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设且B=P-1AP，求矩阵A的特征值与特征向量；
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设3阶实对称矩阵A的秩为2λ1=λ2=6是A的二重特征值．若α1=1a0α2=211α3=01-1T
已知三维列向量αβ满足αTβ=3设3阶矩阵A=βαT则
β是A的属于特征值0的特征向量
α是A的属于特征值0的特征向量
β是A的属于特征值3的特征向量
α是A的属于特征值3的特征向量
设α=1-1aTβ=1a2TA=E+αβT且λ=3是矩阵A的特征值则矩阵A属于特征值λ=3的特征向量
设n阶矩阵 Ⅰ求A的特征值和特征向量 Ⅱ求可逆矩阵P使得P-1AP为对角矩阵
设A是3阶矩阵是A的属于特征值1的特征向量是A的属于特征值-1的特征向量则
是A的属于特征值1的特征向量
是A的属于特征值2的特征向量
是A的属于特征值1的特征向量
是A的属于特征值1的特征向量
已知3维列向量αβ满足αTβ=3设3阶矩阵A=βαT则
β是A的属于特征值0的特征向量
α是A的属于特征值0的特征向量
β是A的属于特征值3的特征向量
α是A的属于特征值3的特征向量
设A是3阶矩阵α1=101Tα2=110T是A的属于特征值1的特征向量α2=012T是A的属于特征值
α1-α2是A的属于特征值1的特征向量
α1-α3是A的属于特征值1的特征向量
α1-α3是A的属于特征值2的特征向量
α1+α2+α3是A的属于特征值1的特征向量
设3阶对称矩阵A的特征值λ1=1λ2=2λ3=-2又α1=1-11T是A的属于λ1的一个特征向量．记
设AP为n阶矩阵P可逆且AP=PA证明若A有n个不同的特征值α是A的特征向量则α也是P的特征向量
2009设A是3阶实对称矩阵P是3阶可逆矩阵B=P-1AP已知α是A的属于特征值λ的特征向量则B的属
Pα
P-1α
PTα
（P-1）Tα
设3阶实对称矩阵A的特征值为λ1===1λ2=2λ3=-2α1=1-11T是A的属于λ1的一个特征向
设 且B=P-1AP. Ⅰ求矩阵A的特征值与特征向量 Ⅱ当 时求矩阵B Ⅲ求A100.
设A是3阶实对称矩阵P是3阶可逆矩阵B=P-1AP已知α是A佝属于特征值λ的特征向量则B的属于特征值
Pα
P
-1
α
P
T
α
(P
-1
)
T
α
设A是三阶矩阵α1=101Tα2=110T是A的属于特征值1的特征向量α3=012T是A的属于特征值
α1-α2是A的属于特征值1的特征向量
α1-α3是A的属于特征值1的特征向量
α1-α3是A的属于特征值2的特征向量
α1+α2+α3是A的属于特征值1的特征向量
设A是3阶实对称矩阵已知A的每行元素之和都是3且A有二重特征值λ1=λ2=1求A的全部特征值特征向量
设A是n阶矩阵A=E+αβT其中αβ都是n维列向量且αTβ=3求A的特征值特征向量．
设3阶实对称矩阵A的特征值为λ1=1λ2=2λ3=-2α1=1-11T是A的属于λ1的一个特征向量．
设3阶实对称矩阵A的特征值是123矩阵A的属于特征值12的特征向量分别是α1=-1-11Tα2=1-
设AP为n阶矩阵P可逆且AP=PA证明Ⅰ若α是A的特征向量则Pα也是A的特征向量Ⅱ若A有n个不同的特
设3阶实对称矩阵A的特征值λ1=8λ2=λ3=2矩阵A属于特征值λ1=8的特征向量为α1=1k1T属
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Oneofthemostimportantsocialdevelopmentsthathelpedtomakepossibleashiftinthinkingaboutther01eofpubliceducationwastheeffectofthebabyboomofthe1950sand1960sontheschools.Inthe1920sbutespeciallyintheDepressionconditionsofthe1930stheUnitedStatesexperiencedadecliningbirthrate—everythousandwomenagedfifteentoforty-fourgavebirthtoabout118livechildrenin192089.2in193075.8in1936and80in1940.WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboomthatfollowedityoungpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression.Birthratesroseto102perthousandin1946106.2in1950and118in1955.Althougheconomicswasprobablythemostimportantdeterminantitisnottheonlyexplanationforthebabyboom.Theincreasedvalueplacedontheideaofthefamilyalsohelpstoexplainthisriseinbirthrates.Thebabyboomersbeganstreamingintothefirstgradebythemid-1940sandbecameafloodby1950.Thepublicschoolsystemsuddenlyfounditselfovertaxed.Whilethenumberofschoolchildrenrosebecauseofwartimeandpostwarconditionsthesesameconditionsmadetheschoolsevenlesspreparedtocopewiththeflood.Thewartimeeconomymeantthatfewnewschoolswerebuiltbetween1940and1945.Moreoverduringthewarandintheboomtimesthatfollowedlargenumbersofteacherslefttheirprofessionforbetter-payingjobselsewhereintheeconomy.Thereforeinthe1950sand1960sthebabyboomhitanantiquatedandinadequateschoolsystem.Consequentlythecustodialrhetoricofthe1930sandearly1940snolongermadesense;thatiskeepingyouthsagedsixteenandolderoutofthelabormarketbykeepingtheminschoolcouldnolongerbeahighpriorityforaninstitutionunabletofindspaceandstafftoteachyoungerchildrenagedfivetosixteen.Withthebabyboomthefocusofeducatorsandoflaymeninterestedineducationinevitablyturnedtowardthelowergradesandbacktobasicacademicskillsanddiscipline.Thesystemnolongerhadmuchinterestinofferingnontraditionalnewandextraservicestoolderyouth.ThecustodialrhetoricmentionedinParagraph3refersto______.
