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As many of the stories in this book are about man-eating tigers, it is perhaps (1) to explain why...
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Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetoplaceby
Therearealways____interestingstoriesintheseriestha
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to be told
told
being told
SamuelClemens______MarkTwainwrotemanypopularstorie
was known as
known as
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known for
阅读理解Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetopla
根据短文内容完成1-5小题Lilyisarich有钱的andkindgirl.Shehasmanyn
Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetoplaceby
Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetoplaceby
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Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetoplaceby
Therearemanystoriesofathleteswhohaveo_________seri
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Haveyouread_______Englishstories?
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Hundredsofyearsagonewswascarriedfromplacetoplaceby
Sheisgoingtocollect________tonight.
as many interesting story as she can
as much interesting story as she can
as much interesting stories as she can
as many interesting stories as she can
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ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.1inthe1990smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas.2onbothsideswithmany.3businessesHereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwareandgroceries4someshopsoffere5Theseshopsincludeddrag-storesshoe-repairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.6inthe1950sachangebeganto7ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet8toofewparkingplaceswere9shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinter6stattheopenspaces10thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircar-drivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot.11thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenter12mallsstartedasacollectionofsmallnewstores.13congestedcitycenters..14byhundredsoffreeparkingspacescustomersweredrawnaway.from15areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing.16ofshoppingcentersled17tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores18thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe19ofone-stopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks20benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment. 19
Text3 Whyaren’ttheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesjustcalled"University"Thesimpleransweristhatwithafew%xceptionstheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesdonotusuallyawardalltheirowndegrees.Atleastsomeofthedegreesespeciallyatpostgraduatelevelarelikelytobeawardedbyalargeuniversitywithwhichthecollegeorinstituteisassociated. UniversityCollegesandInstitutestendtobemuchsmallerthantypicalBritishuniversities. ButitisnotonlyamatterofsizebuttheiroriginsthatmakethemsomewhatdifferentfromBritishUniversitiesoldornew.TypicallythepresentUniversityCollegesandInstituteshavedevelopedandgrownfromTeachers’Colleges.Untilabout20yearsagoinmostcasestheywouldhavebeenexclusivelyconcernedwiththeprofessionaltrainingofteachers.ThentheystartedtoofferothercoursesanddegreesbroadlycomparabletoanyuniversitytheonlydifferencebeingthattheseinstitutionsdonotnormallyprovidedegreesinsuchsubjectsasLawEngineeringandMedicine. TheparticularstrengthsoftheUniversityCollegesandInstituteslieintheirsomewhatparticularorigins.IntermsofthecoursesandsubjectsofferedthereislikelytobeanemphasisonthosesubjectsthatarecloselyassociatedwiththeSchoolcurriculum--ArtsorHumanitiessubjects.TeachereducationitselfofcoursealmostcertainlyremainsasastrongcomponentofthewholearrayofcoursestaughtbyaUniversityCollegeorInstitute.ProfessionaltrainingfortheclassroomissomethingthattheseinstitutionshavespecializedinsincetheirfoundationandnoUniversityislikelytodoitbetter.Alsoassociatedwiththesmallerinstitutions’originsistheirstrongcontinuingpastoral田园式的traditionandcarefortheindividualstudent. Perhapsthereisvirtueandmeritinwhatissmall:sheersizeespeciallyifitmeansalossofwhatismosthumanandpersonalisnotsomethingtobesoughtofitsownsake.TherelativelysmallUniversityCollegesandInstituteshaveallthefacilitiesandequipmentofthebiggerUniversities. LecturersandtutorshavetobewellqualifiedbecausetheyteachdegreecoursesthatareineverywayequalinstandardtothosetaughtatUniversities.SoparentsstudentsandsponsorsneedhavenodoubtaboutthequalityorstandingofthedegreesthattheCollegesaward. Qualityassuranceisguaranteed.InternationalrecognitionandcomparabilitywithallotherBritishdegreesarenotinquestion.Sowhatelseshouldstudentsparentsandsponsorsworry InwhichaspectaretheUniversitiessuperiortotheUniversityCollegesandInstitutes
