首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points) Shenzhou Series Spaceflight Missions
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
Directions:Inthispartyouaretowriteanessayof160—200
Directions: Studythefollowingphotocarefullyandwri
Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayin
Directions: Studythefollowingphotocarefullyandwri
Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET
Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayin
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Do
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawi
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawi
Directions: Studythefollowingphotocarefullyandwri
Youshouldwriteatleast200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET
Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayin
Directions: Studythefollowingphotocarefullyandwri
Directions:Writeacompositiononthetopic:ShouldWome
Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayi
Directions: Studythefollowingphotocarefullyandwri
Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET
Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET
. Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwriteanessayi
热门试题
更多
ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli1444～1510suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.Writingin1550VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli’sworkadmittingthattheartistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.OverthenexttwocenturiesacademicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellowsFlorentineMichelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenthcenturyrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessorsBotticelli’sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtastepleasingneitheramateurobserversnorconnoisseurs.Manyofhisbestpaintingshoweverremainedhiddenawayinobscurechurchesandprivatehomes.TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularityisnotdifficulttounderstand:mostobserversupuntilthemidnineteenthcenturydidnotconsiderhimtobenoteworthybecausehisworkforthemostpartdidnotseemtotheseobserverstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart.ForexampleBotticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveandunlikeMichelangeloneverusedchiaroscuro.AnotherreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularitymayhavebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatofhiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalartheshowedlittleinterestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeeditisparadoxicalthatapainteroflarge-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilartothatofclassicalart.InanyeasewhenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipofBotticelli’sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentinearthisreputationbegantogrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bytheartistsofthePre-RaphaelitemovementaswellasbythewriterPateralthoughheunfortunatelybasedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli’spersonalityinspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.YetBotticelli’sworkespeciallytheSistinefrescoesdidnotgenerateworldwideattentionuntilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswithpaintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentines--featuressuchasskillfulrepresentationofanatomicalproportionsandofthehumanfigureinmotion.HoweverHomearguedthatBotticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsinthemselves--ratherthatheemphasizedcleardepletionofastoryauniqueachievementandonethatmadethetraditionalFlorentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome’semphasiscrucialtoanystudyofartthetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBottieelli’sachievements.ThewordconnoisseursParagraph1mostprobablymeans
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.4
WhatwouldhappentotheU.S.economyifallitscommercialbankssuddenlyclosedtheirdoorsThroughoutmostofAmericanhistorytheanswerwouldhavebeenadisasterofepicproportionsakintotheDepressionwroughtbythechain-reactionbankfailuresintheearly1930s.Butin1993thestartlingansweristhatashutdownbybanksmightbefarfromcataclysmic.Considerthis:thoughtheeconomicrecoveryisnow27monthsoldnotasinglenetnewdollarhasbeenlenttobusinessbybanksinallthattime.LastweektheFederalReservereportedthattheamountofloansthenation’slargestbankshavemadetobusinessesfellanadditional＄2.4billionintheweekendingJune9to＄274.8billion.FearfulthatthescarcityofbankcreditmightsabotagethefragileeconomytheWhiteHouseandfederalagenciesareworkingfeverishlytoencouragebankstoopentheirlendingwindows.Inthepasttwoweeksgovernmentregulatorshaveintroducedstepstomakeiteasierforbankstolend.Isthegovernment’sconcernfullyjustifiedWhoreallyneedsbanksthesedaysHardlyanyoneitturnsout.Whilebanksoncedominatedbusinesslendingtodaynearly80%ofallsuchloanscomefromnonbanklenderslikelifeinsurersbrokeragefirmsandfinancecompanies.Banksusedtobetheonlysourceofmoneyintown.Nowbusinessesandindividualscanwritechecksontheirinsurancecompaniesgetaloanfromapensionfundanddepositpaychecksinamoney-marketaccountwithabrokeragefirm.ItispossibleforbankstodieandstillhaveavibranteconomysaysEdwardFurashaWashingtonbankconsultant.Theironyisthattheacceleratingslideintoirrelevancecomesjustasthebanksrackeduprecordprofitsof＄43billionoverthepast15monthscreatingtheillusionthattheindustryisstagingacomeback.Butthatincomewasnottheresultofsmartlendingdecisions.InsteadofearningmoneybyfinancingAmerica’srecoverythebanksmainlyinvestedtheirfunds--onwhichtheywerepayingabargain-basement2%orso--inrisk-freeTreasurybondsthatyielded7%.Thatleftbankofficerswithlittletodoexceptputtheirfeetontheirdesksandwatchtheinterestrollin.Thoseprofitsmayhavecomeataprice.Notonlydidbankerslosemanyloyalcustomersbywithholdingcredittheyalsoinadvertentlyopenedthedoortoaherdofnonbankcompetitorswhostampededintothelendingmarket.Thebankingindustrydidn’tseethisthreatsaysFurash.Theyarebeingfatdumbandhappy.Theydidn’trealizethatbankingisessentialtoamoderneconomybutbanksarenot./Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleforthistext
Ifgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth--globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures.Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006.CFCs--firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolinatwoofthisyear’sNobel--prizewinningchemists—havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes.IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandcausecancerinhumans.Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1985detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannualholeintheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplaceCFCswithsafersubstances.YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists.NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s.DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive＄250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.N.EnvironmentProgram:Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate.Thisisacrucialtime.Itisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechange.WastegasessuchascarbondioxidemethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:aneventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns.Accordingtothetextwhatencouragesthewriteristhat
ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli1444～1510suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.Writingin1550VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli’sworkadmittingthattheartistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.OverthenexttwocenturiesacademicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellowsFlorentineMichelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenthcenturyrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessorsBotticelli’sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtastepleasingneitheramateurobserversnorconnoisseurs.Manyofhisbestpaintingshoweverremainedhiddenawayinobscurechurchesandprivatehomes.TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularityisnotdifficulttounderstand:mostobserversupuntilthemidnineteenthcenturydidnotconsiderhimtobenoteworthybecausehisworkforthemostpartdidnotseemtotheseobserverstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart.ForexampleBotticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveandunlikeMichelangeloneverusedchiaroscuro.AnotherreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularitymayhavebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatofhiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalartheshowedlittleinterestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeeditisparadoxicalthatapainteroflarge-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilartothatofclassicalart.InanyeasewhenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipofBotticelli’sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentinearthisreputationbegantogrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bytheartistsofthePre-RaphaelitemovementaswellasbythewriterPateralthoughheunfortunatelybasedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli’spersonalityinspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.YetBotticelli’sworkespeciallytheSistinefrescoesdidnotgenerateworldwideattentionuntilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswithpaintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentines--featuressuchasskillfulrepresentationofanatomicalproportionsandofthehumanfigureinmotion.HoweverHomearguedthatBotticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsinthemselves--ratherthatheemphasizedcleardepletionofastoryauniqueachievementandonethatmadethetraditionalFlorentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome’semphasiscrucialtoanystudyofartthetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBottieelli’sachievements.Wecanlearnfromthetextthatartcriticshaveahistoryof
