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犯罪的基本特征之一是( )。
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人造草坪的基本特征之一是具有承受和耐极度的能力
示范性培训课程的显著特点之一是
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以行业新产品为基本特征
以高新技术的应用为基本特征
以高新技术的交易为基本特征
现代家具制造业的基本特征之一是多品种中小批量占主导地位
示范性培训课程的显著特点之一是
以企业新产品为基本牲
以行业新产品为基本特征
以高新技术的应用为基本特征
以高新技术的交易为基本特征
供应链管理的基本特征之一是以客户______作为目标的服务化管理
中学生的伦理道德发展的基本特征之一是可以做到言行一致具有性
晶体性质的基本特征之一是具有
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高科技的基本特征之一是在经济上具有高风险与高回报的特征
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InagamethemovesaresetUpbeforehand.Inanon-gamesituationthemovesaresupposedtoariseoutofeventsasthesedevelop.Agirlwantstoencourageherboyfriendsoshepretendstobebusywhenhephonesherorshepretendsthatsomeoneelseiscourtingher.46Ayoungchildwhoisreluctanttogotobeddeliberatelyspillsmilkfromacupontothecarpetsothattheensuingfussandscoldingtheimmediacyofhisbedtimewillbeforgotten.Diplomatsataconferencemakeagreatfussovertheshapeofthetableastheyplaytheproceduralgame.47Anagentsellingthefilmrightsinafirstnovelcasuallymentionsotherpartieswhohaveshownaninterestinbuyingtherights.Ahostessdeliberatelyplacesaseductiveladynexttoahusbandwithajealouswife.Unionnegotiatorsgothrougharitualofcomplainsbeforesettingdowntodiscussthecurrentissue. Thecharacteristicofagameisthatasequenceofmovesarerecognizableaspartofthegame.Thegamemaybeplayedveryseriously;itmayalsobeplayedforapurposeratherthanasanendinitself.Neverthelesseachmoveinthesequenceisdeterminedbytherequirementsofthegameratherthantherealitiesofthesituationitself.48Someonewhoisawarethatagameisbeingplayedsitsbackandwaitsforthegametobeplayedout.Someonewhoisnotawarethatitisagamegetsinvolvedandmanipulatedbythegamesplayerwhoknowsthemovesofthegamebetter.Itisthisexpertiseinthemovesofthegamewhichmakesitworthplaying.Iftheplayerknowsfromlongexperiencethemovesreactionsandcounter-movesthenheonlyhastoenticetheotherpersontoplaythegametoachievesuccess.Ifthesituationworksitoutnaturallyneithersidehasanadvantage.Butifonesidesetsupagamewithwhichonlyheisfamiliarthenthatsideimmediatelyacquirestheadvantageofskillandfore-knowledge. Agoodgamesplayernotonlyknowshowtomakethenextmovehecanthinkonetwoorthreemovesahead.Thisisextremelydifficultforaninexperiencedplayer.49Thustheplayerwhosetsupafamiliargamecanlaytrapsseveralmovesaheadwithverylittlechanceoftheopponentnoticingwhatisbeingdone. 50Justasaphilosopherwillalwaystrytorunanargumentaccordingtohisowndefinitionssoagamesplayerwillalwaystrytomakeanopponentplayhisspecialgame. Thustheplayerwhosetsupafamiliargamecanlaytrapsseveralmovesaheadwithverylittlechanceoftheopponentnoticingwhatisbeingdone.
Germany’schimneysweeps—hallowedasbringersofgoodluckwiththeirblacktophatsandcoiled-wirebrushes—areunderattack.LastweektheEuropeanCommission’sdirectoratefortheinternalmarketrevivedproceedingsagainstanantiquatedGermanlawthatprotectssweepsagainstcompetition.Thecountry’schimneysweepsenjoyanear-perfectmonopoly.Germanyisdividedintoaround8000districtseachruledbyitsownmastersweepwhousuallyemploystwomoresweeps.Althoughthisisaprivateenterprisethemaintenanceandinspectionserviceprovidediscompulsoryandpricesaresetbythelocalauthority:sweepscannotstrayoutsidetheirdistrictnorcanhouseholderschangetheirsweepeveniftheyloathehim.Thisrulecutsbothways."TherearesomecustomersIcan’tstandeither"saysoneFrankfurtsweep. Therationaleissimple:chimney-sweepingandrelatedgasandheatingmaintenanceinGermanyaretreatedasamatterofpublicsafety.Annualorsemi-annualvisitsareprescribedkeepingthesweepsbusyallyearround.Forcenturieschimney-sweepsinEuropewereawanderingbreed.Butin1937thechimney-sweeplawwasrevisedbyHeinrichHimmlerthentheactinginteriorminister.HisrolestiedchimneysweepstotheirdistrictsanddecreedthattheyshouldbeGermantoenablehimtousesweepsaslocalspies. Thelawwasupdatedin1969leavingthelocalmonopoliesinplacebutopeninguptheprofessionintheoryatleasttonon-Germans.Butinpracticefewapply.FouryearsagoabravePolequalifiedasamasterinKaiserslauternaccordingtoafellowstudentandthisyearanItaliandidsointheRhinelandPalatinate.ButhelikemostnewlyqualifiedGermanmasterswillspendyearsonawaitinglistbeforehegetshisowndistrict. TheEuropeanCommissionwouldliketoseeacompetitivemarketinwhichpeoplecanchoosetheirownsweepsjustastheychoosebuildersorplumbers.Itfirstopenedinfringementproceedingsin2003andtheGermangovernmentofthetimepromisedtochangethelawbutfailedtodoso.AnddespitethehuffingandpuffingfromBrusselstilegovernmentisstillreluctanttodismantleitsantiquatedsystemonsafetygrounds.Thenumberofdeathsfromcarbon-monoxidepoisoninginGermanyisaroundone-tenththatinFranceorBelgiumclaimstheFrankfurtsweep.SoGermansarelikelytobestockwiththeirneighbourhoodSchornsteinfegers—whethertheycanstandeachotherornot—forsometimetocome What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardtheanti-monopolyofchimneysweepinginGermany