Text2 InrecentyearsAmericansocietyhasbecomeincreasinglydependentonitsuniversitiestofindsolutionstoitsmajorproblems.Itistheuniversitiesthathavebeenchargedwiththeprincipalresponsibilityfordevelopingtheexpertisetoplacemenonthemoon;fordealingwithoururbanproblemsandwithourdeterioratingenvironment;fordevelopingthemeanstofeedtheworld’srapidlyincreasingpopulation.Theeffortinvolvedinmeetingthesedemandspresentsitsownproblems.Inadditionthisconcentrationonthecreationofnewknowledgesignificantlyimpingesontheuniversities’effortstoperformtheirotherprincipalfunctionsthetransmissionandinterpretationofknowledge--theimpartingoftheheritageofthepastandthepreparingofthenextgenerationtocarryitforward. Withregardtothisperhapstheirmosttraditionallysanctionedtaskcollegesanduniversitiestodayfindthemselvesinaseriousbindgenerally.OntheonehandthereistheAmericancommitmententeredintoespeciallysinceWorldWarIItoprovidehighereducationforallyoungpeoplewhocanprofitfromit.Theresultofthecommitmenthasbeenadramaticriseinenrollmentsinouruniversitiescoupledwitharadicalshiftfromtheprivatetothepublicsectorofhighereducation.Ontheotherhandthereareseriousandcontinuinglimitationsontheresourcesavailableforhighereducation. Whilehighereducationhasbecomeagreat"growthindustry"itisalsosimultaneouslyatremendousdrainontheresourcesofthenation.Withthevastincreaseinenrollmentandtheshiftinprioritiesawayfromeducationinstateandfederalbudgetsthereisinmostofourpublicinstitutionsasignificantdecreaseinpercapitaoutlayfortheirstudents.Onecrucialaspectofthisdrainonresourcesliesinthepersistentshortageoftrainedfacultywhichhasledinturntoadecliningstandardofcompetenceininstruction. Intensifyingthesedifficultiesisasindicatedabovetheconcernwithresearchwithitscompetingclaimsonresourcesandtheattentionofthefaculty.Inadditionthereisastrongtendencyfortheinstitutions’organizationandfunctioningtoconformtothedemandsofresearchratherthornthoseofteaching. Aseriousoutcomebroughtoutbytheshortageofresourcesisthat
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.15
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.1inthe1990smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas.2onbothsideswithmany.3businessesHereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwareandgroceries4someshopsoffere5Theseshopsincludeddrag-storesshoe-repairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.6inthe1950sachangebeganto7ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet8toofewparkingplaceswere9shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinter6stattheopenspaces10thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircar-drivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot.11thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenter12mallsstartedasacollectionofsmallnewstores.13congestedcitycenters..14byhundredsoffreeparkingspacescustomersweredrawnaway.from15areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing.16ofshoppingcentersled17tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores18thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe19ofone-stopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks20benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment. 13
Text4 In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestos石棉relateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganizedacommitteeofinquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry. AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicefordealingwithasbestos.ThereportconfirmingthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosisfiberstheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsiblefor’thedevelopmentofcancersasbestosis石棉沉滞症andrelated’diseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost. Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestos-freematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefiberswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinginenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespeciacaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner.Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtypeofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry. Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair.Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantifiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended. Acriticalfactorthattakesplacein.riskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworking environment.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused.Bycloselyfollowingthisadviceitwasclaimedthatexposurecouldbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. Exposuretoasbestosfibersisharmfultopeople'shealth
Text3 Whyaren’ttheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesjustcalled"University"Thesimpleransweristhatwithafew%xceptionstheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesdonotusuallyawardalltheirowndegrees.Atleastsomeofthedegreesespeciallyatpostgraduatelevelarelikelytobeawardedbyalargeuniversitywithwhichthecollegeorinstituteisassociated. UniversityCollegesandInstitutestendtobemuchsmallerthantypicalBritishuniversities. ButitisnotonlyamatterofsizebuttheiroriginsthatmakethemsomewhatdifferentfromBritishUniversitiesoldornew.TypicallythepresentUniversityCollegesandInstituteshavedevelopedandgrownfromTeachers’Colleges.Untilabout20yearsagoinmostcasestheywouldhavebeenexclusivelyconcernedwiththeprofessionaltrainingofteachers.ThentheystartedtoofferothercoursesanddegreesbroadlycomparabletoanyuniversitytheonlydifferencebeingthattheseinstitutionsdonotnormallyprovidedegreesinsuchsubjectsasLawEngineeringandMedicine. TheparticularstrengthsoftheUniversityCollegesandInstituteslieintheirsomewhatparticularorigins.IntermsofthecoursesandsubjectsofferedthereislikelytobeanemphasisonthosesubjectsthatarecloselyassociatedwiththeSchoolcurriculum--ArtsorHumanitiessubjects.TeachereducationitselfofcoursealmostcertainlyremainsasastrongcomponentofthewholearrayofcoursestaughtbyaUniversityCollegeorInstitute.ProfessionaltrainingfortheclassroomissomethingthattheseinstitutionshavespecializedinsincetheirfoundationandnoUniversityislikelytodoitbetter.Alsoassociatedwiththesmallerinstitutions’originsistheirstrongcontinuingpastoral田园式的traditionandcarefortheindividualstudent. Perhapsthereisvirtueandmeritinwhatissmall:sheersizeespeciallyifitmeansalossofwhatismosthumanandpersonalisnotsomethingtobesoughtofitsownsake.TherelativelysmallUniversityCollegesandInstituteshaveallthefacilitiesandequipmentofthebiggerUniversities. LecturersandtutorshavetobewellqualifiedbecausetheyteachdegreecoursesthatareineverywayequalinstandardtothosetaughtatUniversities.SoparentsstudentsandsponsorsneedhavenodoubtaboutthequalityorstandingofthedegreesthattheCollegesaward. Qualityassuranceisguaranteed.InternationalrecognitionandcomparabilitywithallotherBritishdegreesarenotinquestion.Sowhatelseshouldstudentsparentsandsponsorsworry Theauthorsmainpurposeinwritingthisarticleis
