首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Directions: Suppose you are staying in the house of some relatives who are away on holiday. Write a...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
Directions:Supposeyouareacollegestudentandyouinten
Directions:Forthispartyouareallowedthirtyminutesto
Directions: SupposeyouareLiMing.Youlearnthatthere
Directions:SupposeyouareZhangYing.WritealettertoXi
Directions: SupposeyoulivedattheRehabilitationCen
Directions:SupposeIAMinghascaughtaflu.Hewantsyouto
Directions: SupposeyouareZhangYing.Writealetterto
PartA Directions: SupposeyouareLiMing.Duringthewe
PartA Directions: SupposeyouareLiMing.Youlearntha
Directions: SupposeIAMinghascaughtaflu.Hewantsyou
Directions:Supposeyouastaffmemberofacompany.Writea
Dean’snewgoldeniphone5looksbrilliant._____________
Where do you suppose he buys it?
Do you suppose where he bought it?
Do you suppose where did he buy it?
Where do you suppose he bought it?
Directions: SupposeyouareZhangYing.Writealetterto
PartA Directions: Supposeyouareaneyewitnessofatra
Directions Supposeyouhavefoundsomethingwrongwitht
PartA Directions: SupposeyouareLiMing.Youlearntha
Directions: SupposeyouareLiMing.Youlearnthatthere
Directions:SupposeyoulivedattheRehabilitationCente
Directions: SupposeyouaredirectorofForeignAffairs
Directions:Supposeyouareafreshmanandyouintendtoinq
热门试题
更多
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 1
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 17
Exerciseeveryoneadvises!Butimmediatelywhenyoutryyourunintotrouble.46Thereissomuchcontradictorysometimesincorrectadviceaboutexercisingthatyoubecomeconfused.Testyourselfonthefollowingtruefalsequiz.Itwilltellyouwhatyouneedtoknow. 1.Thebestwaytoreducethemid-sectionistodoabdominalexercise. False.Manypeoplebelievethatwhenspecificmusclesareexercisedthefattytissuesintheimmediateareaare"burnedup."47Thetruth-isthatexerciseburnsfatfromalloverthebodyandnotfromonespecificarearegardlessofthetypeofexercise.Ofcourseifyoureducethefatthroughoutyourbodyyouwillcertainlyseeresultsaroundyourwaistlinetoo! 2.Tomaintainanadequatelevelofphysicalfitnessyouneedtoexerciseonlytwiceaweek. False.StudiesconductedbyNASAtheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationshowthatunexercisedmuscleslosetheirstrengthveryquickly.After48to72hoursyoumustusethemusclesagaintoreestablishthegoodphysicaleffect.Andwhatdoesthatmeantoyou48NASAscientistsconcludedthatwhiledailyexerciseismostbeneficialthreealternatingdayseachweekwillmaintainanadequatelevelofphysicalfitness. 3.Toloseweightyoushouldalways"workupagoodsweat"whenexercising. False.Sweatingonlylowersbodytemperaturetopreventoverheating;itdoesnothelpyoureduceweight.Youmayweighlessimmediatelyafteraworkoutbutthisisduetowaterloss.Onceyoureplacetheliquidyoureplacetheweight. 4.Ifyourbreathingdoesn’treturntonormalwithinminutesafteryoufinishexercisingyou’veexercisedtoomuch. True.Fiveminutesorsoafterexercisingyourbreathingshouldbenormalyourheartshouldn’tbepoundingandyoushouldn’tbeexhausted.49Beneficialexerciseisnotoverlydifficultunpleasantandexhausting;itismoderateenjoyableandrefreshing. 5.Walkingisoneofthebestexercises. True.Walkinghelpscirculationofbloodthroughoutthebodyandthushasadirecteffectoryouroverallfeelingofhealth. 6.Theminimumamountoftimeyoushouldspendexercisinginadayis20minutes. True.Therearemorethan400musclesthatattachtoyourskeleton.50Agoodexerciseroutineshouldcontractandstretchallthesemusclesandthissimplycannotbedonewithfourorfiveexercisesinfivetotenminutes.FromexperienceI’vefoundthatabout20minutesistheminimumamountoftimeneededforanadequateworkout. Beneficialexerciseisnotoverlydifficultunpleasantandexhausting;itismoderateenjoyableandrefreshing.
