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阿拉伯帝国后期，曾经占据过帝国首都巴格达的外族有( )。 ①蒙古人 ②波斯人 ③印度人 ④突厥人
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阿拉伯帝国后期曾经占据过帝国首都巴格达的外族有①蒙古人②波斯人③印度人④突厥人⑤色雷斯人
②③⑤
①③④
②④⑤
①②④
阿拉伯帝国的首都是
雅典
巴比伦
斯巴达
巴格达
拜占廷帝国ByzantineEmpire就是
罗马帝国
西罗马帝国
东罗马帝国
阿拉伯帝国
拜占廷帝国亡于
西罗马帝国
土耳其
阿拉伯帝国
沙皇俄国
下列国家曾经实现地垮亚欧非三洲的是①波斯帝国②亚历山大帝国③罗马帝国④拜占廷帝国⑤阿拉伯帝国
①②③④⑤
①②③④
①②③⑤
②③④⑤
灭亡拜占廷帝国的国家是
阿拉伯帝国
亚历山大帝国
奥斯曼土耳其帝国
罗马帝国
世界文明古国都有自身独特的国家特色与种姓的国度西方文明的摇篮新月之乡相对应的文明古国分别是
埃及 希腊 阿拉伯帝国
印度 阿拉伯帝国 希腊
阿拉伯帝国 印度 希腊
印度 希腊 阿拉伯帝国
它位于非洲东北部在埃菲尔铁塔建起之前它有一座世界上最高的建筑物它曾经国力强盛成为地跨亚洲非洲的军事帝
古埃及
古希腊
罗马帝国
阿拉伯帝国
灭亡拜占廷帝国的是
罗马帝国
亚历山大帝国
阿拉伯帝国
奥斯曼土耳其帝国
阿拉伯民间故事集生动描绘了阿拉伯帝国丰富的社会生活
唐朝跟阿拉伯帝国曾经在中亚打了一仗这次的领兵将领是他是高丽人
沙特阿拉伯的首都是
巴格达
利雅德
德黑兰
大马士革
世界古代历史上曾经存在过这样一个帝国地中海一度成为其内湖与中国汉朝处于同一时期这个帝国是
亚历山大帝国
罗马帝国
阿拉伯帝国
拜占庭帝国
8世纪时巴格达曾是一个大帝国的首都这个帝国是
罗马帝国
查理曼帝国
阿拉伯帝国
亚历山大帝国
阅读材料回答问题材料一见下图图1图2材料二阿拉伯帝国统治区域曾是世界文明的摇篮首都巴格达是当时世界上
拜占庭帝国的别称是
罗马帝国
西罗马帝国
东罗马帝国
阿拉伯帝国
下列对阿拉伯帝国的叙述正确的有①8世纪中叶阿拉伯国家成为地跨欧亚非三洲的大帝国②帝国初期的100年间
①②③
②③④
①②④
①③④
下列哪个国家曾经不出国界就能游览整个地中海的美丽风光
波斯帝国
亚历山大帝国
罗马帝国
阿拉伯帝国
麦加麦地那和巴格达是阿拉伯帝国著名的城市请分别说出这三个地点的地位或发生过的重大事件
一本历史书中对某帝国有以下描述这帝国盛行yī sī lán jiāo 商人拥有能在逆风中航行的商船从非洲运来黑奴从印度输入
拜占庭帝国
阿拉伯帝国
亚历山大帝国
奥斯曼土耳其帝国
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Text2Whatweknowofprenataldevelopmentmakesallthisattemptmadebyamothertomoldthecharacterofherunbornchildbystudyingpoetryartormathematicsduringpregnancyseemutterlyimpossible.HowcouldsuchextremelycomplexinfluencespassfromthemothertothechildThereisnoconnectionbetweentheirnervoussystem.Eventhebloodvesselsofmotherandchilddonotjoindirectly.Anemotionalshocktothemotherwillaffectherchildbecauseitchangestheactivityofherglandsandsothechemistryofherblood.Anychemicalchangeinthemother’sbloodwillaffectthechild’forbetterorworse.Butwecannotseehowalikingformathematicsorpoeticgeniuscanbedissolvedinbloodandproduceasimilarlikingorgeniusinthechild.Inourdiscussionofinstinctswesawthattherewasreasontobelievethatwhateverweinheritmustbeofsomeverysimplesortratherthananycomplicatedorverydefinitekindofbehavior.Itiscertainthatnooneinheritsaknowledgeofmathematics.Itmaybehoweverthatchildreninheritmoreorlessofarathergeneralabilitythatwemaycallintelligence.Ifveryintelligentchildrenbecomedeeplyinterestedinmathematicstheywillprobablymakeasuccessofthatstudy.Asformusicalabilityitmaybethatwhatisinheritedifanespeciallysensitiveearapeculiarstructureofthehandsorofthe.vocalorgansconnectibnsbetweennervesandmusclesthatmakeitcomparativelyeasytolearnthemovementsamusicianmustexecuteandparticularlyvigorousemotions.Ifthesefactorsareallorganizedaroundmusicthechildmaybecomeamusician.Thesamefactorsinothercircumstancemightbeorganizedaboutsomeothercenterofinterest.Therichemotionalequipmentmightfindexpressioninpoetry.Thecapablefingersmightdevelopskillinsurgery.Itisnottheknowledgeofmusicthatmakesitcomparativelyeasytoacquiremusicalknowledgeandskill.Whetherthatabilityshallbedirectedtowardmusicorsomeotherundertakingmaybedecidedentirelybyforcesintheenvironmentinwhichachildgrowsup. Ifachildinheritssomethingfromhismothersuchasanespeciallysensitiveearapeculiarstructureofthehandsorofthevocalorganshewill
Text4Sciencehaslongsincehadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGalileo’s17th-centurytrifil’forhisrebellingbelieftheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlack’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury~Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics-butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattacked’antiscience’inseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason"heldinNewYorkCityin1995and"ScienceintheAgeofMissinformation"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople;GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedsciencesobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenpmenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberthosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalutopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarnfingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm’antiscience’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science."Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened." Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage