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Text3 Whyaren’ttheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesjustcalled"University"Thesimpleransweristhatwithafew%xceptionstheUniversityCollegesandInstitutesdonotusuallyawardalltheirowndegrees.Atleastsomeofthedegreesespeciallyatpostgraduatelevelarelikelytobeawardedbyalargeuniversitywithwhichthecollegeorinstituteisassociated. UniversityCollegesandInstitutestendtobemuchsmallerthantypicalBritishuniversities. ButitisnotonlyamatterofsizebuttheiroriginsthatmakethemsomewhatdifferentfromBritishUniversitiesoldornew.TypicallythepresentUniversityCollegesandInstituteshavedevelopedandgrownfromTeachers’Colleges.Untilabout20yearsagoinmostcasestheywouldhavebeenexclusivelyconcernedwiththeprofessionaltrainingofteachers.ThentheystartedtoofferothercoursesanddegreesbroadlycomparabletoanyuniversitytheonlydifferencebeingthattheseinstitutionsdonotnormallyprovidedegreesinsuchsubjectsasLawEngineeringandMedicine. TheparticularstrengthsoftheUniversityCollegesandInstituteslieintheirsomewhatparticularorigins.IntermsofthecoursesandsubjectsofferedthereislikelytobeanemphasisonthosesubjectsthatarecloselyassociatedwiththeSchoolcurriculum--ArtsorHumanitiessubjects.TeachereducationitselfofcoursealmostcertainlyremainsasastrongcomponentofthewholearrayofcoursestaughtbyaUniversityCollegeorInstitute.ProfessionaltrainingfortheclassroomissomethingthattheseinstitutionshavespecializedinsincetheirfoundationandnoUniversityislikelytodoitbetter.Alsoassociatedwiththesmallerinstitutions’originsistheirstrongcontinuingpastoral田园式的traditionandcarefortheindividualstudent. Perhapsthereisvirtueandmeritinwhatissmall:sheersizeespeciallyifitmeansalossofwhatismosthumanandpersonalisnotsomethingtobesoughtofitsownsake.TherelativelysmallUniversityCollegesandInstituteshaveallthefacilitiesandequipmentofthebiggerUniversities. LecturersandtutorshavetobewellqualifiedbecausetheyteachdegreecoursesthatareineverywayequalinstandardtothosetaughtatUniversities.SoparentsstudentsandsponsorsneedhavenodoubtaboutthequalityorstandingofthedegreesthattheCollegesaward. Qualityassuranceisguaranteed.InternationalrecognitionandcomparabilitywithallotherBritishdegreesarenotinquestion.Sowhatelseshouldstudentsparentsandsponsorsworry InwhatrespectsaretheUniversityCollegesandInstitutessuperiortotheUniversities
Directions: YouaregoingtoleaveAmericaandareapplyingforthepassport.YouarerequiredtowritealettertothePassportOfficertotellyourcondition: Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"Martin"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Theestimatesofthenumbersofhome-schooledchildrenvarywidely.TheU.S.Department0fEducationestimatesthereare250000to350000home-schooledchildreninthecountry.4tome-schooladvocatesputthenumbermuchhigherataboutamillion. Manypublicschooladvocatestakeaharshattitudetowardhomeschoolersperceivingtheiractionsastheultimateslapforpubliceducationandadamagingmoveforthechildren.46Homeschoolersharborfewkindwordsforpublicschoolschargingshortcomingsthatrangefromlackofreligiousperspectiveinthecurriculumtoaherdlikeapproachtoteachingchildren. 47Yetaspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulationandas"homeschoolersrealizetheycanreapbenefitsfrompublicschoolsthesehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.Publicschoolsandhomeschoolershavemovedclosertotoleranceandinsomecasesevencooperation. SaysJohnMarshallaneducationofficial"Wearebecomingrelativelytolerantof’homeschoolers."Theideais:"Let’sgivethekidsaccesstopublidschoolsothey’llseeit’snotasterribleasthey’vebeentoldandthey’llwanttocomeback." Perhapsbutdon’tcountonitsayhome-schooladvocates.48Homeschoolersopposethesystembecausetheyhavestrongconvictionsthattheirapproachtoeducation--whetherfueledbyreligiousenthusiasmortheindividualchild’sinterestsandnaturalpaceisbest. "Thebulkofhomeschoolersjustwanttobeleftalone"saysEngeCannonassociatedirectoroftheNationalCenterforHomeEducation.Shesayshomeschoolerschoosethatpathforavarietyofreasonsbutreligionplaysarole85percentofthetime. ProfessorVanGalenbreakshomeschoolersintotwogroups.49Somehomeschoolerswanttheirchildrentolearnnotonlytraditionalsubjectmatterbutalsostrictreligiousdoctrineandaconservativepoliticalandsocialperspective.Notincidentallytheyalsowanttheirchildrentolearnbothintellectuallyandemotionallythatthefamilyisthemostimportantinstitutionin society. Otherhomeschoolerscontend"notsomuchthattheschoolersteachheresy异教butthatschoolersteachwhatevertheyteachinappropriately"VanGalenwrites.50"Theseparentsarehighlyindependentandstriveto“takeresponsibility"fortheirownliveswithinasocietythattheydefineasbureaucraticandinefficient.” 47Yetaspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulationandashomeschoolersrealizetheycanreapbenefitsfrompublicschoolsthesehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.
