantmessagesheaddedwasthatthevirusisn’tgoneandwefullyexpecttherewillbechallengesinthefall./AccordingtothetextwhatdoesadjuvantPara4Line2referto
TheswinefluwillprobablyreturninforceearlierthanseasonalfluusuallybeginsfederalhealthofficialspredictedFridaysayingtheyexpectedittoeruptassoonasschoolsopenratherthaninOctoberorNovember.TheswinefluisstillcirculatingintheUnitedStatesespeciallyinsummercampseventhoughhotweatherhasarrivedandtheregularfluseasonendedmonthsagosoweexpectchallengeswhenpeoplereturntoschoolwhenkidsarecongregatingtogetherDr.AnneSchuchatdirectorofrespiratorydiseasesattheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionsaidinatelephonenewsconferenceheldjointlywithvaccineexpertsfromtheFoodandDrugAdministrationandtheDepartmentofHealthandHumanServices.Itisstillunclearhowmanydosesofaswinefluvaccinewillbeavailablebythenandofficialshavebeenreluctanttomakefirmpredictionsbeyondsayingthattheyexpecttensofmillionsratherthanhundredsofmillionsandtheyplantodistributethemtopeoplewhoarethemostvulnerablelikepregnantwomenandpeoplewhoarethemostlikelytoencountertheflulikehealthcareworkers.Thenumberofdosesavailablewilldependonhowfastseedstrainsgrowhowmuchprotectionasmalldoseprovidesandwhetherimmune-systemboosterscalledadjuvantsareneededandprovetobesafe;adjuvantsarenotusedinAmericanfluvaccinesnow.ClinicaltrialstestingthosequestionsareexpectedtotakeanothercoupleofmonthssaidDr.JesseL.GoodmandirectoroftheF.D．A．’sCenterforBiologicsEvaluationandResearch.AssumingaswinefluvaccinationcampaignbeginsitwillbevoluntaryDr.Schuchatemphasizedbutshestronglyencouragedpregnantwomentogetbothaseasonalflushotandaswineflushotwhentheyareavailable.TheC．D．C．hasbeencloselyfollowingthediseaseintheSouthernHemispherewinteranditismimickingthepatternsseenintheUnitedStatesandMexicointhespringshesaid.Mostinfectionsandmostseriouscasesareinchildrenandyoungadultsandthosewithunderlyingconditionsincludingpregnancyarethemostlikelytodie.Dr.Schuchatlikenedthespread’sunpredictabilitytothatofpopcorn:onecitycouldseeanexplosionofcasesandoverwhelmedhospitalswhileanothersawfew.Hermostimportantmessagesheaddedwasthatthevirusisn’tgoneandwefullyexpecttherewillbechallengesinthefall./Whichofthefollowingisthemostinfectivetothisdisease
Whenthereisbloodinthewateritisonlynaturalthatdorsalfinsswirlaroundexcitedly.NowthatAmerica’shousingmarketisailingpredatorshavetheirsightsonthecountry’scredit-cardmarket.AnalystsatGoldmanSachsreckonthatcredit-cardlossescouldreach$99billionifcontagionspreadsfromsubprimemortgagestootherformsofconsumercredit.Signsofstrainareclearlyvisible.Therearerisesinboththecharge-offanddelinquencyrateswhichmeasuretheshareofbalancesthatareuncollectableormorethan30dayslaterespectively.HSBCannouncedlastmonththatithadtakena$1.4billionchargeinitsAmericanconsumer-financebusinesspartlybecauseofweaknessamongcardborrowers.Itistooearlytopanicthough.Charge-offsanddelinquenciesarestilllow.AccordingtoMoody’saratingagencythethird-quarterdelinquencyrateof3.89%wasalmostafullpercentagepointbelowthehistoricalaverage.Thedeteriorationinratescanbepartlyexplainedbytechnicalfactors.AchangeinAmerica’spersonal-bankruptcylawsin2005ledtoanabruptfallinbankruptcyfilingswhichinturnaccountforabigchunkofcredit-cardlosses;thenumberoffilingsandthuscharge-offrateswouldberisingagainwhetherornotoverallconditionsforborrowersweregettingworse.Theindustryalsoreportssolidpaymentrateswhichshowhowmuchoftheirdebtconsumerspayoffeachmonth.Andconfidenceincredit-cardasset-backedsecuritiesisprettyfirmdespiteparalysisinothercornersofstructuredfinance.DennisMoroneyofTowerGrouparesearchfirmpredictsthatissuancevolumesfor2007willendupbeing25%higherthanlastyear.Directchannelsofinfectionbetweenthesubprime-mortgagecrisisandthecredit-cardmarketcertainlyexist:consumersarelikeliertoloaduponcredit-carddebtnowthathome-equityloansaredryingup.Butcardissuerslookatcashflowratherthanassetvaluessofallinghousepricesdonotnecessarilytriggerachangeinborrowers’creditworthiness.Theymayevenworktoissuers’advantage.Theincentivesforconsumerstokeeppayingthemortgagedecreaseifpropertiesareworthlessthanthevalueoftheloan;carddebtriseshigherupthelistofrepaymentprioritiesasaresult.Cardissuersarealsoabletorespondmuchmoreswiftlyandflexiblytostormierconditionsthanmortgagelendersarebychanginginterestratesoralteringcreditlimits.Thatshouldintheoryreducetheriskofarapidrepricingofassets.WearenotgoingtowakeuponedayandtotallyrevaluetheloanssaysGaryPerlinCapitalOne’schieffinancialofficer.Ifasuddensubprime-stylemeltdowninthecredit-cardmarketisimprobabletherisksofasustaineddownturnaremuchmorereal.IflowerhousepricesandacontractionincreditpushAmericaintorecessiontheindustrywillundoubtedlyfaceagrimmerfuture.Keepwatchingforthosedorsalfins.Inwhatwaydoesthesubprimemortgageinfluencecreditcardmarket
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Scholarswritersandteachersinthemodernacademiccommunityhavestrongfeelingsaboutacknowledgingtheuseofanotherperson’sideas.IntheEnglish-speakingworldthetermplagiarismisusedtolabelthepracticeofnotgivingcreditforthesourceofone’sideas.41．______ 42．______Inmanyuniversitiesthepunishmentmayrangefromfailureinaparticularcoursetoexpulsionfromtheuniversity.Intheliteraryworldwherewritersareprotectedfromplagiarismbyinternationalcopyrightlawsthepenaltymayrangefromasmallfinetoimprisonmentandaruinedcareer.Protectionofscholarsandwritersthroughthecopyrightlawsandthroughthesocialpressuresoftheacademicandliterarycommunitiesisarelativelyrecentconcept.Suchsocialpressuresandcopyrightlawsrequirewriterstogivescrupulousattentiontodocumentationoftheirsources. Studentsasinexperiencedscholarsthemselvesmustavoidvarioustypesofplagiarismbybeingself-criticalintheiruseofotherscholars’ideasandbygivingappropriatecreditforthesourceofborrowedideasandwordsotherwisedireconsequencesmayoccur.43．______ Plagiarismbyaccidentoroversightsometimesistheresultofthewriter’sinabilitytodecideorrememberwheretheideacamefrom.Hemayhavereaditlongagohearditinalecturesinceforgottenoracquireditsecond-handorthird-handfromdiscussionswithcolleagues.Hemayalsohavedifficultyindecidingwhethertheideaissuchcommonknowledgethatnoreferencetotheoriginalsourceisneeded.Althoughthistypeofplagiarismmustbeguardedagainstitistheleastseriousandiflessonslearnedcanbeexemptfrombeingseverelypunished. Plagiarismthroughignoranceissimplyawayofsayingthatinexperiencedwritersoftendonotknowhoworwhentoacknowledgetheirsources.Thetechniquesfordocumentation-note-takingquotingfootnotinglistingbibliography-areeasilylearnedandcanpreventthewriterfrommakingunknowingmistakesoromissionsinhisreferences.44．