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 9
Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease. Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmaybethattheseaccomplishments.couldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseases’arebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshort-termtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillbefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath. Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillbeadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990. 50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120.years.Withcontinuing Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 3
Atpicnicsantsarepests.Buttheyhavetheiruses.Inindustriessuchasminingfarmingandforestrytheycanhelpgaugethehealthoftheenvironmentbyjustcrawlingaroundandbeingantsy. Ithasbeenrecognizedfordecadesthatants--whicharehighlysensitivetoecologicalchange—canprovideanear-percentbarometerofthestateofanecosystem.Onlycertainspeciesforinstancewillcontinuetothriveataforestsitethathasbeenclearedoftrees.41Andstillotherswillmoveinandtakeupresidence. Bylookingatwhichspeciespopulateadeforestedareascientistscandeterminehow"stressed"thelandis.42Antsareusedsimplybecausethe>;aresocommonandcomprisesomanyspecies. Whereminesitesarebeingrestoredforexamplesomeantspecieswillrecolonizethestrippedlandmorequicklythanothers.43AustralianminingcompanyCapricornCoalManagementhasbeensuccessfullyusingantsurveysforyearstodeterminetherateofrecoveryoflandthatitisreplantingnearitsGermanCreekmineinQueensland.Antsurveysalsohavebeenusedwithmine-siterecoveryprojectsinAfricaandBrazilwherewarmclimatesencouragedenseanddiverseantpopulations."Wefounditworkedextremelywellthere’saysJonathanMajeraprofessorofenvironmentalbiology.YetthesurveysareperfectlysuitedtoclimatesthroughoutAsiahesaysbecauseantsaresocommonthroughouttheregion.AsMajerputsit."That’sthegreatthingaboutants.’ Antsurveysaresohighly-regardedasecologicalindicatorsthatgovernmentsworldwideaccepttheirresultswhenassessingtheenvironmentalimpactofminingandtreeharvesting.44. WhynotBecausemanycompaniescan’taffordtheexpenseorthelaboratorytimeneededtosiftresultsforacomprehensivesurvey.Thecoststemsalsofromthescarcityofantspecialists.45. [A]Thisallowedscientiststogaugethepaceandprogressoftheecologicalrecovery. [B]Yetinotherbusinessessuchasfarmingandpropertydevelopmentantsurveysaren’tusedwidely. [C]Employingthosepeopleareexpensive. [D]Theydothisbysortingtheantscountingtheirnumbersandcomparingtheresultswiththoseofearliersurveys. [E]Theevolutionofantspeciesmayhaveastrongimpactonourecosystem. [F]Otherswilldieoutforlackoffood.’ [G]Gretaceousantssharedacoupleofwasp-liketraitstogetherwithmodernant-likecharacteristics. 43
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 13
Exactlywherewewillstandinthelongwaragainstdiseasebytheyear2050isimpossibletosay.46Butifdevelopmentsinresearchmaintaintheircurrentpaceitseemslikelythatacombinationofimprovedattentiontodietaryandenvironmentalfactorsalongwithadvancesingenetherapyandproteintargeteddrugswillhavevirtuallyeliminatedmostmajorclassesofdisease. Fromaneconomicstandpointthebestnewsmaybethattheseaccomplishments.couldbeaccompaniedbyadropinhealth-carecosts.47Costsmayevenfallasdiseases’arebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshort-termtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.By2050therewillbefewerhospitalsandsurgicalprocedureswillbelargelyrestrictedtothetreatmentofaccidentsandotherformsoftrauma.Spendingonnonacutecarebothinnursingfacilitiesandinhomeswillalsofallsharplyasmoreelderlypeopleleadhealthylivesuntilclosetodeath. Oneresultofmedicine’ssuccessincontrollingdiseasewillbeadramaticincreaseinlifeexpectancy.48Theextentofthatincreaseisahighlyspeculativematterbutitisworthnotingthatmedicalsciencehasalreadyhelpedtomaketheveryoldcurrentlydefinedasthoseover85yearsofagethefastestgrowingsegmentofthepopulation.Between1960and1995theU.S.populationasawholeincreasedbyabout45%whilethesegmentover85yearsofagegrewbyalmost300%.49Therehasbeenasimilarexplosioninthepopulationofcentenarianswiththeresultthatsurvivaltotheageof100isnolongerthenewsworthyfeatthatitwasonlyafewdecadesago.U.S.CensusBureauprojectionsalreadyforecastdramaticincreaseinthenumberofcentenariansinthenext50years:4millionin2050comparedwith37000in1990. 50AlthoughCensusBureaucalculationsprojectanincreaseinaveragelifespanofonlyeightyearsbytheyear2050someexpertsbelievethatthehumanlifespanshouldnotbegintoencounteranytheoreticalnaturallimitsbefore120.years.Withcontinuing Costsmayevenfallasdiseases’arebroughtundercontrolusingpinpointedshort-termtherapiesnowbeingdeveloped.