Text2Whatweknowofprenataldevelopmentmakesallthisattemptmadebyamothertomoldthecharacterofherunbornchildbystudyingpoetryartormathematicsduringpregnancyseemutterlyimpossible.HowcouldsuchextremelycomplexinfluencespassfromthemothertothechildThereisnoconnectionbetweentheirnervoussystem.Eventhebloodvesselsofmotherandchilddonotjoindirectly.Anemotionalshocktothemotherwillaffectherchildbecauseitchangestheactivityofherglandsandsothechemistryofherblood.Anychemicalchangeinthemother’sbloodwillaffectthechild’forbetterorworse.Butwecannotseehowalikingformathematicsorpoeticgeniuscanbedissolvedinbloodandproduceasimilarlikingorgeniusinthechild.Inourdiscussionofinstinctswesawthattherewasreasontobelievethatwhateverweinheritmustbeofsomeverysimplesortratherthananycomplicatedorverydefinitekindofbehavior.Itiscertainthatnooneinheritsaknowledgeofmathematics.Itmaybehoweverthatchildreninheritmoreorlessofarathergeneralabilitythatwemaycallintelligence.Ifveryintelligentchildrenbecomedeeplyinterestedinmathematicstheywillprobablymakeasuccessofthatstudy.Asformusicalabilityitmaybethatwhatisinheritedifanespeciallysensitiveearapeculiarstructureofthehandsorofthe.vocalorgansconnectibnsbetweennervesandmusclesthatmakeitcomparativelyeasytolearnthemovementsamusicianmustexecuteandparticularlyvigorousemotions.Ifthesefactorsareallorganizedaroundmusicthechildmaybecomeamusician.Thesamefactorsinothercircumstancemightbeorganizedaboutsomeothercenterofinterest.Therichemotionalequipmentmightfindexpressioninpoetry.Thecapablefingersmightdevelopskillinsurgery.Itisnottheknowledgeofmusicthatmakesitcomparativelyeasytoacquiremusicalknowledgeandskill.Whetherthatabilityshallbedirectedtowardmusicorsomeotherundertakingmaybedecidedentirelybyforcesintheenvironmentinwhichachildgrowsup. Whichofthefollowingisanappropriatetitleforthepassage
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwo.extrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsHere’safamiliarversionoftheboy-meets-girlsituation.Ayoungmanhasatlastpluckedupcouragetoinviteadazzlingyoungladyouttodinner.Shehasacceptedhisinvitationandheisoverjoyed.Heisdeterminedtotakehertothebestrestaurantintownevenifitmeansthathewillhavetoliveonmemoriesandhopesduringthemonthtocome.Whentheygettotherestauranthediscoversthatthisetherial轻飘的creatureisonadiet.Shemustn’teatthisandshemustn’tthat.Ohbutofcourseshedoesn’twanttospoilhisenjoyment.Lethimbyallmeanseatasmuchfatteningfoodashewants:it’sthesurestwaytoanearlygrave.41______42______.Theyspendmostoftheirtimeturningtheirnosesupatfood.Theyareforeverconsultingcalorie卡路里charts;gazingatthemselvesinmirrors;andleapingontoweighing-machinesinthebathroom.Theyspendalifetimefightingalosingbattleagainstspreadinghipsprotrudingtummiesanddoublechins.Somewageall-outwaronFAT.Meredietingisnotenough.Theyexhaustthemselvesdoingexercisessweatinginsaunabathsbeingpummelledandmassagedbyweirdmachines.Thereallywealthydiet-mongerspayvastsumsfor’healthcures’.Fortwoweekstheycanenteranatureclinicandbestarvedtodeathforahundredguineasaweek.Don’tthinkit’sonlythemiddle-agedwhogoinforthesefadseither.43______44______wellforonethingthey’realwayshungry.Youcan’tbehungryandhappyatthesametime.Allthehorribleconcoctionstheyeatinsteadoffoodleavethempermanentlydissatisfied.’Wonderfoodisacompletefoodtheadvertisementsays.’Justdissolveateaspoonfulinwater...’Acompletefooditmaybebutnotquiteascompleteasajuicysteak.Andofcoursethey’realwaysmiserablebecausetheyfeelsoguilty.Hungerjustprovestoomuchforthemandintheendtheylashoutanddevourfivehugeguilt-inducingcreamcakesatasitting.AndwhocanblamethemAtleastthreetimesadaytheyareexposedtotemptation.45______What’sallthisself-inflictedtortureforSaintlypeopledeprivethemselvesoffoodtoattainastateofgrace.Unsaintlypeopledosotoattainastateofmisery.Itwillbeagreatdaywhenallthedietersintheworldabandontheirslimmingcourses;whentheyhatdouttheirplatesanddemandsecondhelpings! A.Manyoftheseb.rightyoungthingsyouseearesufferingfromchronicmalnutrition:theyarelivingonnothingbutairwaterandthegoodwillofGod. B.Dietersdeprivethemselvesof’deliciousfoodtoattainagracestaturebutsomepeoplethinkitismiserableandfoolishforthemtodoso. C.Dietersundertaketostarvefftemselvesoftheirownfreewill;sowhyaretheysomiserable D.Theyspendatrulymemorableeveningtogetherandneverseeeachotheragain. E.Whatanuttertortureitis’alwayswatchingotherstuckingintopilesofmouth-wateringfoodwhileyoumunchawaterbiscuitandsipunsweetenedlemonjuice! F.Peoplewhoareonadietmustn’thavechocolateandthisishardforsomegirls. G.Whatamiserablelotofdietersare!Youcanalwaysrecognisethemfromthesourexpressionontheirfaces. 44
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PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwo.extrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsHere’safamiliarversionoftheboy-meets-girlsituation.Ayoungmanhasatlastpluckedupcouragetoinviteadazzlingyoungladyouttodinner.Shehasacceptedhisinvitationandheisoverjoyed.Heisdeterminedtotakehertothebestrestaurantintownevenifitmeansthathewillhavetoliveonmemoriesandhopesduringthemonthtocome.Whentheygettotherestauranthediscoversthatthisetherial轻飘的creatureisonadiet.Shemustn’teatthisandshemustn’tthat.Ohbutofcourseshedoesn’twanttospoilhisenjoyment.Lethimbyallmeanseatasmuchfatteningfoodashewants:it’sthesurestwaytoanearlygrave.41______42______.Theyspendmostoftheirtimeturningtheirnosesupatfood.Theyareforeverconsultingcalorie卡路里charts;gazingatthemselvesinmirrors;andleapingontoweighing-machinesinthebathroom.Theyspendalifetimefightingalosingbattleagainstspreadinghipsprotrudingtummiesanddoublechins.Somewageall-outwaronFAT.Meredietingisnotenough.Theyexhaustthemselvesdoingexercisessweatinginsaunabathsbeingpummelledandmassagedbyweirdmachines.Thereallywealthydiet-mongerspayvastsumsfor’healthcures’.Fortwoweekstheycanenteranatureclinicandbestarvedtodeathforahundredguineasaweek.Don’tthinkit’sonlythemiddle-agedwhogoinforthesefadseither.43______44______wellforonethingthey’realwayshungry.Youcan’tbehungryandhappyatthesametime.Allthehorribleconcoctionstheyeatinsteadoffoodleavethempermanentlydissatisfied.’Wonderfoodisacompletefoodtheadvertisementsays.’Justdissolveateaspoonfulinwater...’Acompletefooditmaybebutnotquiteascompleteasajuicysteak.Andofcoursethey’realwaysmiserablebecausetheyfeelsoguilty.Hungerjustprovestoomuchforthemandintheendtheylashoutanddevourfivehugeguilt-inducingcreamcakesatasitting.AndwhocanblamethemAtleastthreetimesadaytheyareexposedtotemptation.45______What’sallthisself-inflictedtortureforSaintlypeopledeprivethemselvesoffoodtoattainastateofgrace.Unsaintlypeopledosotoattainastateofmisery.Itwillbeagreatdaywhenallthedietersintheworldabandontheirslimmingcourses;whentheyhatdouttheirplatesanddemandsecondhelpings! A.Manyoftheseb.rightyoungthingsyouseearesufferingfromchronicmalnutrition:theyarelivingonnothingbutairwaterandthegoodwillofGod. B.Dietersdeprivethemselvesof’deliciousfoodtoattainagracestaturebutsomepeoplethinkitismiserableandfoolishforthemtodoso. C.Dietersundertaketostarvefftemselvesoftheirownfreewill;sowhyaretheysomiserable D.Theyspendatrulymemorableeveningtogetherandneverseeeachotheragain. E.Whatanuttertortureitis’alwayswatchingotherstuckingintopilesofmouth-wateringfoodwhileyoumunchawaterbiscuitandsipunsweetenedlemonjuice! F.Peoplewhoareonadietmustn’thavechocolateandthisishardforsomegirls. G.Whatamiserablelotofdietersare!Youcanalwaysrecognisethemfromthesourexpressionontheirfaces. `42