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ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeopleandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyedatbeing4as"English".EveninEnglandtherearemanydifferencesin5characterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.SouthofalinegoingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusually7bytoreignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregional9isusually"broader"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglishTheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyareofaracethatisquite20fromtheEnglish. 20
Historianshaveonlyrecentlybeguntonotetheincreaseindemandforluxurygoodsandservicesthattookplaceineighteenth-centuryEngland.MeKendrickhasexploredtheWedgewoodFirm’sremarkablesuccessinmarketingluxurypottery.Plumbhaswrittenabouttheproliferationofprovincialtheatersmusicalfestivalsandchildren’stoysandbooks.Whilethefeatofthisconsumerrevolutionishardlyindoubtthreekeyquestionsremain:WhoweretheconsumersWhatweretheirmotivesAndwhatweretheeffectsofthenewdemandforluxuriesAnanswertothefirstofthesehasbeendifficulttoobtain.Althoughithasbeenpossibletoinferfromthegoodsandserviceactuallyproducedwhatmanufacturersandservicingtradesthoughttheircustomerswantedonlyastudyofrelevantpersonaldocumentswrittenbyactualconsumerswillprovideaprecisepictureofwhowantedwhat.Westillneedtoknowhowlargethisconsumermarketwasandhowfardownthesocialscaletheconsumerdemandforluxurygoodspenetrated.WithregardtothislastquestionwemightnoteinpassingthatThompsonwhilerightlyrestoringlaboringpeopletothestageofeighteenth-centuryEnglishhistoryhasprobablyexaggeratedtheoppositionofthesepeopletotheinroadsofcapitalistconsumerismingeneral:forexamplelaboringpeopleineighteenth-centuryEnglandreadilyshiftedfromhome-brewedbeertostandardizedbeerproducedbyhugeheavilycapitalizedurbanbreweries.Toanswerthequestionofwhyconsumersbecamesoeagertobuysomehistorianshavepointedtotheabilityofmanufacturerstoadvertiseinarelativelyuncensoredpress.Thishoweverhardlyseemsasufficientanswer.MeKendriekfavorsaViablemodelofconspicuousconsumptionstimulatedbycompetitionforstatus.Themiddlingsortboughtgoodsandservicesbecausetheywantedtofollowfashionssetbytherich.Againwemaywonderwhetherthisexplanationissufficient.Donotpeopleenjoybuyingthingsasaformofself-gratificationIfsoconsumerismcouldbeseenasaproductoftheriseofnewconceptsofindividualismandmaterialismbutnotnecessarilyofthefrenzyforconspicuouscompetition.FinallywhatweretheconsequencesofthisconsumerdemandforluxuriesMeKendriekclaimsthatitgoesalongwaytowardexplainingthecomingoftheIndustrialRevolution.ButdoesitWhatforexampledoestheproductionofhigh-qualitypotteriesandtoyshavetodowiththedevelopmentofironmanufactureortextilemillsItisperfectlypossiMeGohavethepsychologyandrealityofconsumersocietywithoutaheavyindustrialsector.Thatfutureexplorationofthesekeyquestionsisundoubtedlynecessaryshouldnothoweverdiminishtheforceoftheconclusionofrecentstudies:theinsatiabledemandinthetenth-centuryEnglandforfrivolousaswellasusefulgoodsandservicesforeshadowsourownworld.TheauthorusestheexampleintheendofParagraph2to______.
Themarveloustelephoneandtelevisionnetworkthathasnowenmeshedthewholeworldmakingallmenneighborscannotbeextendedintospace.Itwillneverbepossibletoconversewithanyoneonanotherplanet.Evenwithtoday’sradioequipmentthemessageswilltakeminutes—sometimeshours—ontheirjourneybecauseradioandlightwavestravelatthesamelimitedspeedof186000milesasecond.TwentyyearsfromnowyouwillbeabletolistentoafriendonMarsbutthewordsyouhearwillhavelefthismouthatleastthreeminutesearlierandyourreplywilltakeacorrespondingtimetoreachhim.Insuchcircumstancesanexchangeofverbalmessagesispossible—butnotaconversation.Toaculturewhichhascometotakeinstantaneouscommunicationforgrantedaspartoftheverystructureofcivilizedlifethistimebarriermayhaveaprofoundpsychologicalimpact.Itwillbeaperpetualreminderofuniversallawsandlimitationsagainstwhichnotallourtechnologycaneverprevail.Foritseemsascertainasanythingcanbethatnosignal--stilllessanymaterialobject—canevertravelfasterthanlight.Thevelocityoflightistheultimatespeedlimitbeingpartoftheverystructureofspaceandtime.Withinthenarrowconfinesofthesolarsystemitwillnothandicapustooseverely.Attheworstthesewillamounttotwentyhours—thetimeittakesaradiosignaltospantheorbitofPlutotheouter-mostplanet.Itiswhenwemoveoutbeyondtheconfinesofthesolarsystemthatwecomefacetofacewithanaltogetherneworderofcosmicreality.Eventodaymanyotherwiseeducatedmen—likethosesavageswhocancounttothreebutlumptogetherallnumbersbeyondfour—cannotgrasptheprofounddistinctionbetweensolarandstellarspace.Thefirstisthespaceenclosingourneighboringworldstheplanets;thesecondisthatwhichembracesthosedistantsunsthestarsanditisliterallymillionsoftimesgreater.Thereisnosuchabruptchangeofscaleintheterrestrialaffairs.Manyconservativescientistsappalledbythesecosmicgulfshavedeniedthattheycaneverbecrossed.Somepeopleneverlearn;thosewhosixtyyearsagoscoffedatthepossibilityofflightandtenyearsagolaughedattheideaoftraveltotheplanetsarenowquitesurethatthestarswillalwaysbebeyondourreach.Andagaintheyarewrongfortheyhavefailedtograspthegreatlessonofourage—thatifsomethingispossibleintheoryandnofundamentalscientificlawsopposeitsrealizationthensoonerorlateritwillbeachieved.Onedayweshalldiscoverareallyefficientmeansofpropellingourspacevehicles.Everytechnicaldeviceisalwaysdevelopedtoitslimitandtheultimatespeedforspaceshipsisthevelocityoflight.Theywillneverreachthatgoalbuttheywillgetverynearit.Andthentheneareststarwillbelessthanfiveyearsvoyagingfromtheearth.Confrontedwiththeneworderofcosmicrealitymanyeducatedmen______.
