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铁缺乏时，供给骨髓造血用的铁是
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体内铁缺乏时最早被动用来供给骨髓造血用的铁是
血红蛋白铁
肌红蛋白铁
易变池铁
储存铁
运输中铁
铁缺乏时供给骨髓造血用的铁是下列哪项提供的
肌红蛋白铁
易变池铁
血红蛋白铁
贮存铁
运转中的铁
铁缺乏时供给骨髓造血用的铁是
血红蛋白铁
肌红蛋白铁
易变池铁
贮存铁
运转中的铁
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LateVictorianandmodernideasofculturearealwaysinsomesenseattributedtoMatthewArnoldwholargelythroughhisCultureandAnarchy1869placedthewordatthecenterofdebatesaboutthegoalsofintellectuallifeandhumanisticsociety.Arnolddefinedcultureasthepursuitoftotalperfectionbymeansofgettingtoknowonallmatterswhichmostconcernusthebestwhichhasbeenthoughtandsaidintheworld.ItwasArnold’’shopethatthroughthisknowledgewecanturnafreshandfreethoughtuponourstocknotionsandhabits.AlthoughArnold’’sthinkingaboutculturehelpedtodefinethepurposesoftheliberalartscurriculuminthecenturyfollowingthepublicationofCulturethreeconcreteformsofdisagreementwithArnold’’sviewshavehadconsiderableimpactoftheirown. ThefirstcanbeseenasprotestingArnold’’sfearfuldestinationofanarchyasculture’’senemy.Thisdivisionseemstosetupsimplyonemoreversionoftheoldstrugglebetweenaprivilegedpowerstructureandradicalchallengestoitsauthority.Arnoldcertainlytriedtodefinethearch-thelawfulorderofvalue-againstwhathesawasthean-archexistentialistdemocracyyethehimselfwasannoyedinhissoulbytheblindprideofthereactionarypowersinhisworld. AnotherformofoppositionsawArnold’’scultureasanabsurdperpetuationofclassicalandliterarylearningoutlookandprivilegesinaworldwheresciencehadbecomethenewarchandfromwhichanyreallyneworderofthinkingmustdevelop.AtthecenterofthetwoculturesdebatewerethegoalsoftheformalcurriculumintheeducationalsystemwhichisalwaystakentobetheprincipalvehiclethroughwhichArnoldiancultureoperates.HoweverArnoldhimselfhadviewedcultureasenactingitslifeinamuchmorebroadlyconceivedsetofinstitutions. TodayhoweverArnoldiancultureissustainedifindirectlybymulticulturalismamovementaimedlargelyatgainingrecognitionforvoicesandvisionsthatArnoldianculturehasimplicitlysuppressed.Atthelevelofeducationalpracticethemulticulturalistsareinterestedinlesseningthearbitraryauthoritythathighcultureexercisesoverthecurriculumwhilebringingintoplaytheprinciplethatwemustlearnwhatisrepresentativeforwehaveoveremphasizedwhatisexceptional.Themulticulturalists’’conflictwithArnoldianculturehasclearsimilaritiestotheradicalcritique;yetmulticulturalismaffirmsArnoldbyreturningusmorespecificallytoatensioninherentintheideaofcultureratherthantotheculture-anarchydivision. ThesocialcriticsdefendersofscienceandmulticulturalistsinsistthatArnold’’scultureissimplyadevicefororderingusabout.Insteaditisdesignedtoregisterthegatheringofideologicalcloudsonthehorizon.ThereisnoutopianmotiveinArnold’’scelebrationofperfection.TheideaofperfectionmatteredtoArnoldastheonlybackgroundagainstwhichwecouldformajustimageofouractualcircumstancesjustaswecanconceivefinersunsetsandunheardmelodies.ThiscapacitywhichallhumanspossessArnoldmadethefoundationandauthorityofculture. Arnoldwouldmostlikelydisagreewiththestatementthat
WhycrimehasrisensomuchfurtherandfasterinBritainthaninanyotherrichcountryoverthepasthalf-centuryisanybody’’sguess.Maybeit’’stheresultofnear-AmericanlevelsofrelativepovertyandfamilybreakdowncombinedwithaEuropeanreluctancetobangupquitesuchalargeproportionofthepopulationasAmericadoes.Anywaythelong-termcausesareoflessimmediateinteresttothegovernmentthanashort-termsolution.Popularconcernaboutcrimeisrising:23%ofpeoplerateditasoneofthemostimportantissuesforthegovenmentatthebeginningofthisyear;34%donow. Anofficialreportconcludingthatthecriminaljusticesystemisfailinghasaddedtothegovernment’’sproblems.TheAudit审计Commissionthegovernment’’swatchdogsaysthatthepolicetoooftenchargesuspectswiththewrongoffencesuseinaccuratecomputerizedinformationandfaceseriousinefficienciesintheforensicsciencetheuseofscientificmethodsbythepoliceservice.Courtdelaysalonearecostingtaxpayers￡80m＄120mayear.Theresultisthatfewcriminalsarebroughttojusticeandevenfewerconvicted.Only6%ofthemorethan5moffencesrecordedbythepolicelastyearresultedinaconviction.Hardlysurprisingthenthatmorethanhalfthepublicbelievesthatthecriminaljusticesystemisineffective. ThemainpurposeoftheWhitePaperpublishedlastyearistoaddressconcernsthattheproceduresofthecourtareweightedtooheavilyagainsttheprosecutionItincludesmanysensibleanduncontroversialproposals.Itasksformoresupportforwitnessesmanyofwhomarefrightenedoftestifying.AsurveyofoneLondoncourtfoundthatof140witnessescalledinatwo-weekperiodonly19actuallyturnedup. Makingjuriesmorerepresentativemustalsomakesense.Gettingoffjuryserviceistooeasy.InsomeLondoncourtstwo-thirdsofthosecalledforjuryservicefailtoturnup.Asaresultjuriesareoftencomposedofhousewivestheunemployedandtheretired.TheWhitePaperrecommendsacheckonprofessionals’’gettingoffservicewhocanexcusethemselvesbysayingtheirworkistooimportantandproposespenaltiesforthosewhofailtocomply. Otherproposedreformswillbemorecontroversial.Atpresentnodefendantcanbetriedforthesameoffencetwiceevenifcompellingnewevidenceemerges.Thegovernment’’splantoscrapthatlawwillberesistedbycivillibertiescampaignersaswilltheproposalthatpreviousconvictionsshouldbedisclosedinopencourtwheretheyarerelevanttothecasebeingheard. WhetherornotsuchproposalsmakeitintolawtheWhitePaperdidnotdomuchtoaddresspublicconcerns.Thereasonwhy94%ofcrimesdonotresultinaconvictionisthatthree-quartersofthemarenotclearedupandsonobodyischarged.Thatisthefaultofthepolicenotthecourts;andthatisthepartofthecriminaljusticesystemthatthegovernmentneedstofocusonifitistomakeadifference. ConcerningthereasonforthefastgrowthofcrimeinBritain
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Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.61TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthoughtwhichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe. Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguistsFranzBoasandEdwardSapirwerepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.62Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanishedasthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscenturyhoweverwhowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafromexoticlanguagewerenotalwayssograteful.63ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferentsomuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages. Sapir’’spupilBenjaminLeeWhorfcontinuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.64BeinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthoughtWhorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguagethespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.65Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhichinitsstrongestformstatesthatlanguageimprisonsthemindandthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.LaterthisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesisbutthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguagesSapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism.
朱砂甘寒能养心安神
Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.61TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthoughtwhichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe. Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguistsFranzBoasandEdwardSapirwerepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.62Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanishedasthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscenturyhoweverwhowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafromexoticlanguagewerenotalwayssograteful.63ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferentsomuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages. Sapir’’spupilBenjaminLeeWhorfcontinuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.64BeinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthoughtWhorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguagethespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.65Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhichinitsstrongestformstatesthatlanguageimprisonsthemindandthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.LaterthisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesisbutthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguagesSapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism.
