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Directions: Suppose you are Li Ming. During the week-long holiday, you joined a package tour organi...
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Text1 ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash. MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthat"thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques."Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque. Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy. Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof＆1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices. Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy——whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection——willbeafailure. TheviewsofGordonBrownandJohnHuttononpublicservicesreformsare
Text4 Duringthe1990sboomDellComputer’scustomersgothookedonspeed.Mostwerewillingtopayapremiumtohavetheircomputersshippedbyovernightairexpress.Buttodaytheequationhasflipped.Customersprizecostsavingsoverspeed."Nowmostofourcomputers[intheU.S.]areshippedontheground——andwecanstillreachjustabouteveryonewithintwodays"saysFredMontoyaDell’svicepresidentforworldwidelogistics. Expressairshippingisn’tinadeathspiral.Butrecession-spookedconsumersandmanufacturersarelesswillingtopayforovernightdeliverywhichisthreetofivetimesmoreexpensivethangroundshipping.Evenwhentheypaysatisfactionisnotguaranteed.AfterSeptember11securityscrutinyofairfreightcanresultinlongdelays——whichmeansroadsmayactuallybefaster.That’sanotherreasonwhythenumberofpackagesshippedbyairdomesticallyfell7.6%in2001.Andevenwiththerecoveryunderwayairexpressvolumeisforecasttoreboundbyjust3%thisyear."There’samassmigrationfromairtotrucks"saysJerryLevymarketingdirectorforairshipperBaxGlobalInc. Theindustry’sgiantsarereadytorollwiththechange.InthepastseveralyearsFe-dExandUPShaverebuilttheirgroundnetworksasaseriesofregionalhubsabletodelivermostpackagesovernightwithina700mileradius."Nowwecanmoveapackageinthemostexpedientwaygroundorairoracombinationofboth"saysTomWeidemeyerUPS’chiefoperatingofficerandpresidentofitsairlineunit.Newtechnologies——includingbarcodingsatellitetrackingonlinebillingandstatus——areeasingthetransition.Evenimpatientcustomersarewillingtodowithoutovernightdelivery"iftheyknowwhen[ashipment]willarrive"notesBrianClancyaprincipalatindustryconsultantMerge-GlobalInc. ThegroundingofsomuchfreightissolidifyingtheleadofUPSandFedEx."We’reabletokeepbusinessinthefamilythatwemighthavelost"saysWilliamMargaritisFedEx’scorporatevice-presidentforworldwidecommunications.Hiscompanyhasinvested$700millioninanewground-deliverynetworkwhiledeferringthedeliveryof123aircraft.AndstrictnewsecurityrequirementshaveforcedthepassengerairlinestostopcarryingpackagesfortheU.S.PostalServicenotesRichardLungdirectorofrevenuemanagementatUnitedAirlinesInc.’scargounit.Andsmallshipperswhetherairortrucklackthecapitaltobuildhybridnetworks."Wegotcaughtwithourpantsdown"saysLevyofBaxGlobalwhichaddedaground-deliveryunitin2000.Slowandsteadyreallydoeswintherace. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage
46ThedeclineofcivilityandmannersmaybeworryingpeoplemorethancrimeaccordingtoGentilityRecallededitedbyDighyAndersonwhichlamentsthebreakdownoftraditionalcodesthatonceregulatedsocialconduct.Itcriticizedthefactthat"manners"arescornedasrepressiveandoutdated.TheresultaccordingtoMr.AndersondirectoroftheSocialAffairsUnitisasocietycharacterizedbyrudeness:loutishbehavioronthestreetsjostlingincrowdsimpoliteshopassistantsandbadtempereddrivers. 47Mr.Andersonsaysthecumulativeeffectoftheseapparentlytrivialbutoftenoffensiveistomakeeverydaylifeuneasyunpredictableandunpleasant.Astheyareencounteredfarmoreoftenthancrimetheycancausemoreanxietythancrime. Thebookhascontributionsfrom12academicsindisciplinesrangingfrommedicinetosociologyandchartswhatitcallsthe"coarsening"ofBritain.Oldfashionedtermssuchas"gentleman"and"lady"havelostallmeaningfulresonanceandneedtobereevaluateditsaysRachelTrickettformerprincipalofSt.Hugh’sCollegeOxfordsaysthatthenotionofa"lady"protectswomenratherthandemeaningthem.48Feminismanddemandsforequalityhaveblurredthedistinctionsbetweenthesexescreatingsituationswheremenareabletodominatewomenbecauseoftheirmoreaggressiveandforcefulnaturesshesays."Womenwithoutsomecodeofdeferenceorrespectbecomeincreasinglyvictims." CarolineMoorethefirstwomanfellowofPeterhouseCambridgepointsoutthat"gentleman"isnowusedonlywithironyorderision."Thepopularviewofagentlemanispoisedsomewherebetweentheimbecile低能的parasiteandthevillainousone." ForAnthonyO’HearprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofBradford49mannersarecloselyassociatedwiththedifferentformsofbehaviorappropriateto.ageandstatus.Theycurbtheimpetuosityofyouthandthebitternessofoldage.Egalitarianismhesayshasledtopeoplefailingtoacttheirage."Wehavevicechancellorswithearringsaristocratsashippiesthetrendyvicar教区牧师onhismotorbike. Dr.BruceCharltonalecturerinpublichealthmedicineinNewcastletakesissuewiththeexcessiveinformalityofrelationsbetweenprofessionalssuchrelationshipsTristamEngelhardtprofessorofmedicineHoustonTexassaysmannersareboundtomorals.50"Mannersexpressaparticularsetofvalues"hesays"goodmannersinterpretandtransformsocialreality.Theyprovidesocialorientation. 47Mr.Andersonsaysthecumulativeeffectoftheseapparentlytrivialbutoftenoffensiveistomakeeverydaylifeuneasyunpredictableandunpleasant