TheAmericanscreenhaslongbeenasmokyplaceatleastsince1942’sNowVoyagerinwhichBetteDavisandPaulHenreidshowedhowtomakeandsealaromanticdealoverapairofcigarettesthatweresmolderingasmuchasthestars.Todaycigarettesaremorecommononscreenthanatanyothertimesincemidcentury:75%ofallHollywoodfilms—including36%ofthoseratedGorPG—showtobaccouseaccordingtoa2006surveybytheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco. Audiencesespeciallykidsaretakingnotice.TworecentstudiespublishedinLancetandPediatricshavefoundthatamongchildrenasyoungas10thoseexposedtothemostscreensmokingareupto2.7timesaslikelyasotherstopickupthehabit.Worseit’stheonesfromnonsmokinghomeswhoarehitthehardest.NowtheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthHSPH—thefolksbehindthedesignated-drivercampaign—arepushingtogetthesmokesoffthescreen."Somemoviesshowkidsupto14incidentsofsmokingperhour"saysBarryBloomHSPH’sdean."We’reinthebusinessofpreventingdiseaseandcigarettesaretheNo.1preventablecause." Harvardlongbelievedthatgettingcigarettesoutofmoviescouldhaveaspowerfulaneffectbutitwouldn’tbeeasy.Cigarettemakershadahistoryofstrikingproduct-placementdealswithHollywoodandwhilethe1998tobaccosettlementpreventsthatnothingstopsdirectorsfromincorporatingsmokingintoscenesontheirown.In1999Harvardbeganholdingone-on-onemeetingswithstudioexecstryingtochangethatandlastyeartheMotionPictureAssociationofAmericaflungthedooropeninvitingBloomtomakeapresentationinFebruarytoallthestudios.Harvard’sadvicewasdirect:Getthebuttsentirelyoutoratleastmakesmokingunappealing. Afewfilmsprovideaglimpseofwhatano-smokingorlow-smokingHollywoodwouldbelike.ProducerLindsayDoranwhooncehelpedpersuadedirectorJohnHughestokeepFerrisBuellersmoke-freeinthe1980shitwantedtodethesamefortheleadsofher2006movieStrangerThanFiction.WhenawriterconvincedherthatthecharacterplayedbyEmmaThompsonhadtosmokeDoranrelentedbutfromthewayThompsonhacksherwaythroughthefilmandsnuffsouthercigarettesinapalmfulofspitit’scleartheglamour’sgone.AndrememberallthesmokinginTheDevilWearsPradaNoThat’sbecausetheproducersofthatfilmkeptitoutentirely—eveninastorythattravelsfromtheUSfashionworldtoParistwoofthemosttobacco-happyplacesonearth."Noonesmokedinthatmovie"saysDoran"andnoonenoticed." Suchmoviesarehardlytherulebutthepressureisgrowing.Likesmokersstudiosmayconcludethatquittingthehabitisnotjustalothealthierbutalsoalotsmarter. It’shardtogetcigarettesoutofHollywoodbecause
Directions:Yougotsickjusttwoweeksbeforethefinalexaminationandweresenttohospital.Onedoctortreatedyouverywellandyourecoveredsoon.WritealetterofappreciationtothedoctorMs.Green. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.10points
Backin1979afatunhealthypropertydeveloperMelZuckermanandhisexercise-fanaticwifeEnidopenedCanyonRanch"America’sfirsttotalvacation/fitnessresort"onanoldduderanchinTucsonArizona.Atthetimetheiroutdoorsynewage-ishventureseemedhighlyeccentric.TodayCanyonRanchisarguablythepremiumhealth-spabrandofchoiceforthesuper-rich.ItisgrowingfastandnowoperatesinseveralplacesincludingtheQueenMary2.41. "Thereisanewmarketcategorycalledwellnesslifestyleandinawholerangeofindustriesifyouarenotaddressingthatcategoryyouaregoingtofinditincreasinglyhardtostayinbusiness"enthusesKevinKellyCanyonRanch’spresident.ThisbroadnewcategoryMr.Kellygoeson"consolidatesalotofsub-categories"includingspastraditionalmedicineandalternativemedicinebehaviouraltherapyspiritualityfitnessnutritionandbeauty.42."Youcannolongersatisfytheconsumerwithjustfitnessjustmedicaljustspa"saysMr.Kelly. CanyonRanch’sstrategyreflectsthisbelief.43.ThisyearinMiamiBeachitwillopenthefirstofwhatitexpectstobemanyupmarkethousingestatesbuiltaroundaspacalledCanyonRanchLiving.TogetherwiththeClevelandCliniconeoftheworld’sleadingprivateprovidersoftraditionalmedicineitislaunchingan"executivehealth"productwhichcombinesdiagnosistreatmentandaboveallprevention.Italsohasplanstoproducefoodandskin-careproductsarangeofclothesandhealthy-livingeducationalmaterials. 44.Mr.Casereckonsthatoneoftherootsoftoday’shealth-carecrisisespeciallyinAmericaisthatpreventionandcarearenotsuitablyjoinedup.Agrowingnumberofemployersnowpromotewellnessatworkbothtocutcostsandtoreducestressandhealth-relatedabsenteeismsaysJonDenorisofCatalystHealthagymbusinessinLondon.HehasbeenhelpingtheBritisharmofHarleyDavidsonamotorbike-makertodevelopawellnessprogrammeforitsworkers. Thedesiretoreducehealth-carecostsisoneforcebehindtheriseofthewellnessindustry;theotheristhegrowingdemandfromconsumersforthingsthatmakethemfeelhealthier.SurveysfindthatthreeoutoffouradultAmericansnowfeelthattheirlivesare"outofbalance"saysMr.Kelly.Sothereisahugeopportunitytoofferthemproductsandservicesthatmakethemfeelmore"balanced."ThisrepresentsabigchangeinconsumerpsychologyclaimsMr.Kellyandonethatislikelytodeepenovertime:marketresearchsuggeststhat35-year-oldshaveamuchstrongerdesiretoleadhealthylifestylesthan65-year-olds. 