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LateVictorianandmodernideasofculturearealwaysinsomesenseattributedtoMatthewArnoldwholargelythroughhisCultureandAnarchy1869placedthewordatthecenterofdebatesaboutthegoalsofintellectuallifeandhumanisticsociety.Arnolddefinedcultureasthepursuitoftotalperfectionbymeansofgettingtoknowonallmatterswhichmostconcernusthebestwhichhasbeenthoughtandsaidintheworld.ItwasArnold’’shopethatthroughthisknowledgewecanturnafreshandfreethoughtuponourstocknotionsandhabits.AlthoughArnold’’sthinkingaboutculturehelpedtodefinethepurposesoftheliberalartscurriculuminthecenturyfollowingthepublicationofCulturethreeconcreteformsofdisagreementwithArnold’’sviewshavehadconsiderableimpactoftheirown. ThefirstcanbeseenasprotestingArnold’’sfearfuldestinationofanarchyasculture’’senemy.Thisdivisionseemstosetupsimplyonemoreversionoftheoldstrugglebetweenaprivilegedpowerstructureandradicalchallengestoitsauthority.Arnoldcertainlytriedtodefinethearch-thelawfulorderofvalue-againstwhathesawasthean-archexistentialistdemocracyyethehimselfwasannoyedinhissoulbytheblindprideofthereactionarypowersinhisworld. AnotherformofoppositionsawArnold’’scultureasanabsurdperpetuationofclassicalandliterarylearningoutlookandprivilegesinaworldwheresciencehadbecomethenewarchandfromwhichanyreallyneworderofthinkingmustdevelop.AtthecenterofthetwoculturesdebatewerethegoalsoftheformalcurriculumintheeducationalsystemwhichisalwaystakentobetheprincipalvehiclethroughwhichArnoldiancultureoperates.HoweverArnoldhimselfhadviewedcultureasenactingitslifeinamuchmorebroadlyconceivedsetofinstitutions. TodayhoweverArnoldiancultureissustainedifindirectlybymulticulturalismamovementaimedlargelyatgainingrecognitionforvoicesandvisionsthatArnoldianculturehasimplicitlysuppressed.Atthelevelofeducationalpracticethemulticulturalistsareinterestedinlesseningthearbitraryauthoritythathighcultureexercisesoverthecurriculumwhilebringingintoplaytheprinciplethatwemustlearnwhatisrepresentativeforwehaveoveremphasizedwhatisexceptional.Themulticulturalists’’conflictwithArnoldianculturehasclearsimilaritiestotheradicalcritique;yetmulticulturalismaffirmsArnoldbyreturningusmorespecificallytoatensioninherentintheideaofcultureratherthantotheculture-anarchydivision. ThesocialcriticsdefendersofscienceandmulticulturalistsinsistthatArnold’’scultureissimplyadevicefororderingusabout.Insteaditisdesignedtoregisterthegatheringofideologicalcloudsonthehorizon.ThereisnoutopianmotiveinArnold’’scelebrationofperfection.TheideaofperfectionmatteredtoArnoldastheonlybackgroundagainstwhichwecouldformajustimageofouractualcircumstancesjustaswecanconceivefinersunsetsandunheardmelodies.ThiscapacitywhichallhumanspossessArnoldmadethefoundationandauthorityofculture. Wecaninferfromthetextthatthetwo-culturedebate
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Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurkeallthatisneededforthetriumphofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.Onesuchcausenowseekstoendbiomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocateswhoseargumentsareconfusingthepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.Leadersoftheanimalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfundingandfewpeopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimalsinresearchsettingsmanyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal. Forexampleagrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfairwasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoristestedinanimals―nomeatnofurnomedicines.Askedifsheopposedimmunizationsshewantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.WhenassuredthattheydosherepliedThenIwouldhavetosayyes.AskedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturnshesaidDon’’tworryscientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers.Suchwell-meaningpeoplejustdon’’tunderstand. Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionateunderstandableway--inhumantermsnotinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.Weneedtomakecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother’’shipreplacementafather’’sbypassoperationababy’’svaccinationsandevenapet’’sshots.Tothosewhoareunawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatmentsaswellasnewtreatmentsandvaccinesanimalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst. Muchcanbedone.Scientistscouldadoptmiddleschoolclassesandpresenttheirownresearch.Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditorlestanimalrightsmisinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.Researchinstitutionscouldbeopenedtotourstoshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.Finallybecausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatientsthehealthresearchcommunityshouldactivelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooperwhohasmadecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearchbutallwhoreceivemedicaltreatment.Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywillextinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress. awell-knownhumanist.