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged.ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker.Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer.Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton.Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuehanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s.Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaignPoliticalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind.Buchananarguesthatthegovernmenthastoholdinhighregard
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.6
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.12
Ifgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth--globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures.Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006.CFCs--firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolinatwoofthisyear’sNobel--prizewinningchemists—havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes.IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandcausecancerinhumans.Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1985detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannualholeintheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplaceCFCswithsafersubstances.YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists.NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s.DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive＄250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.N.EnvironmentProgram:Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate.Thisisacrucialtime.Itisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechange.WastegasessuchascarbondioxidemethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:aneventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns.Intheeyesofthewritertheworseningatmosphereissomething
Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.SinglegrainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Lifesavingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition
1ThemaplesmokeofautumnbonfiresisincensetoCanadians.Bestowingperfumeforthenosecolorfortheeyesweetnessforthespringtonguethesugarmaplepromptsthissharingofafavoritemythandoriginaletymologyofthewordmaple. 2ThemapleloomslargeinOjibwafolktales.Thetimeofyearforsugaring-offis"intheMapleMoon."AmongOjibwatheprimordialfemalefigureisNokomisawisegrandmother. 3 41.______________ 4KnowingthiswasspursuittothedeathNokomisoutsmartedthecolddevils.Shehidinastandofmapletreesallredandorangeanddeepyellow.Thismaplegrovegrewbesideawaterfallwhosemistblurredthetrees’outline.Astheypeeredthroughthemistslaveringwendigosthoughttheysawaragingfireinwhichtheirpreywasburning. 5 42.______________ 6Fortheirserviceinsavingtheearthmother’slifethesemaplesweregivenaspecialgift:theirwateroflifewouldbeforeversweetandCanadianswouldtapitfornourishment. 7 43.______________ 8ThecontentionthatmaplesyrupisuniquetoNorthAmericaissuspectIbelieve.Chinahascloseto10speciesofmaplemorethananycountryintheworld.Canadahas10nativespecies.NorthAmericadoeshappentobehometothesugarmaplethespeciesthatproducesthesweetestsapandthemostabundantflow. 9ButarewetobelievethatinthousandsofyearsofChinesehistorytheseinventivepeoplenevertappedamapletotasteitssapIspeculatethattheydid. 10 44.______________ 11Whatiscertainisthemaple’sholdfastonournationalimagination.IsleafwasadoptedasanembleminNewFranceasearlyas1700andinEnglishCanadabythemid-19thcentury.Inthefallof1867aTorontoschoolteachernamedAlexanderMuirwastraipsingatstreetathecityallsquelchyunderfootfromthesoftfeltoffallingleaveswhenamapleleafalightedtohiscoatsleeveandstuckthere. 12Theword"maple"isfrom"mapeltreow”theOldEnglishtermformapletreewith"mapl"--asitsProto-Germanicrootacompoundinwhichthefirst"m"--isIbelievethenearlyworldwide"ma"oneofthefirsthumansoundsthepursingofababy’slipsasitpreparestosuckmilkfrommother’sbreast.The"ma"rootgivesriseinmanyworldlanguagestothousandsofwordslike"mama""mammary""maia"and"Amazon."Hereitwouldmake"mapl-"mean"nourishingmothertree"thatistreewhosemaplesapinnourishing. 13 45.______________ [A]Thesecondpartofthecompound"apl-"isavariantofIndo-Europeanable"fruitofanytree"andtheoriginofanotherEnglishfruitwordapple.Sotheprimitiveanalogycomparestheliquidsapwithanothernourishingliquidmother’smilk. [B]Inonetaleaboutseasonalchangecannibalwendigos-creaturesofevil-chasedthroughtheautumncountrysideoldNokomiswhowasasymbolforfemalefertility.Wendigosthroveinicycold.Whentheyenteredthebodiesofhumansthehumanheartfrozesolid. [C]Herewendigosrepresentoncomingwinter.TheywerehuntingtokillandeatpoorNokomisthewarmembodimentoffemalefecunditywholikethesummerhasgrownold. [D]CouldProto-AmericaswhocrossedtheBeringlandbridgetopopulatetheAmericashavebroughtwiththemaknowledgeofmaplesyrupIsthereaveryoldChinesephraseformaplesyrupIsmaplesyrupmentionedinChineseliteratureForanon-readerofChinesesuchquestionsaredauntingbutnotimpossibletoanswer. [E]MapleanditssyrupflowsweetlyintoCanadianhumor.Quebeckershavedevelopedaspecialloveforsuchanutriment. [F]Afteritresistedseveralbrushings-offMuirjokedtohiswalkingcompanionthatthiswouldbe"themapleleafforever!"AthomethateveninghewroteapoemandsetittomusicincelebrationofCanada’sConfederation.Muir’ssong"TheMapleLeafForever"waswildlypopularandhelpedfastenthesymbolfirmlytoCanada. [G]ButitwasonlyoldNokomisbeinghiddenbythebrightredleavesofherfriendsthemaples.Andsodroolingiceandhuffingfrostthewendigosleftherandsoughteasierprey. 44
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.10
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.2
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.18
WhatwouldhappentotheU.S.economyifallitscommercialbankssuddenlyclosedtheirdoorsThroughoutmostofAmericanhistorytheanswerwouldhavebeenadisasterofepicproportionsakintotheDepressionwroughtbythechain-reactionbankfailuresintheearly1930s.Butin1993thestartlingansweristhatashutdownbybanksmightbefarfromcataclysmic.Considerthis:thoughtheeconomicrecoveryisnow27monthsoldnotasinglenetnewdollarhasbeenlenttobusinessbybanksinallthattime.LastweektheFederalReservereportedthattheamountofloansthenation’slargestbankshavemadetobusinessesfellanadditional＄2.4billionintheweekendingJune9to＄274.8billion.FearfulthatthescarcityofbankcreditmightsabotagethefragileeconomytheWhiteHouseandfederalagenciesareworkingfeverishlytoencouragebankstoopentheirlendingwindows.Inthepasttwoweeksgovernmentregulatorshaveintroducedstepstomakeiteasierforbankstolend.Isthegovernment’sconcernfullyjustifiedWhoreallyneedsbanksthesedaysHardlyanyoneitturnsout.Whilebanksoncedominatedbusinesslendingtodaynearly80%ofallsuchloanscomefromnonbanklenderslikelifeinsurersbrokeragefirmsandfinancecompanies.Banksusedtobetheonlysourceofmoneyintown.Nowbusinessesandindividualscanwritechecksontheirinsurancecompaniesgetaloanfromapensionfundanddepositpaychecksinamoney-marketaccountwithabrokeragefirm.ItispossibleforbankstodieandstillhaveavibranteconomysaysEdwardFurashaWashingtonbankconsultant.Theironyisthattheacceleratingslideintoirrelevancecomesjustasthebanksrackeduprecordprofitsof＄43billionoverthepast15monthscreatingtheillusionthattheindustryisstagingacomeback.Butthatincomewasnottheresultofsmartlendingdecisions.InsteadofearningmoneybyfinancingAmerica’srecoverythebanksmainlyinvestedtheirfunds--onwhichtheywerepayingabargain-basement2%orso--inrisk-freeTreasurybondsthatyielded7%.Thatleftbankofficerswithlittletodoexceptputtheirfeetontheirdesksandwatchtheinterestrollin.Thoseprofitsmayhavecomeataprice.Notonlydidbankerslosemanyloyalcustomersbywithholdingcredittheyalsoinadvertentlyopenedthedoortoaherdofnonbankcompetitorswhostampededintothelendingmarket.Thebankingindustrydidn’tseethisthreatsaysFurash.Theyarebeingfatdumbandhappy.Theydidn’trealizethatbankingisessentialtoamoderneconomybutbanksarenot./Intheeyesofthewriterbankfailuresintheearly1930s
Electronics电子学isthetechnologywhichmarshalsandcontrolselectronsinmaterialsandtodayitsapplicationsseemstobeboundless.Themoststrikingapplicationrecentlywastheestablishmentofanelectroniccommunicationswebaroundtheworldtomakethemoonlandingpossible.Inthenearfuturethisweborasimilaronewillbeusedinasurveyoftheearth’sresources.46Satelliteswillnotonlyrecordinterestinggeographsicalfeaturesbutwillbeofinvaluableserviceinreportingonoutbreakssuchasinsectplagueplantdiseasebushfireandvolcanicactivity. Electronicsisalsothekeytoautomationwheremanualcontrolofmachinesisreplacedbyelectronicscontrolswhicharefasterandmoreaccurateandreliable.47Theautomatictimingoftrafficlightstheautomaticminingandprocessingofores矿石thenumericalcontrolofmachinetoolsthecontrolofelectricalpowerstationstheautomaticmonitoringofhospitalpatients’medicalconditionsandthemonitoringofplantandanimalgrowthateallexamplesoftherapidlygrowingapplicationsofelectronicsinthisarea. 48Apartfromautomationotherapplicationswhicharousepublicopinionincludesatellitesusedformilitarypurposeselectronicbuggingsystemsandcomputercenterstorecordpersonaldataonallcitizens.Aswellasprovidingthenucleusforsuchdatacentrescomputerswilltakeovermoreandmoreoftheroutineoperationsofmodemlife.Theyseemdestinedtobetheapplicationofelectronicswhichwillhavemostinfluenceonourlivesinthecomingdecade.49Perhapsmoresignificantlyinthelong-rangeviewtheywillextendman’sreasoningpowerastoolsandmachineshaveextendedhismusclesinthepastandthetelephoneradioandTVareextendinghissensesatpresent. 50Sinceelectronicsisusedinsomanyactivitiesandbecauseittouchesonmanyothersubjectsitprovidespossiblemeansofcontactbetweenengineeringandthesocialnaturalandmedicalsciences. 50Sinceelectronicsisusedinsomanyactivitiesandbecauseittouchesonmanyothersubjectsitprovidespossiblemeansofcontactbetweenengineeringandthesocialnaturalandmedicalsciences.