45.Anotherwillbetomaintaincredibilityinandforanindustrythatcombinesserioussciencewithsnakeoil.Oneproblem—orisitanopportunity—insellingwellnessproductstoconsumersisthatsomeofthethingstheydemandmaybefaddishornonsensical.Easyfixessuchasnew-agetherapiesmayappealtothemmorethanharderbutprovenwaystoimprovehealth. OneofCanyonRanch’sanswerstothisproblemhasbeentohireRichardCarmonawhowasAmerica’ssurgeon-generaluntillastsummer.Inthatrolehemovedpreventionandwellnessnearertothecentreofpublic-healthpolicy.Thelasttimeasurgeon-generalventuredintobusinessitendeddisastrously:duringtheinternetbubbleEverettKooplaunchedDrKoop.comamedical-informationsitethatwentbustshortlyaftergoingpublicandachievingamarketcapitalisationofover$1billion.Thistimearoundthewellnessboomseemsunlikelytosuffersuchanastyturnfortheworse. [A]Itisexpandingabrandbuilton$I000-a-nightretreatsfortherichandfamousinseveraldifferentdirections. [B]Mr.Zuckermannowatrimandsprightly78-year-oldremainschairmanofthefirm. [C]Thereisgrowingevidencethatfocusingholisticallyonwellnesscanreducehealth-carecostsbyemphasizingpreventionovertreatment. [D]Onedifficultyforwellnessfirmswillbeacquiringtheexpertisetooperateinseveraldifferentareasofthemarket. [E]Itisalsooneoftheleadinglightsin"wellness"anincreasinglymainstream—andprofitable—business. [F]Asmorecustomersdemandaholisticapproachtofeelingwellfirmsthathavehithertospecialisedinonlyoneortwoofthoseareasarenowfacinggrowingmarketpressuretobroadentheirbusiness. [G]Andthereismuchdebateaboutthehealthbenefitsofvitaminsupplementsorganicfoodandalternativemedicinesletalonedifferentformsofspirituality. 41
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Aswithmanyagrown-upsportingstarthefirsthintofgreatnesscameatanearlyageforLewisHamilton.Asaneight-year-oldathisfirstkartracehecharged"morelikeamaturedriverthananovice"remembersMartinHinesowneroftheZipKartracingcompany.ScythinghiswaythroughthefieldjustoutsideLondonHamiltonhadaconfidentstylethatseemeddifferentfromnormalrookiesHinessays."Therewasalittlesparkabouthim."Now22andinhisdebutseasoninFormulaOne—hebecamethefirstblackdrivertomakeitontothegridinmotorracing’sblue-ribbonchampionship. HissuccessandprofilethathaveearnedyoungHamiltoncomparisonswithothersportinggreats.Hiscolor—Hamilton’sgrandfathercametoBritainfromGrenadainthe50s—andthepositiveinfluenceofhisfatherAnthonyhavedrawnparallelswithTigerWoods.Hamiltonacknowledgesthathisparticipationcouldstokeinterestamongethnicgroupswhomaynotbeintothesportnow."Hopefullypeoplethatcanrelatetomewillseethatit’spossibleandalsotrytogetintothesport"hetoldtheBBC.Moreoverhisyouthgoodlooksandwholesomeimagearealsolikelytogetmarketersfiredup. Countlessmorekartingtitlesfollowedbefore2001.He"madeseasoneddriverslooksilly"saysTonyShawHamilton’sthenteammanageratManorMotorsport.Hamilton’srawnaturalspeedandcannyracecraftnudgedhimclosertothebigleagues.Hamilton’s"understandingofwhenandwheretoovertakeandhowtotakeadvantageofasituationisveryadvanced"Shawsays. AthisfirstcrackatGP2thetraininggroundforFormulaOneHamiltondominatedthe2006seasonwithaseriesofblisteringdrivesonhiswaytothetitle.Hamiltonis"notworriedaboutshowingordoingwhathe’susedtodoingjustbecauseit’sFormulaOne"saysHill.Formanynewdrivers"that’sanenormoushurdle."Withtheretirementlastyearofseven-timeworldchampionMichaelSchumacherthere’sonelessrivalforHamiltontonegotiate. AndHamiltoniscertainlynotshortonconfidence.WhenhefirstmetRonDennis—nowhisFormulaOneteamboss—asa10-year-oldinaborrowedsuitHamiltonpromptlytoldhimhewantedtodriveforMcLaren.Threeyearslaterhejoinedtheteam’ssupportprogramforpromisingyoungdrivers.Butsayformerteammanagershe’sreadytolistenandlearnwhenthingsgowrong.Hamiltonhasarare"capacitytoquestionhimself—toanalyzeveryclearlyafterarace"saysFredericVasseurgeneralmanagerattheARTGrandPrixteambehindHamilton’sGP2championship. Asforwhetherhe’llbecometheTigerWoodsofthesportit’stooearlytoknowwhetherhecanliveuptothosestandards.Butfornowhisfansarebullish.DamonHillwasthelastBritishdrivertotaketheworldcrown.Andit’sHamiltonHillsays"wholookslikelytobethenext." WhichisthemostimportantreasonwhyLewisHamiltonparallelswithTigerWoods