Text2 Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40kin.Gulfoilaccountsfor400//ooofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablespendthriftregimesandaloomingfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey——IranandIraq——theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCo-operationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. Whydoestheauthornotthinkthatitisstillaheftychunk
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points3
Text4 Duringthe1990sboomDellComputer’scustomersgothookedonspeed.Mostwerewillingtopayapremiumtohavetheircomputersshippedbyovernightairexpress.Buttodaytheequationhasflipped.Customersprizecostsavingsoverspeed."Nowmostofourcomputers[intheU.S.]areshippedontheground——andwecanstillreachjustabouteveryonewithintwodays"saysFredMontoyaDell’svicepresidentforworldwidelogistics. Expressairshippingisn’tinadeathspiral.Butrecession-spookedconsumersandmanufacturersarelesswillingtopayforovernightdeliverywhichisthreetofivetimesmoreexpensivethangroundshipping.Evenwhentheypaysatisfactionisnotguaranteed.AfterSeptember11securityscrutinyofairfreightcanresultinlongdelays——whichmeansroadsmayactuallybefaster.That’sanotherreasonwhythenumberofpackagesshippedbyairdomesticallyfell7.6%in2001.Andevenwiththerecoveryunderwayairexpressvolumeisforecasttoreboundbyjust3%thisyear."There’samassmigrationfromairtotrucks"saysJerryLevymarketingdirectorforairshipperBaxGlobalInc. Theindustry’sgiantsarereadytorollwiththechange.InthepastseveralyearsFe-dExandUPShaverebuilttheirgroundnetworksasaseriesofregionalhubsabletodelivermostpackagesovernightwithina700mileradius."Nowwecanmoveapackageinthemostexpedientwaygroundorairoracombinationofboth"saysTomWeidemeyerUPS’chiefoperatingofficerandpresidentofitsairlineunit.Newtechnologies——includingbarcodingsatellitetrackingonlinebillingandstatus——areeasingthetransition.Evenimpatientcustomersarewillingtodowithoutovernightdelivery"iftheyknowwhen[ashipment]willarrive"notesBrianClancyaprincipalatindustryconsultantMerge-GlobalInc. ThegroundingofsomuchfreightissolidifyingtheleadofUPSandFedEx."We’reabletokeepbusinessinthefamilythatwemighthavelost"saysWilliamMargaritisFedEx’scorporatevice-presidentforworldwidecommunications.Hiscompanyhasinvested$700millioninanewground-deliverynetworkwhiledeferringthedeliveryof123aircraft.AndstrictnewsecurityrequirementshaveforcedthepassengerairlinestostopcarryingpackagesfortheU.S.PostalServicenotesRichardLungdirectorofrevenuemanagementatUnitedAirlinesInc.’scargounit.Andsmallshipperswhetherairortrucklackthecapitaltobuildhybridnetworks."Wegotcaughtwithourpantsdown"saysLevyofBaxGlobalwhichaddedaground-deliveryunitin2000.Slowandsteadyreallydoeswintherace. Asusedinthetexthybridnetworksarebestrelatedto
Text3 Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValley’sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failareisthefoundationforinnovation. Thevalley’sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire——itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess——toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions. ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC-H-programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing. Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb’sbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimdesignhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClark’seyestotheWeb’spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumerWebrevolution. Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet’shopeformoreofSiliconValley’ssuccessfulfailures. Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthatnewstart-ups
1time&place; 2textbookforthisclass; 3studentswhoarequalifiedtoattendthisclass; 4officetosignin; 5publishingtimeofyournotice. BythewayMrs.ConnieanAmericanprofessorwhoisworkinginGuangdongUniversityofForeignStudieswillcomeandhavetalkswithustwiceaweek. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.10points
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points15
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points9
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points5
Inaquietcourtroomtuckedawayinafederalbuildinghereatitanicbattleiscompetingfreespeechagainstgovernmenteffortstoprotectchildrenfromtheseeminglylimitlesspagesofpornographyincyberspace. TitledsimplyenoughtheAmericanLibraryAssociationv.theUnitedStatesofAmericanthetrialwilldeterminetheconstitutionalityoftheChildren’sInternetProtectionActCIPA. 