[A]IsthatwhattheAmericanviewingpublicisgetting.’Perhaps10%ofprime-timenetworkprogrammingisahappycombinationofentertainmentandenrichment.Thereusedtobetelevision-moviesrichinhumanvaluesbuttheyhavenowbecomeanendangeredspecies.IfindtelevisiontoomuchconcernedwithwhatpeoplehaveandtoolittleconcernedwithwhotheyareveryconcernedwithtakingcareofNo.1andnotatallconcernedwithsharingthemselveswithotherpeople.Alltoooftenittellsusthehalftruthwewan!tohearratherthanthewholetruthweneedtohear. [B]WhyistelevisionnotmorefullyrealizingitshumanizingpotentialIsthecreativecommunityatfaultPartially.Butnotprimarily.Ihavelivedandworkedinthatcommunityfor32yearsasbothpriestandproducer.Asagroupthesepeoplehavevalues.InfactinHollywoodinrecentmonthsaudienceenrichmenthasbecometheirthing.AcoalitionofmediacompanieshasendowedtheHumanistsPrizesothatitcanrecognizeandcelebratethosewhoaccomplishit. [C]Everygoodstorywillnotonlycaptivateitsviewersbutalsogivethemsomeinsightintowhatitmeanstobeahumanbeing.BysodoingitcanhelpthemgrowintothedeeplycenteredsovereigntyfreejoyouslylovinghumanbeingGodmadethemtobe.Meaningfreedomandlovearethesupremehumanvalues.AndthisisthekindofhumanenrichmenttheAmericanviewingpublichasarighttoexpectfromthosewhomakeitsentertainment. [D]TheproblemwithAmericanTVisnotthelackofstorytellersofconsciencebutthecommercialsystemwithinwhichtheyhavetooperate.TelevisionintheU.S.isabusiness.[nthepastthebusinesssidehasbeenbalancedbyacommitmenttopublic’service.ButinrecentyearsthefragmentationofthemassaudiencehugeinterestpaymentsandskyrocketingproductioncostshavecombinedwiththeFCC’sabdicationofitsresponsibilitytoprotectthecommongoodtoproduceanahnosttotalpreoccupationwiththebottomline.Thenetworksarestrugglingtosurvive.Andthatthestatisticsseemtoindicateismindlessheartlessescapistfare.IfwearedissatisfiedwiththemoralcontentofwhatweareinvitedtowatchIthinkweshouldbeginbyexaminingourownconsciences.WhenwetuneinarewereadytoplungeintorealitysoastoextractitsmeaningorarewehopingtoescapeintoasedatedworldofillusionAndifchurchleaderswanttoelevatethequalityofthecountry’sentertainmenttheyshouldforgetaboutboycottsproductioncodesandcensorship.Theyshouldworkateducatingtheirpeopleinmedialiteracyandatmobilizingthemtosupportqualityshowsinhugenumbers. [E]Itisnotaquestionofentertainmentorenrichment.Thesearecomplementaryconcernsandpresupposeeachother.Thestorythatentertainswithoutenrichingissuperficialandescapist.Thestorythatenricheswithoutentertainingissimplydull.Thestorythatdoesbothisadelight. [F]ThatistheonlysurewaytoimprovethemoralcontentofAmerica’sentertainment. [G]DespitequestionsofthemotivationbehindthemtheattacksbythePresidentandtheVicePresidentonthemoralcontentoftelevisionentertainmenthavefoundanechointhechambersoftheAmericansoul.Manywhorejectthemessengersstillacceptthemessage.TheydonotlikethemoraltoneofAmericanTV.Inoursocietyonlythehumanfamilysurpassestelevisioninitscapacitytocommunicatevaluesproviderolemodelsformconsciencesandmotivatehumanbehavior.Feweducatorschurchleadersorpoliticianspossessthemoralinfluenceofthosewhocreatethenation’sentertainment. Order:[G]______→41.______→42.______→43.______→44.______→45.______→ 42
Themarveloustelephoneandtelevisionnetworkthathasnowenmeshedthewholeworldmakingallmenneighborscannotbeextendedintospace.Itwillneverbepossibletoconversewithanyoneonanotherplanet.Evenwithtoday’sradioequipmentthemessageswilltakeminutes—sometimeshours—ontheirjourneybecauseradioandlightwavestravelatthesamelimitedspeedof186000milesasecond.TwentyyearsfromnowyouwillbeabletolistentoafriendonMarsbutthewordsyouhearwillhavelefthismouthatleastthreeminutesearlierandyourreplywilltakeacorrespondingtimetoreachhim.Insuchcircumstancesanexchangeofverbalmessagesispossible—butnotaconversation.Toaculturewhichhascometotakeinstantaneouscommunicationforgrantedaspartoftheverystructureofcivilizedlifethistimebarriermayhaveaprofoundpsychologicalimpact.Itwillbeaperpetualreminderofuniversallawsandlimitationsagainstwhichnotallourtechnologycaneverprevail.Foritseemsascertainasanythingcanbethatnosignal--stilllessanymaterialobject—canevertravelfasterthanlight.Thevelocityoflightistheultimatespeedlimitbeingpartoftheverystructureofspaceandtime.Withinthenarrowconfinesofthesolarsystemitwillnothandicapustooseverely.Attheworstthesewillamounttotwentyhours—thetimeittakesaradiosignaltospantheorbitofPlutotheouter-mostplanet.Itiswhenwemoveoutbeyondtheconfinesofthesolarsystemthatwecomefacetofacewithanaltogetherneworderofcosmicreality.Eventodaymanyotherwiseeducatedmen—likethosesavageswhocancounttothreebutlumptogetherallnumbersbeyondfour—cannotgrasptheprofounddistinctionbetweensolarandstellarspace.Thefirstisthespaceenclosingourneighboringworldstheplanets;thesecondisthatwhichembracesthosedistantsunsthestarsanditisliterallymillionsoftimesgreater.Thereisnosuchabruptchangeofscaleintheterrestrialaffairs.Manyconservativescientistsappalledbythesecosmicgulfshavedeniedthattheycaneverbecrossed.Somepeopleneverlearn;thosewhosixtyyearsagoscoffedatthepossibilityofflightandtenyearsagolaughedattheideaoftraveltotheplanetsarenowquitesurethatthestarswillalwaysbebeyondourreach.Andagaintheyarewrongfortheyhavefailedtograspthegreatlessonofourage—thatifsomethingispossibleintheoryandnofundamentalscientificlawsopposeitsrealizationthensoonerorlateritwillbeachieved.Onedayweshalldiscoverareallyefficientmeansofpropellingourspacevehicles.Everytechnicaldeviceisalwaysdevelopedtoitslimitandtheultimatespeedforspaceshipsisthevelocityoflight.Theywillneverreachthatgoalbuttheywillgetverynearit.Andthentheneareststarwillbelessthanfiveyearsvoyagingfromtheearth.Theauthorofthepassageintendstoshow______.
HowmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblemsThisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanywaysoursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinnerswhenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistenceandwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluencetheriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearnerthegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployedandimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwageleveltheover-whelmingmajorityarefrommultipleearnersrelativelyaffluentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforcesothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonththosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemploymenteventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttalliesthereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfulltimeworkorelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finallyincometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderlydisabledanddependentneglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoorsothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandinkindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected.Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidenceitisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultofthousandsorthetensofmillionsandhencewhetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate—thattheexistingpovertyemploymentandearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplicationsmeasuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems.Whichofthefollowingproposalsbestrespondstotheissuesraisedbytheauthor
Historianshaveonlyrecentlybeguntonotetheincreaseindemandforluxurygoodsandservicesthattookplaceineighteenth-centuryEngland.MeKendrickhasexploredtheWedgewoodFirm’sremarkablesuccessinmarketingluxurypottery.Plumbhaswrittenabouttheproliferationofprovincialtheatersmusicalfestivalsandchildren’stoysandbooks.Whilethefeatofthisconsumerrevolutionishardlyindoubtthreekeyquestionsremain:WhoweretheconsumersWhatweretheirmotivesAndwhatweretheeffectsofthenewdemandforluxuriesAnanswertothefirstofthesehasbeendifficulttoobtain.Althoughithasbeenpossibletoinferfromthegoodsandserviceactuallyproducedwhatmanufacturersandservicingtradesthoughttheircustomerswantedonlyastudyofrelevantpersonaldocumentswrittenbyactualconsumerswillprovideaprecisepictureofwhowantedwhat.Westillneedtoknowhowlargethisconsumermarketwasandhowfardownthesocialscaletheconsumerdemandforluxurygoodspenetrated.WithregardtothislastquestionwemightnoteinpassingthatThompsonwhilerightlyrestoringlaboringpeopletothestageofeighteenth-centuryEnglishhistoryhasprobablyexaggeratedtheoppositionofthesepeopletotheinroadsofcapitalistconsumerismingeneral:forexamplelaboringpeopleineighteenth-centuryEnglandreadilyshiftedfromhome-brewedbeertostandardizedbeerproducedbyhugeheavilycapitalizedurbanbreweries.Toanswerthequestionofwhyconsumersbecamesoeagertobuysomehistorianshavepointedtotheabilityofmanufacturerstoadvertiseinarelativelyuncensoredpress.Thishoweverhardlyseemsasufficientanswer.MeKendriekfavorsaViablemodelofconspicuousconsumptionstimulatedbycompetitionforstatus.Themiddlingsortboughtgoodsandservicesbecausetheywantedtofollowfashionssetbytherich.Againwemaywonderwhetherthisexplanationissufficient.Donotpeopleenjoybuyingthingsasaformofself-gratificationIfsoconsumerismcouldbeseenasaproductoftheriseofnewconceptsofindividualismandmaterialismbutnotnecessarilyofthefrenzyforconspicuouscompetition.FinallywhatweretheconsequencesofthisconsumerdemandforluxuriesMeKendriekclaimsthatitgoesalongwaytowardexplainingthecomingoftheIndustrialRevolution.ButdoesitWhatforexampledoestheproductionofhigh-qualitypotteriesandtoyshavetodowiththedevelopmentofironmanufactureortextilemillsItisperfectlypossiMeGohavethepsychologyandrealityofconsumersocietywithoutaheavyindustrialsector.Thatfutureexplorationofthesekeyquestionsisundoubtedlynecessaryshouldnothoweverdiminishtheforceoftheconclusionofrecentstudies:theinsatiabledemandinthetenth-centuryEnglandforfrivolousaswellasusefulgoodsandservicesforeshadowsourownworld.WhatdoestheauthorthinkofMcKendrick’sclaimabouttheluxuryconsumptionconsequences