______ Themostseriouskindofacademicthieveryisplagiarismbyintention.Thewriterlimitedbyhislazinessanddullnesscopiesthethoughtsandlanguageofothersandclaimsthemforhisown.Henotonlystealshetriestodeceivethereaderintobelievingtheideasareoriginal.Suchwordsasimmoraldishonestoffensiveanddespicableareusedtodescribethepracticeofplagiarismbyintention. Theoppositeofplagiarismisacknowledgement.45．______Studentsasdevelopingscholarswritersteachersandprofessionalleadersshouldrecognizeandassumetheirresponsibilitytodocumentallsourcesfromwhichlanguageandthoughtsareborrowed.Othermembersoftheprofessionwillnotonlyrespectthescholarshiptheywilladmirethehumilityandhonesty. [A]Thepenaltiesforplagiarismvaryfromsituationtosituation. [B]Manyscholarssuggestrigidself-regulationsinacademicworldinordertoprotectthepurityofacademics. [C]"Penaltyforplagiarismshouldberegulatedbylawsandregulations"saidonescholar"itisnobetterthantheft." [D]Althoughthereisnocopyrightinnewsorinideasonlyintheexpressionofthemthewritercannotpleadignorancewhenhissourcesforideasarechallenged. [E]Simplystatedplagiarismis"thewrongfulappropriationorpurloiningandpublicationasone’sownoftheideasortheexpressionofideasofanother." [F]Allmatureandtrustworthywritersmakeuseoftheideasofothersbuttheyarecarefultoacknowledgetheirindebtednesstotheirsources. [G]Thereareatleastthreeclassificationsofplagiarismasitisrevealedinstudents’inexactnessinidentifyingsourcesproperly.Theyareplagiarismbyaccidentbyignoranceandbyintention. 45
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
StrangethingshavebeenhappeningtoEngland.Still1fromthedissolutionoftheempireintheyears2WorldWarⅡnowtheEnglishfindtheyarenotevenBritish.Asthecherished"UnitedKingdom"breaksintoits3partsScotsareclearly4andtheWelshWelsh.ButwhoexactlyaretheEnglishWhat’sleftofthemwitheverythingbutthe5halfoftheirislandtakenaway Goingbackintimeto6rootsdoesn’thelp.FirstcametheCeltsthentheRomansthenAnglesSaxonsJutesDanes.InvasionafterinvasionuntiltheNormanConquest.Englishnationalidentityonlyseemedtofindits7laterontheshiftingsandsofexpansionismfromElizabethantimesonwards.Theempireseemedtosealit.Butnowthere’sjustEngland8ofagreenislandinthenorthernseaslashedbyrainscarredbytwo9ofviciousindustrializationfallen10derelictionruinedasD．H.Lawrencethoughtby"thetragedyofugliness"itsabominablearchitecture. OfallEnglishinstitutionstheoneto11onwouldsurelybethepub.SheltertoChaucer’spilgrimshometoFalstaffandHalthroneoffelicitytoDr.Johnsonthepub-thatsmokyyeastydenofjollity-isthewombof12ifanywhereis.Yetinthemidstofthisnational13crisisthepubthemainstayofEnglishlifeastaffdriven14intothesumpofhistory15astheSaxonsissuddenlydyingandevolvingat16rates.Closingatsomethinglikearateofmorethanthreeadaypubshavebecome17enoughthatforthefirsttimesincetheDomesdayBookmorethanhalfthevillagesinEnglandnolongerhaveone.It’sararepubthatstill18orevenlimpsonbybeingwhatitwas19tobe:adrinkingestablishment.Theold20ofapubasaplacefora"session"alengthyrestfulincreasinglytipsyeveningofswiggingisallbutdefunct. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
YouwanttoinviteMr.WilliamstogivealectureonAmericanLiteratureinyourcollege.SupposeyouaretheassistantoftheEnglishDepartmentwritealetterandsay:1thepurposeoftheinvitation;2thetimeofthelecture.Yourlettershouldbenolessthan100words.Youdon’tneedtowritetheaddress.Don’tsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseRuthinstead.
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