46PassedbyCongressinDecember2000thelawrequiresalllibrariesthatreceivefederaltechnologyfundstoinstall"protectionmeasures"onallcomputersthathaveaccesstotheInternet.Inotherwordstheymusthaveblockingsoftwaretopreventyoungstersfromaccidentallyorevenintentionallygettingapeekatthemultitudeofhard-coresitesavailablewithjustafewwell-placedclicksonacomputerterminal. Tofree-speechadvocatesfromlibrarianstotheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionit’sawell-intentionedbutdangerousassaultonAmerica’sFirstAmendmentfreedoms.47Theyarguethateventhebestblockingsoftwareissoflawedthatitwouldalsolimitadultaccesstoawidearrayofconstitutionallyprotectedspeech. "It’sveryeasytosuggestthatweallbelieveintheFirstAmendmentwejustwanttokeepourkidssafe"saysJohnBerrypresidentoftheAmericanLibraryAssociationinChicago.48"Butassoonasyoustartmakingthosekindsofconcessionsyoubegantoundermineoneofourfoundingprinciplesandyoucan’tsacrificethosekindsofthingsforalittletemporarysecurity." SupportersoftheInternetfilteringlawarguethattheFirstAmendmenthasnothingtodowithCIPAbecauseit’snothingmorethanafundingbill.Iflibrarieshaveobjectionstheysimplydon’thavetoacceptthefederalfundsuponwhichtheblockingsoftware’suseisconditioned. There’sthewholeissueoftheblockingsoftwareitself.Doesitworkornot49Onestudyofmorethan7000websitesthathadbeenblockedbythevarioussoftwarecompaniesfoundthatbetween65and70percentofthesiteswere"deemedtohavepotentialvalue"toalibraryuser. Astoworriesaboutoverblockingthelawnssupportersnotethelawallowsadultstoaskalibrariantoturnofftheblockingsoftware. 50Butthelibrariansarguethatthemandatoryfilterdoestakediscretionawayfromlibrariansandtheircommunitieswhichpayforabout80percentoftheaveragelibrary’sbudgetandgivesittothefederalgovernment. Afterthisthree-judgepanelrulesonesideortheotherisexpectedtofileanappealandthatwillgodirectlytotheSupremeCourt. Onestudyofmorethan7000websitesthathadbeenblockedbythevarioussoftwarecompaniesfoundthatbetween65and70percentofthesitesweredeemedtohavepotentialvaluetoalibraryuser.
Text3 Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValley’sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failareisthefoundationforinnovation. Thevalley’sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire——itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess——toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions. ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC-H-programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing. Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb’sbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimdesignhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClark’seyestotheWeb’spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumerWebrevolution. Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet’shopeformoreofSiliconValley’ssuccessfulfailures. Whattheauthoristryingtosuggestmaybebestinterpretedas
46ThedeclineofcivilityandmannersmaybeworryingpeoplemorethancrimeaccordingtoGentilityRecallededitedbyDighyAndersonwhichlamentsthebreakdownoftraditionalcodesthatonceregulatedsocialconduct.Itcriticizedthefactthat"manners"arescornedasrepressiveandoutdated.TheresultaccordingtoMr.AndersondirectoroftheSocialAffairsUnitisasocietycharacterizedbyrudeness:loutishbehavioronthestreetsjostlingincrowdsimpoliteshopassistantsandbadtempereddrivers. 47Mr.Andersonsaysthecumulativeeffectoftheseapparentlytrivialbutoftenoffensiveistomakeeverydaylifeuneasyunpredictableandunpleasant.Astheyareencounteredfarmoreoftenthancrimetheycancausemoreanxietythancrime. Thebookhascontributionsfrom12academicsindisciplinesrangingfrommedicinetosociologyandchartswhatitcallsthe"coarsening"ofBritain.Oldfashionedtermssuchas"gentleman"and"lady"havelostallmeaningfulresonanceandneedtobereevaluateditsaysRachelTrickettformerprincipalofSt.Hugh’sCollegeOxfordsaysthatthenotionofa"lady"protectswomenratherthandemeaningthem.48Feminismanddemandsforequalityhaveblurredthedistinctionsbetweenthesexescreatingsituationswheremenareabletodominatewomenbecauseoftheirmoreaggressiveandforcefulnaturesshesays."Womenwithoutsomecodeofdeferenceorrespectbecomeincreasinglyvictims." CarolineMoorethefirstwomanfellowofPeterhouseCambridgepointsoutthat"gentleman"isnowusedonlywithironyorderision."Thepopularviewofagentlemanispoisedsomewherebetweentheimbecile低能的parasiteandthevillainousone." ForAnthonyO’HearprofessorofphilosophyattheUniversityofBradford49mannersarecloselyassociatedwiththedifferentformsofbehaviorappropriateto.ageandstatus.Theycurbtheimpetuosityofyouthandthebitternessofoldage.Egalitarianismhesayshasledtopeoplefailingtoacttheirage."Wehavevicechancellorswithearringsaristocratsashippiesthetrendyvicar教区牧师onhismotorbike. Dr.BruceCharltonalecturerinpublichealthmedicineinNewcastletakesissuewiththeexcessiveinformalityofrelationsbetweenprofessionalssuchrelationshipsTristamEngelhardtprofessorofmedicineHoustonTexassaysmannersareboundtomorals.50"Mannersexpressaparticularsetofvalues"hesays"goodmannersinterpretandtransformsocialreality.Theyprovidesocialorientation. 49mannersarecloselyassociatedwiththedifferentformsofbehaviorappropriateto.ageandstatus.Theycurbtheimpetuosityofyouthandthebitternessofoldage