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Aswithmanyagrown-upsportingstarthefirsthintofgreatnesscameatanearlyageforLewisHamilton.Asaneight-year-oldathisfirstkartracehecharged"morelikeamaturedriverthananovice"remembersMartinHinesowneroftheZipKartracingcompany.ScythinghiswaythroughthefieldjustoutsideLondonHamiltonhadaconfidentstylethatseemeddifferentfromnormalrookiesHinessays."Therewasalittlesparkabouthim."Now22andinhisdebutseasoninFormulaOne—hebecamethefirstblackdrivertomakeitontothegridinmotorracing’sblue-ribbonchampionship. HissuccessandprofilethathaveearnedyoungHamiltoncomparisonswithothersportinggreats.Hiscolor—Hamilton’sgrandfathercametoBritainfromGrenadainthe50s—andthepositiveinfluenceofhisfatherAnthonyhavedrawnparallelswithTigerWoods.Hamiltonacknowledgesthathisparticipationcouldstokeinterestamongethnicgroupswhomaynotbeintothesportnow."Hopefullypeoplethatcanrelatetomewillseethatit’spossibleandalsotrytogetintothesport"hetoldtheBBC.Moreoverhisyouthgoodlooksandwholesomeimagearealsolikelytogetmarketersfiredup. Countlessmorekartingtitlesfollowedbefore2001.He"madeseasoneddriverslooksilly"saysTonyShawHamilton’sthenteammanageratManorMotorsport.Hamilton’srawnaturalspeedandcannyracecraftnudgedhimclosertothebigleagues.Hamilton’s"understandingofwhenandwheretoovertakeandhowtotakeadvantageofasituationisveryadvanced"Shawsays. AthisfirstcrackatGP2thetraininggroundforFormulaOneHamiltondominatedthe2006seasonwithaseriesofblisteringdrivesonhiswaytothetitle.Hamiltonis"notworriedaboutshowingordoingwhathe’susedtodoingjustbecauseit’sFormulaOne"saysHill.Formanynewdrivers"that’sanenormoushurdle."Withtheretirementlastyearofseven-timeworldchampionMichaelSchumacherthere’sonelessrivalforHamiltontonegotiate. AndHamiltoniscertainlynotshortonconfidence.WhenhefirstmetRonDennis—nowhisFormulaOneteamboss—asa10-year-oldinaborrowedsuitHamiltonpromptlytoldhimhewantedtodriveforMcLaren.Threeyearslaterhejoinedtheteam’ssupportprogramforpromisingyoungdrivers.Butsayformerteammanagershe’sreadytolistenandlearnwhenthingsgowrong.Hamiltonhasarare"capacitytoquestionhimself—toanalyzeveryclearlyafterarace"saysFredericVasseurgeneralmanagerattheARTGrandPrixteambehindHamilton’sGP2championship. Asforwhetherhe’llbecometheTigerWoodsofthesportit’stooearlytoknowwhetherhecanliveuptothosestandards.Butfornowhisfansarebullish.DamonHillwasthelastBritishdrivertotaketheworldcrown.Andit’sHamiltonHillsays"wholookslikelytobethenext." WhichwordismostsimilarinmeaningtobullishLine2Lastparagraph
ForthepasttwoyearsinSiliconValleythecentreofAmerica’stechnologyindustryconference-goershaveentertainedthemselvesplayingaguessinggame:howmanytimeswillaspeakermentionthephrase"longtail"Itisusuallyahighnumberthankstotheinfluenceofthelong-tailtheorywhichwasfirstdevelopedbyChrisAndersontheeditorofWiredmagazineinanarticlein2004.Thoughtechnologistsandbloggerschuckleathoweverybusinesspresentationnowhastohaveitslong-tailsectionmostareenviousofMr.Andersonwhosebrainwavequicklybecamethemostfashionablebusinessideaaround. Whetherablockbusterfilmabestsellingnovelorachart-toppingrapsongpopularcultureidolisesthehit.Companiesdevotethemselvestocreatingthembecausethecostofdistributionandthelimitsofshelfspaceinphysicalshopsmeanthatprofitabilitydependsonahighvolumeofsales.Butaroundthebeginningofthiscenturyagroupofinternetcompaniesrealisedthatwithendlessshelvesandanationaloreveninternationalaudienceonlinetheycouldofferahugerangeofproducts—andmakemoneyatthesametime. ThenichetheobscureandthespecialistMr.Andersonargueswillgaingroundattheexpenseofthehit.Asevidencehepointstoadropinthenumberofcompaniesthattraditionallycalculatetheirrevenue/salesratioaccordingtothe80/20rule—wherethetopfifthofproductscontributefour-fifthsofrevenues.EcastaSanFranciscodigitaljukeboxcompanyfoundthat98%ofits10000albumssoldatleastonetrackeverythreemonths.ExpressedinthelanguageofstatisticstheexperiencesofEcastandothercompaniessuchasAragonanonlinebooksellersuggestthatproductsdowninthelongtailofastatisticaldistributionaddedtogethercanbehighlyprofitable.Theinternethelpspeoplefindtheirwaytorelativelyobscurematerialwithrecommendationsandreviewsbyotherpeopleandforthosewillingtohavetheirartistictastespredictedbyapieceofsoftwarecomputerprogramswhichanalysepastselections. Long-tailenthusiastsarguethatthewholeofculturewillbenefitnotjustcommercialenterprises.Televisionfilmandmusicaresuchbewitchingmediaintheirownrightthatmanypeoplearequitehappytowatchandlistentowhatthemainstreamprovides.Butifindividualshavetheopportunitytopickbettermoreideallysuitedentertainmentfromafarwiderselectiontheywilltakeitaccordingtothetheoryofthelongtail.SomeanalystsreckonthatentirepopulationsmightbecomehappierandwiseroncetheyhaveaccesstothousandsofdocumentariesindependentfilmsandsubgenresofeverykindofmusicinsteadofbeingsubjectedtowhatMr.Andersoncallsthetyrannyoflowest-common-denominatorfare.Thatmightbetakingthingsabitfar.Butthelongtailiscertainlyoneoftheinternet’sbettergiftstohumanity. Whichofthefollowingstatementsislure
