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某页式存储管理系统中，现有P1、P2和P3共3个进程同驻内存。其中，P2有4个页面，被分别装入到主存的第3、4、6、8块中。假定页面和存储块的大小均为1024B，主存容量为10KB。当P2在CPU上运...
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某页式存储管理系统中现有P1P2和P3共3个进程同驻内存其中P2有4个页面被分别装入到主存的第346
系统中有4个进程P1P2P3和P4在某一时刻系统状态如下最大需求量度已分配资源量P174P262P3
安全状态
不安全状态
死锁状态
临界状态
假设系统处于安全状态目前系统剩余资源数量为2下列哪一个进程序列不是安全序列
P1，P2，P3，P4
P2，P3，P4，P1
P3，P1，P2，P4
P4，P3，P2，P1
系统中有4个进程P1P2P3和P4在某一时刻系统状态如下最大需求量度已分配资源量P174P262P3
安全状态
不安全状态
死锁状态
临界状态
假设系统处于安全状态目前系统剩余资源数量为2下列哪一个进程序列不是安全序列______进程已占资源数
P1，P2，P3，P4
P2，P3，P4，P1
P3，P1，P2，P4
P4，P3，P2，P1
该系统状态是安全状态下面哪一个不是安全序列第18～19题基于如下描述设系统中有4个进程P1P2P3和
P4，P1，P3，P2
P4，P2，P1，P3
P4，P3，P1，P2
P4，P3，P2，P1
设系统中有三种类型的资源ABC和五个进程P0P1P2P3P4某时刻的状态如下根据银行家算法可知该时刻
P1,P3,P0,P4,P2
P2,P4,P1,P3,P0
P4,P1,P0,P3,P2
P3,P1,P2,P4,P0
假设系统处于安全状态目前系统剩余资源数量为2下列________进程序列不是安全序列
P1， P2， P3， P4
P2， P3， P4， P1
P3，P1，P2，P4
P4，P3，P2，P1
第18～19题基于如下描述设系统中有4个进程P1P2P3和P4在某一时刻系统状态如下最大需求量已分配
P4，P1，P3，P2
P4，P2，P1，P3
P4，P3，P1，P2
P4，P3，P2，P1
假设系统处于安全状态目前系统剩余资源数量为2下列哪一个进程序列不是安全序列
P1，P2，P3，P4
P2，P3，P4，P1
P3，P1，P2，P4
P4，P3，P2，P1
某系统中有10台打印机有三个进程P1P2P3分别需要8台7台和4台 P1P2P3已申请到4台2台和2
系统中有4个进程P1P2P3和P4在某一时刻系统状态如下最大需求量度已分配资源量P174P262P3
安全状态 不安全状态 死锁状态 临界状态
8分某系统中有10台打印机有三个进程P1P2P3分别 需要8台7台和4台若P1P2P3已申请到4台2
某系统中有三个进程P1P2和P3并发工作其中进程P1运行过程中需使用资源S1和S3进程P2需使用资源
系统中有4个进程P1P2P3和P4在某一时刻系统状态如下最大需求量度已分配资源量P174P262P3
安全状态
不安全状态
死锁状态
临界状态
系统中有4个进程P1P2P3和P4在某一时刻系统状态如下最大需求量度已分配资源量P174P262P3
安全状态
不安全状态
死锁状态
临界状态
某系统正在执行三个进程P1P2和P3各进程的计算CPU时间和I/O时间比例如下表所示 进程 计算时
P1＞P2＞P3
P3＞P2＞P1
P2＞P1=P3
P1＞P2=P3
假设某系统中有三种资源R1R2R3在某时刻系统中共有四个进程进程P1P2P3P4的最大 资源需求数向
有三个进程P1P2和P3并发工作进程P1需要资源S3和资源S1进程P2需要资源S2和资源S1进程P3
有三个进程P1P2和P3并发工作进程P1需要资源S3和资源S1进程P2需要资源S2和资源S1进程P3
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TheaverageAmericandrinksagallonofsodaaweekwhichdeliversroughly1000caloriesandnonutrition.TheaverageAmericanisalsooverweightorobese.Couldchangingoneofthosethingshelpchangetheother Agrowingnumberofofficialsthinksowhichaccountsforaspateofproposednewtaxesonsodaasawaytodiscourageconsumptionwhileatthesametimeraisingmoneytofundotherobesity-fightinginitiatives.Some20statesandcitiesfromNewMexicotoBaltimorecontemplatedsodataxesthisspring. Thereactionagainstthemhasbeenswiftandfierce.InMarchscoresofsoda-companyemployeessportingPepsiCokeand7-UpgearswarmedtheKansasstatesenatetofightaproposalthatwouldhaveaddedapennyintaxforeachteaspoonofsugarinanonjuicedrink.Thatwouldhaveincreasedthepriceofa12-oz.sodabyabout10 andgeneratedsome$90millioninrevenueayear."Ithoughtthisisawisechoice"saysstatesenatorJohnVratilwholikecounterpartsacrossthecountryhasbeenstrugglingtoaddressbotharecession-inducedbudgetgapandrisingpublic-healthcostsstemmingfromobesity.InsteadhegotanearfulabouthowasodataxwouldkilljobsburdenthepoorandconstituteanunwelcomegovernmentintrusionintotheAmericandiet. GovernmentinvolvementinwhatAmericanseatisnothingnew.ButwhytaxsodaandnotsayicecreampizzaorOreos—orforthatmatterthevideogamesthatdiscouragekidsfromgoingoutsidetorunaroundWashingtoncity-councilmemberMaryChehsaysit’sbecausesodaiswherescientistshaveobservedtheclearestlinktoexcesspounds.WhenChehsetouttofundherHealthySchoolsActwhichwouldraisefoodandphysical-educationstandardsatschoolsinD.C.whereabout40%ofkidsareoverweightorobese—shedidn’tknowshe’dwindupgoingaftersoda.Butthedataoverwhelmedher:TheamountofsodathetypicalAmericandrinkshasgrownbyroughly500%overthepast60yearsandofthe250to300caloriesadayAmericanshaveonaverageaddedtotheirdietssincethelate1970snearlyhalfhavecomefromsugareddrinks."Idon’twanttoprescribetaxesforallsortsofdietarychoices"saysCheh"butifweweregoingtoonlytargetonethingtomakeamaterialdifferencesodawouldbeit." Thetougherquestioniswhetherincreasingthepriceofsodawouldinfactreducethenumberofcaloriespeopleconsume.Someresearchindicatestheanswerisyes.Otherresearchleavesroomfordoubt.Thoughstudiesdoshowthata10%increaseinthepriceofsodaleadspeopletopurchaseabout10%lessofitthatdoesn’tnecessarilymeanfolksaren’tmakingupforthosecalorieselsewhere. HowdopeoplefeelaboutsodataxesInApriltheQuinnipiacUniversityPollingInstituteaskedresidentsofNewYorkStateiftheysupportedoropposeda"fattax"onnondietsugaredsoda.Thirty-onepercentwereinfavorand66%wereopposed.Yetwhenaskediftheywouldsupportsuchataxifthemoneyraisedwereusedtofundhealthcarepeoplechangedtheiropinionsdramaticallywith48%infavorandjust49%opposed. AccordingtoParagraph4scientistschosesodafortaxationbecause
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 4
ThisfallthePewResearchCenterinassociationwithTIMEconductedanationwidepollexploringthecontoursofmodernmarriageandthenewAmericanfamily.Andofallthetransformationsourfamilystructureshaveundergoneinthepast50yearsperhapsthemostprofoundisthemarriagedifferentialthathasopenedbetweentherichandthepoor.In1960themedianhouseholdincomeofmarriedadultswas12%higherthanthatofsingleadultsafteradjustingforhouseholdsize.By2008thisgaphadgrownto41%.Inotherwordsthericherandmoreeducatedyouarethemorelikelyyouaretomarryortobemarried—orconverselyifyou’remarriedyou’remorelikelytobewelloff. TobeginthequestionofwhythewealthdisparitybetweenthemarriedandtheunmarriedhasgrownsomuchitmightbeusefultotakealookatthebriefbutillustrativemarriageofgolferGregNormanandtennisstarChrisEvertwhomarriedinJune2008anddivorced15monthslater.Fromallreportstheirunionhadmanyoftheclassichallmarksofmodernpartnerships.Thebrideandgroomhadroughlyequalsuccessintheircareers.Beingwealthysportyandblondtheyhadsimilarinterests. Thisistypicalofthewaymanymarriagesstart.Americansareincreasinglymarryingpeoplewhoareonthesamesocioeconomicandeducationallevel.Sincemorewomenthanmenhavegraduatedfromcollegeforseveraldecadesit’smorelikelythanitusedtobethatamalecollegegraduatewillmeetfallinlovewithwedandsharethesalaryofawomanwithadegree.Women’sadvancesineducationhaveroughlyparalleledthegrowthoftheknowledgeeconomysothesliceofthefamilybaconshebringshomewillbesubstantial. Onthefaceofitthismightexplainwhyfewerpeoplearemarried.Theywanttofinishcollegefirst.In2010themedianageofmengettinghitchedforthefirsttimeis28.2andforwomenit’s26.1.It’sgoneupaboutayeareverydecadesincethe’60s. Buthere’stherub.Inthepasttwodecadespeoplewithonlyahighschooleducationstartedtogetmarriedevenlaterthancollegegraduates.In1990morehigh-school-educatedcouplesthancollegegraduateshadmadeittothealtarbyage30.By2007itwastheotherwayaround.WhathasbroughtabouttheswitchIt’snotanydisparityindesire.AccordingtothePewsurvey46%ofcollegegraduateswanttogetmarriedand44%ofthelesseducateddo. Promisingpubliclytobesomeone’spartnerforlifeusedtobesomethingpeopledidtolaythefoundationoftheirindependentlife.Itwasthedeclarationofadulthood.Nowit’smoreofafinishingtouchthelastbrickintheedificesociologistsbelieve.Marriageisthecapstoneforboththecollege-educatedandthelesswelleducated"saysJohnsHopkins’Cherlin."Thecollege-educatedwaituntilthey’refinishedwiththeireducationandtheircareersarelaunched.Thelesseducatedwaituntiltheyfeelcomfortablefinancially."Butthatcomfortkeepsgettingmoreelusive."Thelossofdecent-payingjobsthatahigh-school-educatedmanorwomancouldgetmakesitdifficultforthemtogetandstaymarried"saysCherlin.Astheknowledgeeconomyhasovertakenthemanufacturingeconomycouplesinwhichbothpartners’jobopportunitiesaredisappearingaredoublydisadvantaged.Sotheywaittogetmarried. WhichofthefollowingphrasesisNOTthesynonymofgetmarried
