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肝中富含的LDH同工酶是
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肝中较丰富的乳酸脱氢酶LDH的同工酶是
LDH1
LDH2
LDH3
LDH4
LDH5
心肌中富含的LDH同工酶是
LDH
1
LDH
2
LDH
3
LDH
4
LDH
5
心肌中富含的LDH同工酶是
LDH
1
LDH
2
LDH
3
LDH
4
LDH
5
心肌中富含的LDH同工酶是
LDH
4
LDH
1
UDH
3
LDH
2
LDH
5
肝中较丰富的LDH同工酶是
LDH1
LDH2
LDH3
LDH4
LDH5
肝中富含的LDH同工酶是
LDH
1
LDH
2
LDH
3
LDH
4
LDH
5
常用于肝胆疾病和骨骼疾病的诊断的同工酶
LDH同工酶
CK同工酶
ALP同工酶
ACP同工酶
AST同工酶
常用于心肌梗死肝功能损伤和恶性肿瘤的诊断的同工酶
LDH同工酶
CK同工酶
ALP同工酶
ACP同工酶
AST同工酶
心肌中富含的LDH同工酶是
LDH1
LDH2
LDH3
LDH4
LDH5
常用于前列腺疾病和恶性肿瘤的诊断的同工酶
LDH同工酶
CK同工酶
ALP同工酶
ACP同工酶
AST同工酶
肝中较丰富的LDH同工酶是
LDHl
LDH2
LDH3
LDH4
LDH5
常用于细胞损伤程度的诊断
LDH同工酶
CK同工酶
ALP同工酶
ACP同工酶
AST同工酶
心肌中富含的LDH同工酶是
LDH
LDH
LDH
LDH
LDH
心肌中富含的LDH同工酶是
LDH1
LDH2
LDH3
LDH4
LDH5(22/2001)
常用于细胞损伤程度的诊断的同工酶
LDH同工酶
CK同工酶
ALP同工酶
ACP同工酶
AST同工酶
常用于肝胆疾病和骨骼疾病的诊断
LDH同工酶
CK同工酶
ALP同工酶
ACP同工酶
AST同工酶
肝中富含的LDH同工酶是
LDH
LDH
LDH
LDH
LDH
肝中含量最多的LDH同工酶是
LDH2
LDH3
LDH1
LDH4
LDH5
肝中富含的LDH同工酶是
LDH1
LDH2
LDH3
LDH4
LDH5(25/2006)
肝中富含的LDH同工酶是
LDHi
LDH，
LDHa
LDH：
LDHs
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Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientificallyproved byeconomiststhatthelawsofsocietymadeitnecessarytohaveavastarmyof poorandjoblesspeopleinordertokeeptheeconomygoing.Todayhardly anybodywoulddaretovoicethisprinciple.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatnobody shouldbeexcludedfromthewealthofthenationeitherbythelawsofnature orbythoseofsociety.46Theopinionswhichwerecurrentahundredyears agothatthepoorowedtheirconditionstotheirignorancelackof responsibilityareoutdated.InallWesternindustrializedcountriesa systemofinsurancehasbeenintroducedwhichguaranteeseveryoneaminimumof subsistence生活维持费incaseofunemploymentsicknessandoldage.Iwouldgoone stepfurtherandarguethateveniftheseconditionsarenotpresenteveryone hastherighttoreceivethemeanstosubsist维持生活inotherwordshecan claimthissubsistenceminimumwithouthavingtohaveanyreason.47I wouldsuggesthoweverthatitshouldbelimitedtoadefiniteperiodoftime let’ssaytwoyearssoastoavoidtheencouragingofanabnormalattitude whichrefusesankindofsocialobligation.Thismaysound likeafantasticproposalbutsoIthinkourinsurancesystemwouldhave soundedtopeopleahundredyearsago.Themainobjectiontosuchaschemewould bethatifeachpersonwereentitledtoreceiveminimumsupportpeoplewould notwork.48Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessin humannature;actuallyasidefromabnormallylazypeopletherewouldbevery fewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimumandwhowouldprefertodo nothingratherthanwork.49Howeverthesuspicions againstasystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimumarenotgroundlessfromthe standpointofthosewhowanttouseownershipofcapitalforthepurposeof forcingotherstoaccepttheworkconditionstheyoffer.Ifnobodywere forcedtoacceptworkinordernottostarveworkwouldhavetobesufficiently interestingandattractivetoinduceonetoacceptit.Freedomofcontractis possibleonlyifbothpartiesarefreetoacceptandrejectit;inthepresent capitalistsystemthisisnotthecase.50Butsuchasystem wouldnotonlybethebeginningofrealfreedomofcontractbetweenemployers andemployees;itsprincipaladvantagewouldbetheimprovementoffreedomin interpersonalrelationshipsineverysphereofdailylife.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsEventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.Inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublictransportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful.ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Text4 UntilrecentlymostAmerican entrepreneurs企业家weremen.Discriminationagainstwomeninbusinessthe demandsofcaringforfamiliesandlackofbusinesstraininghadkeptthe numberofwomenentrepreneurssmall.Nowhoweverbusinessesownedbywomen accountformorethan＄40billioninannualrevenuesandthisfigureislikely tocontinuerisingthroughoutthe1980s.AsCarolynDoppeltGrayanofficialof theSmallBusinessAdministrationhasnotedThe1970swasthedecadeofwomen enteringmanagementandthe1980shasturnedouttobethedecadeofthewoman entrepreneur.Whataresomeofthefactorsbehindthistrend Foronethingasmorewomenearnadvanceddegreesinbusinessandenterthe corporateworldtheyarefindingobstacles.Womenarestillexcludedfrommost executivesuites.CharlotteTayloramanagementconsultanthadnotedInthe 1970swomenbelievediftheygotanMBAandworkedhardtheycouldbecome chairmanoftheboard.Nowthey’vefoundoutthatisn’tgoingtohappensothey gooutontheirown.Inthepastmostwomenentrepreneurs workedinwomen’sfields—cosmeticsandclothingforexample.Butthisis changing.ConsiderASKComputerSystemsa＄22-million-a-yearcomputersoftware business.Itwasfoundedin1973bySandraKurtzigwhowasthenahousewife withdegreesinmathandengineering.WhenKurtzigfoundedthebusinessher firstproductwassoftwarethatletweeklynewspaperskeeptabsontheir newspapercarriers—andherofficewasabedroomathomewithashoeboxunder thebedtoholdthecompany’scash.Aftershesucceededwiththenewspaper softwaresystemshehiredseveralbrightcomputer-sciencegraduatestodevelop additionalprograms.Whentheseweremarketedandsold.ASKbegantogrow.It nowhas200employeesandSandraKurtzigowns＄66.9millionofstock. Ofcoursemanywomenwhostarttheirownbusinessesfailjustasmen oftendo.Theystillfacehurdlesinthebusinessworldespeciallyproblemsin raisingmoney;theBankingandfinanceworldisstilldominatedbymenandold attitudesdiehard.Mostbusinessesownedbywomenarestillquite small.Butthesituationischanging;therearelikelytobe manymoreSandraKurtzigsintheyearsahead.AllofthefollowingwerementionedinthepassageasprejudicesagainstwomeninthebusinessworldEXCEPT______.
41____________.Thesynthetic合成的polymer聚合的deviceis thefirstflexiblehydrophilie吸水的artificialcorneatobeproducedand insertedintoahuman.Itistheproductof8yearsworkbyresearchersatthe LionsEyeInstituteoftheUniversityofWA’SDepartmentofOphthalmic Biomaterials.42____________.Firsttheplasticmaterial usedtoconstructtheartificialcorneaabsorbswaterandbecomeselasticand softlikehumantissue.Prof.ChirialtoldAustralianScience.Asecondnovel characteristicisthattheperiphery外围isaspongewithporesallowinghost tissuetogrowintoit.Thirdthedeviceusesinterpenetrating渗透polymer networkstolinkthecentraltransparentareawiththenon-transparent periphery.43____________.Thefirst recipient接纳者ofthedevicea79-year-oldWAmanwhowasblindinoneeyecan nowreadlargeprint.Afurthereightpatientsareawaitingthetechnically challengingtwo-stepprocedurewiththefirstduetobeoperatedonthis month.44____________.Manypatientsadmittedtothetrial haveexperiencedrejectionofprevioushumancornealgraftsduetoanimmune reactionormedicalsyndrome.Inotherswhohavehadachemicalburntoaneye theartificialgraftofferstheironlyhopeofrestoredvision. AsenioropthalmologistwiththeteamDr.GeoffreyCrawfordsaidthe artificialcorneawasapromisingdevelopmentforpeopleinunderdeveloped countrieswhereanabsenceofeyebanksmeantthatlessthan1%ofthoseneeding ahumancornealgraftevergetone.45____________.[A]Itisnovelin threewaysaccordingtoitsdesignerRomanian-trainedpolymerchemistProfessor TrainanChirialwhosetupthedepartmentin1986.[B]Thedeviceis designedtoreplaceadiseasedordamagedcorneaorafailedhumangraftandcan givebacksighttosomepatients.[C]Theartificialcorneawasmadefroma transparentmatrixofcollagenandasyntheticpolymer.[D]Beforethedevice canbemarketedaninternationaltrialofatleast50patientsinfivecenters worldwideneedstobecompletedsuccessfully.[E]Howeverheconcededthat thecostofthedevicewouldneedtofalldramaticallyforittobeusedinany widespreadway.[F]Heexplainedthatmaterialinthecenterandperiphery haveanidenticalchemicalcompositionbutareproducedbydifferentchemical processeshencetheirdifferentlight-transmittingqualities.[G]Western Australianresearchershavepatentedanartificialcorneawiththepotentialto benefitblindorpartiallysightedindividualsworldwide.