Text3Morethanoneintenpeoplewhoareregularlyexposedtoorganophosphatepesticides有机磷酸脂农药willsufferunrecoverablephysicalandmentaldamageateamofpsychiatristswarns.Theinvestigatorssaythattheirsisthefirstseriousattempttoestimatethenumberofpeoplesufferingbecauseofchroniclow-levelexposuretothepesticides."Thisisaworryinghighlevelofillness"saysoneresearcher.ThefindingsbytheresearcherwhoalsotreatsmanyofthevictimsconflictwiththoseoftheBritain’sgovernmentagencymonitoringoccupationalhealthwhichsaysthereisnogoodevidencetosuggestchronicexposureleadstowidespreadillness.Theresearchteamsentquestionnairesto400farmersselectedatrandomfromaphonebook.Of179whoreplied130reportedthattheyhadbeenexposedtoorganophosphates.And21farmerscomplainedofenoughsymptomstobeclassedassufferingfromorganophosphatepoisoning.Allowingforbiasinherentinthesurveymethodtheysuggestthataround10percentoffarmersexposedtothepesticidessufferfrompoisoning.Theresearchersalsouncoveredaconsistentpatternofsymptomsrangingfromextremetirednessandspeechdifficultytosuicidalimpulses.Againthiscontrastswiththegovernmentagency’sviewthatthereisnoclearpatternofsymptomsforpesticidepoisoningmakingadiagnosisdifficult.Theybelievetherealfigureforpoisoningismuchhigheronceyouincludecancersandheartdiseaselinkedtothepesticide.LastyearBritishspecialistsalsofoundevidenceofalinkbetweenorganophosphatesandsevereboneabnormalitiesineightmen.OneoftheresearchersAnthonyLyonsofQueen’sMedicalcentreinNottinghamsayspreliminaryresultsfromalargerfollow-upstudysuggesttheextentofbonedamagemaybeworsethantheyfeared.Allthosewhosufferfromorganophosphatepoisoningcomplainofbecoming"exquisitelysensitive"toanyfurtherexposure.ThisisbadnewsforanyGulfWarveteranssentbacktotheMiddleEast.ManyscientistsanddoctorsareconvincedthatGulfWarSyndromeisatleastpartlycausedbyorganophosphatepesticideswhichweresprayedintentsandonclothestoprotecttroopsfrombitinginsects.AspokesmanforBritain’sMinistryofDefensesaystherearenoimmediateplanstosendgroundtroopstotheGulf.ButtheUSismoving5000troopsintotheregion.Returningtroops"wouldbemorevulnerabletopoisoning"saysoneoftheleadingUSauthoritiesonsuchpoisoning. Whichofthefollowingisexcludedinasymptomoforganophosphatepoisoning
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsIntoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved.Forexamplethe’UnitedStatesisamajorConsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.46OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.47ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinmmcanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates.Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.48Firstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem.Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar.Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.49Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparative’advantageinthedesireditems.Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.50EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapan’andSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsIntoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved.Forexamplethe’UnitedStatesisamajorConsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.46OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.47ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinmmcanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates.Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.48Firstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem.Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar.Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.49Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparative’advantageinthedesireditems.Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.50EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapan’andSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapan’andSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates.