Themarveloustelephoneandtelevisionnetworkthathasnowenmeshedthewholeworldmakingallmenneighborscannotbeextendedintospace.Itwillneverbepossibletoconversewithanyoneonanotherplanet.Evenwithtoday’sradioequipmentthemessageswilltakeminutes—sometimeshours—ontheirjourneybecauseradioandlightwavestravelatthesamelimitedspeedof186000milesasecond.TwentyyearsfromnowyouwillbeabletolistentoafriendonMarsbutthewordsyouhearwillhavelefthismouthatleastthreeminutesearlierandyourreplywilltakeacorrespondingtimetoreachhim.Insuchcircumstancesanexchangeofverbalmessagesispossible—butnotaconversation.Toaculturewhichhascometotakeinstantaneouscommunicationforgrantedaspartoftheverystructureofcivilizedlifethistimebarriermayhaveaprofoundpsychologicalimpact.Itwillbeaperpetualreminderofuniversallawsandlimitationsagainstwhichnotallourtechnologycaneverprevail.Foritseemsascertainasanythingcanbethatnosignal--stilllessanymaterialobject—canevertravelfasterthanlight.Thevelocityoflightistheultimatespeedlimitbeingpartoftheverystructureofspaceandtime.Withinthenarrowconfinesofthesolarsystemitwillnothandicapustooseverely.Attheworstthesewillamounttotwentyhours—thetimeittakesaradiosignaltospantheorbitofPlutotheouter-mostplanet.Itiswhenwemoveoutbeyondtheconfinesofthesolarsystemthatwecomefacetofacewithanaltogetherneworderofcosmicreality.Eventodaymanyotherwiseeducatedmen—likethosesavageswhocancounttothreebutlumptogetherallnumbersbeyondfour—cannotgrasptheprofounddistinctionbetweensolarandstellarspace.Thefirstisthespaceenclosingourneighboringworldstheplanets;thesecondisthatwhichembracesthosedistantsunsthestarsanditisliterallymillionsoftimesgreater.Thereisnosuchabruptchangeofscaleintheterrestrialaffairs.Manyconservativescientistsappalledbythesecosmicgulfshavedeniedthattheycaneverbecrossed.Somepeopleneverlearn;thosewhosixtyyearsagoscoffedatthepossibilityofflightandtenyearsagolaughedattheideaoftraveltotheplanetsarenowquitesurethatthestarswillalwaysbebeyondourreach.Andagaintheyarewrongfortheyhavefailedtograspthegreatlessonofourage—thatifsomethingispossibleintheoryandnofundamentalscientificlawsopposeitsrealizationthensoonerorlateritwillbeachieved.Onedayweshalldiscoverareallyefficientmeansofpropellingourspacevehicles.Everytechnicaldeviceisalwaysdevelopedtoitslimitandtheultimatespeedforspaceshipsisthevelocityoflight.Theywillneverreachthatgoalbuttheywillgetverynearit.Andthentheneareststarwillbelessthanfiveyearsvoyagingfromtheearth.Forlighttotravelacrossthesolarsystemitwilltake______.
HowmanyreallysufferasaresultoflabormarketproblemsThisisoneofthemostcriticalyetcontentioussocialpolicyquestions.Inmanywaysoursocialstatisticsexaggeratethedegreeofhardship.Unemploymentdoesnothavethesamedireconsequencestodayasitdidinthe1930’swhenmostoftheunemployedwereprimarybreadwinnerswhenincomeandearningswereusuallymuchclosertothemarginofsubsistenceandwhentherewerenocountervailingsocialprogramsforthosefailinginthelabormarket.Increasingaffluencetheriseoffamilieswithmorethanonewageearnerthegrowingpredominanceofsecondaryearnersamongtheunemployedandimprovedsocialwelfareprotectionhaveunquestionablymitigatedtheconsequencesofjoblessness.Earningsandincomedataalsooverstatethedimensionsofhardship.Amongthemillionswithhourlyearningsatorbelowtheminimumwageleveltheover-whelmingmajorityarefrommultipleearnersrelativelyaffluentfamilies.Mostofthosecountedbythepovertystatisticsareelderlyorhandicappedorhavefamilyresponsibilitieswhichkeepthemoutofthelaborforcesothepovertystatisticsarebynomeansanaccurateindicatoroflabormarketpathologies.Yettherearealsomanywaysoursocialstatisticsunderestimatethedegreeoflabor-market-relatedhardship.Theunemploymentcountsexcludethemillionsoffullyemployedworkerswhosewagesaresolowthattheirfamiliesremaininpoverty.Lowwagesandrepeatedorprolongedunemploymentfrequentlyinteracttounderminethecapacityforself-support.Sincethenumberexperiencingjoblessnessatsometimeduringtheyearisseveraltimesthenumberunemployedinanymonththosewhosufferasaresultofforcedidlenesscanequalorexceedaverageannualunemploymenteventhoughonlyaminorityofthejoblessinanymonthreallysuffer.Foreverypersoncountedinthemonthlyunemploymenttalliesthereisanotherworkingpart-timebecauseoftheinabilitytofindfulltimeworkorelseoutsidethelaborforcebutwantingajob.Finallyincometransfersinourcountryhavealwaysfocusedontheelderlydisabledanddependentneglectingtheneedsoftheworkingpoorsothatthedramaticexpansionofcashandinkindtransfersdoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthosefailinginthelabormarketareadequatelyprotected.Asaresultofsuchcontradictoryevidenceitisuncertainwhetherthosesufferingseriouslyasaresultofthousandsorthetensofmillionsandhencewhetherhighlevelsofjoblessnesscanbetoleratedormustbecounteredbyjobcreationandeconomicstimulus.Thereisonlyoneareaofagreementinthisdebate—thattheexistingpovertyemploymentandearningsstatisticsareinadequateforoneoftheirprimaryapplicationsmeasuringtheconsequencesoflabormarketproblems.Whichofthetollowingdoeslabormarketproblemsinthefirstsenteneereferto