ForthepasttwoyearsinSiliconValleythecentreofAmerica’stechnologyindustryconference-goershaveentertainedthemselvesplayingaguessinggame:howmanytimeswillaspeakermentionthephrase"longtail"Itisusuallyahighnumberthankstotheinfluenceofthelong-tailtheorywhichwasfirstdevelopedbyChrisAndersontheeditorofWiredmagazineinanarticlein2004.Thoughtechnologistsandbloggerschuckleathoweverybusinesspresentationnowhastohaveitslong-tailsectionmostareenviousofMr.Andersonwhosebrainwavequicklybecamethemostfashionablebusinessideaaround. Whetherablockbusterfilmabestsellingnovelorachart-toppingrapsongpopularcultureidolisesthehit.Companiesdevotethemselvestocreatingthembecausethecostofdistributionandthelimitsofshelfspaceinphysicalshopsmeanthatprofitabilitydependsonahighvolumeofsales.Butaroundthebeginningofthiscenturyagroupofinternetcompaniesrealisedthatwithendlessshelvesandanationaloreveninternationalaudienceonlinetheycouldofferahugerangeofproducts—andmakemoneyatthesametime. ThenichetheobscureandthespecialistMr.Andersonargueswillgaingroundattheexpenseofthehit.Asevidencehepointstoadropinthenumberofcompaniesthattraditionallycalculatetheirrevenue/salesratioaccordingtothe80/20rule—wherethetopfifthofproductscontributefour-fifthsofrevenues.EcastaSanFranciscodigitaljukeboxcompanyfoundthat98%ofits10000albumssoldatleastonetrackeverythreemonths.ExpressedinthelanguageofstatisticstheexperiencesofEcastandothercompaniessuchasAragonanonlinebooksellersuggestthatproductsdowninthelongtailofastatisticaldistributionaddedtogethercanbehighlyprofitable.Theinternethelpspeoplefindtheirwaytorelativelyobscurematerialwithrecommendationsandreviewsbyotherpeopleandforthosewillingtohavetheirartistictastespredictedbyapieceofsoftwarecomputerprogramswhichanalysepastselections. Long-tailenthusiastsarguethatthewholeofculturewillbenefitnotjustcommercialenterprises.Televisionfilmandmusicaresuchbewitchingmediaintheirownrightthatmanypeoplearequitehappytowatchandlistentowhatthemainstreamprovides.Butifindividualshavetheopportunitytopickbettermoreideallysuitedentertainmentfromafarwiderselectiontheywilltakeitaccordingtothetheoryofthelongtail.SomeanalystsreckonthatentirepopulationsmightbecomehappierandwiseroncetheyhaveaccesstothousandsofdocumentariesindependentfilmsandsubgenresofeverykindofmusicinsteadofbeingsubjectedtowhatMr.Andersoncallsthetyrannyoflowest-common-denominatorfare.Thatmightbetakingthingsabitfar.Butthelongtailiscertainlyoneoftheinternet’sbettergiftstohumanity. Inthefirstparagraphtheauthormentionedtheconference-goers’guessinggamehewantstoshow
ForthepasttwoyearsinSiliconValleythecentreofAmerica’stechnologyindustryconference-goershaveentertainedthemselvesplayingaguessinggame:howmanytimeswillaspeakermentionthephrase"longtail"Itisusuallyahighnumberthankstotheinfluenceofthelong-tailtheorywhichwasfirstdevelopedbyChrisAndersontheeditorofWiredmagazineinanarticlein2004.Thoughtechnologistsandbloggerschuckleathoweverybusinesspresentationnowhastohaveitslong-tailsectionmostareenviousofMr.Andersonwhosebrainwavequicklybecamethemostfashionablebusinessideaaround. Whetherablockbusterfilmabestsellingnovelorachart-toppingrapsongpopularcultureidolisesthehit.Companiesdevotethemselvestocreatingthembecausethecostofdistributionandthelimitsofshelfspaceinphysicalshopsmeanthatprofitabilitydependsonahighvolumeofsales.Butaroundthebeginningofthiscenturyagroupofinternetcompaniesrealisedthatwithendlessshelvesandanationaloreveninternationalaudienceonlinetheycouldofferahugerangeofproducts—andmakemoneyatthesametime. ThenichetheobscureandthespecialistMr.Andersonargueswillgaingroundattheexpenseofthehit.Asevidencehepointstoadropinthenumberofcompaniesthattraditionallycalculatetheirrevenue/salesratioaccordingtothe80/20rule—wherethetopfifthofproductscontributefour-fifthsofrevenues.EcastaSanFranciscodigitaljukeboxcompanyfoundthat98%ofits10000albumssoldatleastonetrackeverythreemonths.ExpressedinthelanguageofstatisticstheexperiencesofEcastandothercompaniessuchasAragonanonlinebooksellersuggestthatproductsdowninthelongtailofastatisticaldistributionaddedtogethercanbehighlyprofitable.Theinternethelpspeoplefindtheirwaytorelativelyobscurematerialwithrecommendationsandreviewsbyotherpeopleandforthosewillingtohavetheirartistictastespredictedbyapieceofsoftwarecomputerprogramswhichanalysepastselections. Long-tailenthusiastsarguethatthewholeofculturewillbenefitnotjustcommercialenterprises.Televisionfilmandmusicaresuchbewitchingmediaintheirownrightthatmanypeoplearequitehappytowatchandlistentowhatthemainstreamprovides.Butifindividualshavetheopportunitytopickbettermoreideallysuitedentertainmentfromafarwiderselectiontheywilltakeitaccordingtothetheoryofthelongtail.SomeanalystsreckonthatentirepopulationsmightbecomehappierandwiseroncetheyhaveaccesstothousandsofdocumentariesindependentfilmsandsubgenresofeverykindofmusicinsteadofbeingsubjectedtowhatMr.Andersoncallsthetyrannyoflowest-common-denominatorfare.Thatmightbetakingthingsabitfar.Butthelongtailiscertainlyoneoftheinternet’sbettergiftstohumanity. What’sthemainideaofthispassage
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