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 2
[A]SharetheResponsibility [B]KeepYourReceipts [C]CutBadHabits [D]BalanceYourCheckbook [E]RemainFlexible [F]PayDownDebt [G]FocusonSavings Youhaveabigexpensecomingup.Youneedabettercarorabiggerhomeoryouwanttogobacktocollege.WhatdoyoudoBorrowborrowborrow——rightWellmaybenot.Ifyou’vecreatedabudgetyouknowexactlyhowmuchmoneyyouhavecominginandhowmuchisgoingout.Youcanmakesomeplansconcerningthatbigexpense.Butifyoudon’thaveabudgetplanyouprobablydon’thaveaverygoodpictureofyourfinancesandyoumaybetemptedtoborrowmoremoneyratherthansqueezingallyoucanfromyourincome.It’sdefinitelybetterinthelongrun——foryouandforyourmoney——tohaveabudget. 41.______ Bynowyou’vesetupyourbudget.Youknowhowmuchmoneyyouhave.Butyoucouldstillusesomehelpstayingonbudget.Herearesometipsthatcanhelpyousticktoyourbudgetandgetaheadonthatmajorpurchase.Determinetheamountofyourbudgetthatyoucanaffordtosaveeachmonth.Haveitdirect-depositedtoyoursavingsaccountortoyourmutualfund.Whereveryoudecidetokeepyoursavingsmakesureyouputmoneyintoiteverymonth.Thatsavingswillmakeabigdifferenceforyoulater. 42.______ Whetherit’salcoholortobaccoifyouusemuchofeitheryouknowhowexpensivebadhabitscanbe.Stopsmokinganddrinkingandputthebeer/cigarettemoneytowardyourotherexpenses.You’llseeyourbillscomedown——andfeelyourhealthimprove——innotime.You’llalsosaveonhealthcareexpensesdowntheroadandyoumaybecomeeligibleforlowerinsurancepremiums. 43.______ Makesureyou’renottheonlymemberofyourhouseholdconcernedaboutyourbudget.Ifyou’reworkinghardtosavemoneybutyourspouseisoutspendingyouintodebtyou’refightingalosingbattle.Sitdowntogetherandmakeaplantodeterminehowmuchspendingmoneyyoushouldeachhave.Thencheckineveryweektoseehowwellyou’redoing.Iftheentirefamilysharestheresponsibilityforthebudgeteveryonecancutbackjustalittleandmakeabigdifference.Onepersonshouldn’thavetoshouldertheentireburdenalone. 44.______ Ifyouhavecreditcarddebtyoumayfeellikeit’sgoingtotakeforevertopayitoff.Butyoucangetaheadbychoosingonecard——ideallytheonewiththehighestinterestrate——andpayingasmuchasyoucanoniteverymonth.Ifyouhaveothercardspaytheminimumbalanceonthoseuntilyou’vepaidoffthefirstcard.Thenchoosethenextcardandpayextraonitwhileyoupayminimumsontheothers.Ifyoupayonlytheminimumsonallyourcardsyou’llbepayingalotmoreininterestthanyoumayrealize. 45.______ Youprobablymonitoredyourexpensesforseveralweekstomakeabudget.Oncethebudgetismadethoughitcanbetemptingtostopkeepingupwitheverylittleexpense.Butkeepingtrackreallycanhelpyousticktoyourbudget.Saveyourreceiptsandwritedowntheplacesyouspendmoney.You’llbelesslikelytooverspendifyourealizehowmuchmoneyhasactuallygonethroughyourhands. 44
下面关于存储管理的叙述中正确的是
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 18
Imagineaworldwhereyourdoctorcouldhelpyouavoidsicknessusingknowledgeofyourgenesaswellashowyouliveyourlife.Orwherehewouldprescribedrugsheknewwouldworkandnothavedebilitatingside-effects. Suchafutureisarrivingfasterthanmostrealise:genetictestsarealreadywidelyusedtoidentifypatientswhowillbehelpedorharmedbycertaindrugs.Andthreeyearsagointhefaceofatorrentofnewscientificdataanumberofnewcompaniessetthemselvesuptointerpretthisinformationforcustomers.ThroughshopfrontsontheinternetanyonecouldorderatestingkitspitintoatubeandsendofftheirDNA—withresultsdownloadedprivatelyathome.Alreadycustomerscanfindouttheirresponsetomanycommonmedicationssuchasantiviralsandblood-thinningagents.Theycanalsoexploretheirgeneticlikelihoodofdevelopingdeep-veinthrombosisskincancerorglaucoma. Theindustryhasbeensubjecttoconflictingcriticisms.Ontheonehanditstandsaccusedofofferinginformationtoodangeroustotrusttoconsumers;ontheotheritischargedwithpeddlingirrelevantmisleadingnonsense.ForsomeraredisorderssuchasHuntington’sandTay-Sachsgeneticinformationisadiagnosis.Butmostdiseasesaremorecomplicatedandinvolveseveralgenesoranenvironmentalcomponentorboth.Someone’schanceofgettingskincancerforexamplewilldependonwhetherheworshipsthesunaswellasonhisgenes. America’sGovernmentAccountabilityOfficeGAOreportalsorevealedwhattheindustryhasopenlyadmittedforyears:thatresultsofdisease-predictiontestsfromdifferentcompaniessometimesconflictwithoneanotherbecausethereisnoindustry-wideagreementonstandardlifetimerisks. GovernmentshatethissortofanarchyandAmerica’sinparticularisconsideringregulation.Butthreethingsargueagainstwholesaleregulation.Firstthelevelofinterferenceneedstobebasedonthelevelofriskatestrepresents.Thegovernmentdoesnotneedtobeinvolvedifsomeonedecidestotracehisancestryordiscoverwhattypeofearwaxhehas.Secondthelawsonfraudshouldbesufficienttodealwiththesnake-oilsalesmenwhopromisetopredictsaywhetherachildmightbeasportingchampion.Andthirdscienceischangingveryfast.Fairlysoonacustomer’swholegenomewillbesequencednotmerelythepartsthoughttobemedicallyrelevantthatthetestingcompaniesnowconcentrateonandhewillthenbeabletocranktheresultsthroughopen-sourceinterpretationsoftwaredownloadablefromanywhereontheplanet.Thatwillcreateproblemsbuttheonlywaytostopthathappeningwouldbetomakeitillegalforsomeonetohavehisgenomesequenced—andnobodyisseriouslysuggestingthatilliberalrestriction. Insteadthenofreactinginahostilefashiontothetrendforpeopletotakegenetictestsgovernmentsshouldbeaskingthemselveshowtheycanmakebestuseofthisnewsourceofinformation.Restrictingaccesstoteststhatinformpeopleaboutbadreactionstodrugscoulddoharm.Therealquestionisnotwhocontrolsaccessbuthowtominimisetherisksandmaximisetherewardsofausefulrevolution. Theauthorseemstosuggestthattherestrictionprohibitingcustomersfromhavingtheirgenomesequencedis