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayabout200wordsinwhichyoushould 1describethedrawing 2interpretitssymbolicmeaningand 3giveyourcomment. YouressaymustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Infutureasnewspaperfadeandchangewillpoliticiansthereforeburgletheiropponents’officeswithoutpunishmentJournalismschoolsandthink-tanksespeciallyinAmericaareworriedabouttheeffectofacollapsingjournalism. Nobodyshouldenjoythedisappearanceofonce-greatnewspapers.Butthedeclineofnewspaperswillnotbeasharmfultosocietyassomefear.46.Denmocracyrememberhasalreadysurvivedthehugetelevision-leddeclineincirculationsincethe1950s.Ithassurvivedasreadershaveevadedpapersandpapershaveevadedwhatwasinconservativetimesthoughtofasseriousnews.Anditwillsurelysurvivethedeclinetocome. 47.Afewpapersthatinvestininvestigativestorieswhichoftenbenefitsocietytheinostareinagoodpositiontosurviveaslongastheirownersdoacomnpetentjobofadjustingtochangingcircumstances.PublicationsliketheNewYorkTimesandtheWallStreetJournalshouldbeabletoputupthepriceoftheirjournalismtocompensateforadvertisingrevenueslosttotheinternet—especiallyastheycatertoamoreglobalreadership.48.Aswithmanyindustriesitisthoseinthemiddle—neitherhighbrownorentertaininglypopulist—thatarelikeliesttofallbythewayside. 49.Theusefulnessofthepressgoesmuchwiderthaninvestigatingabusesorevenspreadinggeneralnews;itliesinholdinggovernmentstoaccount--tryingtheminthecourtofpublicopinion.Theinternethasexpandedthiscourt.Anyonelookingforinformationhasneverbeenbetterequipped.Peoplenolongerhavetotrustahandfulofnationalpapersorworsetheirlocalcitypaper.News-aggre-gationsitessuchasGoogleNewsdrawtogethersourcesfromaroundtheworld.ThewebsiteofBritain’sGuardiannowhasnearlyhalfasmanyreadersinAmericaasitdoesathome. 50.Furthermoreanewforceof"citizen"journalistsisitc.hingtoholdpoliticianstoaccount.Thewebhasopenedtheclosedworldofprofessionaleditorsandreporterstoanyonewithakeyboardandaninternetconnection.Severalcompanieshavebeenchastenedbyamateurpostings—offlameseruptingfromDell’slaptopsorofcableTVrepairmenasleeponthesofa.Eachbloggeriscapableofbiasandslanderbuttakenasagroupbloggersofferthesearcheraftertruthboundlessmaterialtochewover.Ofcoursetheinternetpanderstoclosedminds;butsohasmuchofthepress. 46
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeopleandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyedatbeing4as"English".EveninEnglandtherearemanydifferencesin5characterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.SouthofalinegoingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusually7bytoreignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregional9isusually"broader"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglishTheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyareofaracethatisquite20fromtheEnglish. 4
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeopleandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyedatbeing4as"English".EveninEnglandtherearemanydifferencesin5characterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.SouthofalinegoingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusually7bytoreignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregional9isusually"broader"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglishTheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyareofaracethatisquite20fromtheEnglish. 16
Ingeneraloursocietyisbecomingoneofthegiantenterprisesdirectedbyabureaucraticmanagementinwhichmanbecomesasmallwell-oiledcoginthemachinery.Theoilingisdonewithhigherwageswell-ventilatedfactoriesandpipedmusicandbypsychologistsandhumanrelationsexperts;yetallthisoilingdoesnotaverthefactthatmanhasbecomepowerlessthatheisboredwithit.Infacttheblue-collarandthewhite-collarworkershavebecomeeconomicpuppetswhodancetothetuneofautomatedmachinesandbureaucraticmanagement.The.workerandemployeeareanxiousnotonlybecausetheymightfindthemselvesoutofajobtheyareanxiousalsobecausetheyareunabletoacquireanyrealsatisfactionofinterestinlife.Theyliveanddiewithouteverhavingconfrontedthefundamentalrealitiesofhumanexistenceasemotionallyandintellectuallyindependentandproductivehumanbeings.Thosehigheruponthesocialladderarenolessanxious.Theirlivesarenolessemptythanthoseoftheirsubordinates.Theyareevenmoreinsecureinsomerespects.Theyareinahighlycompetitiverace.Tobepromotedortofallbehindisnotamatterofsalarybutevenmoreamatterofself-respect.Whentheyapplyfortheirfirstjobtheyaretestedforintelligenceaswellasfortherightmixtureofsubmissivenessandindependence.Fromthatmomentonthenaretestedagainandagainbythepsychologistsforwhomtestingisabigbusinessandbytheirsuperiorswhojudgetheirbehaviorsoeiabititycapacitytogetalongetc.Thisconstantneedtoprovethatoneisasgoodasorbetterthanone’sfellowcompetitorereatesconstantanxietyandstresstheverycausesofunhappinessandillness.AmIsuggestingthatweshouldreturntothepre-industrialmodeofproductionortonineteenthcenturyfreeenterprisecapitalismCertainlynot.Problemsareneversolvedbyreturningtoastagewhichonehasalreadyoutgrown.Isuggesttransformingoursocialsystemfromabureaucratically-man-agedindustrialisminwhichmaximalproductionandeonsumptionareendsinthemselvesintoahumanistindustrialisminwhichmanandfulldevelopmentofhispotentialities—thoseofallloveandofreason-aretheaimsofsocialarrangements.Productionandconsumptionshouldserveonlyasmeanstothisendandshouldbepreventedfromrulingman.Tosolvethepresentsocialproblemstheauthorsuggeststhatweshould______.