InagamethemovesaresetUpbeforehand.Inanon-gamesituationthemovesaresupposedtoariseoutofeventsasthesedevelop.Agirlwantstoencourageherboyfriendsoshepretendstobebusywhenhephonesherorshepretendsthatsomeoneelseiscourtingher.46Ayoungchildwhoisreluctanttogotobeddeliberatelyspillsmilkfromacupontothecarpetsothattheensuingfussandscoldingtheimmediacyofhisbedtimewillbeforgotten.Diplomatsataconferencemakeagreatfussovertheshapeofthetableastheyplaytheproceduralgame.47Anagentsellingthefilmrightsinafirstnovelcasuallymentionsotherpartieswhohaveshownaninterestinbuyingtherights.Ahostessdeliberatelyplacesaseductiveladynexttoahusbandwithajealouswife.Unionnegotiatorsgothrougharitualofcomplainsbeforesettingdowntodiscussthecurrentissue. Thecharacteristicofagameisthatasequenceofmovesarerecognizableaspartofthegame.Thegamemaybeplayedveryseriously;itmayalsobeplayedforapurposeratherthanasanendinitself.Neverthelesseachmoveinthesequenceisdeterminedbytherequirementsofthegameratherthantherealitiesofthesituationitself.48Someonewhoisawarethatagameisbeingplayedsitsbackandwaitsforthegametobeplayedout.Someonewhoisnotawarethatitisagamegetsinvolvedandmanipulatedbythegamesplayerwhoknowsthemovesofthegamebetter.Itisthisexpertiseinthemovesofthegamewhichmakesitworthplaying.Iftheplayerknowsfromlongexperiencethemovesreactionsandcounter-movesthenheonlyhastoenticetheotherpersontoplaythegametoachievesuccess.Ifthesituationworksitoutnaturallyneithersidehasanadvantage.Butifonesidesetsupagamewithwhichonlyheisfamiliarthenthatsideimmediatelyacquirestheadvantageofskillandfore-knowledge. Agoodgamesplayernotonlyknowshowtomakethenextmovehecanthinkonetwoorthreemovesahead.Thisisextremelydifficultforaninexperiencedplayer.49Thustheplayerwhosetsupafamiliargamecanlaytrapsseveralmovesaheadwithverylittlechanceoftheopponentnoticingwhatisbeingdone. 50Justasaphilosopherwillalwaystrytorunanargumentaccordingtohisowndefinitionssoagamesplayerwillalwaystrytomakeanopponentplayhisspecialgame. Anagentsellingthefilmrightsinafirstnovelcasuallymentionsotherpartieswhohaveshownaninterestinbuyingtherights.
TheAmericanscreenhaslongbeenasmokyplaceatleastsince1942’sNowVoyagerinwhichBetteDavisandPaulHenreidshowedhowtomakeandsealaromanticdealoverapairofcigarettesthatweresmolderingasmuchasthestars.Todaycigarettesaremorecommononscreenthanatanyothertimesincemidcentury:75%ofallHollywoodfilms—including36%ofthoseratedGorPG—showtobaccouseaccordingtoa2006surveybytheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco. Audiencesespeciallykidsaretakingnotice.TworecentstudiespublishedinLancetandPediatricshavefoundthatamongchildrenasyoungas10thoseexposedtothemostscreensmokingareupto2.7timesaslikelyasotherstopickupthehabit.Worseit’stheonesfromnonsmokinghomeswhoarehitthehardest.NowtheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthHSPH—thefolksbehindthedesignated-drivercampaign—arepushingtogetthesmokesoffthescreen."Somemoviesshowkidsupto14incidentsofsmokingperhour"saysBarryBloomHSPH’sdean."We’reinthebusinessofpreventingdiseaseandcigarettesaretheNo.1preventablecause." Harvardlongbelievedthatgettingcigarettesoutofmoviescouldhaveaspowerfulaneffectbutitwouldn’tbeeasy.Cigarettemakershadahistoryofstrikingproduct-placementdealswithHollywoodandwhilethe1998tobaccosettlementpreventsthatnothingstopsdirectorsfromincorporatingsmokingintoscenesontheirown.In1999Harvardbeganholdingone-on-onemeetingswithstudioexecstryingtochangethatandlastyeartheMotionPictureAssociationofAmericaflungthedooropeninvitingBloomtomakeapresentationinFebruarytoallthestudios.Harvard’sadvicewasdirect:Getthebuttsentirelyoutoratleastmakesmokingunappealing. Afewfilmsprovideaglimpseofwhatano-smokingorlow-smokingHollywoodwouldbelike.ProducerLindsayDoranwhooncehelpedpersuadedirectorJohnHughestokeepFerrisBuellersmoke-freeinthe1980shitwantedtodethesamefortheleadsofher2006movieStrangerThanFiction.WhenawriterconvincedherthatthecharacterplayedbyEmmaThompsonhadtosmokeDoranrelentedbutfromthewayThompsonhacksherwaythroughthefilmandsnuffsouthercigarettesinapalmfulofspitit’scleartheglamour’sgone.AndrememberallthesmokinginTheDevilWearsPradaNoThat’sbecausetheproducersofthatfilmkeptitoutentirely—eveninastorythattravelsfromtheUSfashionworldtoParistwoofthemosttobacco-happyplacesonearth."Noonesmokedinthatmovie"saysDoran"andnoonenoticed." Suchmoviesarehardlytherulebutthepressureisgrowing.Likesmokersstudiosmayconcludethatquittingthehabitisnotjustalothealthierbutalsoalotsmarter. WhytheauthormentionedNowVoyager