Text4 In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestos石棉relateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganizedacommitteeofinquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry. AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicefordealingwithasbestos.ThereportconfirmingthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosisfiberstheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsiblefor’thedevelopmentofcancersasbestosis石棉沉滞症andrelated’diseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost. Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestos-freematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefiberswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinginenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespeciacaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner.Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtypeofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry. Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair.Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantifiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended. Acriticalfactorthattakesplacein.riskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworking environment.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused.Bycloselyfollowingthisadviceitwasclaimedthatexposurecouldbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattherealdangercomesfrom
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.1inthe1990smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas.2onbothsideswithmany.3businessesHereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwareandgroceries4someshopsoffere5Theseshopsincludeddrag-storesshoe-repairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.6inthe1950sachangebeganto7ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet8toofewparkingplaceswere9shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinter6stattheopenspaces10thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircar-drivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot.11thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenter12mallsstartedasacollectionofsmallnewstores.13congestedcitycenters..14byhundredsoffreeparkingspacescustomersweredrawnaway.from15areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing.16ofshoppingcentersled17tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores18thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe19ofone-stopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks20benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment. 11
ThestartofmonetaryunioninEuropeisanexcitingevent.Thereislittledoubtthatitcanunleashanewdynamicofenterpriseandgrowthbenefitingallofus.41______ Euro-landfacestheserisksbecauseitisstillanincompleteandunfinishedproject.ItisincompletebecausewhilemonetarypolicieswillnowbeconductedattheEuropeanleveltheothertoolsofmacroeconomicmanagementremainfirmlyinthehandsofnationalauthorities.ItisunfinishedbecausetheEuropeanCentralBankECBitselfhasbeenlefthandicappedintheeventofmajorfinancialcrises 42______TheseconflictswillberaisedwheneconomicconditionsdivergewithinEuro-land.InevitablythedifficultiesincoordinatingdifferentnationalpolicieswiththemonetarypolicyoftheECBwillcreatetensionsanddisagreement.Ofcoursethesamethinghappenswithinanationbetweenthenationalcentralbankandthegovernment.ButtheintensityoftheconflictislikelytobegreaterinEuro-landbecausethenationalgovernmentsbearpoliticalresponsibilityfordeterioratingeconomicconditionswhereastheECBwillbesomefarawayinstitutionwithoutpoliticalaccountability. TheECBitselfwillbehandicappedbythefactthatanessentialpartofmonetarypolicies--banksupervisionandcontrolhasbeenlefttonationalauthoritiesincludingnationalbanks.Thiswillnotmattermuchintimesoffinancialstability.Butinperiodsoffinancialupheavalwhichinevitablywilloccuritcouldhavef.substantialimpact.TheECBwillthenlacktheinformationand’instrumentstoactquickly.Thismayverywellexacerbatethecrisis. Historytellsusthatmonetaryunificationmustbepartofawhole.Onecannotsimplycentralizemonetarydecision-makingwithoutatthesametimecentralizingtheotherparts’ofmacroeconomicmanagement.Andthefactisthatcrucialpartsof[helatterhaveremainedinthehandsofthenationstatesinEurope.InasenseonecansaythatthestartofEuro-landislikeamoveintoanewandbeautifulhousewhichunfortunatelydoesnotyethavearoof. SowheredoesthatleadusTwopossiblescenariosemergeanoptimisticandapessimisticone.43______ Thesecondscenarioislessidyllic.Europeancitizensresistfurtherattemptstotransferpower toEuropeaninstitutions.Euro-landlingersinitsunfinishedstate.EconomicstormsstirrancorbetweentheECBandthenationalgovernmentsandamongthenationalgovernmentsthemselves.InsteadofanoasisofmonetarystabilityEuro-landbecomesasourceofinstability.TheEurowouldnotbecomethestrongandstablecurrencythatsomanyobserversexpectittobe.44______ Whichofthetwoscenariosisthemorelikely45______________.Thesedonotexist.Oneconclusionhowevercanbedrawn.IfEuro-landfailstomoveforwardtowardpoliticalunionitwillnotlast. A.ThesimplefactthatmonetarypolicieswillbegovernedbyaEuropeaninstitutionwhile fiscalpoliciesremaininthehandsofthenationalgovernmentscreatestheriskofseriousconflictsbetweengovernmentsandtheECB. B.ButtheintroductionoftheEuroisalsorepletewithrisks.Thereareworthkeepingin mindevenaschampagnebottlesareuncorkedincelebration. C.TheECBwasdeeplystirredbyeconomicreasonsraisedfromnationalgovernments. D.Onthecontraryitwouldbeweakandnomatchforthedollar. E.IntheoptimisticversionEuropeanleadersrealizetheunfinishednatureoftheEMU projectandactquicklytounifytheotherpartsofmacroeconomicpolicies. F.LackofauthoritieshandicappedtheECBinmonetarydevelopment. G.Toattachprobabilitiestothesescenariosoneneedspastobservationsofsimilarevents. 43