41____________.Thesynthetic合成的polymer聚合的deviceis thefirstflexiblehydrophilie吸水的artificialcorneatobeproducedand insertedintoahuman.Itistheproductof8yearsworkbyresearchersatthe LionsEyeInstituteoftheUniversityofWA’SDepartmentofOphthalmic Biomaterials.42____________.Firsttheplasticmaterial usedtoconstructtheartificialcorneaabsorbswaterandbecomeselasticand softlikehumantissue.Prof.ChirialtoldAustralianScience.Asecondnovel characteristicisthattheperiphery外围isaspongewithporesallowinghost tissuetogrowintoit.Thirdthedeviceusesinterpenetrating渗透polymer networkstolinkthecentraltransparentareawiththenon-transparent periphery.43____________.Thefirst recipient接纳者ofthedevicea79-year-oldWAmanwhowasblindinoneeyecan nowreadlargeprint.Afurthereightpatientsareawaitingthetechnically challengingtwo-stepprocedurewiththefirstduetobeoperatedonthis month.44____________.Manypatientsadmittedtothetrial haveexperiencedrejectionofprevioushumancornealgraftsduetoanimmune reactionormedicalsyndrome.Inotherswhohavehadachemicalburntoaneye theartificialgraftofferstheironlyhopeofrestoredvision. AsenioropthalmologistwiththeteamDr.GeoffreyCrawfordsaidthe artificialcorneawasapromisingdevelopmentforpeopleinunderdeveloped countrieswhereanabsenceofeyebanksmeantthatlessthan1%ofthoseneeding ahumancornealgraftevergetone.45____________.[A]Itisnovelin threewaysaccordingtoitsdesignerRomanian-trainedpolymerchemistProfessor TrainanChirialwhosetupthedepartmentin1986.[B]Thedeviceis designedtoreplaceadiseasedordamagedcorneaorafailedhumangraftandcan givebacksighttosomepatients.[C]Theartificialcorneawasmadefroma transparentmatrixofcollagenandasyntheticpolymer.[D]Beforethedevice canbemarketedaninternationaltrialofatleast50patientsinfivecenters worldwideneedstobecompletedsuccessfully.[E]Howeverheconcededthat thecostofthedevicewouldneedtofalldramaticallyforittobeusedinany widespreadway.[F]Heexplainedthatmaterialinthecenterandperiphery haveanidenticalchemicalcompositionbutareproducedbydifferentchemical processeshencetheirdifferentlight-transmittingqualities.[G]Western Australianresearchershavepatentedanartificialcorneawiththepotentialto benefitblindorpartiallysightedindividualsworldwide.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsEventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.Inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublictransportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful.ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Text2 Insciencefictionthereistobefound therecurrentthemeoftheomniscientcomputerwhichultimatelytakesoverthe orderingofhumanlifeandaffairs.IsthispossibleIbelieveisitnot:but alsobelievethattheargumentscommonlyadvancedtorefutethispossibilityare theworngones.Firstitisoftensaidthatcomputersdonotreallythink. ThisIsubmitisnonsense:ifcomputersdonotthinkthennordohumanbeings. ForhowdoIdefinetheprocessofthinkingIpresentdata—sayanexamination paper—toastudentwhichhescanswithaphotoelectricorganwecallaneye thecomputerscansitsdatawithaphotoelectricorganwecallatape-reader. Thereisthenaperiodwhennothingobvioushappensthrough electroencephalogram—forthestudent.Lastlyinformationbasedonthedatais transcribedbymeansofamechanicalorgancalledahandbythestudentanda teleprinterbythecomputer.Inotherwordstheactionsofmanandmachine differonlyintheappliancestheyuse.Secondlyitissaid thatcomputersonlydowhattheyaretoldthattheyhavetobeprogrammedfor everycomputationtheyundertake.ButIdonotbelievethatIwasbornwithan innateabilitytosolvequadraticequationsortoidentifycommonmembersofthe Britainflora:ItoohadtobeprogrammedfortheseactivitiesbutIhappened tocallmyprogrammersbydifferentnamessuchasschoolteacherlectureor professor.Lastlywearetoldthatcomputersunlikehuman beingscannotinterprettheirownresults.Butinterpretationisalwaysofone setofinformationinthelightofanothersetofinformation:itconsists simplyoffindingthejointpatternintwosetsofdata.Themathematicsof doingthisiscumbersomebutwellknown;thecomputerwouldbeperfectlywilling todothejobifasked.Whatistheauthor’sbestintentioninwritingthispassage
Directions: Title:TheTeacher-StudentRelationship Outline: 1.Agoodteacher-studentrelationshipbenefitsbothteachingandlearning. 2.Ateacher’sbehaviourisimportantfortheestablishmentofagoodteacher-studentrelationship. 3.Whatshouldastudentdofortheestablishmentofagoodteacher-studentrelationship Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Thehorseandcarriageisathingof thepastbutloveandthemarriagearestillwithusandstillclosely interrelated.MostAmericanmarriagesparticularlyfirstmarriages1 youngcouplesaretheresultof2attraction andaffection3thanpracticalconsiderations. IntheUnitedStatesparentsdonotarrangemarriagesfortheirchildren. Teenagersbegin4inhighschoolandusuallyfindmates throughtheirownacademicandsocial5. Thoughyoungpeoplefeel6tochoosetheirfriends from7groupsmostchooseamateofsimilar background.Thisis8inparttoparental guidance.Parentscannotselectspousesfortheirchildrenbuttheycanusually 9choicesby10disapprovalof someonetheyconsiderunsuitable.11 marriagesbetweenmembersofdifferentgroupsinterclassinterfaithand interracialmarriagesareincreasingprobablybecauseofthegreater 12oftoday’syouthandthefactthattheyarerestricted by13prejudicesthantheirparents.Manyyoungpeople leavetheirhometownstoattendcollege14inthearmed forces15pursueacareerinabiggercity. Onceawayfromhomeandfamilytheyaremore16to dateandmarryoutsidetheirownsocialgroup.Inmobile Americansocietyinterclassmarriagesareneither17nor shocking.Interfaithmarriagesare18therise particularlybetweenProtestantsandCatholics.Ontheotherhandinterracial marriageisstillveryuncommon.Itcanbedifficultforinterracialcouplesto findaplacetolivemaintainfriendshipsand19a family.Marriagesbetweenpeopleofdifferentnational20 butthesameraceandreligionhavebeencommonplacesincecolonial times.
Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientificallyproved byeconomiststhatthelawsofsocietymadeitnecessarytohaveavastarmyof poorandjoblesspeopleinordertokeeptheeconomygoing.Todayhardly anybodywoulddaretovoicethisprinciple.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatnobody shouldbeexcludedfromthewealthofthenationeitherbythelawsofnature orbythoseofsociety.46Theopinionswhichwerecurrentahundredyears agothatthepoorowedtheirconditionstotheirignorancelackof responsibilityareoutdated.InallWesternindustrializedcountriesa systemofinsurancehasbeenintroducedwhichguaranteeseveryoneaminimumof subsistence生活维持费incaseofunemploymentsicknessandoldage.Iwouldgoone stepfurtherandarguethateveniftheseconditionsarenotpresenteveryone hastherighttoreceivethemeanstosubsist维持生活inotherwordshecan claimthissubsistenceminimumwithouthavingtohaveanyreason.47I wouldsuggesthoweverthatitshouldbelimitedtoadefiniteperiodoftime let’ssaytwoyearssoastoavoidtheencouragingofanabnormalattitude whichrefusesankindofsocialobligation.Thismaysound likeafantasticproposalbutsoIthinkourinsurancesystemwouldhave soundedtopeopleahundredyearsago.Themainobjectiontosuchaschemewould bethatifeachpersonwereentitledtoreceiveminimumsupportpeoplewould notwork.48Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessin humannature;actuallyasidefromabnormallylazypeopletherewouldbevery fewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimumandwhowouldprefertodo nothingratherthanwork.49Howeverthesuspicions againstasystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimumarenotgroundlessfromthe standpointofthosewhowanttouseownershipofcapitalforthepurposeof forcingotherstoaccepttheworkconditionstheyoffer.Ifnobodywere forcedtoacceptworkinordernottostarveworkwouldhavetobesufficiently interestingandattractivetoinduceonetoacceptit.Freedomofcontractis possibleonlyifbothpartiesarefreetoacceptandrejectit;inthepresent capitalistsystemthisisnotthecase.50Butsuchasystem wouldnotonlybethebeginningofrealfreedomofcontractbetweenemployers andemployees;itsprincipaladvantagewouldbetheimprovementoffreedomin interpersonalrelationshipsineverysphereofdailylife.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsEventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.Inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublictransportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful.ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Text3 Itisusualtoclassifytypesof productionasjobproductionbatchproductionandflowproduction.Injob productionproductsaresuppliedtothespecialrequirementsofacustomerand thewholeprojectisundertakenasoneoperationwhichiscompletedbefore passingontothenext.Agoodexampleofthiskindofworkisshipbuilding.In jobproductionasingleitemisproducedatatimewhereasinbatchproduction anumberofsimilaritemsareproducedinordertomeetacontinuingsales demandBatchsizesvarybutthequantitywhichisproducedamountstomorethan immediaterequirementsandthesurplusproductionisstored.Finallyinflow productionthemanufactureofaproductproceedsfromoneoperationtoanother ataplannedrateofoutput.Itisarguedthatthetypeof productionmethodwhichisemployeddependsonthedevelopmentofanindividual company.That.istosaymanyfactoriesbeginmanufacturingonajobproduction basisandproceedasthevolumeofproductionincreasestobatchandflow productionmethods.Thisisnotalwaysthecasehoweversincethetypeof productionisnotnecessarilydeterminedbytheproductvolumewhichisaimed at.Infactinthecarindustrytoolsareproducedbyjobbingmethods componentsareproducedbybatchmethodsandthefinalproductisassembledby flowmethods.Flowproductionisassociatedwithflowlayouts whereasjobandbatchproductionareassociatedwithprocesslayouts.Ina processlayoutmachinesofasimilartypearegroupedtogetherinthesame sectionofthefactoryandworkinprogressismovedfromonepartofthe factorytoanother.Inaflowlayoutschemethemanufacturingequipmentis arrangedinthesamesequenceastheoperationsperformedontheproduct.Each oftheseoperationsmustbecapableofprocessingworkattheraterequiredfor assemblyofthefinalproductandtheoutputforeachoperationmustbe balancedinordertoprovideasmoothflowofwork.Thereare advantagesinbothtypesoflayout.Inaprocesslayoutsystemthereismore flexibilityandagreaterspecializationofmachinesandlabourispossible whileinaflowlayoutsystemitisnotnecessarytomaintainahighlevelof stocksortodemandgreatskillinthe workforce.Inparagraph1thiskindofworkrefersto______.