Germany’schimneysweeps—hallowedasbringersofgoodluckwiththeirblacktophatsandcoiled-wirebrushes—areunderattack.LastweektheEuropeanCommission’sdirectoratefortheinternalmarketrevivedproceedingsagainstanantiquatedGermanlawthatprotectssweepsagainstcompetition.Thecountry’schimneysweepsenjoyanear-perfectmonopoly.Germanyisdividedintoaround8000districtseachruledbyitsownmastersweepwhousuallyemploystwomoresweeps.Althoughthisisaprivateenterprisethemaintenanceandinspectionserviceprovidediscompulsoryandpricesaresetbythelocalauthority:sweepscannotstrayoutsidetheirdistrictnorcanhouseholderschangetheirsweepeveniftheyloathehim.Thisrulecutsbothways."TherearesomecustomersIcan’tstandeither"saysoneFrankfurtsweep. Therationaleissimple:chimney-sweepingandrelatedgasandheatingmaintenanceinGermanyaretreatedasamatterofpublicsafety.Annualorsemi-annualvisitsareprescribedkeepingthesweepsbusyallyearround.Forcenturieschimney-sweepsinEuropewereawanderingbreed.Butin1937thechimney-sweeplawwasrevisedbyHeinrichHimmlerthentheactinginteriorminister.HisrolestiedchimneysweepstotheirdistrictsanddecreedthattheyshouldbeGermantoenablehimtousesweepsaslocalspies. Thelawwasupdatedin1969leavingthelocalmonopoliesinplacebutopeninguptheprofessionintheoryatleasttonon-Germans.Butinpracticefewapply.FouryearsagoabravePolequalifiedasamasterinKaiserslauternaccordingtoafellowstudentandthisyearanItaliandidsointheRhinelandPalatinate.ButhelikemostnewlyqualifiedGermanmasterswillspendyearsonawaitinglistbeforehegetshisowndistrict. TheEuropeanCommissionwouldliketoseeacompetitivemarketinwhichpeoplecanchoosetheirownsweepsjustastheychoosebuildersorplumbers.Itfirstopenedinfringementproceedingsin2003andtheGermangovernmentofthetimepromisedtochangethelawbutfailedtodoso.AnddespitethehuffingandpuffingfromBrusselstilegovernmentisstillreluctanttodismantleitsantiquatedsystemonsafetygrounds.Thenumberofdeathsfromcarbon-monoxidepoisoninginGermanyisaroundone-tenththatinFranceorBelgiumclaimstheFrankfurtsweep.SoGermansarelikelytobestockwiththeirneighbourhoodSchornsteinfegers—whethertheycanstandeachotherornot—forsometimetocome WhatdoesThisrulecutsbothwaysLine7Paragraph1mean
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Germany’schimneysweeps—hallowedasbringersofgoodluckwiththeirblacktophatsandcoiled-wirebrushes—areunderattack.LastweektheEuropeanCommission’sdirectoratefortheinternalmarketrevivedproceedingsagainstanantiquatedGermanlawthatprotectssweepsagainstcompetition.Thecountry’schimneysweepsenjoyanear-perfectmonopoly.Germanyisdividedintoaround8000districtseachruledbyitsownmastersweepwhousuallyemploystwomoresweeps.Althoughthisisaprivateenterprisethemaintenanceandinspectionserviceprovidediscompulsoryandpricesaresetbythelocalauthority:sweepscannotstrayoutsidetheirdistrictnorcanhouseholderschangetheirsweepeveniftheyloathehim.Thisrulecutsbothways."TherearesomecustomersIcan’tstandeither"saysoneFrankfurtsweep. Therationaleissimple:chimney-sweepingandrelatedgasandheatingmaintenanceinGermanyaretreatedasamatterofpublicsafety.Annualorsemi-annualvisitsareprescribedkeepingthesweepsbusyallyearround.Forcenturieschimney-sweepsinEuropewereawanderingbreed.Butin1937thechimney-sweeplawwasrevisedbyHeinrichHimmlerthentheactinginteriorminister.HisrolestiedchimneysweepstotheirdistrictsanddecreedthattheyshouldbeGermantoenablehimtousesweepsaslocalspies. Thelawwasupdatedin1969leavingthelocalmonopoliesinplacebutopeninguptheprofessionintheoryatleasttonon-Germans.Butinpracticefewapply.FouryearsagoabravePolequalifiedasamasterinKaiserslauternaccordingtoafellowstudentandthisyearanItaliandidsointheRhinelandPalatinate.ButhelikemostnewlyqualifiedGermanmasterswillspendyearsonawaitinglistbeforehegetshisowndistrict. TheEuropeanCommissionwouldliketoseeacompetitivemarketinwhichpeoplecanchoosetheirownsweepsjustastheychoosebuildersorplumbers.Itfirstopenedinfringementproceedingsin2003andtheGermangovernmentofthetimepromisedtochangethelawbutfailedtodoso.AnddespitethehuffingandpuffingfromBrusselstilegovernmentisstillreluctanttodismantleitsantiquatedsystemonsafetygrounds.Thenumberofdeathsfromcarbon-monoxidepoisoninginGermanyisaroundone-tenththatinFranceorBelgiumclaimstheFrankfurtsweep.SoGermansarelikelytobestockwiththeirneighbourhoodSchornsteinfegers—whethertheycanstandeachotherornot—forsometimetocome 45
Germany’schimneysweeps—hallowedasbringersofgoodluckwiththeirblacktophatsandcoiled-wirebrushes—areunderattack.LastweektheEuropeanCommission’sdirectoratefortheinternalmarketrevivedproceedingsagainstanantiquatedGermanlawthatprotectssweepsagainstcompetition.Thecountry’schimneysweepsenjoyanear-perfectmonopoly.Germanyisdividedintoaround8000districtseachruledbyitsownmastersweepwhousuallyemploystwomoresweeps.Althoughthisisaprivateenterprisethemaintenanceandinspectionserviceprovidediscompulsoryandpricesaresetbythelocalauthority:sweepscannotstrayoutsidetheirdistrictnorcanhouseholderschangetheirsweepeveniftheyloathehim.Thisrulecutsbothways."TherearesomecustomersIcan’tstandeither"saysoneFrankfurtsweep. Therationaleissimple:chimney-sweepingandrelatedgasandheatingmaintenanceinGermanyaretreatedasamatterofpublicsafety.Annualorsemi-annualvisitsareprescribedkeepingthesweepsbusyallyearround.Forcenturieschimney-sweepsinEuropewereawanderingbreed.Butin1937thechimney-sweeplawwasrevisedbyHeinrichHimmlerthentheactinginteriorminister.HisrolestiedchimneysweepstotheirdistrictsanddecreedthattheyshouldbeGermantoenablehimtousesweepsaslocalspies. Thelawwasupdatedin1969leavingthelocalmonopoliesinplacebutopeninguptheprofessionintheoryatleasttonon-Germans.Butinpracticefewapply.FouryearsagoabravePolequalifiedasamasterinKaiserslauternaccordingtoafellowstudentandthisyearanItaliandidsointheRhinelandPalatinate.ButhelikemostnewlyqualifiedGermanmasterswillspendyearsonawaitinglistbeforehegetshisowndistrict. TheEuropeanCommissionwouldliketoseeacompetitivemarketinwhichpeoplecanchoosetheirownsweepsjustastheychoosebuildersorplumbers.Itfirstopenedinfringementproceedingsin2003andtheGermangovernmentofthetimepromisedtochangethelawbutfailedtodoso.AnddespitethehuffingandpuffingfromBrusselstilegovernmentisstillreluctanttodismantleitsantiquatedsystemonsafetygrounds.Thenumberofdeathsfromcarbon-monoxidepoisoninginGermanyisaroundone-tenththatinFranceorBelgiumclaimstheFrankfurtsweep.SoGermansarelikelytobestockwiththeirneighbourhoodSchornsteinfegers—whethertheycanstandeachotherornot—forsometimetocome 43
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Peopleoftenwonderwhyhistoriansgotosomuchtroubletopreservemillionsofbooksdocumentsandrecordsofthepast.WhydowehavelibrariesWhat1arethesedocumentsandthe2booksWhydowe3andsavetheactionsofmenthenegotiationsofstatesmenandthe4ofarmies Becausesometimesthevoiceofexperiencecan5ustostoplookandlisten.Andbecausesometimespastrecords6interpretedcangiveus7ofwhattodoandwhatnottodo. Ifwearetocreate8peaceforeverwemustseek9originsinhumanexperienceandintherecordofhuman10.Fromthestoryoftheendurancecourageand11ofmenandwomenwecreatetheinspirationofyouth.FromstoriesoftheChristianmenrightdowntoBudapest’sheroicmenoftodayhistoryrecordsthesufferingtheself-denialtheloyaltyandtheheroic12ofmen.Surelyfromtheserecordstherecancomehelptomankindinour13andperplexitiesandinouryearnings14peace. The15purposeofhistoryisabetterworld.Historygivesawarningtothosewhowould16war.History17inspirationtothosewhoseekpeace.18historyhelpsuslearn.Yesterday’srecordscankeepusfrom19yesterday’smistakes.Andfromthepiecesofmosaicassembledbyhistorianscometilegreatprintings20representtheprogressofmankind. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
TheAmericanscreenhaslongbeenasmokyplaceatleastsince1942’sNowVoyagerinwhichBetteDavisandPaulHenreidshowedhowtomakeandsealaromanticdealoverapairofcigarettesthatweresmolderingasmuchasthestars.Todaycigarettesaremorecommononscreenthanatanyothertimesincemidcentury:75%ofallHollywoodfilms—including36%ofthoseratedGorPG—showtobaccouseaccordingtoa2006surveybytheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco. Audiencesespeciallykidsaretakingnotice.TworecentstudiespublishedinLancetandPediatricshavefoundthatamongchildrenasyoungas10thoseexposedtothemostscreensmokingareupto2.7timesaslikelyasotherstopickupthehabit.Worseit’stheonesfromnonsmokinghomeswhoarehitthehardest.NowtheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealthHSPH—thefolksbehindthedesignated-drivercampaign—arepushingtogetthesmokesoffthescreen."Somemoviesshowkidsupto14incidentsofsmokingperhour"saysBarryBloomHSPH’sdean."We’reinthebusinessofpreventingdiseaseandcigarettesaretheNo.1preventablecause." Harvardlongbelievedthatgettingcigarettesoutofmoviescouldhaveaspowerfulaneffectbutitwouldn’tbeeasy.Cigarettemakershadahistoryofstrikingproduct-placementdealswithHollywoodandwhilethe1998tobaccosettlementpreventsthatnothingstopsdirectorsfromincorporatingsmokingintoscenesontheirown.In1999Harvardbeganholdingone-on-onemeetingswithstudioexecstryingtochangethatandlastyeartheMotionPictureAssociationofAmericaflungthedooropeninvitingBloomtomakeapresentationinFebruarytoallthestudios.Harvard’sadvicewasdirect:Getthebuttsentirelyoutoratleastmakesmokingunappealing. Afewfilmsprovideaglimpseofwhatano-smokingorlow-smokingHollywoodwouldbelike.ProducerLindsayDoranwhooncehelpedpersuadedirectorJohnHughestokeepFerrisBuellersmoke-freeinthe1980shitwantedtodethesamefortheleadsofher2006movieStrangerThanFiction.WhenawriterconvincedherthatthecharacterplayedbyEmmaThompsonhadtosmokeDoranrelentedbutfromthewayThompsonhacksherwaythroughthefilmandsnuffsouthercigarettesinapalmfulofspitit’scleartheglamour’sgone.AndrememberallthesmokinginTheDevilWearsPradaNoThat’sbecausetheproducersofthatfilmkeptitoutentirely—eveninastorythattravelsfromtheUSfashionworldtoParistwoofthemosttobacco-happyplacesonearth."Noonesmokedinthatmovie"saysDoran"andnoonenoticed." Suchmoviesarehardlytherulebutthepressureisgrowing.Likesmokersstudiosmayconcludethatquittingthehabitisnotjustalothealthierbutalsoalotsmarter. What’stheauthor’sattitudetowardgettingcigarettesoutofscreen
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