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.1inthe1990smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas.2onbothsideswithmany.3businessesHereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwareandgroceries4someshopsoffere5Theseshopsincludeddrag-storesshoe-repairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.6inthe1950sachangebeganto7ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet8toofewparkingplaceswere9shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinter6stattheopenspaces10thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircar-drivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot.11thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenter12mallsstartedasacollectionofsmallnewstores.13congestedcitycenters..14byhundredsoffreeparkingspacescustomersweredrawnaway.from15areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing.16ofshoppingcentersled17tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores18thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe19ofone-stopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks20benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment. 17
ThestartofmonetaryunioninEuropeisanexcitingevent.Thereislittledoubtthatitcanunleashanewdynamicofenterpriseandgrowthbenefitingallofus.41______ Euro-landfacestheserisksbecauseitisstillanincompleteandunfinishedproject.ItisincompletebecausewhilemonetarypolicieswillnowbeconductedattheEuropeanleveltheothertoolsofmacroeconomicmanagementremainfirmlyinthehandsofnationalauthorities.ItisunfinishedbecausetheEuropeanCentralBankECBitselfhasbeenlefthandicappedintheeventofmajorfinancialcrises 42______TheseconflictswillberaisedwheneconomicconditionsdivergewithinEuro-land.InevitablythedifficultiesincoordinatingdifferentnationalpolicieswiththemonetarypolicyoftheECBwillcreatetensionsanddisagreement.Ofcoursethesamethinghappenswithinanationbetweenthenationalcentralbankandthegovernment.ButtheintensityoftheconflictislikelytobegreaterinEuro-landbecausethenationalgovernmentsbearpoliticalresponsibilityfordeterioratingeconomicconditionswhereastheECBwillbesomefarawayinstitutionwithoutpoliticalaccountability. TheECBitselfwillbehandicappedbythefactthatanessentialpartofmonetarypolicies--banksupervisionandcontrolhasbeenlefttonationalauthoritiesincludingnationalbanks.Thiswillnotmattermuchintimesoffinancialstability.Butinperiodsoffinancialupheavalwhichinevitablywilloccuritcouldhavef.substantialimpact.TheECBwillthenlacktheinformationand’instrumentstoactquickly.Thismayverywellexacerbatethecrisis. Historytellsusthatmonetaryunificationmustbepartofawhole.Onecannotsimplycentralizemonetarydecision-makingwithoutatthesametimecentralizingtheotherparts’ofmacroeconomicmanagement.Andthefactisthatcrucialpartsof[helatterhaveremainedinthehandsofthenationstatesinEurope.InasenseonecansaythatthestartofEuro-landislikeamoveintoanewandbeautifulhousewhichunfortunatelydoesnotyethavearoof. SowheredoesthatleadusTwopossiblescenariosemergeanoptimisticandapessimisticone.43______ Thesecondscenarioislessidyllic.Europeancitizensresistfurtherattemptstotransferpower toEuropeaninstitutions.Euro-landlingersinitsunfinishedstate.EconomicstormsstirrancorbetweentheECBandthenationalgovernmentsandamongthenationalgovernmentsthemselves.InsteadofanoasisofmonetarystabilityEuro-landbecomesasourceofinstability.TheEurowouldnotbecomethestrongandstablecurrencythatsomanyobserversexpectittobe.44______ Whichofthetwoscenariosisthemorelikely45______________.Thesedonotexist.Oneconclusionhowevercanbedrawn.IfEuro-landfailstomoveforwardtowardpoliticalunionitwillnotlast. A.ThesimplefactthatmonetarypolicieswillbegovernedbyaEuropeaninstitutionwhile fiscalpoliciesremaininthehandsofthenationalgovernmentscreatestheriskofseriousconflictsbetweengovernmentsandtheECB. B.ButtheintroductionoftheEuroisalsorepletewithrisks.Thereareworthkeepingin mindevenaschampagnebottlesareuncorkedincelebration. C.TheECBwasdeeplystirredbyeconomicreasonsraisedfromnationalgovernments. D.Onthecontraryitwouldbeweakandnomatchforthedollar. E.IntheoptimisticversionEuropeanleadersrealizetheunfinishednatureoftheEMU projectandactquicklytounifytheotherpartsofmacroeconomicpolicies. F.LackofauthoritieshandicappedtheECBinmonetarydevelopment. G.Toattachprobabilitiestothesescenariosoneneedspastobservationsofsimilarevents. 45