LetChinasleepforwhenshewakesshewillshaketheworld. UntilrecentlytheworldhappilyignoredNapoleon’swarning.ButChinaisnowshakingtheworld.TheUSwasthefirstcontinentalcapitalisteconomy.TheEuropeanUnionistryingtobecomeasecond.PotentiallyChinadwarfsthemboth.Alreadyitisabigandcontroversialpresenceintheglobaleconomy.Itsimpactiscertaintoincreasestillfurther.Fearisaninevitableresponsetothisgrowingupheaval.ButhowfarisitjustifiedAndwhatisthebestresponse 41TheamazingachievementsofChina’strade China’stradeperformancehasindeedbeenastonishing.Between1980and2002China’sshareinglobalexportsandimportsrosefrom1.2percentand1.1percentto5.2percentand4.2percentrespectively.From1993to2002thevolumeofChina’sexportsofgoodsroseatanannualrateof17.3percent. 42HowtoevaluatetheimpactofChina’strade ToassesstheimpactofChina’stradeonemuststartwithitscomparativeadvantageandtradepolicies. 43Chinahasreducedhertariffs In1992averagestatutorytariffsonmanufactureswere4t3.5percent.AfteraccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganizationthiswillbedownto6.9percent.Forprimaryproductsthedeclineisfrom22.3to3.6percent. 44Goodorbadnews Between1979and2001China’stermsoftrade-theratioofthepricesofitsexportstothoseofitsimports-fellby30percent.AsChina’sgrowthdrivesdowntherelativepriceofherexportscountriesthatcompeteinthirdmarketssufferdecliningprofitabilityandmarketshares.ButnetimportersofChina’sexportsandnetexportersofherimportsbenefit. 45TheeffectofdirectChinesecompetition GainsareevenavailabletocountriesthatwouldseemvulnerabletodirectChinesecompetition.ThereasonistheverticalintegrationofChineseproduction.In1998justunderaquarterofthevalueofChineseexportscontaineddirectandindirectimports.NotsurprisinglysuchproductionisparticularlyrelevanttoChina’sneighbors. HowshouldothercountriesrespondtotheChineseshock"Calmly"isthebestadvice.Thebiggestreasonforcalmcomesfromhistory.IfChinaispermittedtothriveasadynamicexporterofcheapmanufacturesitspeoplewillobtaintheprosperitytheywant.IfChinaisthwartedbyprotectionistbarriersitspeoplewillbecorrespondinglyfrustratedanddangerous.Thechallengesofaccommodatingawide-awakeChinawillbehuge.Buttheycanandmustberisento. [A]Chinaalsoreducedthecoverageofnon-tariffbarriersfrom32.5percentofimportsto21.6percentbetween1996and2001.ThisliberalizationfurtherincreasethecompetitivenessofChina’sexportsbecauseataxonimportsisalsoataxonexports. [B]AnotherWorldBankstudynotesforexamplethatbetween1985and2001exportsfromotherEastAsianemergingmarketeconomiestoChinagrewfrom59billionto835billion.In200115percentofEastAsiansexportstoChinaconsistedofpartsofofficemachinesandtelecommunicationsequipmentandelectronicmicrocircuitsallofwhichwereforassemblyandre-export. [C]IfcurrenttrendsweresustainedwhichisunlikelyChina’sexportswouldsurpassthoseoftheUSbyabout2010.Overthe12monthstomay2003Chineseexportsof3660billionweretheworld’sfourthlargestafterthoseoftheUSGermanyandJapan.Itsimportsat3230billionwerethesixthlargestbutwillsoonbebiggerthanthoseofJapantheUKandFrance. [D]Ingeneralcommodityexportersandexportersofsophisticatedgoodsandservicesgainwhileotherlaborabundantcountrieslose. [E]Chinanowenjoyssignificantforeigninvestmentinflows.Thevolumeofcapitalflowstodevelopingcountriesisdeterminedprimarilybyglobalconditionsnotbylocaleconomicperformance.Countriescanincreasetheirshareofthiscapitalbymanagingtheireconomieswellbutconditionsintherichcountrieswillalwaysmattermoreandthesearehardtopredict. [F]Theformerrestsonalmostlimitlesssuppliesofcheaplabor.Thelatterhavebecomeremarkablyliberal. 43
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points7
Text1 ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash. MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthat"thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques."Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque. Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy. Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof＆1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices. Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy——whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection——willbeafailure. WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points17
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points13
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points1
LetChinasleepforwhenshewakesshewillshaketheworld. UntilrecentlytheworldhappilyignoredNapoleon’swarning.ButChinaisnowshakingtheworld.TheUSwasthefirstcontinentalcapitalisteconomy.TheEuropeanUnionistryingtobecomeasecond.PotentiallyChinadwarfsthemboth.Alreadyitisabigandcontroversialpresenceintheglobaleconomy.Itsimpactiscertaintoincreasestillfurther.Fearisaninevitableresponsetothisgrowingupheaval.ButhowfarisitjustifiedAndwhatisthebestresponse 41TheamazingachievementsofChina’strade China’stradeperformancehasindeedbeenastonishing.Between1980and2002China’sshareinglobalexportsandimportsrosefrom1.2percentand1.1percentto5.2percentand4.2percentrespectively.From1993to2002thevolumeofChina’sexportsofgoodsroseatanannualrateof17.3percent. 42HowtoevaluatetheimpactofChina’strade ToassesstheimpactofChina’stradeonemuststartwithitscomparativeadvantageandtradepolicies. 43Chinahasreducedhertariffs In1992averagestatutorytariffsonmanufactureswere4t3.5percent.AfteraccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganizationthiswillbedownto6.9percent.Forprimaryproductsthedeclineisfrom22.3to3.6percent. 44Goodorbadnews Between1979and2001China’stermsoftrade-theratioofthepricesofitsexportstothoseofitsimports-fellby30percent.AsChina’sgrowthdrivesdowntherelativepriceofherexportscountriesthatcompeteinthirdmarketssufferdecliningprofitabilityandmarketshares.ButnetimportersofChina’sexportsandnetexportersofherimportsbenefit. 