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 20
Therelentlessmarchoftechnologyintoeverydaylifehasalwaysgivenrisetodebateaboutwhetheritisagoodorabadthing.SomebelievethattheInternetandcomputersoftwarearemakinghumansmorestupidorshallow.Butothersarguethatcomputerprogramsintheformofvideogamescanmakepeoplesmarterorimprovespecificskillssuchasspatialawareness. ShawnGreenandAlexandrePougetfromtheUniversityofRochesterinNewYorkstatesetouttofindananswer.TheirstudyreportedinCurrentBiologyinvolvedanumberofexperiments.Inonetheparticipantshadtowatch12dotsmovingrandomlyonascreenandquicklyassesstheiraggregatedirectionofmovement.Anothertestaskedparticipantstoworkoutthedirectionofspecificsoundsembeddedwithinstereowhitenoise.Inbothteststhevideo-garnersdidbetter.Howeverthescientistswereawarethatgamerscouldhavebeenbornwithimprovedabilitiestoperformsuchtaskswhichwerepossiblywhatattractedthemtogaminginthefirstplace.Consequentlyathirdtestwasnecessarytoseeiftheseabilitiescouldhavebeenlearnt. Thenon-gamingvolunteerswereputthrough50hoursofvideo-gametraining.Forsomethisinvolvedplayingfast-actionshoot-em-upgamessuchas"CallofDuty2"and"UnrealTournament"butothersweregivenaslow-movinglife-strategygame"TheSims2".Theresearchersfoundthatthosetrainedwithactiongamesraisedtheirperformancetotheleveloftheexperiencedgarners.MoreovertheyweremoreefficientintheiruseofvisualorauditoryevidencethanthoseplayingwiththeSims. Theresearchersconcludethatfastactionvideo-gamesplayersdevelopanenhancedsensitivitytowhatisgoingonaroundthemandthatthismayhelpwithactivitiessuchasmultitaskingdrivingreadingsmallprintnavigationandkeepingtrackoffriendsorchildreninacrowd.Thepreciseneuralmechanismforthiseffecthoweverisstillunknown. Whatisknownisthatpeoplemakedecisionsbasedonprobabilitiesthatareconstantlybeingcalculatedandrefinedintheirheads—somethingcalled"probabilisticinference".Thebraincollectssmallpiecesofinformationeventuallygatheringenoughtomakeanaccuratedecision.Whendrivingacarforexamplemanyprobabilitieswillbecollatedtomakedecisionssuchaswhetherornottobrake.Themoreefficientsomeoneisatcollectingvisualandauditoryinformationthefasterhecanreachthethresholdneededtomakeadecision. ShawnGreenAlexandrePougetsuggestthatreactiontimesinthepopulationwillprobablyimprovewiththeriseoffast-actionvideo-games.Therearealotofplayers:lastyearareportestimatedthat67%ofAmericanhouseholdscontainedatleastonevideo-gamer.Andifvideo-gamersarereallybetterequippedtomakequickdecisionstheymightalsoturnouttobebetterdriversandendupinfeweraccidents.Howeverthenotionthatgamersacquiresomeminorphysicalskillsmaynotpacifyconcernedparents.Whatafteralloftheskillstheyarenotacquiringwhenshootingvirtualcopsinsteadofreadingortalking Itissuggestedinthelastparagraghthatviedo-gamers’parentswillShawnGreenandAlexandrePouget’sfindings
Imagineaworldwhereyourdoctorcouldhelpyouavoidsicknessusingknowledgeofyourgenesaswellashowyouliveyourlife.Orwherehewouldprescribedrugsheknewwouldworkandnothavedebilitatingside-effects. Suchafutureisarrivingfasterthanmostrealise:genetictestsarealreadywidelyusedtoidentifypatientswhowillbehelpedorharmedbycertaindrugs.Andthreeyearsagointhefaceofatorrentofnewscientificdataanumberofnewcompaniessetthemselvesuptointerpretthisinformationforcustomers.ThroughshopfrontsontheinternetanyonecouldorderatestingkitspitintoatubeandsendofftheirDNA—withresultsdownloadedprivatelyathome.Alreadycustomerscanfindouttheirresponsetomanycommonmedicationssuchasantiviralsandblood-thinningagents.Theycanalsoexploretheirgeneticlikelihoodofdevelopingdeep-veinthrombosisskincancerorglaucoma. Theindustryhasbeensubjecttoconflictingcriticisms.Ontheonehanditstandsaccusedofofferinginformationtoodangeroustotrusttoconsumers;ontheotheritischargedwithpeddlingirrelevantmisleadingnonsense.ForsomeraredisorderssuchasHuntington’sandTay-Sachsgeneticinformationisadiagnosis.Butmostdiseasesaremorecomplicatedandinvolveseveralgenesoranenvironmentalcomponentorboth.Someone’schanceofgettingskincancerforexamplewilldependonwhetherheworshipsthesunaswellasonhisgenes. America’sGovernmentAccountabilityOfficeGAOreportalsorevealedwhattheindustryhasopenlyadmittedforyears:thatresultsofdisease-predictiontestsfromdifferentcompaniessometimesconflictwithoneanotherbecausethereisnoindustry-wideagreementonstandardlifetimerisks. GovernmentshatethissortofanarchyandAmerica’sinparticularisconsideringregulation.Butthreethingsargueagainstwholesaleregulation.Firstthelevelofinterferenceneedstobebasedonthelevelofriskatestrepresents.Thegovernmentdoesnotneedtobeinvolvedifsomeonedecidestotracehisancestryordiscoverwhattypeofearwaxhehas.Secondthelawsonfraudshouldbesufficienttodealwiththesnake-oilsalesmenwhopromisetopredictsaywhetherachildmightbeasportingchampion.Andthirdscienceischangingveryfast.Fairlysoonacustomer’swholegenomewillbesequencednotmerelythepartsthoughttobemedicallyrelevantthatthetestingcompaniesnowconcentrateonandhewillthenbeabletocranktheresultsthroughopen-sourceinterpretationsoftwaredownloadablefromanywhereontheplanet.Thatwillcreateproblemsbuttheonlywaytostopthathappeningwouldbetomakeitillegalforsomeonetohavehisgenomesequenced—andnobodyisseriouslysuggestingthatilliberalrestriction. Insteadthenofreactinginahostilefashiontothetrendforpeopletotakegenetictestsgovernmentsshouldbeaskingthemselveshowtheycanmakebestuseofthisnewsourceofinformation.Restrictingaccesstoteststhatinformpeopleaboutbadreactionstodrugscoulddoharm.Therealquestionisnotwhocontrolsaccessbuthowtominimisetherisksandmaximisetherewardsofausefulrevolution. Accordingtotheauthorwhatshouldthegovernmentdoaboutgenetictest
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 16