Oneofthemostimportantsocialdevelopmentsthathelpedtomakepossibleashiftinthinkingaboutther01eofpubliceducationwastheeffectofthebabyboomofthe1950sand1960sontheschools.Inthe1920sbutespeciallyintheDepressionconditionsofthe1930stheUnitedStatesexperiencedadecliningbirthrate—everythousandwomenagedfifteentoforty-fourgavebirthtoabout118livechildrenin192089.2in193075.8in1936and80in1940.WiththegrowingprosperitybroughtonbytheSecondWorldWarandtheeconomicboomthatfollowedityoungpeoplemarriedandestablishedhouseholdsearlierandbegantoraiselargerfamiliesthanhadtheirpredecessorsduringtheDepression.Birthratesroseto102perthousandin1946106.2in1950and118in1955.Althougheconomicswasprobablythemostimportantdeterminantitisnottheonlyexplanationforthebabyboom.Theincreasedvalueplacedontheideaofthefamilyalsohelpstoexplainthisriseinbirthrates.Thebabyboomersbeganstreamingintothefirstgradebythemid-1940sandbecameafloodby1950.Thepublicschoolsystemsuddenlyfounditselfovertaxed.Whilethenumberofschoolchildrenrosebecauseofwartimeandpostwarconditionsthesesameconditionsmadetheschoolsevenlesspreparedtocopewiththeflood.Thewartimeeconomymeantthatfewnewschoolswerebuiltbetween1940and1945.Moreoverduringthewarandintheboomtimesthatfollowedlargenumbersofteacherslefttheirprofessionforbetter-payingjobselsewhereintheeconomy.Thereforeinthe1950sand1960sthebabyboomhitanantiquatedandinadequateschoolsystem.Consequentlythecustodialrhetoricofthe1930sandearly1940snolongermadesense;thatiskeepingyouthsagedsixteenandolderoutofthelabormarketbykeepingtheminschoolcouldnolongerbeahighpriorityforaninstitutionunabletofindspaceandstafftoteachyoungerchildrenagedfivetosixteen.Withthebabyboomthefocusofeducatorsandoflaymeninterestedineducationinevitablyturnedtowardthelowergradesandbacktobasicacademicskillsanddiscipline.Thesystemnolongerhadmuchinterestinofferingnontraditionalnewandextraservicestoolderyouth.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss
ThesearehardtimesforDeutseheBankdespiteitshugestridesininvestmentbanking.NextweekitschiefexecutiveJosefAckermangoesontrialinDusseldorf.CarelesswordsbyRolfBreuertheheadofitssupervisoryboardledtoanothercourtrulinglastmonththatmaycostGermany’sbiggestbankseveralhundredmillioneurosindamages.ThenthereisParmalat.AlthoughnoevidencehasemergedofcomplicityintheItaliandairygroup’sfraudDeutsche’snamehasbecomeentwinedintheaffair.InmanyotherrespectshoweverDeutsche’sreputationhasneverbeenhigher.IndubbingitBankoftheYear2003InternationalFinancingReviewthecapitalmarkets’favoritenewssheetpurredthatDeutschewasaleanaggressivefocuseduniversalbankIntheleaguetablesthatinvestmentbankswatchsokeenlyDeutscheexcelledlastyearasleadmanagerofbondsandconvertiblebondsandofsomeracierproductssuchasrepackageddebtsecuritiesandhigh-yieldjunkbonds.Inotherdisciplinesitrarelyfellbelowthetoptenintheworld.HoweveritisstillnowherenearthetopinequityofferingsandadviceonmergersandacquisitionsexceptinGermany.Itstillhasaproblemwithcostswhichwereafat82%ofincomeinthethirdquarterof2003thanksmainlytothethickpaypacketsofitsinvestmentbankersanditspoorreturnsfromcorporateandretailbanking.Mr.AckermannmusttrytoimprovetheweakspotswhilespendingtwoclaysaweekprobablyuntilJuneinacourtroom.HeandfourothersfacechargesofbreachoftrustoverthewaybonuseswereawardedtoboardmeinbersofMannesmannatelecomscompany.Mr.AekermannsatonMannesmann’ssupervisoryboard.Thereisnosuggestionthathegainedpersonally.NorwasthereanyharmfulintentinMr.Breuer’sremarksinatelevisioninterviewaboutthefinancialhealthoftheKirchmediagroupshortlybeforeitsbankruptcy.ButhewascarelessandaMunichcourtfoundDeutschebutnotMr.Breuerliablefordamagestobesetinduecoursewithoutrightofappeal.ThebanksaidthisweekithaslodgedaprotestwiththefederalsupremecourtinKarlsruhe.MeanwhileKirchhasfiledasuitagainstDeutscheinAmerica.Deutsche’sinvolvementwithParmalatalsolookssloppy.Itleda350mbondissuefurthegroupinSeptember.ItwasalsoaleadingborrowerandlenderofParma[atsharessothatinNovemberittechnicallyheldthevotingrightstoover5%ofParmalatstock.Thatstakehadfallento1.5%byDecember19ththedaythedairycompany’sblackholebecamepublic.Itreportedthisperhapsover-zealouslytotheItalianauthorities.Thatmayhavegiventhewrongimpressionsaysourcesclosetothebankbecausethetransactionswereforthirdparties.Thisisawkwardforabankthatmanagedtoavoidmostseriousattacksonconflictsofinterestthaibesettheinvestment-bankingindustryfollowingthecollapseofEnronin2001andtheburstingofthetech-stockbubble.Mr.Ackermannwillneedaclearheadtosteerthebankthroughthecomingstorms.Deutschebankdidnotmakemuchprofitduelargelyto______.