HowefficientisoursystemofcriminaltrialDoesitreallydothebasicjobweaskofit—convictingtheguiltyandacquittingtheinnocentItisoftensaidthattheBritishtrailsystemismorelikeagamethanaseriousattempttodojustice.Thelawyersoneachsidearesoengrossesinplayinghardtowinchallengingeachotherandthejudgeontechnicalpointsthattheobjectoffindingoutthetruthisalmostforgotten.Alltheeffortisconcentratedonthebigdayonthedramaticcrossexaminationofthekeywitnessesinfrontofthejury.Criticsliketocompareouradversarialsystemresemblingtwoadversariesengagedinacontestwiththecontinentalinquisitorialsystemunderwhichthejudgeplaysamoreimportantinquiringrole.InearlytimesintheMiddleAgesthesystemsoftrialacrossEuropewere’similar.Atthattimetrialbyordeal—especiallyareligiousevent--wasthemainwayoftestingguiltorinnocence.Whenthiswayeventuallyabandonedthetwosystemspartedcompany.Onthecontinentchurch-trainedlegalofficialstookoverthefunctionofbothprosecutingandjudgingwhileinEnglandthesewerelargelylefttolaypeopletheJusticeofthePeaceandthejurymenwhowereilliterateandthismeantthatalltheevidencehadtobeputtothemorally.Thishistoricalaccidentdominatesprocedureeventodaywithallevidencebeinggiveninopencourtbywordofmouthonthecrucialday.OntheotherhandinFranceforinstancealltheevidenceiswrittenbeforethetrialundersupervisionbyaninvestigatingjudge.Thisexhaustivepretriallooksveryundramatic;muchofitisjustapubliccheckingofthewrittenrecordsalreadygathered.TheAmericansadoptedtheBritishsystemlockstockandbarrelandenshrineditintheirconstitution.Butwhilethebasicfeaturesofoursystemsarecommontherearenowsignificantdifferencesinthewayseriouscasesarehandled.FirstbecausetheU.S.A.hasvirtuallynocontemptofcourtlawstopreventpretrialpublicityinthenewspaperandontelevisionAmericanslawyersareallowedtoquestionjurorsaboutknowledgeandbeliefs.InBritainthisisvirtuallyneverallowedandarandomselectionofjurorswhoarepresumednottobeprejudicedareempanelled.SecondlythereisnoseparateprofessionofbarristerintheUnitedStatesandbothprosecutionanddefenselawyerswhoaretopresentcasesincourtpreparethemselves.Theygooutandvisitthescenetrackdownandinterviewwitnessesandfamiliarizethemselvespersonallywiththebackground.InBritainitisthesolicitorwhopreparesthecaseandthebarristerwhoappearsincourtisnotevenallowedtomeetwitnessbeforehandBritishbarristersalsoalternatedoingbothprosecutionanddefensework.Beingkeptdistantfromthepreparationandregularlyappearingforbothsidesbarristersaresaidtoavoidbecomingtoopersonallyinvolvedandcanapproachcasesmoredispassionately.Americanlawyershoweveroftenknowtheircasesbetter.Reformersrightlywanttolearnfromothercountries~mistakesandsuccesses.Butwhatisclearisthatjusticesystemslargelybecausetheyaretheresultoflonghistoricalgrowtharepeculiarlydifficulttoadaptpiecemeal.Thepassage______.
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’tcuttingfillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’magoodeconomicindicatorshesays.Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus.Idon’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetooshesays.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonusessaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan~Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.Whycanmanypeopleseesilverliningstotheeconomicslowdown
HowefficientisoursystemofcriminaltrialDoesitreallydothebasicjobweaskofit—convictingtheguiltyandacquittingtheinnocentItisoftensaidthattheBritishtrailsystemismorelikeagamethanaseriousattempttodojustice.Thelawyersoneachsidearesoengrossesinplayinghardtowinchallengingeachotherandthejudgeontechnicalpointsthattheobjectoffindingoutthetruthisalmostforgotten.Alltheeffortisconcentratedonthebigdayonthedramaticcrossexaminationofthekeywitnessesinfrontofthejury.Criticsliketocompareouradversarialsystemresemblingtwoadversariesengagedinacontestwiththecontinentalinquisitorialsystemunderwhichthejudgeplaysamoreimportantinquiringrole.InearlytimesintheMiddleAgesthesystemsoftrialacrossEuropewere’similar.Atthattimetrialbyordeal—especiallyareligiousevent--wasthemainwayoftestingguiltorinnocence.Whenthiswayeventuallyabandonedthetwosystemspartedcompany.Onthecontinentchurch-trainedlegalofficialstookoverthefunctionofbothprosecutingandjudgingwhileinEnglandthesewerelargelylefttolaypeopletheJusticeofthePeaceandthejurymenwhowereilliterateandthismeantthatalltheevidencehadtobeputtothemorally.Thishistoricalaccidentdominatesprocedureeventodaywithallevidencebeinggiveninopencourtbywordofmouthonthecrucialday.OntheotherhandinFranceforinstancealltheevidenceiswrittenbeforethetrialundersupervisionbyaninvestigatingjudge.Thisexhaustivepretriallooksveryundramatic;muchofitisjustapubliccheckingofthewrittenrecordsalreadygathered.TheAmericansadoptedtheBritishsystemlockstockandbarrelandenshrineditintheirconstitution.Butwhilethebasicfeaturesofoursystemsarecommontherearenowsignificantdifferencesinthewayseriouscasesarehandled.FirstbecausetheU.S.A.hasvirtuallynocontemptofcourtlawstopreventpretrialpublicityinthenewspaperandontelevisionAmericanslawyersareallowedtoquestionjurorsaboutknowledgeandbeliefs.InBritainthisisvirtuallyneverallowedandarandomselectionofjurorswhoarepresumednottobeprejudicedareempanelled.SecondlythereisnoseparateprofessionofbarristerintheUnitedStatesandbothprosecutionanddefenselawyerswhoaretopresentcasesincourtpreparethemselves.Theygooutandvisitthescenetrackdownandinterviewwitnessesandfamiliarizethemselvespersonallywiththebackground.InBritainitisthesolicitorwhopreparesthecaseandthebarristerwhoappearsincourtisnotevenallowedtomeetwitnessbeforehandBritishbarristersalsoalternatedoingbothprosecutionanddefensework.Beingkeptdistantfromthepreparationandregularlyappearingforbothsidesbarristersaresaidtoavoidbecomingtoopersonallyinvolvedandcanapproachcasesmoredispassionately.Americanlawyershoweveroftenknowtheircasesbetter.Reformersrightlywanttolearnfromothercountries~mistakesandsuccesses.Butwhatisclearisthatjusticesystemslargelybecausetheyaretheresultoflonghistoricalgrowtharepeculiarlydifficulttoadaptpiecemeal.InBritainnewspapers______.
Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequateaupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionisthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsininevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties.Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspecies0nlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandforoccupancyofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall.Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandprosper;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwar-likeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis.Accordingtotheauthorcompetitiondiffersfromconflictinthat______.
Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters.Beforeconsideringthisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesomerelatedconcepts.Conflictdefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesdirectedagainstoneanotherisdistinguishedfromcompetitiondefinedasoppositionamongsocialentitiesindependentlystrivingforsomethingwhichisininadequateaupply.Competitorsmaynotbeawareofoneanotherwhilethepartiestoaconflictare.Conflictandcompetitionarebothcategoriesofoppositionwhichhasbeendefinedasaprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionisthedisserviceofoneanother.Oppositionisthuscontrastedwithcooperationtheprocessbywhichsocialentitiesfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.Thesedefinitionsarenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethatcompetitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsininevitableinaworldoflimitedresourcesbutconflictisnot.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirableelementofhumansocieties.Manyauthorshavearguedfortheinevitabilityofwarfromthepremisethatinthestruggleforexistenceamonganimalspecies0nlythefittestsurvive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Socialanimalssuchasmonkeysandcattlefighttowinormaintainleadershipofthegroup.Thestruggleforexistenceoccursnotinsuchfightsbutinthecompetitionforlimitedfeedingareasandforoccupancyofareasfreefrommeat-eatinganimals.Thosewhofailinthiscompetitionstarvetodeathorbecomevictimstootherspecies.Thisstruggleforexistencedoesnotresemblehumanwarbutratherthecompetitionofindividualsforjobsmarketsandmaterials.Theessenceofthestruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatareinsufficienttosatisfyall.Amongnationsthereiscompetitionindevelopingresourcestradesskillsandasatisfactorywayoflife.Thesuccessfulnationsgrowandprosper;theunsuccessfuldecline.Whileitistruethatthiscompetitionmayinduceeffortstoexpandterritoryattheexpenseofothersandthusleadtoconflictitcannotbesaidthatwar-likeconflictamongnationsisinevitablealthoughcompetitionis.Theauthorindicatesinthepassagethatconflict______.