WhycrimehasrisensomuchfurtherandfasterinBritainthaninanyotherrichcountryoverthepasthalf-centuryisanybody’’sguess.Maybeit’’stheresultofnear-AmericanlevelsofrelativepovertyandfamilybreakdowncombinedwithaEuropeanreluctancetobangupquitesuchalargeproportionofthepopulationasAmericadoes.Anywaythelong-termcausesareoflessimmediateinteresttothegovernmentthanashort-termsolution.Popularconcernaboutcrimeisrising:23%ofpeoplerateditasoneofthemostimportantissuesforthegovenmentatthebeginningofthisyear;34%donow. Anofficialreportconcludingthatthecriminaljusticesystemisfailinghasaddedtothegovernment’’sproblems.TheAudit审计Commissionthegovernment’’swatchdogsaysthatthepolicetoooftenchargesuspectswiththewrongoffencesuseinaccuratecomputerizedinformationandfaceseriousinefficienciesintheforensicsciencetheuseofscientificmethodsbythepoliceservice.Courtdelaysalonearecostingtaxpayers￡80m＄120mayear.Theresultisthatfewcriminalsarebroughttojusticeandevenfewerconvicted.Only6%ofthemorethan5moffencesrecordedbythepolicelastyearresultedinaconviction.Hardlysurprisingthenthatmorethanhalfthepublicbelievesthatthecriminaljusticesystemisineffective. ThemainpurposeoftheWhitePaperpublishedlastyearistoaddressconcernsthattheproceduresofthecourtareweightedtooheavilyagainsttheprosecutionItincludesmanysensibleanduncontroversialproposals.Itasksformoresupportforwitnessesmanyofwhomarefrightenedoftestifying.AsurveyofoneLondoncourtfoundthatof140witnessescalledinatwo-weekperiodonly19actuallyturnedup. Makingjuriesmorerepresentativemustalsomakesense.Gettingoffjuryserviceistooeasy.InsomeLondoncourtstwo-thirdsofthosecalledforjuryservicefailtoturnup.Asaresultjuriesareoftencomposedofhousewivestheunemployedandtheretired.TheWhitePaperrecommendsacheckonprofessionals’’gettingoffservicewhocanexcusethemselvesbysayingtheirworkistooimportantandproposespenaltiesforthosewhofailtocomply. Otherproposedreformswillbemorecontroversial.Atpresentnodefendantcanbetriedforthesameoffencetwiceevenifcompellingnewevidenceemerges.Thegovernment’’splantoscrapthatlawwillberesistedbycivillibertiescampaignersaswilltheproposalthatpreviousconvictionsshouldbedisclosedinopencourtwheretheyarerelevanttothecasebeingheard. WhetherornotsuchproposalsmakeitintolawtheWhitePaperdidnotdomuchtoaddresspublicconcerns.Thereasonwhy94%ofcrimesdonotresultinaconvictionisthatthree-quartersofthemarenotclearedupandsonobodyischarged.Thatisthefaultofthepolicenotthecourts;andthatisthepartofthecriminaljusticesystemthatthegovernmentneedstofocusonifitistomakeadifference. AccordingtotheWhitePaperthelawcourt
It’’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckilyifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisasterasuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980swhenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’’misfortunes. Feelingthreatenedcompaniesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabelstryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Todaystepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarnamongotherthingsthatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild’’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoydoesnotenableusertofly. Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractionsforexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulationsitisn’’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt. Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbeforesomecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendantsespeciallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’’thavechangedanything.InMayJulieNimmonspresidentofSchuttSportsinIllinoissuccessfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.We’’rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzedbuthelmetsaren’’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuriessaysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegamenotthehelmetwasthereasonfortheathlete’’sinjury.AtthesametimetheAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudgelawyersandacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.ImportantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialitiessaysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitswaytheinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability. Whatwerethingslikein1980swhenaccidentshappened