SignsofAmericanculturerangingfromfastfoodtoHollywoodmoviescanbeseenaroundtheworld.ButnowanthropologistshavediscoveredafarmoretroublingculturalexportfromtheUnitedStates—stigmaagainstfatpeople.NegativeperceptionsaboutpeoplewhoareoverweightarebecomingtheculturalnorminmanycountriesaccordingtoanewreportinthejournalCurrentAnthropology.47AlthoughsomeoftheshiftinthinkinglikelyisexplainedbyidealizedslimbodyimagespromotedinAmericanadvertisingandHollywoodmoviestheemergenceoffatstigmaaroundtheworldmayalsoresultfrompublichealtheffortstopromoteobesityasadiseaseandaworrisomethreattoanation’shealth.ResearchersfromArizonaStateUniversityDr.Brewisandhercolleaguesrecentlycompletedamulticountrystudyintendedtogiveasnapshotoftheinternationalzeitgeistaboutweightandbodyimage.48Theresearcherselicitedanswersoftrueorfalsetostatementswithvaryingdegreesoffatstigmatization.ThefatstigmatestincludedstatementslikePeopleareoverweightbecausetheyarelazyandFatpeoplearefatedtobefat.UsingmostlyinpersoninterviewssupplementedwithquestionsposedovertheInternettheytestedattitudesamong700peoplein10countriesterritoriesandcities.Thefindingsweretroubling.Dr.BrewissaidshefullyexpectedhighlevelsoffatstigmatoshowupintheAnglospherecountriesincludingtheUnitedStatesEnglandandNewZealandaswellasinbodyconsciousArgentina.49ButwhatshedidnotexpectwashowstronglypeopleintherestofthetestingsitesthathavehistoricallyheldmorepositiveviewsoflargerbodiesincludingPuertoRicoandAmericanSamoaexpressednegativeattitudesaboutweight.TheresultsDr.Brewissaidsuggestasurprisinglyrapidglobalizationoffatstigma.Tobesurejokesandnegativeperceptionsaboutweighthavebeenaroundforages.Butwhatappearstohavechangedmostisthelevelofcriticismandblameleveledatpeoplewhoareoverweight.50Onereasonmaybethatpublichealthcampaignsbrandingobesityasadiseasearesometimesperceivedasbeingcriticalofindividualsratherthantheenvironmentalandsocialfactorsthatleadtoweightgain.Ofallthethingswecouldbeexportingtohelppeoplearoundtheworldreallynegativebodyimageandlowself-esteemarenotwhatwehopeisgoingoutwithpublichealthmessaging.Dr.Brewissaid.Dr.Brewisnotesthatfarmorestudyisneededtodeterminetheextentoffatstigmaandwhetherpeoplewereexperiencingmoresocialorworkplacediscriminationasaresultofthegrowingfatstigma.Ithinkthenextbigquestioniswhetherit’sgoingtocreatealotofnewsufferingwheresufferingdidn’texistbeforeDr.Brewissaid.Ithinkit’simportantthatwethinkaboutdesigninghealthmessagesaroundobesitythatdon’texacerbatetheproblem./
Imagineaworldwhereyourdoctorcouldhelpyouavoidsicknessusingknowledgeofyourgenesaswellashowyouliveyourlife.Orwherehewouldprescribedrugsheknewwouldworkandnothavedebilitatingside-effects. Suchafutureisarrivingfasterthanmostrealise:genetictestsarealreadywidelyusedtoidentifypatientswhowillbehelpedorharmedbycertaindrugs.Andthreeyearsagointhefaceofatorrentofnewscientificdataanumberofnewcompaniessetthemselvesuptointerpretthisinformationforcustomers.ThroughshopfrontsontheinternetanyonecouldorderatestingkitspitintoatubeandsendofftheirDNA—withresultsdownloadedprivatelyathome.Alreadycustomerscanfindouttheirresponsetomanycommonmedicationssuchasantiviralsandblood-thinningagents.Theycanalsoexploretheirgeneticlikelihoodofdevelopingdeep-veinthrombosisskincancerorglaucoma. Theindustryhasbeensubjecttoconflictingcriticisms.Ontheonehanditstandsaccusedofofferinginformationtoodangeroustotrusttoconsumers;ontheotheritischargedwithpeddlingirrelevantmisleadingnonsense.ForsomeraredisorderssuchasHuntington’sandTay-Sachsgeneticinformationisadiagnosis.Butmostdiseasesaremorecomplicatedandinvolveseveralgenesoranenvironmentalcomponentorboth.Someone’schanceofgettingskincancerforexamplewilldependonwhetherheworshipsthesunaswellasonhisgenes. America’sGovernmentAccountabilityOfficeGAOreportalsorevealedwhattheindustryhasopenlyadmittedforyears:thatresultsofdisease-predictiontestsfromdifferentcompaniessometimesconflictwithoneanotherbecausethereisnoindustry-wideagreementonstandardlifetimerisks. GovernmentshatethissortofanarchyandAmerica’sinparticularisconsideringregulation.Butthreethingsargueagainstwholesaleregulation.Firstthelevelofinterferenceneedstobebasedonthelevelofriskatestrepresents.Thegovernmentdoesnotneedtobeinvolvedifsomeonedecidestotracehisancestryordiscoverwhattypeofearwaxhehas.Secondthelawsonfraudshouldbesufficienttodealwiththesnake-oilsalesmenwhopromisetopredictsaywhetherachildmightbeasportingchampion.Andthirdscienceischangingveryfast.Fairlysoonacustomer’swholegenomewillbesequencednotmerelythepartsthoughttobemedicallyrelevantthatthetestingcompaniesnowconcentrateonandhewillthenbeabletocranktheresultsthroughopen-sourceinterpretationsoftwaredownloadablefromanywhereontheplanet.Thatwillcreateproblemsbuttheonlywaytostopthathappeningwouldbetomakeitillegalforsomeonetohavehisgenomesequenced—andnobodyisseriouslysuggestingthatilliberalrestriction. Insteadthenofreactinginahostilefashiontothetrendforpeopletotakegenetictestsgovernmentsshouldbeaskingthemselveshowtheycanmakebestuseofthisnewsourceofinformation.Restrictingaccesstoteststhatinformpeopleaboutbadreactionstodrugscoulddoharm.Therealquestionisnotwhocontrolsaccessbuthowtominimisetherisksandmaximisetherewardsofausefulrevolution. Currentgenetictestsareableto
Therelentlessmarchoftechnologyintoeverydaylifehasalwaysgivenrisetodebateaboutwhetheritisagoodorabadthing.SomebelievethattheInternetandcomputersoftwarearemakinghumansmorestupidorshallow.Butothersarguethatcomputerprogramsintheformofvideogamescanmakepeoplesmarterorimprovespecificskillssuchasspatialawareness. ShawnGreenandAlexandrePougetfromtheUniversityofRochesterinNewYorkstatesetouttofindananswer.TheirstudyreportedinCurrentBiologyinvolvedanumberofexperiments.Inonetheparticipantshadtowatch12dotsmovingrandomlyonascreenandquicklyassesstheiraggregatedirectionofmovement.Anothertestaskedparticipantstoworkoutthedirectionofspecificsoundsembeddedwithinstereowhitenoise.Inbothteststhevideo-garnersdidbetter.Howeverthescientistswereawarethatgamerscouldhavebeenbornwithimprovedabilitiestoperformsuchtaskswhichwerepossiblywhatattractedthemtogaminginthefirstplace.Consequentlyathirdtestwasnecessarytoseeiftheseabilitiescouldhavebeenlearnt. Thenon-gamingvolunteerswereputthrough50hoursofvideo-gametraining.Forsomethisinvolvedplayingfast-actionshoot-em-upgamessuchas"CallofDuty2"and"UnrealTournament"butothersweregivenaslow-movinglife-strategygame"TheSims2".Theresearchersfoundthatthosetrainedwithactiongamesraisedtheirperformancetotheleveloftheexperiencedgarners.MoreovertheyweremoreefficientintheiruseofvisualorauditoryevidencethanthoseplayingwiththeSims. Theresearchersconcludethatfastactionvideo-gamesplayersdevelopanenhancedsensitivitytowhatisgoingonaroundthemandthatthismayhelpwithactivitiessuchasmultitaskingdrivingreadingsmallprintnavigationandkeepingtrackoffriendsorchildreninacrowd.Thepreciseneuralmechanismforthiseffecthoweverisstillunknown. Whatisknownisthatpeoplemakedecisionsbasedonprobabilitiesthatareconstantlybeingcalculatedandrefinedintheirheads—somethingcalled"probabilisticinference".Thebraincollectssmallpiecesofinformationeventuallygatheringenoughtomakeanaccuratedecision.Whendrivingacarforexamplemanyprobabilitieswillbecollatedtomakedecisionssuchaswhetherornottobrake.Themoreefficientsomeoneisatcollectingvisualandauditoryinformationthefasterhecanreachthethresholdneededtomakeadecision. ShawnGreenAlexandrePougetsuggestthatreactiontimesinthepopulationwillprobablyimprovewiththeriseoffast-actionvideo-games.Therearealotofplayers:lastyearareportestimatedthat67%ofAmericanhouseholdscontainedatleastonevideo-gamer.Andifvideo-gamersarereallybetterequippedtomakequickdecisionstheymightalsoturnouttobebetterdriversandendupinfeweraccidents.Howeverthenotionthatgamersacquiresomeminorphysicalskillsmaynotpacifyconcernedparents.Whatafteralloftheskillstheyarenotacquiringwhenshootingvirtualcopsinsteadofreadingortalking Theconclusiondrawnbyresearchersisthat