Text1 BluesisagenreofAfro-Americanfolkandpopularsongin44time.Itisgenerally12barslongfallingintothreephrasesoffourbarseachonephraseforeachlineoftext.Themosttypicalchordpatternforthesephrasesisbasedonthefirstfourthandfifthnotesofthescale:phrase1-III;phrase2-IVII;phrase’3-VVorVII.Eachphraseofsungtextisnormallyfollowedbyinstrumentalimprovisationcreatingacall-and-response’pattern.Bluesmusicusesascaleinwhichthethirdfifthandseventhnotesarefreely’bent’ormicrotonallyflattenedincomparisonwiththestandardmajorscale.Bluestendstodealwiththehardshipsoflifeandthesadnessoflove. BluessingingrootedinvariousformsofblackAmericanslavesongwaswidespreadinthesouthernU.S.bythelate19thcentury.’Archaic’and’country’bluesdifferedwidelyintheirlyricandmusicalform;singerstypicallyaccompaniedthemselvesonguitarorharmonica.LatersingersinthisstyleincludeBlindLemonJeffersonandLeadbelly.In1912withthepublicationof"MemphisBlues"byW.C.Handybluesenteredtherangeofpopularsong.Classic"city"bluesevolvedinthe1920sand1930sinthesingingofMaRaineyBessieSmiththeothers.Lyricandmusicalformsbecamelargelystandardizedandsingersoftenworkedwithjazzbandorpiano.Adaptedtosolopianobluesgaverisetoboogie-woogiepianoplaying. Bluesandjazzoverlappedsometimesalmostindistinguishablyandblueswasconsideredanurturingformforearlyjazzbutbluesalsodevelopedindependently.Inthe1940ssingerssuchasT-BoneWalkerandLouisJordanperformedwithbigbandsorwithensemblesbasedonelectriguitaracousticstringbassdrumsandsaxophones;theelectricorganalsocameintouseaboutthistime.After1950B.BKingRayCharlesandothersusedimprovedelectricguitarsandlouderelectricbasses;brassinstrumentsoftenreplacedsaxophones. Whichofthefollowingistheusualthemeofblues
Theestimatesofthenumbersofhome-schooledchildrenvarywidely.TheU.S.Department0fEducationestimatesthereare250000to350000home-schooledchildreninthecountry.4tome-schooladvocatesputthenumbermuchhigherataboutamillion. Manypublicschooladvocatestakeaharshattitudetowardhomeschoolersperceivingtheiractionsastheultimateslapforpubliceducationandadamagingmoveforthechildren.46Homeschoolersharborfewkindwordsforpublicschoolschargingshortcomingsthatrangefromlackofreligiousperspectiveinthecurriculumtoaherdlikeapproachtoteachingchildren. 47Yetaspublicschoolofficialsrealizetheystandlittletogainbyremaininghostiletothehome-schoolpopulationandas"homeschoolersrealizetheycanreapbenefitsfrompublicschoolsthesehardlinesseemtobesofteningabit.Publicschoolsandhomeschoolershavemovedclosertotoleranceandinsomecasesevencooperation. SaysJohnMarshallaneducationofficial"Wearebecomingrelativelytolerantof’homeschoolers."Theideais:"Let’sgivethekidsaccesstopublidschoolsothey’llseeit’snotasterribleasthey’vebeentoldandthey’llwanttocomeback." Perhapsbutdon’tcountonitsayhome-schooladvocates.48Homeschoolersopposethesystembecausetheyhavestrongconvictionsthattheirapproachtoeducation--whetherfueledbyreligiousenthusiasmortheindividualchild’sinterestsandnaturalpaceisbest. "Thebulkofhomeschoolersjustwanttobeleftalone"saysEngeCannonassociatedirectoroftheNationalCenterforHomeEducation.Shesayshomeschoolerschoosethatpathforavarietyofreasonsbutreligionplaysarole85percentofthetime. ProfessorVanGalenbreakshomeschoolersintotwogroups.49Somehomeschoolerswanttheirchildrentolearnnotonlytraditionalsubjectmatterbutalsostrictreligiousdoctrineandaconservativepoliticalandsocialperspective.Notincidentallytheyalsowanttheirchildrentolearnbothintellectuallyandemotionallythatthefamilyisthemostimportantinstitutionin society. Otherhomeschoolerscontend"notsomuchthattheschoolersteachheresy异教butthatschoolersteachwhatevertheyteachinappropriately"VanGalenwrites.50"Theseparentsarehighlyindependentandstriveto“takeresponsibility"fortheirownliveswithinasocietythattheydefineasbureaucraticandinefficient.” 49Somehomeschoolerswanttheirchildrentolearnnotonlytraditionalsubjectmatterbutalsostrictreligiousdoctrineandaconservativepoliticalandsocialperspective.
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.1
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.1inthe1990smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas.2onbothsideswithmany.3businessesHereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwareandgroceries4someshopsoffere5Theseshopsincludeddrag-storesshoe-repairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.6inthe1950sachangebeganto7ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet8toofewparkingplaceswere9shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinter6stattheopenspaces10thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircar-drivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot.11thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenter12mallsstartedasacollectionofsmallnewstores.13congestedcitycenters..14byhundredsoffreeparkingspacescustomersweredrawnaway.from15areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing.16ofshoppingcentersled17tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores18thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe19ofone-stopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks20benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment. 15