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.14
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged.ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker.Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer.Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton.Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuehanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s.Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaignPoliticalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind.ThewriterbelievesthattheRepublicPartyinfaceofthechallengefromitsopponentsshould
WhatwouldhappentotheU.S.economyifallitscommercialbankssuddenlyclosedtheirdoorsThroughoutmostofAmericanhistorytheanswerwouldhavebeenadisasterofepicproportionsakintotheDepressionwroughtbythechain-reactionbankfailuresintheearly1930s.Butin1993thestartlingansweristhatashutdownbybanksmightbefarfromcataclysmic.Considerthis:thoughtheeconomicrecoveryisnow27monthsoldnotasinglenetnewdollarhasbeenlenttobusinessbybanksinallthattime.LastweektheFederalReservereportedthattheamountofloansthenation’slargestbankshavemadetobusinessesfellanadditional＄2.4billionintheweekendingJune9to＄274.8billion.FearfulthatthescarcityofbankcreditmightsabotagethefragileeconomytheWhiteHouseandfederalagenciesareworkingfeverishlytoencouragebankstoopentheirlendingwindows.Inthepasttwoweeksgovernmentregulatorshaveintroducedstepstomakeiteasierforbankstolend.Isthegovernment’sconcernfullyjustifiedWhoreallyneedsbanksthesedaysHardlyanyoneitturnsout.Whilebanksoncedominatedbusinesslendingtodaynearly80%ofallsuchloanscomefromnonbanklenderslikelifeinsurersbrokeragefirmsandfinancecompanies.Banksusedtobetheonlysourceofmoneyintown.Nowbusinessesandindividualscanwritechecksontheirinsurancecompaniesgetaloanfromapensionfundanddepositpaychecksinamoney-marketaccountwithabrokeragefirm.ItispossibleforbankstodieandstillhaveavibranteconomysaysEdwardFurashaWashingtonbankconsultant.Theironyisthattheacceleratingslideintoirrelevancecomesjustasthebanksrackeduprecordprofitsof＄43billionoverthepast15monthscreatingtheillusionthattheindustryisstagingacomeback.Butthatincomewasnottheresultofsmartlendingdecisions.InsteadofearningmoneybyfinancingAmerica’srecoverythebanksmainlyinvestedtheirfunds--onwhichtheywerepayingabargain-basement2%orso--inrisk-freeTreasurybondsthatyielded7%.Thatleftbankofficerswithlittletodoexceptputtheirfeetontheirdesksandwatchtheinterestrollin.Thoseprofitsmayhavecomeataprice.Notonlydidbankerslosemanyloyalcustomersbywithholdingcredittheyalsoinadvertentlyopenedthedoortoaherdofnonbankcompetitorswhostampededintothelendingmarket.Thebankingindustrydidn’tseethisthreatsaysFurash.Theyarebeingfatdumbandhappy.Theydidn’trealizethatbankingisessentialtoamoderneconomybutbanksarenot./Theroleofcommercialbanksarebeingdramaticallymarginalizedbecause
Directions:Writeacompositiononthetopic:DeepenChina’sReformontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow: 1.现在的改革成果为进一步深化改革奠定了基础 2.然而改革的道路并不平坦 3.建议我们要…… Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.SinglegrainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Lifesavingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.