TheaverageAmericandrinksagallonofsodaaweekwhichdeliversroughly1000caloriesandnonutrition.TheaverageAmericanisalsooverweightorobese.Couldchangingoneofthosethingshelpchangetheother Agrowingnumberofofficialsthinksowhichaccountsforaspateofproposednewtaxesonsodaasawaytodiscourageconsumptionwhileatthesametimeraisingmoneytofundotherobesity-fightinginitiatives.Some20statesandcitiesfromNewMexicotoBaltimorecontemplatedsodataxesthisspring. Thereactionagainstthemhasbeenswiftandfierce.InMarchscoresofsoda-companyemployeessportingPepsiCokeand7-UpgearswarmedtheKansasstatesenatetofightaproposalthatwouldhaveaddedapennyintaxforeachteaspoonofsugarinanonjuicedrink.Thatwouldhaveincreasedthepriceofa12-oz.sodabyabout10 andgeneratedsome$90millioninrevenueayear."Ithoughtthisisawisechoice"saysstatesenatorJohnVratilwholikecounterpartsacrossthecountryhasbeenstrugglingtoaddressbotharecession-inducedbudgetgapandrisingpublic-healthcostsstemmingfromobesity.InsteadhegotanearfulabouthowasodataxwouldkilljobsburdenthepoorandconstituteanunwelcomegovernmentintrusionintotheAmericandiet. GovernmentinvolvementinwhatAmericanseatisnothingnew.ButwhytaxsodaandnotsayicecreampizzaorOreos—orforthatmatterthevideogamesthatdiscouragekidsfromgoingoutsidetorunaroundWashingtoncity-councilmemberMaryChehsaysit’sbecausesodaiswherescientistshaveobservedtheclearestlinktoexcesspounds.WhenChehsetouttofundherHealthySchoolsActwhichwouldraisefoodandphysical-educationstandardsatschoolsinD.C.whereabout40%ofkidsareoverweightorobese—shedidn’tknowshe’dwindupgoingaftersoda.Butthedataoverwhelmedher:TheamountofsodathetypicalAmericandrinkshasgrownbyroughly500%overthepast60yearsandofthe250to300caloriesadayAmericanshaveonaverageaddedtotheirdietssincethelate1970snearlyhalfhavecomefromsugareddrinks."Idon’twanttoprescribetaxesforallsortsofdietarychoices"saysCheh"butifweweregoingtoonlytargetonethingtomakeamaterialdifferencesodawouldbeit." Thetougherquestioniswhetherincreasingthepriceofsodawouldinfactreducethenumberofcaloriespeopleconsume.Someresearchindicatestheanswerisyes.Otherresearchleavesroomfordoubt.Thoughstudiesdoshowthata10%increaseinthepriceofsodaleadspeopletopurchaseabout10%lessofitthatdoesn’tnecessarilymeanfolksaren’tmakingupforthosecalorieselsewhere. HowdopeoplefeelaboutsodataxesInApriltheQuinnipiacUniversityPollingInstituteaskedresidentsofNewYorkStateiftheysupportedoropposeda"fattax"onnondietsugaredsoda.Thirty-onepercentwereinfavorand66%wereopposed.Yetwhenaskediftheywouldsupportsuchataxifthemoneyraisedwereusedtofundhealthcarepeoplechangedtheiropinionsdramaticallywith48%infavorandjust49%opposed. Accordingtothepollinthelastparagraphcitizens’attitudetowardsodataxis
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 8
TheaverageAmericandrinksagallonofsodaaweekwhichdeliversroughly1000caloriesandnonutrition.TheaverageAmericanisalsooverweightorobese.Couldchangingoneofthosethingshelpchangetheother Agrowingnumberofofficialsthinksowhichaccountsforaspateofproposednewtaxesonsodaasawaytodiscourageconsumptionwhileatthesametimeraisingmoneytofundotherobesity-fightinginitiatives.Some20statesandcitiesfromNewMexicotoBaltimorecontemplatedsodataxesthisspring. Thereactionagainstthemhasbeenswiftandfierce.InMarchscoresofsoda-companyemployeessportingPepsiCokeand7-UpgearswarmedtheKansasstatesenatetofightaproposalthatwouldhaveaddedapennyintaxforeachteaspoonofsugarinanonjuicedrink.Thatwouldhaveincreasedthepriceofa12-oz.sodabyabout10 andgeneratedsome$90millioninrevenueayear."Ithoughtthisisawisechoice"saysstatesenatorJohnVratilwholikecounterpartsacrossthecountryhasbeenstrugglingtoaddressbotharecession-inducedbudgetgapandrisingpublic-healthcostsstemmingfromobesity.InsteadhegotanearfulabouthowasodataxwouldkilljobsburdenthepoorandconstituteanunwelcomegovernmentintrusionintotheAmericandiet. GovernmentinvolvementinwhatAmericanseatisnothingnew.ButwhytaxsodaandnotsayicecreampizzaorOreos—orforthatmatterthevideogamesthatdiscouragekidsfromgoingoutsidetorunaroundWashingtoncity-councilmemberMaryChehsaysit’sbecausesodaiswherescientistshaveobservedtheclearestlinktoexcesspounds.WhenChehsetouttofundherHealthySchoolsActwhichwouldraisefoodandphysical-educationstandardsatschoolsinD.C.whereabout40%ofkidsareoverweightorobese—shedidn’tknowshe’dwindupgoingaftersoda.Butthedataoverwhelmedher:TheamountofsodathetypicalAmericandrinkshasgrownbyroughly500%overthepast60yearsandofthe250to300caloriesadayAmericanshaveonaverageaddedtotheirdietssincethelate1970snearlyhalfhavecomefromsugareddrinks."Idon’twanttoprescribetaxesforallsortsofdietarychoices"saysCheh"butifweweregoingtoonlytargetonethingtomakeamaterialdifferencesodawouldbeit." Thetougherquestioniswhetherincreasingthepriceofsodawouldinfactreducethenumberofcaloriespeopleconsume.Someresearchindicatestheanswerisyes.Otherresearchleavesroomfordoubt.Thoughstudiesdoshowthata10%increaseinthepriceofsodaleadspeopletopurchaseabout10%lessofitthatdoesn’tnecessarilymeanfolksaren’tmakingupforthosecalorieselsewhere. HowdopeoplefeelaboutsodataxesInApriltheQuinnipiacUniversityPollingInstituteaskedresidentsofNewYorkStateiftheysupportedoropposeda"fattax"onnondietsugaredsoda.Thirty-onepercentwereinfavorand66%wereopposed.Yetwhenaskediftheywouldsupportsuchataxifthemoneyraisedwereusedtofundhealthcarepeoplechangedtheiropinionsdramaticallywith48%infavorandjust49%opposed. TheofficialsproposednewtaxesonsodaforallthesepurposesExcept
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbyitandthen 3giveyourpointsofview. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