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WhycrimehasrisensomuchfurtherandfasterinBritainthaninanyotherrichcountryoverthepasthalf-centuryisanybody’’sguess.Maybeit’’stheresultofnear-AmericanlevelsofrelativepovertyandfamilybreakdowncombinedwithaEuropeanreluctancetobangupquitesuchalargeproportionofthepopulationasAmericadoes.Anywaythelong-termcausesareoflessimmediateinteresttothegovernmentthanashort-termsolution.Popularconcernaboutcrimeisrising:23%ofpeoplerateditasoneofthemostimportantissuesforthegovenmentatthebeginningofthisyear;34%donow. Anofficialreportconcludingthatthecriminaljusticesystemisfailinghasaddedtothegovernment’’sproblems.TheAudit审计Commissionthegovernment’’swatchdogsaysthatthepolicetoooftenchargesuspectswiththewrongoffencesuseinaccuratecomputerizedinformationandfaceseriousinefficienciesintheforensicsciencetheuseofscientificmethodsbythepoliceservice.Courtdelaysalonearecostingtaxpayers￡80m＄120mayear.Theresultisthatfewcriminalsarebroughttojusticeandevenfewerconvicted.Only6%ofthemorethan5moffencesrecordedbythepolicelastyearresultedinaconviction.Hardlysurprisingthenthatmorethanhalfthepublicbelievesthatthecriminaljusticesystemisineffective. ThemainpurposeoftheWhitePaperpublishedlastyearistoaddressconcernsthattheproceduresofthecourtareweightedtooheavilyagainsttheprosecutionItincludesmanysensibleanduncontroversialproposals.Itasksformoresupportforwitnessesmanyofwhomarefrightenedoftestifying.AsurveyofoneLondoncourtfoundthatof140witnessescalledinatwo-weekperiodonly19actuallyturnedup. Makingjuriesmorerepresentativemustalsomakesense.Gettingoffjuryserviceistooeasy.InsomeLondoncourtstwo-thirdsofthosecalledforjuryservicefailtoturnup.Asaresultjuriesareoftencomposedofhousewivestheunemployedandtheretired.TheWhitePaperrecommendsacheckonprofessionals’’gettingoffservicewhocanexcusethemselvesbysayingtheirworkistooimportantandproposespenaltiesforthosewhofailtocomply. Otherproposedreformswillbemorecontroversial.Atpresentnodefendantcanbetriedforthesameoffencetwiceevenifcompellingnewevidenceemerges.Thegovernment’’splantoscrapthatlawwillberesistedbycivillibertiescampaignersaswilltheproposalthatpreviousconvictionsshouldbedisclosedinopencourtwheretheyarerelevanttothecasebeingheard. WhetherornotsuchproposalsmakeitintolawtheWhitePaperdidnotdomuchtoaddresspublicconcerns.Thereasonwhy94%ofcrimesdonotresultinaconvictionisthatthree-quartersofthemarenotclearedupandsonobodyischarged.Thatisthefaultofthepolicenotthecourts;andthatisthepartofthecriminaljusticesystemthatthegovernmentneedstofocusonifitistomakeadifference. Itwouldcausemuchargumentandresistanceif
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怎样正确理解地道药材的含义举例说明
It’’saroughworldoutthere.Stepoutsideandyoucouldbreakalegslippingonyourdoormat.Lightupthestoveandyoucouldburndownthehouse.Luckilyifthedoormatorstovefailedtowarnofcomingdisasterasuccessfullawsuitmightcompensateyouforyourtroubles.Orsothethinkinghasgonesincetheearly1980swhenjuriesbeganholdingmorecompaniesliablefortheircustomers’’misfortunes. Feelingthreatenedcompaniesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabelstryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.Todaystepladderscarrylabelsseveralincheslongthatwarnamongotherthingsthatyoumight--surprise!