InOctober2002GoldmanSachsandDeutscheBank1anewelectronicmarketwww.gs.com/econderivsforeconomicindicesthat2substantialeconomicriskssuchasnonfarmpayrollameasureofjobavailabilityandretailsales.Thisnewmarketwasmadepossiblebya3tradingtechnologydevelopedbyLongitudeaNewYorkcompanyprovidingsoftwareforfinancialmarkets4theParimutuelDigitalCallAuction.Thisis"digital"5ofadigitaloption:ieitpaysoutonlyifanunderlyingindexliesinanarrowdiscreterange.IneffectLongitudehascreatedahorseracewhereeach"horse"winsifand6thespecifiedindexfallsinaspecifiedrange.Bycreatinghorsesforeverypossible7oftheindexandallowingpeopletobet8anynumberofrunnersthecompanyhasproducedaliquidintegratedelectronicmarketforawidearrayofoptionsoneconomicindices. Tenyearsagoitwas9impossibletomakeuseofelectronicinformationabouthomevalues.Nowmortgagelendershaveonlineautomatedvaluationmodelsthatallowthemtoestimatevaluesandto10theriskintheirportfolios.Thishasledtoaproliferationoftypesofhomeloansomeof11haveimprovedrisk-managementcharacteristics. Wearealsobeginningtoseenewkindsof12forhomeswhichwillmakeitpossibletoprotectthevalueof13formostpeopleisthesinglemostimportant14oftheirwealth.TheYaleUniversity-NeighbourhoodReinvestmentCorporationprogramme15lastyearinthecityofSyracuseinNewYorkStatemaybeamodelforhome-equityinsurancepoliciesthat16sophisticatedeconomicindicesofhousepricestodefinethe17ofthepolicy.ElectronicfuturesmarketsthatarebasedoneconometricindicesofhousepricesbycityalreadybegunbyCityIndexandIGIndexinBritainandnow18developedintheUnitedStateswillenablehome-equityinsurerstohedgetherisksthattheyacquirebywritingthesepolicies. Theseexamplesarenotimpressivesuccessesyet.Butthey19asearlyprecursorsofatechnologythatshouldonedayhelpustodealwiththemassiverisksofinequalitythat20willbesetusincomingyears. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonAnswerSheet1.2
A.Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan200words. B.YouressaymusthewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow 1describethecartoondeducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepicture 2andgiveyourcomments.
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.16
Electronics电子学isthetechnologywhichmarshalsandcontrolselectronsinmaterialsandtodayitsapplicationsseemstobeboundless.Themoststrikingapplicationrecentlywastheestablishmentofanelectroniccommunicationswebaroundtheworldtomakethemoonlandingpossible.Inthenearfuturethisweborasimilaronewillbeusedinasurveyoftheearth’sresources.46Satelliteswillnotonlyrecordinterestinggeographsicalfeaturesbutwillbeofinvaluableserviceinreportingonoutbreakssuchasinsectplagueplantdiseasebushfireandvolcanicactivity. Electronicsisalsothekeytoautomationwheremanualcontrolofmachinesisreplacedbyelectronicscontrolswhicharefasterandmoreaccurateandreliable.47Theautomatictimingoftrafficlightstheautomaticminingandprocessingofores矿石thenumericalcontrolofmachinetoolsthecontrolofelectricalpowerstationstheautomaticmonitoringofhospitalpatients’medicalconditionsandthemonitoringofplantandanimalgrowthateallexamplesoftherapidlygrowingapplicationsofelectronicsinthisarea. 48Apartfromautomationotherapplicationswhicharousepublicopinionincludesatellitesusedformilitarypurposeselectronicbuggingsystemsandcomputercenterstorecordpersonaldataonallcitizens.Aswellasprovidingthenucleusforsuchdatacentrescomputerswilltakeovermoreandmoreoftheroutineoperationsofmodemlife.Theyseemdestinedtobetheapplicationofelectronicswhichwillhavemostinfluenceonourlivesinthecomingdecade.49Perhapsmoresignificantlyinthelong-rangeviewtheywillextendman’sreasoningpowerastoolsandmachineshaveextendedhismusclesinthepastandthetelephoneradioandTVareextendinghissensesatpresent. 50Sinceelectronicsisusedinsomanyactivitiesandbecauseittouchesonmanyothersubjectsitprovidespossiblemeansofcontactbetweenengineeringandthesocialnaturalandmedicalsciences. 48Apartfromautomationotherapplicationswhicharousepublicopinionincludesatellitesusedformilitarypurposeselectronicbuggingsystemsandcomputercenterstorecordpersonaldataonallcitizens.
Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.SinglegrainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Lifesavingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine.