ThisfallthePewResearchCenterinassociationwithTIMEconductedanationwidepollexploringthecontoursofmodernmarriageandthenewAmericanfamily.Andofallthetransformationsourfamilystructureshaveundergoneinthepast50yearsperhapsthemostprofoundisthemarriagedifferentialthathasopenedbetweentherichandthepoor.In1960themedianhouseholdincomeofmarriedadultswas12%higherthanthatofsingleadultsafteradjustingforhouseholdsize.By2008thisgaphadgrownto41%.Inotherwordsthericherandmoreeducatedyouarethemorelikelyyouaretomarryortobemarried—orconverselyifyou’remarriedyou’remorelikelytobewelloff. TobeginthequestionofwhythewealthdisparitybetweenthemarriedandtheunmarriedhasgrownsomuchitmightbeusefultotakealookatthebriefbutillustrativemarriageofgolferGregNormanandtennisstarChrisEvertwhomarriedinJune2008anddivorced15monthslater.Fromallreportstheirunionhadmanyoftheclassichallmarksofmodernpartnerships.Thebrideandgroomhadroughlyequalsuccessintheircareers.Beingwealthysportyandblondtheyhadsimilarinterests. Thisistypicalofthewaymanymarriagesstart.Americansareincreasinglymarryingpeoplewhoareonthesamesocioeconomicandeducationallevel.Sincemorewomenthanmenhavegraduatedfromcollegeforseveraldecadesit’smorelikelythanitusedtobethatamalecollegegraduatewillmeetfallinlovewithwedandsharethesalaryofawomanwithadegree.Women’sadvancesineducationhaveroughlyparalleledthegrowthoftheknowledgeeconomysothesliceofthefamilybaconshebringshomewillbesubstantial. Onthefaceofitthismightexplainwhyfewerpeoplearemarried.Theywanttofinishcollegefirst.In2010themedianageofmengettinghitchedforthefirsttimeis28.2andforwomenit’s26.1.It’sgoneupaboutayeareverydecadesincethe’60s. Buthere’stherub.Inthepasttwodecadespeoplewithonlyahighschooleducationstartedtogetmarriedevenlaterthancollegegraduates.In1990morehigh-school-educatedcouplesthancollegegraduateshadmadeittothealtarbyage30.By2007itwastheotherwayaround.WhathasbroughtabouttheswitchIt’snotanydisparityindesire.AccordingtothePewsurvey46%ofcollegegraduateswanttogetmarriedand44%ofthelesseducateddo. Promisingpubliclytobesomeone’spartnerforlifeusedtobesomethingpeopledidtolaythefoundationoftheirindependentlife.Itwasthedeclarationofadulthood.Nowit’smoreofafinishingtouchthelastbrickintheedificesociologistsbelieve.Marriageisthecapstoneforboththecollege-educatedandthelesswelleducated"saysJohnsHopkins’Cherlin."Thecollege-educatedwaituntilthey’refinishedwiththeireducationandtheircareersarelaunched.Thelesseducatedwaituntiltheyfeelcomfortablefinancially."Butthatcomfortkeepsgettingmoreelusive."Thelossofdecent-payingjobsthatahigh-school-educatedmanorwomancouldgetmakesitdifficultforthemtogetandstaymarried"saysCherlin.Astheknowledgeeconomyhasovertakenthemanufacturingeconomycouplesinwhichbothpartners’jobopportunitiesaredisappearingaredoublydisadvantaged.Sotheywaittogetmarried. Whichofthefollowingmaybeagreedbothbythewell-educatedandless-educatednowadays
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 6
SignsofAmericanculturerangingfromfastfoodtoHollywoodmoviescanbeseenaroundtheworld.ButnowanthropologistshavediscoveredafarmoretroublingculturalexportfromtheUnitedStates—stigmaagainstfatpeople.NegativeperceptionsaboutpeoplewhoareoverweightarebecomingtheculturalnorminmanycountriesaccordingtoanewreportinthejournalCurrentAnthropology.47AlthoughsomeoftheshiftinthinkinglikelyisexplainedbyidealizedslimbodyimagespromotedinAmericanadvertisingandHollywoodmoviestheemergenceoffatstigmaaroundtheworldmayalsoresultfrompublichealtheffortstopromoteobesityasadiseaseandaworrisomethreattoanation’shealth.ResearchersfromArizonaStateUniversityDr.Brewisandhercolleaguesrecentlycompletedamulticountrystudyintendedtogiveasnapshotoftheinternationalzeitgeistaboutweightandbodyimage.48Theresearcherselicitedanswersoftrueorfalsetostatementswithvaryingdegreesoffatstigmatization.ThefatstigmatestincludedstatementslikePeopleareoverweightbecausetheyarelazyandFatpeoplearefatedtobefat.UsingmostlyinpersoninterviewssupplementedwithquestionsposedovertheInternettheytestedattitudesamong700peoplein10countriesterritoriesandcities.Thefindingsweretroubling.Dr.BrewissaidshefullyexpectedhighlevelsoffatstigmatoshowupintheAnglospherecountriesincludingtheUnitedStatesEnglandandNewZealandaswellasinbodyconsciousArgentina.49ButwhatshedidnotexpectwashowstronglypeopleintherestofthetestingsitesthathavehistoricallyheldmorepositiveviewsoflargerbodiesincludingPuertoRicoandAmericanSamoaexpressednegativeattitudesaboutweight.TheresultsDr.Brewissaidsuggestasurprisinglyrapidglobalizationoffatstigma.Tobesurejokesandnegativeperceptionsaboutweighthavebeenaroundforages.Butwhatappearstohavechangedmostisthelevelofcriticismandblameleveledatpeoplewhoareoverweight.50Onereasonmaybethatpublichealthcampaignsbrandingobesityasadiseasearesometimesperceivedasbeingcriticalofindividualsratherthantheenvironmentalandsocialfactorsthatleadtoweightgain.Ofallthethingswecouldbeexportingtohelppeoplearoundtheworldreallynegativebodyimageandlowself-esteemarenotwhatwehopeisgoingoutwithpublichealthmessaging.Dr.Brewissaid.Dr.Brewisnotesthatfarmorestudyisneededtodeterminetheextentoffatstigmaandwhetherpeoplewereexperiencingmoresocialorworkplacediscriminationasaresultofthegrowingfatstigma.Ithinkthenextbigquestioniswhetherit’sgoingtocreatealotofnewsufferingwheresufferingdidn’texistbeforeDr.Brewissaid.Ithinkit’simportantthatwethinkaboutdesigninghealthmessagesaroundobesitythatdon’texacerbatetheproblem./
LongbeforetheneweconomymadecatchwordsofspeedcustomizationsupplychainmanagementandinformationsharingSpanishclothingretailerZarawascarryingoutarevolutionofitsown.46Bytranslatingthelatesttrendsintodesignsthataremanufacturedinlessthan15days—anddeliveringthemtoitsstorestwiceaweek—Zarapioneeredanewkindofquickcustom-maderetailingthathastransformedtherelativelylowprofileretailerintoaglobalpowerhouse.NobodyelsecangetnewdesignstostoresasquicklysaysKeithWillsEuropeanretailanalystatGoldmanSachs."Unlessyoucandothatyouwon’tbeinbusinessintenyears." 