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’tcuttingfillingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend$12to$50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’magoodeconomicindicatorshesays.Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus.Idon’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetooshesays.EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerica’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’space.Butdon’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening.Consumerssaythey’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe$4millionto$10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonusessaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob.Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan~Co.maystillbeworthtoasting.Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 11
Sixyearslaterinanabout-facetheFBIadmitsthatfederalagentsfiredteargascanisterscapableofcausingafireattheBranchDavidiancompoundnearWacoTexasin1993.Buttheofficialsaidthefiringcameseveralhoursbeforethestructureburstintoflameskilling80peopleincludingtheDavidians’leaderDavidKoresh.Inlookingintothiswe’vecomeacrossinformationthatshowssomecanistersthatcanbedeemedpyrotechnicinnaturewerefired--hoursbeforethefirestartedtheofficialsaid.DeviceswerefiredatthebunkernotatthemainstructurewheretheDavidianswerecampedout.TheFederalBureauofInvestigationmaintainsitdidnotstartwhatturnedtobeaseriesoffieryburstsofflamesthatendeda51-daystandoffbetweenbranchmembersandthefederalgovernment.Thisdoesn’tchangethebottomlinethatDavidKoreshstartedthefireandthegovernmentdidnottheofficialsaid.ItsimplyShowsthatdevicesthatcouldprobablybeflammablewereusedintheearlymorninghours.ThelawenforcementofficialsaidthecanisterswerefirednotatthemainstructurewheretheDavidianmemberswerecampedoutbutatthenearbyundergroundbunker.Theybouncedoffthebunker’sconcreteroofandlandedinanopenfieldwelltheofficialsaid.Thecanisterswerefiredataround6a.m.andthefirethatdestroyedthewoodencompoundstartedaroundnoontheofficialsaid.Theofficialalsoaddedthatotherteargascanistersusedbyagentthatdaywerenotflammableorpotentiallyexplosive.WhileCoulsondeniedthegrenadesplayedaroleinstartingthefirehisstatementmarkedthefirsttimethatanyU.S.governmentofficialhaspubliclycontradictedthegovernment’spositionthatfederalagentsusednothingonthefinaldayofthesiegeatWacothatcouldhavesparkedthefirethatengulfedthecompound.ThecauseofthefieryendisamajorfocusofanongoinginquirybytheTexasRangersintotheWacosiege.AfterreadingthepassagehowmuchdoyouknowaboutthecompoundnearWaco
Exerciseeveryoneadvises!Butimmediatelywhenyoutryyourunintotrouble.46Thereissomuchcontradictorysometimesincorrectadviceaboutexercisingthatyoubecomeconfused.Testyourselfonthefollowingtruefalsequiz.Itwilltellyouwhatyouneedtoknow. 1.Thebestwaytoreducethemid-sectionistodoabdominalexercise. False.Manypeoplebelievethatwhenspecificmusclesareexercisedthefattytissuesintheimmediateareaare"burnedup."47Thetruth-isthatexerciseburnsfatfromalloverthebodyandnotfromonespecificarearegardlessofthetypeofexercise.Ofcourseifyoureducethefatthroughoutyourbodyyouwillcertainlyseeresultsaroundyourwaistlinetoo! 2.Tomaintainanadequatelevelofphysicalfitnessyouneedtoexerciseonlytwiceaweek. False.StudiesconductedbyNASAtheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationshowthatunexercisedmuscleslosetheirstrengthveryquickly.After48to72hoursyoumustusethemusclesagaintoreestablishthegoodphysicaleffect.Andwhatdoesthatmeantoyou48NASAscientistsconcludedthatwhiledailyexerciseismostbeneficialthreealternatingdayseachweekwillmaintainanadequatelevelofphysicalfitness. 3.Toloseweightyoushouldalways"workupagoodsweat"whenexercising. False.Sweatingonlylowersbodytemperaturetopreventoverheating;itdoesnothelpyoureduceweight.Youmayweighlessimmediatelyafteraworkoutbutthisisduetowaterloss.Onceyoureplacetheliquidyoureplacetheweight. 4.Ifyourbreathingdoesn’treturntonormalwithinminutesafteryoufinishexercisingyou’veexercisedtoomuch. True.Fiveminutesorsoafterexercisingyourbreathingshouldbenormalyourheartshouldn’tbepoundingandyoushouldn’tbeexhausted.49Beneficialexerciseisnotoverlydifficultunpleasantandexhausting;itismoderateenjoyableandrefreshing. 5.Walkingisoneofthebestexercises. True.Walkinghelpscirculationofbloodthroughoutthebodyandthushasadirecteffectoryouroverallfeelingofhealth. 6.Theminimumamountoftimeyoushouldspendexercisinginadayis20minutes. True.Therearemorethan400musclesthatattachtoyourskeleton.50Agoodexerciseroutineshouldcontractandstretchallthesemusclesandthissimplycannotbedonewithfourorfiveexercisesinfivetotenminutes.FromexperienceI’vefoundthatabout20minutesistheminimumamountoftimeneededforanadequateworkout. Thetruth-isthatexerciseburnsfatfromalloverthebodyandnotfromonespecificarearegardlessofthetypeofexercise.