Text2 InrecentyearsAmericansocietyhasbecomeincreasinglydependentonitsuniversitiestofindsolutionstoitsmajorproblems.Itistheuniversitiesthathavebeenchargedwiththeprincipalresponsibilityfordevelopingtheexpertisetoplacemenonthemoon;fordealingwithoururbanproblemsandwithourdeterioratingenvironment;fordevelopingthemeanstofeedtheworld’srapidlyincreasingpopulation.Theeffortinvolvedinmeetingthesedemandspresentsitsownproblems.Inadditionthisconcentrationonthecreationofnewknowledgesignificantlyimpingesontheuniversities’effortstoperformtheirotherprincipalfunctionsthetransmissionandinterpretationofknowledge--theimpartingoftheheritageofthepastandthepreparingofthenextgenerationtocarryitforward. Withregardtothisperhapstheirmosttraditionallysanctionedtaskcollegesanduniversitiestodayfindthemselvesinaseriousbindgenerally.OntheonehandthereistheAmericancommitmententeredintoespeciallysinceWorldWarIItoprovidehighereducationforallyoungpeoplewhocanprofitfromit.Theresultofthecommitmenthasbeenadramaticriseinenrollmentsinouruniversitiescoupledwitharadicalshiftfromtheprivatetothepublicsectorofhighereducation.Ontheotherhandthereareseriousandcontinuinglimitationsontheresourcesavailableforhighereducation. Whilehighereducationhasbecomeagreat"growthindustry"itisalsosimultaneouslyatremendousdrainontheresourcesofthenation.Withthevastincreaseinenrollmentandtheshiftinprioritiesawayfromeducationinstateandfederalbudgetsthereisinmostofourpublicinstitutionsasignificantdecreaseinpercapitaoutlayfortheirstudents.Onecrucialaspectofthisdrainonresourcesliesinthepersistentshortageoftrainedfacultywhichhasledinturntoadecliningstandardofcompetenceininstruction. Intensifyingthesedifficultiesisasindicatedabovetheconcernwithresearchwithitscompetingclaimsonresourcesandtheattentionofthefaculty.Inadditionthereisastrongtendencyfortheinstitutions’organizationandfunctioningtoconformtothedemandsofresearchratherthornthoseofteaching. ThephraseimpingeoninParagraph1mostprobablymeans
ThestartofmonetaryunioninEuropeisanexcitingevent.Thereislittledoubtthatitcanunleashanewdynamicofenterpriseandgrowthbenefitingallofus.41______ Euro-landfacestheserisksbecauseitisstillanincompleteandunfinishedproject.ItisincompletebecausewhilemonetarypolicieswillnowbeconductedattheEuropeanleveltheothertoolsofmacroeconomicmanagementremainfirmlyinthehandsofnationalauthorities.ItisunfinishedbecausetheEuropeanCentralBankECBitselfhasbeenlefthandicappedintheeventofmajorfinancialcrises 42______TheseconflictswillberaisedwheneconomicconditionsdivergewithinEuro-land.InevitablythedifficultiesincoordinatingdifferentnationalpolicieswiththemonetarypolicyoftheECBwillcreatetensionsanddisagreement.Ofcoursethesamethinghappenswithinanationbetweenthenationalcentralbankandthegovernment.ButtheintensityoftheconflictislikelytobegreaterinEuro-landbecausethenationalgovernmentsbearpoliticalresponsibilityfordeterioratingeconomicconditionswhereastheECBwillbesomefarawayinstitutionwithoutpoliticalaccountability. TheECBitselfwillbehandicappedbythefactthatanessentialpartofmonetarypolicies--banksupervisionandcontrolhasbeenlefttonationalauthoritiesincludingnationalbanks.Thiswillnotmattermuchintimesoffinancialstability.Butinperiodsoffinancialupheavalwhichinevitablywilloccuritcouldhavef.substantialimpact.TheECBwillthenlacktheinformationand’instrumentstoactquickly.Thismayverywellexacerbatethecrisis. Historytellsusthatmonetaryunificationmustbepartofawhole.Onecannotsimplycentralizemonetarydecision-makingwithoutatthesametimecentralizingtheotherparts’ofmacroeconomicmanagement.Andthefactisthatcrucialpartsof[helatterhaveremainedinthehandsofthenationstatesinEurope.InasenseonecansaythatthestartofEuro-landislikeamoveintoanewandbeautifulhousewhichunfortunatelydoesnotyethavearoof. SowheredoesthatleadusTwopossiblescenariosemergeanoptimisticandapessimisticone.43______ Thesecondscenarioislessidyllic.Europeancitizensresistfurtherattemptstotransferpower toEuropeaninstitutions.Euro-landlingersinitsunfinishedstate.EconomicstormsstirrancorbetweentheECBandthenationalgovernmentsandamongthenationalgovernmentsthemselves.InsteadofanoasisofmonetarystabilityEuro-landbecomesasourceofinstability.TheEurowouldnotbecomethestrongandstablecurrencythatsomanyobserversexpectittobe.44______ Whichofthetwoscenariosisthemorelikely45______________.Thesedonotexist.Oneconclusionhowevercanbedrawn.IfEuro-landfailstomoveforwardtowardpoliticalunionitwillnotlast. A.ThesimplefactthatmonetarypolicieswillbegovernedbyaEuropeaninstitutionwhile fiscalpoliciesremaininthehandsofthenationalgovernmentscreatestheriskofseriousconflictsbetweengovernmentsandtheECB. B.ButtheintroductionoftheEuroisalsorepletewithrisks.Thereareworthkeepingin mindevenaschampagnebottlesareuncorkedincelebration. C.TheECBwasdeeplystirredbyeconomicreasonsraisedfromnationalgovernments. D.Onthecontraryitwouldbeweakandnomatchforthedollar. E.IntheoptimisticversionEuropeanleadersrealizetheunfinishednatureoftheEMU projectandactquicklytounifytheotherpartsofmacroeconomicpolicies. F.LackofauthoritieshandicappedtheECBinmonetarydevelopment. G.Toattachprobabilitiestothesescenariosoneneedspastobservationsofsimilarevents. 41