--falloff.Thelabelonachild’’sBatmancapecautionsthatthetoydoesnotenableusertofly. Whilewarningsareoftenappropriateandnecessary--thedangersofdruginteractionsforexample--andmanyarerequiredbystateorfederalregulationsitisn’’tclearthattheyactuallyprotectthemanufacturersandsellersfromliabilityifacustomerisinjured.About50percentofthecompanieslosewheninjuredcustomerstakethemtocourt. Nowthetideappearstobeturning.Aspersonalinjuryclaimscontinueasbeforesomecourtsarebeginningtosidewithdefendantsespeciallyincaseswhereawarninglabelprobablywouldn’’thavechangedanything.InMayJulieNimmonspresidentofSchuttSportsinIllinoissuccessfullyfoughtalawsuitinvolvingafootballplayerwhowasparalyzedinagamewhilewearingaSchutthelmet.We’’rereallysorryhehasbecomeparalyzedbuthelmetsaren’’tdesignedtopreventthosekindsofinjuriessaysNimmons.Thejuryagreedthatthenatureofthegamenotthehelmetwasthereasonfortheathlete’’sinjury.AtthesametimetheAmericanLawInstitute--agroupofjudgelawyersandacademicswhoserecommendationscarrysubstantialweight--issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.ImportantinformationcangetburiedinaseaoftrivialitiessaysalawprofessoratCornellLawSchoolwhohelpeddraftthenewguidelines.Ifthemoderateendofthelegalcommunityhasitswaytheinformationonproductsmightactuallybeprovidedforthebenefitofcustomersandnotasprotectionagainstlegalliability. TheeaseofSchutthelmetdemonstratedthat____________.
Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.61TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthoughtwhichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe. Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguistsFranzBoasandEdwardSapirwerepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.62Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanishedasthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscenturyhoweverwhowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafromexoticlanguagewerenotalwayssograteful.63ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferentsomuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages. Sapir’’spupilBenjaminLeeWhorfcontinuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.64BeinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthoughtWhorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguagethespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.65Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhichinitsstrongestformstatesthatlanguageimprisonsthemindandthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.LaterthisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesisbutthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguagesSapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism. Therelationoflanguageandmindhasinterestedphilosophersformanycenturies.61TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthoughtwhichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe. Onlyrecentlydidlinguistsbegintheseriousstudyoflanguagesthatwereverydifferentfromtheirown.Twoanthropologist-linguistsFranzBoasandEdwardSapirwerepioneersindescribingmanynativelanguagesofNorthandSouthAmericaduringthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.62Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanishedasthepeopleswhospokethemdiedoutorbecameassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Otherlinguistsintheearlierpartofthiscenturyhoweverwhowerelesseagertodealwithbizarredatafromexoticlanguagewerenotalwayssograteful.63ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata.NativeAmericanlanguagesareindeeddifferentsomuchsoinfactthatNavajocouldbeusedbytheUSmilitaryasacodeduringWorldWarIItosendsecretmessages. Sapir’’spupilBenjaminLeeWhorfcontinuedthestudyofAmericanIndianlanguages.64BeinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthoughtWhorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.Hereasonedthatbecauseitiseasiertoformulatecertainconceptsandnotothersinagivenlanguagethespeakersofthatlanguagethinkalongonetrackandnotalonganother.65Whorfcametobelieveinasortoflinguisticdeterminismwhichinitsstrongestformstatesthatlanguageimprisonsthemindandthatthegrammaticalpatternsinalanguagecanproducefar-reachingconsequencesforthecultureofasociety.LaterthisideabecametobeknownastheSapir-Whorfhypothesisbutthistermissomewhatinappropriate.AlthoughbothSapirandWhorfemphasizedthediversityoflanguagesSapirhimselfneverexplicitlysupportedthenotionoflinguisticdeterminism.
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