HowefficientisoursystemofcriminaltrialDoesitreallydothebasicjobweaskofit—convictingtheguiltyandacquittingtheinnocentItisoftensaidthattheBritishtrailsystemismorelikeagamethanaseriousattempttodojustice.Thelawyersoneachsidearesoengrossesinplayinghardtowinchallengingeachotherandthejudgeontechnicalpointsthattheobjectoffindingoutthetruthisalmostforgotten.Alltheeffortisconcentratedonthebigdayonthedramaticcrossexaminationofthekeywitnessesinfrontofthejury.Criticsliketocompareouradversarialsystemresemblingtwoadversariesengagedinacontestwiththecontinentalinquisitorialsystemunderwhichthejudgeplaysamoreimportantinquiringrole.InearlytimesintheMiddleAgesthesystemsoftrialacrossEuropewere’similar.Atthattimetrialbyordeal—especiallyareligiousevent--wasthemainwayoftestingguiltorinnocence.Whenthiswayeventuallyabandonedthetwosystemspartedcompany.Onthecontinentchurch-trainedlegalofficialstookoverthefunctionofbothprosecutingandjudgingwhileinEnglandthesewerelargelylefttolaypeopletheJusticeofthePeaceandthejurymenwhowereilliterateandthismeantthatalltheevidencehadtobeputtothemorally.Thishistoricalaccidentdominatesprocedureeventodaywithallevidencebeinggiveninopencourtbywordofmouthonthecrucialday.OntheotherhandinFranceforinstancealltheevidenceiswrittenbeforethetrialundersupervisionbyaninvestigatingjudge.Thisexhaustivepretriallooksveryundramatic;muchofitisjustapubliccheckingofthewrittenrecordsalreadygathered.TheAmericansadoptedtheBritishsystemlockstockandbarrelandenshrineditintheirconstitution.Butwhilethebasicfeaturesofoursystemsarecommontherearenowsignificantdifferencesinthewayseriouscasesarehandled.FirstbecausetheU.S.A.hasvirtuallynocontemptofcourtlawstopreventpretrialpublicityinthenewspaperandontelevisionAmericanslawyersareallowedtoquestionjurorsaboutknowledgeandbeliefs.InBritainthisisvirtuallyneverallowedandarandomselectionofjurorswhoarepresumednottobeprejudicedareempanelled.SecondlythereisnoseparateprofessionofbarristerintheUnitedStatesandbothprosecutionanddefenselawyerswhoaretopresentcasesincourtpreparethemselves.Theygooutandvisitthescenetrackdownandinterviewwitnessesandfamiliarizethemselvespersonallywiththebackground.InBritainitisthesolicitorwhopreparesthecaseandthebarristerwhoappearsincourtisnotevenallowedtomeetwitnessbeforehandBritishbarristersalsoalternatedoingbothprosecutionanddefensework.Beingkeptdistantfromthepreparationandregularlyappearingforbothsidesbarristersaresaidtoavoidbecomingtoopersonallyinvolvedandcanapproachcasesmoredispassionately.Americanlawyershoweveroftenknowtheircasesbetter.Reformersrightlywanttolearnfromothercountries~mistakesandsuccesses.Butwhatisclearisthatjusticesystemslargelybecausetheyaretheresultoflonghistoricalgrowtharepeculiarlydifficulttoadaptpiecemeal.Britishtrialsystemismorelikeagamethanaseriousattempttodojustice.Itimpliesthat______.
Sixyearslaterinanabout-facetheFBIadmitsthatfederalagentsfiredteargascanisterscapableofcausingafireattheBranchDavidiancompoundnearWacoTexasin1993.Buttheofficialsaidthefiringcameseveralhoursbeforethestructureburstintoflameskilling80peopleincludingtheDavidians’leaderDavidKoresh.Inlookingintothiswe’vecomeacrossinformationthatshowssomecanistersthatcanbedeemedpyrotechnicinnaturewerefired--hoursbeforethefirestartedtheofficialsaid.DeviceswerefiredatthebunkernotatthemainstructurewheretheDavidianswerecampedout.TheFederalBureauofInvestigationmaintainsitdidnotstartwhatturnedtobeaseriesoffieryburstsofflamesthatendeda51-daystandoffbetweenbranchmembersandthefederalgovernment.Thisdoesn’tchangethebottomlinethatDavidKoreshstartedthefireandthegovernmentdidnottheofficialsaid.ItsimplyShowsthatdevicesthatcouldprobablybeflammablewereusedintheearlymorninghours.ThelawenforcementofficialsaidthecanisterswerefirednotatthemainstructurewheretheDavidianmemberswerecampedoutbutatthenearbyundergroundbunker.Theybouncedoffthebunker’sconcreteroofandlandedinanopenfieldwelltheofficialsaid.Thecanisterswerefiredataround6a.m.andthefirethatdestroyedthewoodencompoundstartedaroundnoontheofficialsaid.Theofficialalsoaddedthatotherteargascanistersusedbyagentthatdaywerenotflammableorpotentiallyexplosive.WhileCoulsondeniedthegrenadesplayedaroleinstartingthefirehisstatementmarkedthefirsttimethatanyU.S.governmentofficialhaspubliclycontradictedthegovernment’spositionthatfederalagentsusednothingonthefinaldayofthesiegeatWacothatcouldhavesparkedthefirethatengulfedthecompound.ThecauseofthefieryendisamajorfocusofanongoinginquirybytheTexasRangersintotheWacosiege.TheFBIofficialhasNOTadmittedthat______.