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1There’sonethingaboveallwrongwiththenewBritishpostalcodes:noteveryonehasthatsortofmemory.Someofusofcourseforgetevenh6usenumbersandthepresentpostaldistrictsbutthatmatterslesswhenthereisahumanbeingateverystagetospotthemistake.Whenallthesortingisdoneinoneoperationbyamansittingatamachinetypingspecialmarksontoanenvelopeonesliponyourpartcouldsendyourletterwayoutsidetheareawherethelocalpostmanorafriendlyneighborknowsyourname.OtherwisethenewcodesareallthePostOfficesclaims.Theyarethemostcarefullydesignedintheworldidealforcomputers.Aconfusionoflettersandnumberstheyhavetwopartsseparatedbythegapinthemiddle.Togethertheyclassifyaletternotonlythecitywhereitisgoingbutrightdowntotheroundoftheparticularpostmanwhoistocarryitandeventoagroupofhousesorasinglebigbuilding.Inthelongrunthiswillspeedthemailandcutcosts.Thelongrunis10yearsawaythough.Infactthereareonly12PostOfficesinthecountrywhichhavetherightmachinesfullyworkingandthesystemcannotworkatfullefficiencyuntilitisnationwide.YetthePostOfficewantsustostartusingthecodesnowsothatweshallbetrainedwhenthemachinesareready.ButwillweAbusinessmanImetpraisingthevirtuesofthenewsystemexplainedthatlargecompanieslikehiscouldhavecodesoftheirown.Whatwashiscode“Ohdearme.Nowyou’vegotme.Awfullysorry.HoldonaminutewhileIfindasheetofmyheadednotepaper.”Thenhereadpainfullyasifspellingoutawordinaforeignlanguage"W-I-X-6A-B". AccordingtothepassagewhatmattersmostinletterdeliveryinBritainisthat
Text3Morethanoneintenpeoplewhoareregularlyexposedtoorganophosphatepesticides有机磷酸脂农药willsufferunrecoverablephysicalandmentaldamageateamofpsychiatristswarns.Theinvestigatorssaythattheirsisthefirstseriousattempttoestimatethenumberofpeoplesufferingbecauseofchroniclow-levelexposuretothepesticides."Thisisaworryinghighlevelofillness"saysoneresearcher.ThefindingsbytheresearcherwhoalsotreatsmanyofthevictimsconflictwiththoseoftheBritain’sgovernmentagencymonitoringoccupationalhealthwhichsaysthereisnogoodevidencetosuggestchronicexposureleadstowidespreadillness.Theresearchteamsentquestionnairesto400farmersselectedatrandomfromaphonebook.Of179whoreplied130reportedthattheyhadbeenexposedtoorganophosphates.And21farmerscomplainedofenoughsymptomstobeclassedassufferingfromorganophosphatepoisoning.Allowingforbiasinherentinthesurveymethodtheysuggestthataround10percentoffarmersexposedtothepesticidessufferfrompoisoning.Theresearchersalsouncoveredaconsistentpatternofsymptomsrangingfromextremetirednessandspeechdifficultytosuicidalimpulses.Againthiscontrastswiththegovernmentagency’sviewthatthereisnoclearpatternofsymptomsforpesticidepoisoningmakingadiagnosisdifficult.Theybelievetherealfigureforpoisoningismuchhigheronceyouincludecancersandheartdiseaselinkedtothepesticide.LastyearBritishspecialistsalsofoundevidenceofalinkbetweenorganophosphatesandsevereboneabnormalitiesineightmen.OneoftheresearchersAnthonyLyonsofQueen’sMedicalcentreinNottinghamsayspreliminaryresultsfromalargerfollow-upstudysuggesttheextentofbonedamagemaybeworsethantheyfeared.Allthosewhosufferfromorganophosphatepoisoningcomplainofbecoming"exquisitelysensitive"toanyfurtherexposure.ThisisbadnewsforanyGulfWarveteranssentbacktotheMiddleEast.ManyscientistsanddoctorsareconvincedthatGulfWarSyndromeisatleastpartlycausedbyorganophosphatepesticideswhichweresprayedintentsandonclothestoprotecttroopsfrombitinginsects.AspokesmanforBritain’sMinistryofDefensesaystherearenoimmediateplanstosendgroundtroopstotheGulf.ButtheUSismoving5000troopsintotheregion.Returningtroops"wouldbemorevulnerabletopoisoning"saysoneoftheleadingUSauthoritiesonsuchpoisoning. WhatisconsideredtobebadnewsforGulfWarveterans
Text4Sciencehaslongsincehadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGalileo’s17th-centurytrifil’forhisrebellingbelieftheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlack’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury~Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics-butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattacked’antiscience’inseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason"heldinNewYorkCityin1995and"ScienceintheAgeofMissinformation"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople;GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedsciencesobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenpmenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberthosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalutopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarnfingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm’antiscience’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science."Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened." Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle
投机性需求
我国现行的增值税属于
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsIntoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved.Forexamplethe’UnitedStatesisamajorConsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.46OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.47ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinmmcanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates.Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.48Firstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem.Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar.Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.49Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparative’advantageinthedesireditems.Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.50EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapan’andSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. Firstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.
Text2Whatweknowofprenataldevelopmentmakesallthisattemptmadebyamothertomoldthecharacterofherunbornchildbystudyingpoetryartormathematicsduringpregnancyseemutterlyimpossible.HowcouldsuchextremelycomplexinfluencespassfromthemothertothechildThereisnoconnectionbetweentheirnervoussystem.Eventhebloodvesselsofmotherandchilddonotjoindirectly.Anemotionalshocktothemotherwillaffectherchildbecauseitchangestheactivityofherglandsandsothechemistryofherblood.Anychemicalchangeinthemother’sbloodwillaffectthechild’forbetterorworse.Butwecannotseehowalikingformathematicsorpoeticgeniuscanbedissolvedinbloodandproduceasimilarlikingorgeniusinthechild.Inourdiscussionofinstinctswesawthattherewasreasontobelievethatwhateverweinheritmustbeofsomeverysimplesortratherthananycomplicatedorverydefinitekindofbehavior.Itiscertainthatnooneinheritsaknowledgeofmathematics.Itmaybehoweverthatchildreninheritmoreorlessofarathergeneralabilitythatwemaycallintelligence.Ifveryintelligentchildrenbecomedeeplyinterestedinmathematicstheywillprobablymakeasuccessofthatstudy.Asformusicalabilityitmaybethatwhatisinheritedifanespeciallysensitiveearapeculiarstructureofthehandsorofthe.vocalorgansconnectibnsbetweennervesandmusclesthatmakeitcomparativelyeasytolearnthemovementsamusicianmustexecuteandparticularlyvigorousemotions.Ifthesefactorsareallorganizedaroundmusicthechildmaybecomeamusician.Thesamefactorsinothercircumstancemightbeorganizedaboutsomeothercenterofinterest.Therichemotionalequipmentmightfindexpressioninpoetry.Thecapablefingersmightdevelopskillinsurgery.Itisnottheknowledgeofmusicthatmakesitcomparativelyeasytoacquiremusicalknowledgeandskill.Whetherthatabilityshallbedirectedtowardmusicorsomeotherundertakingmaybedecidedentirelybyforcesintheenvironmentinwhichachildgrowsup. Accordingtothepassageachildmayinherit
Text4Sciencehaslongsincehadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGalileo’s17th-centurytrifil’forhisrebellingbelieftheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlack’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury~Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics-butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattacked’antiscience’inseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason"heldinNewYorkCityin1995and"ScienceintheAgeofMissinformation"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople;GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedsciencesobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenpmenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberthosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalutopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarnfingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm’antiscience’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science."Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened." ThewordschismLine3Para.1inthecontextprobablymeans
1.Thereareatleastthreemajoradvantagestolivinginasmalltown.Thefirstistheeasewithwhichapersoncangetaround. 2.Thesecondadvantagesisthelowcostofliving. 3.Thegreatestbenefitofsmall-townlifeisthefriendliness.
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