Infutureasnewspaperfadeandchangewillpoliticiansthereforeburgletheiropponents’officeswithoutpunishmentJournalismschoolsandthink-tanksespeciallyinAmericaareworriedabouttheeffectofacollapsingjournalism. Nobodyshouldenjoythedisappearanceofonce-greatnewspapers.Butthedeclineofnewspaperswillnotbeasharmfultosocietyassomefear.46.Denmocracyrememberhasalreadysurvivedthehugetelevision-leddeclineincirculationsincethe1950s.Ithassurvivedasreadershaveevadedpapersandpapershaveevadedwhatwasinconservativetimesthoughtofasseriousnews.Anditwillsurelysurvivethedeclinetocome. 47.Afewpapersthatinvestininvestigativestorieswhichoftenbenefitsocietytheinostareinagoodpositiontosurviveaslongastheirownersdoacomnpetentjobofadjustingtochangingcircumstances.PublicationsliketheNewYorkTimesandtheWallStreetJournalshouldbeabletoputupthepriceoftheirjournalismtocompensateforadvertisingrevenueslosttotheinternet—especiallyastheycatertoamoreglobalreadership.48.Aswithmanyindustriesitisthoseinthemiddle—neitherhighbrownorentertaininglypopulist—thatarelikeliesttofallbythewayside. 49.Theusefulnessofthepressgoesmuchwiderthaninvestigatingabusesorevenspreadinggeneralnews;itliesinholdinggovernmentstoaccount--tryingtheminthecourtofpublicopinion.Theinternethasexpandedthiscourt.Anyonelookingforinformationhasneverbeenbetterequipped.Peoplenolongerhavetotrustahandfulofnationalpapersorworsetheirlocalcitypaper.News-aggre-gationsitessuchasGoogleNewsdrawtogethersourcesfromaroundtheworld.ThewebsiteofBritain’sGuardiannowhasnearlyhalfasmanyreadersinAmericaasitdoesathome. 50.Furthermoreanewforceof"citizen"journalistsisitc.hingtoholdpoliticianstoaccount.Thewebhasopenedtheclosedworldofprofessionaleditorsandreporterstoanyonewithakeyboardandaninternetconnection.Severalcompanieshavebeenchastenedbyamateurpostings—offlameseruptingfromDell’slaptopsorofcableTVrepairmenasleeponthesofa.Eachbloggeriscapableofbiasandslanderbuttakenasagroupbloggersofferthesearcheraftertruthboundlessmaterialtochewover.Ofcoursetheinternetpanderstoclosedminds;butsohasmuchofthepress. 50
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeopleandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyedatbeing4as"English".EveninEnglandtherearemanydifferencesin5characterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.SouthofalinegoingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusually7bytoreignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregional9isusually"broader"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglishTheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyareofaracethatisquite20fromtheEnglish. 14
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeopleandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyedatbeing4as"English".EveninEnglandtherearemanydifferencesin5characterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.SouthofalinegoingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusually7bytoreignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregional9isusually"broader"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglishTheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyareofaracethatisquite20fromtheEnglish. 42
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglishfortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeopleandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2tothemselvesasWelshScottishorIrish3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyedatbeing4as"English".EveninEnglandtherearemanydifferencesin5characterandspeech.Thechief6isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.SouthofalinegoingfromBristoltoLondonpeoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusually7bytoreignstudents8therearelocalvariations. Furthernorthregional9isusually"broader"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSouthernersandaremore11.Theyareopenheartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshireforinstancemaylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman. InScotlandthesound16bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsoundand"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglishTheScotsaresaidtobeaseriouscautiousthriftypeople18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritaintheWelshtheIrishtheScotsarefrequently19asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyareofaracethatisquite20fromtheEnglish. 6
Infutureasnewspaperfadeandchangewillpoliticiansthereforeburgletheiropponents’officeswithoutpunishmentJournalismschoolsandthink-tanksespeciallyinAmericaareworriedabouttheeffectofacollapsingjournalism. Nobodyshouldenjoythedisappearanceofonce-greatnewspapers.Butthedeclineofnewspaperswillnotbeasharmfultosocietyassomefear.46.Denmocracyrememberhasalreadysurvivedthehugetelevision-leddeclineincirculationsincethe1950s.Ithassurvivedasreadershaveevadedpapersandpapershaveevadedwhatwasinconservativetimesthoughtofasseriousnews.Anditwillsurelysurvivethedeclinetocome. 47.Afewpapersthatinvestininvestigativestorieswhichoftenbenefitsocietytheinostareinagoodpositiontosurviveaslongastheirownersdoacomnpetentjobofadjustingtochangingcircumstances.PublicationsliketheNewYorkTimesandtheWallStreetJournalshouldbeabletoputupthepriceoftheirjournalismtocompensateforadvertisingrevenueslosttotheinternet—especiallyastheycatertoamoreglobalreadership.48.Aswithmanyindustriesitisthoseinthemiddle—neitherhighbrownorentertaininglypopulist—thatarelikeliesttofallbythewayside. 49.Theusefulnessofthepressgoesmuchwiderthaninvestigatingabusesorevenspreadinggeneralnews;itliesinholdinggovernmentstoaccount--tryingtheminthecourtofpublicopinion.Theinternethasexpandedthiscourt.Anyonelookingforinformationhasneverbeenbetterequipped.Peoplenolongerhavetotrustahandfulofnationalpapersorworsetheirlocalcitypaper.News-aggre-gationsitessuchasGoogleNewsdrawtogethersourcesfromaroundtheworld.ThewebsiteofBritain’sGuardiannowhasnearlyhalfasmanyreadersinAmericaasitdoesathome. 50.Furthermoreanewforceof"citizen"journalistsisitc.hingtoholdpoliticianstoaccount.Thewebhasopenedtheclosedworldofprofessionaleditorsandreporterstoanyonewithakeyboardandaninternetconnection.Severalcompanieshavebeenchastenedbyamateurpostings—offlameseruptingfromDell’slaptopsorofcableTVrepairmenasleeponthesofa.Eachbloggeriscapableofbiasandslanderbuttakenasagroupbloggersofferthesearcheraftertruthboundlessmaterialtochewover.Ofcoursetheinternetpanderstoclosedminds;butsohasmuchofthepress. 48
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