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 19
Directions:WritealettertoinviteyourbestfriendJanetotakepartinyourmother’s60-year-oldbirthdayandinformherofyourarrangement.Beginyourletterasfollows.DearJaneYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.DonotsignyourownnameusingLiMing’instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Directions.SupposeyouweretakengoodcareofbyAuntWangwhenyouvisitedShanghaiwhereshelived.Writealettertohertoextendyourappreciation.Beginyourletterasfollows:DearAuntWangYoushouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.DonotsignyourownnameusingLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Atpicnicsantsarepests.Buttheyhavetheiruses.Inindustriessuchasminingfarmingandforestrytheycanhelpgaugethehealthoftheenvironmentbyjustcrawlingaroundandbeingantsy. Ithasbeenrecognizedfordecadesthatants--whicharehighlysensitivetoecologicalchange—canprovideanear-percentbarometerofthestateofanecosystem.Onlycertainspeciesforinstancewillcontinuetothriveataforestsitethathasbeenclearedoftrees.41Andstillotherswillmoveinandtakeupresidence. Bylookingatwhichspeciespopulateadeforestedareascientistscandeterminehow"stressed"thelandis.42Antsareusedsimplybecausethe>;aresocommonandcomprisesomanyspecies. Whereminesitesarebeingrestoredforexamplesomeantspecieswillrecolonizethestrippedlandmorequicklythanothers.43AustralianminingcompanyCapricornCoalManagementhasbeensuccessfullyusingantsurveysforyearstodeterminetherateofrecoveryoflandthatitisreplantingnearitsGermanCreekmineinQueensland.Antsurveysalsohavebeenusedwithmine-siterecoveryprojectsinAfricaandBrazilwherewarmclimatesencouragedenseanddiverseantpopulations."Wefounditworkedextremelywellthere’saysJonathanMajeraprofessorofenvironmentalbiology.YetthesurveysareperfectlysuitedtoclimatesthroughoutAsiahesaysbecauseantsaresocommonthroughouttheregion.AsMajerputsit."That’sthegreatthingaboutants.’ Antsurveysaresohighly-regardedasecologicalindicatorsthatgovernmentsworldwideaccepttheirresultswhenassessingtheenvironmentalimpactofminingandtreeharvesting.44. WhynotBecausemanycompaniescan’taffordtheexpenseorthelaboratorytimeneededtosiftresultsforacomprehensivesurvey.Thecoststemsalsofromthescarcityofantspecialists.45. [A]Thisallowedscientiststogaugethepaceandprogressoftheecologicalrecovery. [B]Yetinotherbusinessessuchasfarmingandpropertydevelopmentantsurveysaren’tusedwidely. [C]Employingthosepeopleareexpensive. [D]Theydothisbysortingtheantscountingtheirnumbersandcomparingtheresultswiththoseofearliersurveys. [E]Theevolutionofantspeciesmayhaveastrongimpactonourecosystem. [F]Otherswilldieoutforlackoffood.’ [G]Gretaceousantssharedacoupleofwasp-liketraitstogetherwithmodernant-likecharacteristics. 45
Sixyearslaterinanabout-facetheFBIadmitsthatfederalagentsfiredteargascanisterscapableofcausingafireattheBranchDavidiancompoundnearWacoTexasin1993.Buttheofficialsaidthefiringcameseveralhoursbeforethestructureburstintoflameskilling80peopleincludingtheDavidians’leaderDavidKoresh.Inlookingintothiswe’vecomeacrossinformationthatshowssomecanistersthatcanbedeemedpyrotechnicinnaturewerefired--hoursbeforethefirestartedtheofficialsaid.DeviceswerefiredatthebunkernotatthemainstructurewheretheDavidianswerecampedout.TheFederalBureauofInvestigationmaintainsitdidnotstartwhatturnedtobeaseriesoffieryburstsofflamesthatendeda51-daystandoffbetweenbranchmembersandthefederalgovernment.Thisdoesn’tchangethebottomlinethatDavidKoreshstartedthefireandthegovernmentdidnottheofficialsaid.ItsimplyShowsthatdevicesthatcouldprobablybeflammablewereusedintheearlymorninghours.ThelawenforcementofficialsaidthecanisterswerefirednotatthemainstructurewheretheDavidianmemberswerecampedoutbutatthenearbyundergroundbunker.Theybouncedoffthebunker’sconcreteroofandlandedinanopenfieldwelltheofficialsaid.Thecanisterswerefiredataround6a.m.andthefirethatdestroyedthewoodencompoundstartedaroundnoontheofficialsaid.Theofficialalsoaddedthatotherteargascanistersusedbyagentthatdaywerenotflammableorpotentiallyexplosive.WhileCoulsondeniedthegrenadesplayedaroleinstartingthefirehisstatementmarkedthefirsttimethatanyU.S.governmentofficialhaspubliclycontradictedthegovernment’spositionthatfederalagentsusednothingonthefinaldayofthesiegeatWacothatcouldhavesparkedthefirethatengulfedthecompound.ThecauseofthefieryendisamajorfocusofanongoinginquirybytheTexasRangersintotheWacosiege.Theattitudeofthenarratortowardsthismessageis______.