Text2 Insciencefictionthereistobefound therecurrentthemeoftheomniscientcomputerwhichultimatelytakesoverthe orderingofhumanlifeandaffairs.IsthispossibleIbelieveisitnot:but alsobelievethattheargumentscommonlyadvancedtorefutethispossibilityare theworngones.Firstitisoftensaidthatcomputersdonotreallythink. ThisIsubmitisnonsense:ifcomputersdonotthinkthennordohumanbeings. ForhowdoIdefinetheprocessofthinkingIpresentdata—sayanexamination paper—toastudentwhichhescanswithaphotoelectricorganwecallaneye thecomputerscansitsdatawithaphotoelectricorganwecallatape-reader. Thereisthenaperiodwhennothingobvioushappensthrough electroencephalogram—forthestudent.Lastlyinformationbasedonthedatais transcribedbymeansofamechanicalorgancalledahandbythestudentanda teleprinterbythecomputer.Inotherwordstheactionsofmanandmachine differonlyintheappliancestheyuse.Secondlyitissaid thatcomputersonlydowhattheyaretoldthattheyhavetobeprogrammedfor everycomputationtheyundertake.ButIdonotbelievethatIwasbornwithan innateabilitytosolvequadraticequationsortoidentifycommonmembersofthe Britainflora:ItoohadtobeprogrammedfortheseactivitiesbutIhappened tocallmyprogrammersbydifferentnamessuchasschoolteacherlectureor professor.Lastlywearetoldthatcomputersunlikehuman beingscannotinterprettheirownresults.Butinterpretationisalwaysofone setofinformationinthelightofanothersetofinformation:itconsists simplyoffindingthejointpatternintwosetsofdata.Themathematicsof doingthisiscumbersomebutwellknown;thecomputerwouldbeperfectlywilling todothejobifasked.Accordingtotheauthorasfarasthinkingisconcernedcomputerisdifferentfromhumanbeingsinthefactthat______.
Thehorseandcarriageisathingof thepastbutloveandthemarriagearestillwithusandstillclosely interrelated.MostAmericanmarriagesparticularlyfirstmarriages1 youngcouplesaretheresultof2attraction andaffection3thanpracticalconsiderations. IntheUnitedStatesparentsdonotarrangemarriagesfortheirchildren. Teenagersbegin4inhighschoolandusuallyfindmates throughtheirownacademicandsocial5. Thoughyoungpeoplefeel6tochoosetheirfriends from7groupsmostchooseamateofsimilar background.Thisis8inparttoparental guidance.Parentscannotselectspousesfortheirchildrenbuttheycanusually 9choicesby10disapprovalof someonetheyconsiderunsuitable.11 marriagesbetweenmembersofdifferentgroupsinterclassinterfaithand interracialmarriagesareincreasingprobablybecauseofthegreater 12oftoday’syouthandthefactthattheyarerestricted by13prejudicesthantheirparents.Manyyoungpeople leavetheirhometownstoattendcollege14inthearmed forces15pursueacareerinabiggercity. Onceawayfromhomeandfamilytheyaremore16to dateandmarryoutsidetheirownsocialgroup.Inmobile Americansocietyinterclassmarriagesareneither17nor shocking.Interfaithmarriagesare18therise particularlybetweenProtestantsandCatholics.Ontheotherhandinterracial marriageisstillveryuncommon.Itcanbedifficultforinterracialcouplesto findaplacetolivemaintainfriendshipsand19a family.Marriagesbetweenpeopleofdifferentnational20 butthesameraceandreligionhavebeencommonplacesincecolonial times.