47NotonlyhasZara—theflagshipstoreofprivatetextilecompanyInditex—distinguisheditselfbytightlyintegratingitsdesignandmanufacturingsystemsbutitsclothinghasfilledanuntappedniche."Armaniatmoderateprices"saysoneGoldmanSachsanalyst.Theformulaseemstobepayingoff:Zarawhichisresponsiblefornearly80%ofInditex’srevenuesopeneditsfirststorein1975andhassinceexpandedtomorethan400storesin25countries.Thoughitdoesn’tgenerateasmuchinrevenuesastheGap$11.6billionorSwedishclothierH&Mabout$3.6billionZara’sparenthadsalesofabout$2billionlastyearwhichrepresenteda26%increasefrom1998.Thecompany’sprofitswereup34%toaround$186millionlastyear. Zaraderivesitscompetitiveadvantagefromanastuteuseofinformationandtechnology.Allofitsstoresareelectronicallylinkedtothecompany’sheadquartersnearLaCorunaamidsizedcityonthenorthwestcoastofSpain.Storemanagersmonitorhowmerchandiseissellingandtransmitthisinformationaswellascustomerrequeststoheadquarters."TheroleofthestoremanagergoeswaybeyondthatofGapandH&M"saysWillsofGoldmanSachs.48Togetherwithtrendspotterswhotraveltheglobeinsearchofnewfashionstoremanagersmakesuretheirdesignershaveaccesstorealtimeinformationwhendecidingwiththecommercialteamonthefabriccutandpricepointsofanewgarment. InadditionInditex’sproductionsystemtrulydifferentiatesZarafromitscompetition.WhiletheGapandH&MoutsourcemostoftheirmanufacturingZaraproduces60%ofitsmerchandiseinhouse.Fabric—whichcomesfromplaceslikeSpaintheFarEastIndiaandMorocco—iscutandcoloredatthecompany’sstateoftheartfactory.Thenusinginformationgatheredfromstoresproductionmanagersdecidehowmanygarmentstomakeandwhichstoreswillgetthem.Finallythefabricissenttolocalshopstobeassembledbeforebeingshippedaroundtheworld.49ThiscombinationofrealtimeinformationsharingandinternalizedproductionmeansthatZaracanworkwithalmostnostockandstillhavenewdesignsinthestoretwiceaweekasopposedtothesixweeksthatittraditionallytakesmostcompetitors. 50ThequestionnowishowfarZarawhichrunsalmostnoadvertisingoutsideofitsbiannualstorewidesalescangowiththeconceptofdesignondemandretailing.ThechainiswellknowninSouthAmericaandEuropewhereitiscurrentlyexpandinginGermany.Internationalsalesaccountedforalmost50%ofitstotal.It’slesswellknownintheU.S.;ithasjustsixstoresintheNewYorkCityarea.Butdon’tunderestimatethisSpanishgiant.Inditexrecentlyannounceditwasexploringapublicofferingandit’sprobablyjustamatteratimebeforeitdispatchesZaratoconquertheNewWorld. 50
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 12
Directions Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing．Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbythemandthen 3giveyourpointsofview． YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2．
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 14
LongbeforetheneweconomymadecatchwordsofspeedcustomizationsupplychainmanagementandinformationsharingSpanishclothingretailerZarawascarryingoutarevolutionofitsown.46Bytranslatingthelatesttrendsintodesignsthataremanufacturedinlessthan15days—anddeliveringthemtoitsstorestwiceaweek—Zarapioneeredanewkindofquickcustom-maderetailingthathastransformedtherelativelylowprofileretailerintoaglobalpowerhouse.NobodyelsecangetnewdesignstostoresasquicklysaysKeithWillsEuropeanretailanalystatGoldmanSachs."Unlessyoucandothatyouwon’tbeinbusinessintenyears." 47NotonlyhasZara—theflagshipstoreofprivatetextilecompanyInditex—distinguisheditselfbytightlyintegratingitsdesignandmanufacturingsystemsbutitsclothinghasfilledanuntappedniche."Armaniatmoderateprices"saysoneGoldmanSachsanalyst.Theformulaseemstobepayingoff:Zarawhichisresponsiblefornearly80%ofInditex’srevenuesopeneditsfirststorein1975andhassinceexpandedtomorethan400storesin25countries.Thoughitdoesn’tgenerateasmuchinrevenuesastheGap$11.6billionorSwedishclothierH&Mabout$3.6billionZara’sparenthadsalesofabout$2billionlastyearwhichrepresenteda26%increasefrom1998.Thecompany’sprofitswereup34%toaround$186millionlastyear. Zaraderivesitscompetitiveadvantagefromanastuteuseofinformationandtechnology.Allofitsstoresareelectronicallylinkedtothecompany’sheadquartersnearLaCorunaamidsizedcityonthenorthwestcoastofSpain.Storemanagersmonitorhowmerchandiseissellingandtransmitthisinformationaswellascustomerrequeststoheadquarters."TheroleofthestoremanagergoeswaybeyondthatofGapandH&M"saysWillsofGoldmanSachs.48Togetherwithtrendspotterswhotraveltheglobeinsearchofnewfashionstoremanagersmakesuretheirdesignershaveaccesstorealtimeinformationwhendecidingwiththecommercialteamonthefabriccutandpricepointsofanewgarment. InadditionInditex’sproductionsystemtrulydifferentiatesZarafromitscompetition.WhiletheGapandH&MoutsourcemostoftheirmanufacturingZaraproduces60%ofitsmerchandiseinhouse.Fabric—whichcomesfromplaceslikeSpaintheFarEastIndiaandMorocco—iscutandcoloredatthecompany’sstateoftheartfactory.Thenusinginformationgatheredfromstoresproductionmanagersdecidehowmanygarmentstomakeandwhichstoreswillgetthem.Finallythefabricissenttolocalshopstobeassembledbeforebeingshippedaroundtheworld.49ThiscombinationofrealtimeinformationsharingandinternalizedproductionmeansthatZaracanworkwithalmostnostockandstillhavenewdesignsinthestoretwiceaweekasopposedtothesixweeksthatittraditionallytakesmostcompetitors. 50ThequestionnowishowfarZarawhichrunsalmostnoadvertisingoutsideofitsbiannualstorewidesalescangowiththeconceptofdesignondemandretailing.ThechainiswellknowninSouthAmericaandEuropewhereitiscurrentlyexpandinginGermany.Internationalsalesaccountedforalmost50%ofitstotal.It’slesswellknownintheU.S.;ithasjustsixstoresintheNewYorkCityarea.Butdon’tunderestimatethisSpanishgiant.Inditexrecentlyannounceditwasexploringapublicofferingandit’sprobablyjustamatteratimebeforeitdispatchesZaratoconquertheNewWorld. 48
LongbeforetheneweconomymadecatchwordsofspeedcustomizationsupplychainmanagementandinformationsharingSpanishclothingretailerZarawascarryingoutarevolutionofitsown.46Bytranslatingthelatesttrendsintodesignsthataremanufacturedinlessthan15days—anddeliveringthemtoitsstorestwiceaweek—Zarapioneeredanewkindofquickcustom-maderetailingthathastransformedtherelativelylowprofileretailerintoaglobalpowerhouse.NobodyelsecangetnewdesignstostoresasquicklysaysKeithWillsEuropeanretailanalystatGoldmanSachs."Unlessyoucandothatyouwon’tbeinbusinessintenyears." 