Atpicnicsantsarepests.Buttheyhavetheiruses.Inindustriessuchasminingfarmingandforestrytheycanhelpgaugethehealthoftheenvironmentbyjustcrawlingaroundandbeingantsy. Ithasbeenrecognizedfordecadesthatants--whicharehighlysensitivetoecologicalchange—canprovideanear-percentbarometerofthestateofanecosystem.Onlycertainspeciesforinstancewillcontinuetothriveataforestsitethathasbeenclearedoftrees.41Andstillotherswillmoveinandtakeupresidence. Bylookingatwhichspeciespopulateadeforestedareascientistscandeterminehow"stressed"thelandis.42Antsareusedsimplybecausethe>;aresocommonandcomprisesomanyspecies. Whereminesitesarebeingrestoredforexamplesomeantspecieswillrecolonizethestrippedlandmorequicklythanothers.43AustralianminingcompanyCapricornCoalManagementhasbeensuccessfullyusingantsurveysforyearstodeterminetherateofrecoveryoflandthatitisreplantingnearitsGermanCreekmineinQueensland.Antsurveysalsohavebeenusedwithmine-siterecoveryprojectsinAfricaandBrazilwherewarmclimatesencouragedenseanddiverseantpopulations."Wefounditworkedextremelywellthere’saysJonathanMajeraprofessorofenvironmentalbiology.YetthesurveysareperfectlysuitedtoclimatesthroughoutAsiahesaysbecauseantsaresocommonthroughouttheregion.AsMajerputsit."That’sthegreatthingaboutants.’ Antsurveysaresohighly-regardedasecologicalindicatorsthatgovernmentsworldwideaccepttheirresultswhenassessingtheenvironmentalimpactofminingandtreeharvesting.44. WhynotBecausemanycompaniescan’taffordtheexpenseorthelaboratorytimeneededtosiftresultsforacomprehensivesurvey.Thecoststemsalsofromthescarcityofantspecialists.45. [A]Thisallowedscientiststogaugethepaceandprogressoftheecologicalrecovery. [B]Yetinotherbusinessessuchasfarmingandpropertydevelopmentantsurveysaren’tusedwidely. [C]Employingthosepeopleareexpensive. [D]Theydothisbysortingtheantscountingtheirnumbersandcomparingtheresultswiththoseofearliersurveys. [E]Theevolutionofantspeciesmayhaveastrongimpactonourecosystem. [F]Otherswilldieoutforlackoffood.’ [G]Gretaceousantssharedacoupleofwasp-liketraitstogetherwithmodernant-likecharacteristics. 41
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 5
CollegesportsintheUnitedStatesareahugedeal.AlmostallmajorAmericanuniversitieshavefootballbaseballbasketballandhockeyprogramsand1millionsofdollarseachyeartosports.Mostofthemearnmillions2aswellintelevisionrevenuessponsorships.Theyalsobenefit3fromtheaddedpublicitytheygetviatheirteams.Big-nameuniversities4eachotherinthemostpopularsports.FootballgamesatMichiganregularly5crowdsofover90000.Basketball’snationalcollegiatechampionshipgameisaTV6onaparwithanyothersportingeventintheUnitedStates7perhapstheSuperBowlitself.Atanygiventimeduringfallorwinteronecan8one’sTVsetandseethetopathleticprograms--fromschoolslikeMichiganUCLADukeandStanford--9infrontofpackedhousesandnationalTVaudiences. Theathletesthemselvesare10andprovidedwithsch61arships.Collegecoachesidentify11teenagersandthengointohighschoolsto12thecountry’sbestplayerstoattendtheiruniversities.Therearestrictrulesabout13coachescanrecruit--norecruitingcallsafter9p.m.onlyoneofficialvisittoacampus--buttheyareoftenbentandsometimes14.Topcollegefootballprograms15scholarshipsto20or30playerseachyearandthosestudent-athleteswhentheyarrive16campusreceivefreehousingtuitionmealsbooksetc. Inreturntheplayers17theprogramintheirsport.Footballplayersattopcolleges18twohoursadayfourdaysaweekfromJanuarytoApril.Insummerit’sbacktostrengthandagilitytrainingfourdaysaweekuntilmid-Augustwhencamp19andpreparationfortheopeningoftheSeptember-to-Decemberseasonbegins20DuringtheseasonpracticeslasttwoorthreehoursadayfromTuesdaytoFriday.Saturdayisgameday.Mondaysareanofficiallymandateddayofrest. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCotDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 7
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 15
热门题库
更多
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号