Text3 Itisusualtoclassifytypesof productionasjobproductionbatchproductionandflowproduction.Injob productionproductsaresuppliedtothespecialrequirementsofacustomerand thewholeprojectisundertakenasoneoperationwhichiscompletedbefore passingontothenext.Agoodexampleofthiskindofworkisshipbuilding.In jobproductionasingleitemisproducedatatimewhereasinbatchproduction anumberofsimilaritemsareproducedinordertomeetacontinuingsales demandBatchsizesvarybutthequantitywhichisproducedamountstomorethan immediaterequirementsandthesurplusproductionisstored.Finallyinflow productionthemanufactureofaproductproceedsfromoneoperationtoanother ataplannedrateofoutput.Itisarguedthatthetypeof productionmethodwhichisemployeddependsonthedevelopmentofanindividual company.That.istosaymanyfactoriesbeginmanufacturingonajobproduction basisandproceedasthevolumeofproductionincreasestobatchandflow productionmethods.Thisisnotalwaysthecasehoweversincethetypeof productionisnotnecessarilydeterminedbytheproductvolumewhichisaimed at.Infactinthecarindustrytoolsareproducedbyjobbingmethods componentsareproducedbybatchmethodsandthefinalproductisassembledby flowmethods.Flowproductionisassociatedwithflowlayouts whereasjobandbatchproductionareassociatedwithprocesslayouts.Ina processlayoutmachinesofasimilartypearegroupedtogetherinthesame sectionofthefactoryandworkinprogressismovedfromonepartofthe factorytoanother.Inaflowlayoutschemethemanufacturingequipmentis arrangedinthesamesequenceastheoperationsperformedontheproduct.Each oftheseoperationsmustbecapableofprocessingworkattheraterequiredfor assemblyofthefinalproductandtheoutputforeachoperationmustbe balancedinordertoprovideasmoothflowofwork.Thereare advantagesinbothtypesoflayout.Inaprocesslayoutsystemthereismore flexibilityandagreaterspecializationofmachinesandlabourispossible whileinaflowlayoutsystemitisnotnecessarytomaintainahighlevelof stocksortodemandgreatskillinthe workforce.Accordingtothepassageoneadvantageofflowproductionis______.
Text4 UntilrecentlymostAmerican entrepreneurs企业家weremen.Discriminationagainstwomeninbusinessthe demandsofcaringforfamiliesandlackofbusinesstraininghadkeptthe numberofwomenentrepreneurssmall.Nowhoweverbusinessesownedbywomen accountformorethan＄40billioninannualrevenuesandthisfigureislikely tocontinuerisingthroughoutthe1980s.AsCarolynDoppeltGrayanofficialof theSmallBusinessAdministrationhasnotedThe1970swasthedecadeofwomen enteringmanagementandthe1980shasturnedouttobethedecadeofthewoman entrepreneur.Whataresomeofthefactorsbehindthistrend Foronethingasmorewomenearnadvanceddegreesinbusinessandenterthe corporateworldtheyarefindingobstacles.Womenarestillexcludedfrommost executivesuites.CharlotteTayloramanagementconsultanthadnotedInthe 1970swomenbelievediftheygotanMBAandworkedhardtheycouldbecome chairmanoftheboard.Nowthey’vefoundoutthatisn’tgoingtohappensothey gooutontheirown.Inthepastmostwomenentrepreneurs workedinwomen’sfields—cosmeticsandclothingforexample.Butthisis changing.ConsiderASKComputerSystemsa＄22-million-a-yearcomputersoftware business.Itwasfoundedin1973bySandraKurtzigwhowasthenahousewife withdegreesinmathandengineering.WhenKurtzigfoundedthebusinessher firstproductwassoftwarethatletweeklynewspaperskeeptabsontheir newspapercarriers—andherofficewasabedroomathomewithashoeboxunder thebedtoholdthecompany’scash.Aftershesucceededwiththenewspaper softwaresystemshehiredseveralbrightcomputer-sciencegraduatestodevelop additionalprograms.Whentheseweremarketedandsold.ASKbegantogrow.It nowhas200employeesandSandraKurtzigowns＄66.9millionofstock. Ofcoursemanywomenwhostarttheirownbusinessesfailjustasmen oftendo.Theystillfacehurdlesinthebusinessworldespeciallyproblemsin raisingmoney;theBankingandfinanceworldisstilldominatedbymenandold attitudesdiehard.Mostbusinessesownedbywomenarestillquite small.Butthesituationischanging;therearelikelytobe manymoreSandraKurtzigsintheyearsahead.ThewordhurdlesinParagraph4canbebestreplacedby______.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsEventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.Inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublictransportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful.ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Text4 UntilrecentlymostAmerican entrepreneurs企业家weremen.Discriminationagainstwomeninbusinessthe demandsofcaringforfamiliesandlackofbusinesstraininghadkeptthe numberofwomenentrepreneurssmall.Nowhoweverbusinessesownedbywomen accountformorethan＄40billioninannualrevenuesandthisfigureislikely tocontinuerisingthroughoutthe1980s.AsCarolynDoppeltGrayanofficialof theSmallBusinessAdministrationhasnotedThe1970swasthedecadeofwomen enteringmanagementandthe1980shasturnedouttobethedecadeofthewoman entrepreneur.Whataresomeofthefactorsbehindthistrend Foronethingasmorewomenearnadvanceddegreesinbusinessandenterthe corporateworldtheyarefindingobstacles.Womenarestillexcludedfrommost executivesuites.CharlotteTayloramanagementconsultanthadnotedInthe 1970swomenbelievediftheygotanMBAandworkedhardtheycouldbecome chairmanoftheboard.Nowthey’vefoundoutthatisn’tgoingtohappensothey gooutontheirown.Inthepastmostwomenentrepreneurs workedinwomen’sfields—cosmeticsandclothingforexample.Butthisis changing.ConsiderASKComputerSystemsa＄22-million-a-yearcomputersoftware business.Itwasfoundedin1973bySandraKurtzigwhowasthenahousewife withdegreesinmathandengineering.WhenKurtzigfoundedthebusinessher firstproductwassoftwarethatletweeklynewspaperskeeptabsontheir newspapercarriers—andherofficewasabedroomathomewithashoeboxunder thebedtoholdthecompany’scash.Aftershesucceededwiththenewspaper softwaresystemshehiredseveralbrightcomputer-sciencegraduatestodevelop additionalprograms.Whentheseweremarketedandsold.ASKbegantogrow.It nowhas200employeesandSandraKurtzigowns＄66.9millionofstock. Ofcoursemanywomenwhostarttheirownbusinessesfailjustasmen oftendo.Theystillfacehurdlesinthebusinessworldespeciallyproblemsin raisingmoney;theBankingandfinanceworldisstilldominatedbymenandold attitudesdiehard.Mostbusinessesownedbywomenarestillquite small.Butthesituationischanging;therearelikelytobe manymoreSandraKurtzigsintheyearsahead.ThelastsentenceinParagraph2sotheygooutontheirown.meansthat______.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsEventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.Inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublictransportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful.ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Text1 Allthatwereallyneedtoplotoutthe futureofouruniverseareafewgoodmeasurements.Thisdoesnotmeanthatwe cansitdowntodayandoutlinethefuturecourseoftheuniversewithanything likecertainty.Therearestilltoomanythingswedonotknowaboutthewaythe universeisputtogether.Butwedoknowexactlywhatinformationweneedto fillinourknowledgeandwehaveaprettygoodideaofhowtogoaboutgetting it.Perhapsthebestwaytothinkofourpresentsituationisto imagineatraincomingintoaswitchyard.Alloftheswitchesaresetbeforethe trainarrivessothatitspathiscompletelydetermined.Someswitcheswecan seeotherswecannot.Thereisnoambiguityifwecanseethesettingofa switch:wecansaywithconfidencethatsomepossiblefutureswillnot materializeandotherswill.Attheunseenswitcheshoweverthereisnosuch certainty.Weknowthetrainwilltakeoneofthetracksleadingoutbutwe havenoideawhichone.Theunseenswitchesarethetruedecisionpointsinthe futureandwhathappenswhenwearriveatthemdeterminestheentiresubsequent courseofevents.Whenwethinkaboutthefutureofthe universewecanseeourtrackmanybillionsofyearsintothefuturebut afterthattherearedecisionpointstobedealtwithandpossiblefatesto consider.Thegoalofscienceistoreducetheambiguityatthedecisionpoints andfindthetrueroadthatwillbefollowed.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage
Ahundredyearsagoitwasassumedandscientificallyproved byeconomiststhatthelawsofsocietymadeitnecessarytohaveavastarmyof poorandjoblesspeopleinordertokeeptheeconomygoing.Todayhardly anybodywoulddaretovoicethisprinciple.Itisgenerallyacceptedthatnobody shouldbeexcludedfromthewealthofthenationeitherbythelawsofnature orbythoseofsociety.46Theopinionswhichwerecurrentahundredyears agothatthepoorowedtheirconditionstotheirignorancelackof responsibilityareoutdated.InallWesternindustrializedcountriesa systemofinsurancehasbeenintroducedwhichguaranteeseveryoneaminimumof subsistence生活维持费incaseofunemploymentsicknessandoldage.Iwouldgoone stepfurtherandarguethateveniftheseconditionsarenotpresenteveryone hastherighttoreceivethemeanstosubsist维持生活inotherwordshecan claimthissubsistenceminimumwithouthavingtohaveanyreason.47I wouldsuggesthoweverthatitshouldbelimitedtoadefiniteperiodoftime let’ssaytwoyearssoastoavoidtheencouragingofanabnormalattitude whichrefusesankindofsocialobligation.Thismaysound likeafantasticproposalbutsoIthinkourinsurancesystemwouldhave soundedtopeopleahundredyearsago.Themainobjectiontosuchaschemewould bethatifeachpersonwereentitledtoreceiveminimumsupportpeoplewould notwork.48Thisassumptionrestsonthefallacyoftheinherentlazinessin humannature;actuallyasidefromabnormallylazypeopletherewouldbevery fewwhowouldnotwanttoearnmorethantheminimumandwhowouldprefertodo nothingratherthanwork.49Howeverthesuspicions againstasystemofguaranteedsubsistenceminimumarenotgroundlessfromthe standpointofthosewhowanttouseownershipofcapitalforthepurposeof forcingotherstoaccepttheworkconditionstheyoffer.Ifnobodywere forcedtoacceptworkinordernottostarveworkwouldhavetobesufficiently interestingandattractivetoinduceonetoacceptit.Freedomofcontractis possibleonlyifbothpartiesarefreetoacceptandrejectit;inthepresent capitalistsystemthisisnotthecase.50Butsuchasystem wouldnotonlybethebeginningofrealfreedomofcontractbetweenemployers andemployees;itsprincipaladvantagewouldbetheimprovementoffreedomin interpersonalrelationshipsineverysphereofdailylife.