47NotonlyhasZara—theflagshipstoreofprivatetextilecompanyInditex—distinguisheditselfbytightlyintegratingitsdesignandmanufacturingsystemsbutitsclothinghasfilledanuntappedniche."Armaniatmoderateprices"saysoneGoldmanSachsanalyst.Theformulaseemstobepayingoff:Zarawhichisresponsiblefornearly80%ofInditex’srevenuesopeneditsfirststorein1975andhassinceexpandedtomorethan400storesin25countries.Thoughitdoesn’tgenerateasmuchinrevenuesastheGap$11.6billionorSwedishclothierH&Mabout$3.6billionZara’sparenthadsalesofabout$2billionlastyearwhichrepresenteda26%increasefrom1998.Thecompany’sprofitswereup34%toaround$186millionlastyear. Zaraderivesitscompetitiveadvantagefromanastuteuseofinformationandtechnology.Allofitsstoresareelectronicallylinkedtothecompany’sheadquartersnearLaCorunaamidsizedcityonthenorthwestcoastofSpain.Storemanagersmonitorhowmerchandiseissellingandtransmitthisinformationaswellascustomerrequeststoheadquarters."TheroleofthestoremanagergoeswaybeyondthatofGapandH&M"saysWillsofGoldmanSachs.48Togetherwithtrendspotterswhotraveltheglobeinsearchofnewfashionstoremanagersmakesuretheirdesignershaveaccesstorealtimeinformationwhendecidingwiththecommercialteamonthefabriccutandpricepointsofanewgarment. InadditionInditex’sproductionsystemtrulydifferentiatesZarafromitscompetition.WhiletheGapandH&MoutsourcemostoftheirmanufacturingZaraproduces60%ofitsmerchandiseinhouse.Fabric—whichcomesfromplaceslikeSpaintheFarEastIndiaandMorocco—iscutandcoloredatthecompany’sstateoftheartfactory.Thenusinginformationgatheredfromstoresproductionmanagersdecidehowmanygarmentstomakeandwhichstoreswillgetthem.Finallythefabricissenttolocalshopstobeassembledbeforebeingshippedaroundtheworld.49ThiscombinationofrealtimeinformationsharingandinternalizedproductionmeansthatZaracanworkwithalmostnostockandstillhavenewdesignsinthestoretwiceaweekasopposedtothesixweeksthatittraditionallytakesmostcompetitors. 50ThequestionnowishowfarZarawhichrunsalmostnoadvertisingoutsideofitsbiannualstorewidesalescangowiththeconceptofdesignondemandretailing.ThechainiswellknowninSouthAmericaandEuropewhereitiscurrentlyexpandinginGermany.Internationalsalesaccountedforalmost50%ofitstotal.It’slesswellknownintheU.S.;ithasjustsixstoresintheNewYorkCityarea.Butdon’tunderestimatethisSpanishgiant.Inditexrecentlyannounceditwasexploringapublicofferingandit’sprobablyjustamatteratimebeforeitdispatchesZaratoconquertheNewWorld. 46
Withtheincreasingpaceofeconomicglobalizationandcompetitionamongvariouscountriesinthemarketinformationtechnologyprofessionalscapitalandothertypesofeconomicresourcesisbecomingincreasinglyevident.International1isbecomingprogressively2.Previously3competitionamongenterprisesindifferentcountriesisgrowinggraduallyintocompetitionamonggovernmentsthatfindsexpressioninaconcentratedform.Previous4contentionforenterprises’interestsintheworldmarketnowevidencesitselfinthecontentionfor5interests.Inthisnewsituationto6nationalinterestsandtoenableacountrytobeconstantlyinafavorablepositionintheinternationalmarketthemostimportantthingistohaveahighly7governmentthat8thefulltrustofcitizens. Thebasicobjectiveofthestudyofthe"governmentadministration"isto9thecompetitiveedgeofagovernmentintheinternationalmarketto10theefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandtoenhancetheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperations.Theevident11betweengovernmentadministrationandenterprisemanagementliesinthefact12theformerisamacro-activityandrepresentstheoverallnationalinterests.Consideringthisfromthe13ofthetheoryofbehavioralefficiencyfunctionthedegreeoftheefficiencyandqualityofgovernmentadministrativebehaviorsandthestandardoftheskillsandtheefficiencyofgovernmentpolicyoperationshaveadirect14ontheamountofnationalinterestsandthedegreeofsecurityandhappinessofitspeople.Thusto15thelevelofoverallnationalinterestsrequiresahighlyefficiententerprisemanagementandahigh-qualityenterprisegroupwithsignificantcorecompetitiveness.Moreimportantlyitrequireshighlyefficientgovernmentadministrationandthegovernment’sinternationalcompetitivenesstohavea16advantage.ForChinaacountrythatisstillinthe17of"shiftinthemodeofgrowth"and"transformationinthesystem"thefundamental18toturnthisobjectiveintoa19istomakeinnovationsingovernmentadministration. Soagainstthe20backgroundsofeconomicglobalizationandthedomesticeconomictransformationhowshouldwemakeinnovationsingovernmentadministrationIthinkmanythingscanbedoneinthisregard.Yetthemostimportantthingistoeffectthechangeoftheconceptfunctionsformsandtheinstitutionofgovernmentadministration. 10
[A]SharetheResponsibility [B]KeepYourReceipts [C]CutBadHabits [D]BalanceYourCheckbook [E]RemainFlexible [F]PayDownDebt [G]FocusonSavings Youhaveabigexpensecomingup.Youneedabettercarorabiggerhomeoryouwanttogobacktocollege.WhatdoyoudoBorrowborrowborrow——rightWellmaybenot.Ifyou’vecreatedabudgetyouknowexactlyhowmuchmoneyyouhavecominginandhowmuchisgoingout.Youcanmakesomeplansconcerningthatbigexpense.Butifyoudon’thaveabudgetplanyouprobablydon’thaveaverygoodpictureofyourfinancesandyoumaybetemptedtoborrowmoremoneyratherthansqueezingallyoucanfromyourincome.It’sdefinitelybetterinthelongrun——foryouandforyourmoney——tohaveabudget. 41.______ Bynowyou’vesetupyourbudget.Youknowhowmuchmoneyyouhave.Butyoucouldstillusesomehelpstayingonbudget.Herearesometipsthatcanhelpyousticktoyourbudgetandgetaheadonthatmajorpurchase.Determinetheamountofyourbudgetthatyoucanaffordtosaveeachmonth.Haveitdirect-depositedtoyoursavingsaccountortoyourmutualfund.Whereveryoudecidetokeepyoursavingsmakesureyouputmoneyintoiteverymonth.Thatsavingswillmakeabigdifferenceforyoulater. 42.______ Whetherit’salcoholortobaccoifyouusemuchofeitheryouknowhowexpensivebadhabitscanbe.Stopsmokinganddrinkingandputthebeer/cigarettemoneytowardyourotherexpenses.You’llseeyourbillscomedown——andfeelyourhealthimprove——innotime.You’llalsosaveonhealthcareexpensesdowntheroadandyoumaybecomeeligibleforlowerinsurancepremiums. 43.______ Makesureyou’renottheonlymemberofyourhouseholdconcernedaboutyourbudget.Ifyou’reworkinghardtosavemoneybutyourspouseisoutspendingyouintodebtyou’refightingalosingbattle.Sitdowntogetherandmakeaplantodeterminehowmuchspendingmoneyyoushouldeachhave.Thencheckineveryweektoseehowwellyou’redoing.Iftheentirefamilysharestheresponsibilityforthebudgeteveryonecancutbackjustalittleandmakeabigdifference.Onepersonshouldn’thavetoshouldertheentireburdenalone. 44.______ Ifyouhavecreditcarddebtyoumayfeellikeit’sgoingtotakeforevertopayitoff.Butyoucangetaheadbychoosingonecard——ideallytheonewiththehighestinterestrate——andpayingasmuchasyoucanoniteverymonth.Ifyouhaveothercardspaytheminimumbalanceonthoseuntilyou’vepaidoffthefirstcard.Thenchoosethenextcardandpayextraonitwhileyoupayminimumsontheothers.Ifyoupayonlytheminimumsonallyourcardsyou’llbepayingalotmoreininterestthanyoumayrealize. 45.______ Youprobablymonitoredyourexpensesforseveralweekstomakeabudget.Oncethebudgetismadethoughitcanbetemptingtostopkeepingupwitheverylittleexpense.Butkeepingtrackreallycanhelpyousticktoyourbudget.Saveyourreceiptsandwritedowntheplacesyouspendmoney.You’llbelesslikelytooverspendifyourealizehowmuchmoneyhasactuallygonethroughyourhands. 42
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