Agreatmanycreatureshavewhatarecalledwarningcoloursthatistosaythecolourationwarnseverycreaturethattheanimalinquestionisdangerous.Theskunk臭鼬isoneofthebest1ofthiswithhisbrilliantblackandwhitefur.Hewalks2eveninbroaddaylightandshowsno3whenheseesyou.Heheavily4hisfeetandputshis5upintheairdaringyounottocome6closer.Andifyoudon’ttake7ofthewarninghewillsprayyouwithhisevil-smelling8andnoanimalthathasbeen9byaskunkwillletithappen10IntheReptileHouseatazooyouwillprobablyfindacase11ofsmalltreefrogs.Nowagreat12ofcreaturesliketoeatfrogsandsosomefrogsasa13canoozeoutasubstanceontheirskin14makesthemtastehorrible.Thesefrogsaregenerallybanded15brightwarningcolourslikeorangeredyellowandbrightgreen.Thisofcoursemakesthem16likebrightly-colouredsweetsandrathergoodto17butthebirdsandanimalsintheforesthavelearnt18bitterexperiencethatthesefrogsarethe19thattastestheworstandsotheyleavethem20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Text1 BluesisagenreofAfro-Americanfolkandpopularsongin44time.Itisgenerally12barslongfallingintothreephrasesoffourbarseachonephraseforeachlineoftext.Themosttypicalchordpatternforthesephrasesisbasedonthefirstfourthandfifthnotesofthescale:phrase1-III;phrase2-IVII;phrase’3-VVorVII.Eachphraseofsungtextisnormallyfollowedbyinstrumentalimprovisationcreatingacall-and-response’pattern.Bluesmusicusesascaleinwhichthethirdfifthandseventhnotesarefreely’bent’ormicrotonallyflattenedincomparisonwiththestandardmajorscale.Bluestendstodealwiththehardshipsoflifeandthesadnessoflove. BluessingingrootedinvariousformsofblackAmericanslavesongwaswidespreadinthesouthernU.S.bythelate19thcentury.’Archaic’and’country’bluesdifferedwidelyintheirlyricandmusicalform;singerstypicallyaccompaniedthemselvesonguitarorharmonica.LatersingersinthisstyleincludeBlindLemonJeffersonandLeadbelly.In1912withthepublicationof"MemphisBlues"byW.C.Handybluesenteredtherangeofpopularsong.Classic"city"bluesevolvedinthe1920sand1930sinthesingingofMaRaineyBessieSmiththeothers.Lyricandmusicalformsbecamelargelystandardizedandsingersoftenworkedwithjazzbandorpiano.Adaptedtosolopianobluesgaverisetoboogie-woogiepianoplaying. Bluesandjazzoverlappedsometimesalmostindistinguishablyandblueswasconsideredanurturingformforearlyjazzbutbluesalsodevelopedindependently.Inthe1940ssingerssuchasT-BoneWalkerandLouisJordanperformedwithbigbandsorwithensemblesbasedonelectriguitaracousticstringbassdrumsandsaxophones;theelectricorganalsocameintouseaboutthistime.After1950B.BKingRayCharlesandothersusedimprovedelectricguitarsandlouderelectricbasses;brassinstrumentsoftenreplacedsaxophones. Inthefourthsentenceinparagraphonethecall-and-responsepatternreferstothepatterninwhich
Text1 BluesisagenreofAfro-Americanfolkandpopularsongin44time.Itisgenerally12barslongfallingintothreephrasesoffourbarseachonephraseforeachlineoftext.Themosttypicalchordpatternforthesephrasesisbasedonthefirstfourthandfifthnotesofthescale:phrase1-III;phrase2-IVII;phrase’3-VVorVII.Eachphraseofsungtextisnormallyfollowedbyinstrumentalimprovisationcreatingacall-and-response’pattern.Bluesmusicusesascaleinwhichthethirdfifthandseventhnotesarefreely’bent’ormicrotonallyflattenedincomparisonwiththestandardmajorscale.Bluestendstodealwiththehardshipsoflifeandthesadnessoflove. BluessingingrootedinvariousformsofblackAmericanslavesongwaswidespreadinthesouthernU.S.bythelate19thcentury.’Archaic’and’country’bluesdifferedwidelyintheirlyricandmusicalform;singerstypicallyaccompaniedthemselvesonguitarorharmonica.LatersingersinthisstyleincludeBlindLemonJeffersonandLeadbelly.In1912withthepublicationof"MemphisBlues"byW.C.Handybluesenteredtherangeofpopularsong.Classic"city"bluesevolvedinthe1920sand1930sinthesingingofMaRaineyBessieSmiththeothers.Lyricandmusicalformsbecamelargelystandardizedandsingersoftenworkedwithjazzbandorpiano.Adaptedtosolopianobluesgaverisetoboogie-woogiepianoplaying. Bluesandjazzoverlappedsometimesalmostindistinguishablyandblueswasconsideredanurturingformforearlyjazzbutbluesalsodevelopedindependently.Inthe1940ssingerssuchasT-BoneWalkerandLouisJordanperformedwithbigbandsorwithensemblesbasedonelectriguitaracousticstringbassdrumsandsaxophones;theelectricorganalsocameintouseaboutthistime.After1950B.BKingRayCharlesandothersusedimprovedelectricguitarsandlouderelectricbasses;brassinstrumentsoftenreplacedsaxophones. Itseemsthatisthemusicalinstrumentusedthroughoutthehistoryofblues.
ShoppinghabitsintheUnitedStateshavechangedgreatlyinthelastquarterofthetwentiethcentury.1inthe1990smostAmericantownsandcitieshadaMainStreet.MainStreetwasalwaysintheheartofatown.Thisstreetwas.2onbothsideswithmany.3businessesHereshopperswalkedintostorestolookatallsortsofmerchandise:clothingfurniturehardwareandgroceries4someshopsoffere5Theseshopsincludeddrag-storesshoe-repairstoresandbarberorhairdressingshops.6inthe1950sachangebeganto7ToomanyautomobileshadcrowdedintoMainStreet8toofewparkingplaceswere9shoppers.Becausethestreetswerecrowdedmerchantsbegantolookwithinter6stattheopenspaces10thecitylimits.Openspaceiswhattheircar-drivingcustomersneeded.Andopenspaceiswhattheygot.11thefirstshoppingcenterwasbuilt.Shoppingcenter12mallsstartedasacollectionofsmallnewstores.13congestedcitycenters..14byhundredsoffreeparkingspacescustomersweredrawnaway.from15areastooutlyingmalls.Andthegrowing.16ofshoppingcentersled17tothebuildingofbiggerandbetterstockedstores18thelate1970smanyshoppingmallshadalmostdevelopedintosmallcitiesthemselves.Inadditiontoprovidingthe19ofone-stopshoppingmallsweretransformedintolandscapedparks20benchesfountainsandoutdoorentertainment. 9
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