45TheeffectofdirectChinesecompetition GainsareevenavailabletocountriesthatwouldseemvulnerabletodirectChinesecompetition.ThereasonistheverticalintegrationofChineseproduction.In1998justunderaquarterofthevalueofChineseexportscontaineddirectandindirectimports.NotsurprisinglysuchproductionisparticularlyrelevanttoChina’sneighbors. HowshouldothercountriesrespondtotheChineseshock"Calmly"isthebestadvice.Thebiggestreasonforcalmcomesfromhistory.IfChinaispermittedtothriveasadynamicexporterofcheapmanufacturesitspeoplewillobtaintheprosperitytheywant.IfChinaisthwartedbyprotectionistbarriersitspeoplewillbecorrespondinglyfrustratedanddangerous.Thechallengesofaccommodatingawide-awakeChinawillbehuge.Buttheycanandmustberisento. [A]Chinaalsoreducedthecoverageofnon-tariffbarriersfrom32.5percentofimportsto21.6percentbetween1996and2001.ThisliberalizationfurtherincreasethecompetitivenessofChina’sexportsbecauseataxonimportsisalsoataxonexports. [B]AnotherWorldBankstudynotesforexamplethatbetween1985and2001exportsfromotherEastAsianemergingmarketeconomiestoChinagrewfrom59billionto835billion.In200115percentofEastAsiansexportstoChinaconsistedofpartsofofficemachinesandtelecommunicationsequipmentandelectronicmicrocircuitsallofwhichwereforassemblyandre-export. [C]IfcurrenttrendsweresustainedwhichisunlikelyChina’sexportswouldsurpassthoseoftheUSbyabout2010.Overthe12monthstomay2003Chineseexportsof3660billionweretheworld’sfourthlargestafterthoseoftheUSGermanyandJapan.Itsimportsat3230billionwerethesixthlargestbutwillsoonbebiggerthanthoseofJapantheUKandFrance. [D]Ingeneralcommodityexportersandexportersofsophisticatedgoodsandservicesgainwhileotherlaborabundantcountrieslose. [E]Chinanowenjoyssignificantforeigninvestmentinflows.Thevolumeofcapitalflowstodevelopingcountriesisdeterminedprimarilybyglobalconditionsnotbylocaleconomicperformance.Countriescanincreasetheirshareofthiscapitalbymanagingtheireconomieswellbutconditionsintherichcountrieswillalwaysmattermoreandthesearehardtopredict. [F]Theformerrestsonalmostlimitlesssuppliesofcheaplabor.Thelatterhavebecomeremarkablyliberal. 41
Untilthelate1940swhentelevisionbeganfindingitswayintoAmericanhomescompaniesreliedmainlyonprintandradiotopromotetheirproductsandservices.Theadventoftelevision1arevolutioninproductandservice.Between1949and1951advertisingontelevisiongrew960percent.TodaytheInternetisonceagain2promotion.Bygoingonlinecompaniescancommunicateinstantlyanddirectlywithprospectivecustomers.3ontheWorldWideWebincludesadvertisingsponsorshipsandsalespromotions4sweepstakescontestscouponsandrebates.In1996WorldWideWebadvertisingrevenues5＄300million. Effectiveonlinemarketersdon’t6transferhard-copyadstocyberspace.7sitesblendpromotionalandnon-promotionalinformationindirectlydeliveringtheadvertisingmessages.To8visitstotheirsitesandtocreateand9customerloyaltycompanieschangeinformationfrequentlyandprovidemanyopportunitiesfor10. Aprototypeforexcellent11promotionistheRaguWebsite.Herevisitorscanfindthirty-sixpastarecipestakeItalianlessonsandviewanItalianfilmfestival12theywillfindnotraditionalads.13subtleisthemixofproductandpromotionthatvisitorshardlyknowanadvertisingmessagehasbeen14SegaofAmericamakerofcomputergamesandhardwareusesitsWebsitefora15ofdifferentpromotionssuchas16newgamecharacterstothepublicandsupplyingWebsurferstheopportunityto17games.Sega’shomepageaverages250000visitsaday.ToheighteninterestinthesiteSegaboughtanadvertisingbanneronNetscape18increasingsitevisitsby15percent.Online19inQuakerOats’GatoradepromotionreceivedafreeT-shirtinexchangeforansweringafewquestions.QuakerOatsreportsthattheonlinepromotioncreatedproduct20andhelpedthecompanyknowitscustomersbetter. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSERSHEET1.1
Text2 Everydaysome16mbarrelsofoilleavetheGulfthroughtheStraitofHormuz.Thatisenoughtofillasoft-drinkcanforeveryoneonearthortopowereverymotorvehicleontheplanetfor25miles40kin.Gulfoilaccountsfor400//ooofglobaltradeinthestickystuff.Moreimportantitmakesuptwo-thirdsofknowndeposits.Whereasatpresentproductionratestherestoftheworld’soilreserveswilllastforamere25yearstheGulf’swilllastfor100.Inotherwordstheregion’sstrategicimportanceissettogrowandgrow. Oratleastsogoestheconventionalwisdomwhichisusuallyroundedoutwithscarytalkofunstablespendthriftregimesandaloomingfundamentalistmenace.Yetallthosenumberscomewithcaveats.AgreatdealofoilisconsumedbythecountriesthatproduceitratherthantradedsoinrealitytheGulfaccountsforlessthanaquarteroftheworld’sdailyconsumption.Asforreservesthefiguresareaschangeableasamirageinthedesert.ThemostcomprehensiveresearchavailableconductedbytheUSGeologicalSurveyreferstoan"expected"totalvolumeforglobalhydrocarbondepositsthatisaboutdoublecurrentknownreserves.UsingthatfigureandthrowinginnaturalgasalongwithoilitappearsthattheGulfcontainsamoremoderate30%orsooftheplanet’sfuturefossil-fuelsupplies.LeavingoutthetwoGulfstatesthatarenotcoveredinthissurvey——IranandIraq——theremainingsixbetweenthemholdsomethinglike20%ofworldhydrocarbonreservesnotmuchmorethanRussia. Allthesameitisstillaheftychunk;enoughyoumightthinktokeepthepeoplelivingatopthewellsincomfortfortheforeseeablefuture.Butyoumightbewrong.AtpresentthenationsoftheGulfCo-operationCouncilhaveacombinednationalincomeroughlyequaltoSwitzerland’sbutapopulationwhichataround30mismorethanfourtimesasbig.Itisalsothefastest-growingonearthhavingincreasedatninetimestheSwissrateoverthepastquarter-century.Meanwhiletheregion’sshareofworldoiltradehasfallenashastheaveragepriceperbarrel. AsaresulttheincomeperpersongeneratedbyGCCoilexportshasbeendiminishingsincethe1970s.TruesurgingdemandfromAmericaandAsiahasrecentlyboostedtheGulf’sshareoftradebutthemedium-termoutlookforoilpriesremainsweak.Combinedwithcontinuedgrowthinoilconsumptionthisshouldcreatesustainedupwardpressureonprices.Andhighoilpriceswillspeedthesearchforalternatives.Whoknowsin20years’timefuelcellsandhydrogenpowermayhavestartedtobecomecommercialpropositions. IntheeyesoftheauthorconventionalopiniononthestrategicimportanceoftheGulfoilis
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points11
Personalityistoalargeextentinherent——A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoff-spring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohavea1effectsinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparentsitislikelytobecomea2factorinthelivesoftheirchildren. Oneplacewherechildren3A-characteristicsisschoolwhichisbyitsverynatureahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthe’winatallcosts’moralstandardand4theirsuccessbysporting5Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersysteminwhichcompetitiveA-typeseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtoo6towincanhavedangerous7:rememberthatPheidippidesthefirstmarathonrunnerdropped8secondsaftersaying:"Rejoicewe9!" 10theworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisrarethatschool11pupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhat12butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful. Obviouslyitisneitherpracticalnor13thatallA-youngsterschangeintoB’s.Theworldneedsdifferentkindsofpersonandschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild’spersonalitytohispossiblefuture14Itistopmanagement. Ifthe15ofschoolswithacademicworkwas16moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthe17professionsespeciallymedicinecouldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuch18as19andsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B’sareimportantandshouldbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET1.10points19
PartA Directions: SupposeyouareLiMing.Youlearnthatthereisajobvacancyinanelectronicappliancescompany.Youwanttoapplyforthejobasasalesrepresentative.Youwritealettertothecompany’shumanresourcesmanager.Yourlettershouldincludethefollowingpoints: 1thereasonsforwritingincludinghowyoufoundoutaboutthejob 2someaccountsofyourqualifications 3andthewayyoucanbereached Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonAnswerSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Inaquietcourtroomtuckedawayinafederalbuildinghereatitanicbattleiscompetingfreespeechagainstgovernmenteffortstoprotectchildrenfromtheseeminglylimitlesspagesofpornographyincyberspace. TitledsimplyenoughtheAmericanLibraryAssociationv.theUnitedStatesofAmericanthetrialwilldeterminetheconstitutionalityoftheChildren’sInternetProtectionActCIPA. 46PassedbyCongressinDecember2000thelawrequiresalllibrariesthatreceivefederaltechnologyfundstoinstall"protectionmeasures"onallcomputersthathaveaccesstotheInternet.Inotherwordstheymusthaveblockingsoftwaretopreventyoungstersfromaccidentallyorevenintentionallygettingapeekatthemultitudeofhard-coresitesavailablewithjustafewwell-placedclicksonacomputerterminal. Tofree-speechadvocatesfromlibrarianstotheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionit’sawell-intentionedbutdangerousassaultonAmerica’sFirstAmendmentfreedoms.47Theyarguethateventhebestblockingsoftwareissoflawedthatitwouldalsolimitadultaccesstoawidearrayofconstitutionallyprotectedspeech. "It’sveryeasytosuggestthatweallbelieveintheFirstAmendmentwejustwanttokeepourkidssafe"saysJohnBerrypresidentoftheAmericanLibraryAssociationinChicago.48"Butassoonasyoustartmakingthosekindsofconcessionsyoubegantoundermineoneofourfoundingprinciplesandyoucan’tsacrificethosekindsofthingsforalittletemporarysecurity." SupportersoftheInternetfilteringlawarguethattheFirstAmendmenthasnothingtodowithCIPAbecauseit’snothingmorethanafundingbill.Iflibrarieshaveobjectionstheysimplydon’thavetoacceptthefederalfundsuponwhichtheblockingsoftware’suseisconditioned. There’sthewholeissueoftheblockingsoftwareitself.Doesitworkornot49Onestudyofmorethan7000websitesthathadbeenblockedbythevarioussoftwarecompaniesfoundthatbetween65and70percentofthesiteswere"deemedtohavepotentialvalue"toalibraryuser. Astoworriesaboutoverblockingthelawnssupportersnotethelawallowsadultstoaskalibrariantoturnofftheblockingsoftware. 50Butthelibrariansarguethatthemandatoryfilterdoestakediscretionawayfromlibrariansandtheircommunitieswhichpayforabout80percentoftheaveragelibrary’sbudgetandgivesittothefederalgovernment. Afterthisthree-judgepanelrulesonesideortheotherisexpectedtofileanappealandthatwillgodirectlytotheSupremeCourt. Theyarguethateventhebestblockingsoftwareissoflawedthatitwouldalsolimitadultaccesstoawidearrayofconstitutionallyprotectedspeech.
Text3 Thedot-comcollapsemayhavebeenadisasterforWallStreetbuthereinSiliconValleyitwasablessing.Itwasthewelcomeendtoanabnormalconditionthatverynearlydestroyedtheareainanoverabundanceofsuccess.YouseethesecrettotheValley’sastoundingmultiple-decadeboomisfailure.Failureiswhatfuelsandrenewsthisplace.Failareisthefoundationforinnovation. Thevalley’sbusinessecologydependsonfailurethesamewaythetree-coveredhillsaroundusdependonfire——itwipesouttheoldgrowthandcreatesspacefornewlife.Thevalleyhasalwaysbeenindangerofdrowningintheunwelcomewasteproductsofsuccess——toomanypeopletooexpensivehousestoomuchtraffictoolittleofficespaceandtoomuchmoneychasingtoofewstartups.Failureisthesafetyvalvethedestructiverenewingforcethatfreesuppeopleideasandcapitalandrecombinesthemcreatingnewrevolutions. ConsiderhowtheInternetrevolutioncametobe.Afterhalfadecadeofstart-upstrugglesforexamplehundredsofmillionsofHollywooddollarsweregoingupinsmoke.Itallseemedlikeaterriblewastebutnoonenoticedthatthecollapseleftoneveryimportantbyproductacommunityoflaid-offC-H-programmerswhowerenowexpertinmultimediadesignandoutonthestreetlookingforthenextbigthing. Thesemediageekswerethepioneerofthedot-comrevolution.TheyweretheWeb’sbusinesspioneersapplyingtheirnewfoundmediasensibilitiestocreateonelittlecompanyafteranother.Mostofthesestart-upsfailedbuteveninfailuretheyadvancedthenewmediumofcyberspace.AfewgeekslikeSiliconGraphicsfounderJimClarksucceededandutterlychangedourlives.In1994Clarkwasunemployedafterleavingthecompanybefoundeddoggedlytryingtodevelopanewinteractive-TVconcept.HeapproachedMarcAndreessentheco-developerofMosaicthefirstwidelyusedInternetbrowserinhopeofpersuadingAndreessentohelphimdesignhisnewsystem.InsteadAndreessenopenedClark’seyestotheWeb’spotential.ClarkpromptlytossedhisTVplansinthetrashandthetwoco-foundedNetscapethecornerstoneoftheconsumerWebrevolution. Liketheinteractive-TVrefugeesandgenerationsofinnovatorsbeforethemthedotcomersarealreadyhatchingnewcompanies.Manyarerevisitinggoodideasexecutedbadlyinthe’90swhileothersarestrikingoutintoentirelynewspaces.Thishappychaosiscertaintomatureintoaneworderlikelytoupsetanestablishmentasitdeliverslife-changingwonderstotherestofus.Butthisisjustthestartforrevolutionsgivebirthtorevolutions.Solet’shopeformoreofSiliconValley’ssuccessfulfailures. Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence
Text1 ForTonyBlairhomeisamessysortofplacewheretheprimeminister’sjobisnottoupholdeternalvaluesbuttoforcethroughsomeunpopularchangesthatmaymakethecountryworkabitbetter.Theareawherethisismostobviousandwhereitmattersmostisthepublicservices.MrBlairfacesadifficultyherewhichispartlyofhisownmaking.Byfocusinghislastelectioncampaignontheneedtoimprovehospitalsschoolstransportandpolicinghebuiltupexpectations.MrBlairhassaidmanytimesthatreformsinthewaythepublicservicesworkneedtogoalongsideincreasesincash. MrBlairhasmadehistaskharderbycommittingaclassicnegotiatingerror.Insteadofextractingconcessionsfromtheothersidebeforepromisinghisownhehaspledgedhimselftohigherspendingonpublicserviceswithoutgettingacommitmenttochangefromtheunions.WhygiventhatthispledgehasbeenmadeshouldthehealthunionsgivegroundinreturnInaspeechonMarch20thGordonBrownthechancelloroftheexchequersaidthat"thesomething-for-nothingdaysareoverinourpublicservicesandtherecanbenoblankcheques."Butthegovernmentalreadyseemstohavegivenhealthworkersablankcheque. Norareotherministriesconveyingquitethesamemessageasthetreasury.OnMarch19thJohnHuttonahealthministerannouncedthatcleanersandcateringstaffinnewprivately-fundedhospitalsworkingfortheNationalHealthservicewillstillbegovernmentemployeesentitledtothesamepayandconditionsasotherhealth-serviceworkers.Sinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichthegovernmenthopestoreformthepublicsectorisbyusingprivateprovidersandsinceoneofthemainwaysinwhichprivateprovidersarelikelytobeabletosavemoneyisbycuttinglaborcoststhismoveseemstounderminethegovernment’sstrategy. Nowthegovernmentfacesitshardestfight.Thepoliceneedreformingmorethananyotherpublicservice.Halfofthemforinstanceretireearlyatacostof＆1billion$1.4%billionayeartothetaxpayer.Thepolicehavevoted10-1againstproposalsfromthehomesecretaryDavidBlunketttoreformtheirworkingpractices. Thisisafightthegovernmenthastowin.Ifthepolicegetawaywithitotherpublicserviceworkerswillreckontheycantoo.AndiftheyallgetawayitMrBlair’sdomesticpolicy——whichiswhatvotersaremostlikelytojudgehimonathenextelection——willbeafailure. Whatmaybetheattitudeofmanypublic-serviceworkerstowardsthestrategyofBlair'sgovernment