1ThemaplesmokeofautumnbonfiresisincensetoCanadians.Bestowingperfumeforthenosecolorfortheeyesweetnessforthespringtonguethesugarmaplepromptsthissharingofafavoritemythandoriginaletymologyofthewordmaple. 2ThemapleloomslargeinOjibwafolktales.Thetimeofyearforsugaring-offis"intheMapleMoon."AmongOjibwatheprimordialfemalefigureisNokomisawisegrandmother. 3 41.______________ 4KnowingthiswasspursuittothedeathNokomisoutsmartedthecolddevils.Shehidinastandofmapletreesallredandorangeanddeepyellow.Thismaplegrovegrewbesideawaterfallwhosemistblurredthetrees’outline.Astheypeeredthroughthemistslaveringwendigosthoughttheysawaragingfireinwhichtheirpreywasburning. 5 42.______________ 6Fortheirserviceinsavingtheearthmother’slifethesemaplesweregivenaspecialgift:theirwateroflifewouldbeforeversweetandCanadianswouldtapitfornourishment. 7 43.______________ 8ThecontentionthatmaplesyrupisuniquetoNorthAmericaissuspectIbelieve.Chinahascloseto10speciesofmaplemorethananycountryintheworld.Canadahas10nativespecies.NorthAmericadoeshappentobehometothesugarmaplethespeciesthatproducesthesweetestsapandthemostabundantflow. 9ButarewetobelievethatinthousandsofyearsofChinesehistorytheseinventivepeoplenevertappedamapletotasteitssapIspeculatethattheydid. 10 44.______________ 11Whatiscertainisthemaple’sholdfastonournationalimagination.IsleafwasadoptedasanembleminNewFranceasearlyas1700andinEnglishCanadabythemid-19thcentury.Inthefallof1867aTorontoschoolteachernamedAlexanderMuirwastraipsingatstreetathecityallsquelchyunderfootfromthesoftfeltoffallingleaveswhenamapleleafalightedtohiscoatsleeveandstuckthere. 12Theword"maple"isfrom"mapeltreow”theOldEnglishtermformapletreewith"mapl"--asitsProto-Germanicrootacompoundinwhichthefirst"m"--isIbelievethenearlyworldwide"ma"oneofthefirsthumansoundsthepursingofababy’slipsasitpreparestosuckmilkfrommother’sbreast.The"ma"rootgivesriseinmanyworldlanguagestothousandsofwordslike"mama""mammary""maia"and"Amazon."Hereitwouldmake"mapl-"mean"nourishingmothertree"thatistreewhosemaplesapinnourishing. 13 45.______________ [A]Thesecondpartofthecompound"apl-"isavariantofIndo-Europeanable"fruitofanytree"andtheoriginofanotherEnglishfruitwordapple.Sotheprimitiveanalogycomparestheliquidsapwithanothernourishingliquidmother’smilk. [B]Inonetaleaboutseasonalchangecannibalwendigos-creaturesofevil-chasedthroughtheautumncountrysideoldNokomiswhowasasymbolforfemalefertility.Wendigosthroveinicycold.Whentheyenteredthebodiesofhumansthehumanheartfrozesolid. [C]Herewendigosrepresentoncomingwinter.TheywerehuntingtokillandeatpoorNokomisthewarmembodimentoffemalefecunditywholikethesummerhasgrownold. [D]CouldProto-AmericaswhocrossedtheBeringlandbridgetopopulatetheAmericashavebroughtwiththemaknowledgeofmaplesyrupIsthereaveryoldChinesephraseformaplesyrupIsmaplesyrupmentionedinChineseliteratureForanon-readerofChinesesuchquestionsaredauntingbutnotimpossibletoanswer. [E]MapleanditssyrupflowsweetlyintoCanadianhumor.Quebeckershavedevelopedaspecialloveforsuchanutriment. [F]Afteritresistedseveralbrushings-offMuirjokedtohiswalkingcompanionthatthiswouldbe"themapleleafforever!"AthomethateveninghewroteapoemandsetittomusicincelebrationofCanada’sConfederation.Muir’ssong"TheMapleLeafForever"waswildlypopularandhelpedfastenthesymbolfirmlytoCanada. [G]ButitwasonlyoldNokomisbeinghiddenbythebrightredleavesofherfriendsthemaples.Andsodroolingiceandhuffingfrostthewendigosleftherandsoughteasierprey. 42
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.8
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged.ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker.Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer.Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton.Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuehanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s.Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaignPoliticalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind.Thepassageshowsthatthewriteris______thepresentsituation.
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortsto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.20
热门题库
更多
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号