Text2 Insciencefictionthereistobefound therecurrentthemeoftheomniscientcomputerwhichultimatelytakesoverthe orderingofhumanlifeandaffairs.IsthispossibleIbelieveisitnot:but alsobelievethattheargumentscommonlyadvancedtorefutethispossibilityare theworngones.Firstitisoftensaidthatcomputersdonotreallythink. ThisIsubmitisnonsense:ifcomputersdonotthinkthennordohumanbeings. ForhowdoIdefinetheprocessofthinkingIpresentdata—sayanexamination paper—toastudentwhichhescanswithaphotoelectricorganwecallaneye thecomputerscansitsdatawithaphotoelectricorganwecallatape-reader. Thereisthenaperiodwhennothingobvioushappensthrough electroencephalogram—forthestudent.Lastlyinformationbasedonthedatais transcribedbymeansofamechanicalorgancalledahandbythestudentanda teleprinterbythecomputer.Inotherwordstheactionsofmanandmachine differonlyintheappliancestheyuse.Secondlyitissaid thatcomputersonlydowhattheyaretoldthattheyhavetobeprogrammedfor everycomputationtheyundertake.ButIdonotbelievethatIwasbornwithan innateabilitytosolvequadraticequationsortoidentifycommonmembersofthe Britainflora:ItoohadtobeprogrammedfortheseactivitiesbutIhappened tocallmyprogrammersbydifferentnamessuchasschoolteacherlectureor professor.Lastlywearetoldthatcomputersunlikehuman beingscannotinterprettheirownresults.Butinterpretationisalwaysofone setofinformationinthelightofanothersetofinformation:itconsists simplyoffindingthejointpatternintwosetsofdata.Themathematicsof doingthisiscumbersomebutwellknown;thecomputerwouldbeperfectlywilling todothejobifasked.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstherecurrentthemeoftheomniscientcomputerwhichwillultimatelytakeovertheorderingofhumanlifeandaffairs
Text1 Allthatwereallyneedtoplotoutthe futureofouruniverseareafewgoodmeasurements.Thisdoesnotmeanthatwe cansitdowntodayandoutlinethefuturecourseoftheuniversewithanything likecertainty.Therearestilltoomanythingswedonotknowaboutthewaythe universeisputtogether.Butwedoknowexactlywhatinformationweneedto fillinourknowledgeandwehaveaprettygoodideaofhowtogoaboutgetting it.Perhapsthebestwaytothinkofourpresentsituationisto imagineatraincomingintoaswitchyard.Alloftheswitchesaresetbeforethe trainarrivessothatitspathiscompletelydetermined.Someswitcheswecan seeotherswecannot.Thereisnoambiguityifwecanseethesettingofa switch:wecansaywithconfidencethatsomepossiblefutureswillnot materializeandotherswill.Attheunseenswitcheshoweverthereisnosuch certainty.Weknowthetrainwilltakeoneofthetracksleadingoutbutwe havenoideawhichone.Theunseenswitchesarethetruedecisionpointsinthe futureandwhathappenswhenwearriveatthemdeterminestheentiresubsequent courseofevents.Whenwethinkaboutthefutureofthe universewecanseeourtrackmanybillionsofyearsintothefuturebut afterthattherearedecisionpointstobedealtwithandpossiblefatesto consider.Thegoalofscienceistoreducetheambiguityatthedecisionpoints andfindthetrueroadthatwillbefollowed.Whatdoestheauthorseeasthefunctionoftheuniverse’sunseenswitches
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