LetChinasleepforwhenshewakesshewillshaketheworld. UntilrecentlytheworldhappilyignoredNapoleon’swarning.ButChinaisnowshakingtheworld.TheUSwasthefirstcontinentalcapitalisteconomy.TheEuropeanUnionistryingtobecomeasecond.PotentiallyChinadwarfsthemboth.Alreadyitisabigandcontroversialpresenceintheglobaleconomy.Itsimpactiscertaintoincreasestillfurther.Fearisaninevitableresponsetothisgrowingupheaval.ButhowfarisitjustifiedAndwhatisthebestresponse 41TheamazingachievementsofChina’strade China’stradeperformancehasindeedbeenastonishing.Between1980and2002China’sshareinglobalexportsandimportsrosefrom1.2percentand1.1percentto5.2percentand4.2percentrespectively.From1993to2002thevolumeofChina’sexportsofgoodsroseatanannualrateof17.3percent. 42HowtoevaluatetheimpactofChina’strade ToassesstheimpactofChina’stradeonemuststartwithitscomparativeadvantageandtradepolicies. 43Chinahasreducedhertariffs In1992averagestatutorytariffsonmanufactureswere4t3.5percent.AfteraccessiontotheWorldTradeOrganizationthiswillbedownto6.9percent.Forprimaryproductsthedeclineisfrom22.3to3.6percent. 44Goodorbadnews Between1979and2001China’stermsoftrade-theratioofthepricesofitsexportstothoseofitsimports-fellby30percent.AsChina’sgrowthdrivesdowntherelativepriceofherexportscountriesthatcompeteinthirdmarketssufferdecliningprofitabilityandmarketshares.ButnetimportersofChina’sexportsandnetexportersofherimportsbenefit. 45TheeffectofdirectChinesecompetition GainsareevenavailabletocountriesthatwouldseemvulnerabletodirectChinesecompetition.ThereasonistheverticalintegrationofChineseproduction.In1998justunderaquarterofthevalueofChineseexportscontaineddirectandindirectimports.NotsurprisinglysuchproductionisparticularlyrelevanttoChina’sneighbors. HowshouldothercountriesrespondtotheChineseshock"Calmly"isthebestadvice.Thebiggestreasonforcalmcomesfromhistory.IfChinaispermittedtothriveasadynamicexporterofcheapmanufacturesitspeoplewillobtaintheprosperitytheywant.IfChinaisthwartedbyprotectionistbarriersitspeoplewillbecorrespondinglyfrustratedanddangerous.Thechallengesofaccommodatingawide-awakeChinawillbehuge.Buttheycanandmustberisento. [A]Chinaalsoreducedthecoverageofnon-tariffbarriersfrom32.5percentofimportsto21.6percentbetween1996and2001.ThisliberalizationfurtherincreasethecompetitivenessofChina’sexportsbecauseataxonimportsisalsoataxonexports. [B]AnotherWorldBankstudynotesforexamplethatbetween1985and2001exportsfromotherEastAsianemergingmarketeconomiestoChinagrewfrom59billionto835billion.In200115percentofEastAsiansexportstoChinaconsistedofpartsofofficemachinesandtelecommunicationsequipmentandelectronicmicrocircuitsallofwhichwereforassemblyandre-export. [C]IfcurrenttrendsweresustainedwhichisunlikelyChina’sexportswouldsurpassthoseoftheUSbyabout2010.Overthe12monthstomay2003Chineseexportsof3660billionweretheworld’sfourthlargestafterthoseoftheUSGermanyandJapan.Itsimportsat3230billionwerethesixthlargestbutwillsoonbebiggerthanthoseofJapantheUKandFrance. [D]Ingeneralcommodityexportersandexportersofsophisticatedgoodsandservicesgainwhileotherlaborabundantcountrieslose. [E]Chinanowenjoyssignificantforeigninvestmentinflows.Thevolumeofcapitalflowstodevelopingcountriesisdeterminedprimarilybyglobalconditionsnotbylocaleconomicperformance.Countriescanincreasetheirshareofthiscapitalbymanagingtheireconomieswellbutconditionsintherichcountrieswillalwaysmattermoreandthesearehardtopredict. [F]Theformerrestsonalmostlimitlesssuppliesofcheaplabor.Thelatterhavebecomeremarkablyliberal. 45
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