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马苏迪著有一部史地百科全书式的著作，是( )。
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介绍中国历史最早的一部著作的是西班牙人在罗马出版的西班牙文中华大帝国史随后法国人编撰的中华帝国志于1
北魏的贾思勰的是我国现存最早的一部百科全书式的
拉伯雷的长篇小说是当时的人文主义文学巨著被称作当时的百科全书式的著作
法国人杜赫德编撰的是欧洲人研究中国的百科全书式的著作
明朝著名医学家著有科学家编著了一部农业百科全书宋应星的天工开物被国外称
曹雪芹的红楼梦是深刻反映现实的百科全书式巨著巴尔扎克的人间喜剧被誉为资本主义的社会百科全书这两部百科
属于现代主义的文学作品
具有强烈的社会批判精神
反映资本主义萌芽的要求
反映当代人的精神创伤
我国现存最早的一部百科全书式的农学名著
北宋的是一部百科全书式的音乐著作反应了我国宋代以前的音乐成就
介绍中国历史最早的一部著作的是西班牙人在罗马出版的西班牙文随后法国人编撰的于1735年在巴黎印行是欧
法国文艺复兴时期最主要的小说作家拉伯雷的代表作是这是一部艺术化地反映了人文主义思想的百科全书式的作品
关于阿拉伯帝国及其文化下列说法全部正确的是①最后完成了希腊哲学与yī sī lán jiāo 的调和的阿拉伯哲学家是法拉比
①③⑤
②③④⑥
①②③⑥
①④⑤
明清两朝组织大量人力物力整理编纂了许多类书丛书重要的有明朝的永乐大典是我国历史上最早的一部百科全书式
我国历史上最早的一部百科全书式类书是
《四库全书》
《古今图书集成》
《永乐大典》
《农政全书》
曹雪芹的红楼梦是深刻反映现实的百科全书式巨著巴尔扎克的人间喜剧被誉为资本主义社会的百科全书这两部百科
属于现代主义的文学作品
具有强烈的社会批判精神
反映资本主义萌芽的要求
反映当代人的精神创伤
曹雪芹的红楼梦是深刻反映现实的百科全书式巨著巴尔扎克的人间喜剧被誉为资本主义社会的百科全书这两部百科
属于现代主义的文学作品
具有强烈的社会批判精神
反映资本主义萌芽的要求
反映当代人的精神创伤
参与编写我国最早的一部百科全书式的农学著作农桑辑要的皖籍人物是
王贞仪
程大位
方以智
孟祺
作为一部艺术化地反映了人文主义思想的百科全书式的作品巨人传涉及了哪些主要的问题
.百科全书是指概要记述人类一切知识门类或某一知识门类的工具书但在实际使用中被赋予了形容的意味或是某种
①②
①②③
②③④
①②③④
北宋的乐书是一部百科全书式的音乐著作反应了我国宋代以前的音乐成就
本草纲目和天工开物的不同点是
深入民间考察而写成的著作
百科全书式的著作
被译成多种外文的著作
总结性的科学著作
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PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwo.extrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsHere’safamiliarversionoftheboy-meets-girlsituation.Ayoungmanhasatlastpluckedupcouragetoinviteadazzlingyoungladyouttodinner.Shehasacceptedhisinvitationandheisoverjoyed.Heisdeterminedtotakehertothebestrestaurantintownevenifitmeansthathewillhavetoliveonmemoriesandhopesduringthemonthtocome.Whentheygettotherestauranthediscoversthatthisetherial轻飘的creatureisonadiet.Shemustn’teatthisandshemustn’tthat.Ohbutofcourseshedoesn’twanttospoilhisenjoyment.Lethimbyallmeanseatasmuchfatteningfoodashewants:it’sthesurestwaytoanearlygrave.41______42______.Theyspendmostoftheirtimeturningtheirnosesupatfood.Theyareforeverconsultingcalorie卡路里charts;gazingatthemselvesinmirrors;andleapingontoweighing-machinesinthebathroom.Theyspendalifetimefightingalosingbattleagainstspreadinghipsprotrudingtummiesanddoublechins.Somewageall-outwaronFAT.Meredietingisnotenough.Theyexhaustthemselvesdoingexercisessweatinginsaunabathsbeingpummelledandmassagedbyweirdmachines.Thereallywealthydiet-mongerspayvastsumsfor’healthcures’.Fortwoweekstheycanenteranatureclinicandbestarvedtodeathforahundredguineasaweek.Don’tthinkit’sonlythemiddle-agedwhogoinforthesefadseither.43______44______wellforonethingthey’realwayshungry.Youcan’tbehungryandhappyatthesametime.Allthehorribleconcoctionstheyeatinsteadoffoodleavethempermanentlydissatisfied.’Wonderfoodisacompletefoodtheadvertisementsays.’Justdissolveateaspoonfulinwater...’Acompletefooditmaybebutnotquiteascompleteasajuicysteak.Andofcoursethey’realwaysmiserablebecausetheyfeelsoguilty.Hungerjustprovestoomuchforthemandintheendtheylashoutanddevourfivehugeguilt-inducingcreamcakesatasitting.AndwhocanblamethemAtleastthreetimesadaytheyareexposedtotemptation.45______What’sallthisself-inflictedtortureforSaintlypeopledeprivethemselvesoffoodtoattainastateofgrace.Unsaintlypeopledosotoattainastateofmisery.Itwillbeagreatdaywhenallthedietersintheworldabandontheirslimmingcourses;whentheyhatdouttheirplatesanddemandsecondhelpings! A.Manyoftheseb.rightyoungthingsyouseearesufferingfromchronicmalnutrition:theyarelivingonnothingbutairwaterandthegoodwillofGod. B.Dietersdeprivethemselvesof’deliciousfoodtoattainagracestaturebutsomepeoplethinkitismiserableandfoolishforthemtodoso. C.Dietersundertaketostarvefftemselvesoftheirownfreewill;sowhyaretheysomiserable D.Theyspendatrulymemorableeveningtogetherandneverseeeachotheragain. E.Whatanuttertortureitis’alwayswatchingotherstuckingintopilesofmouth-wateringfoodwhileyoumunchawaterbiscuitandsipunsweetenedlemonjuice! F.Peoplewhoareonadietmustn’thavechocolateandthisishardforsomegirls. G.Whatamiserablelotofdietersare!Youcanalwaysrecognisethemfromthesourexpressionontheirfaces. 43
已知以下基本汇率求套算汇率 1$1=DM1.6920=SFr1.3899求套算汇率DM/SFr 2$1=DM1.6920GBP1=US$1.6812求套算汇率GBP/DM 3$1=SFr1.3894/1.3904$1=DM1.6917/1.6922求套算汇率DM/SFr 4GBP1=US$1.6808/1.6816$1=DM1.6917/1.6922求套算汇率GBP/DM
Text4Sciencehaslongsincehadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGalileo’s17th-centurytrifil’forhisrebellingbelieftheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlack’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury~Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics-butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattacked’antiscience’inseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason"heldinNewYorkCityin1995and"ScienceintheAgeofMissinformation"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople;GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedsciencesobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenpmenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberthosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalutopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarnfingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm’antiscience’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science."Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened." Paragraphs2and3arewrittento
PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwo.extrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsHere’safamiliarversionoftheboy-meets-girlsituation.Ayoungmanhasatlastpluckedupcouragetoinviteadazzlingyoungladyouttodinner.Shehasacceptedhisinvitationandheisoverjoyed.Heisdeterminedtotakehertothebestrestaurantintownevenifitmeansthathewillhavetoliveonmemoriesandhopesduringthemonthtocome.Whentheygettotherestauranthediscoversthatthisetherial轻飘的creatureisonadiet.Shemustn’teatthisandshemustn’tthat.Ohbutofcourseshedoesn’twanttospoilhisenjoyment.Lethimbyallmeanseatasmuchfatteningfoodashewants:it’sthesurestwaytoanearlygrave.41______42______.Theyspendmostoftheirtimeturningtheirnosesupatfood.Theyareforeverconsultingcalorie卡路里charts;gazingatthemselvesinmirrors;andleapingontoweighing-machinesinthebathroom.Theyspendalifetimefightingalosingbattleagainstspreadinghipsprotrudingtummiesanddoublechins.Somewageall-outwaronFAT.Meredietingisnotenough.Theyexhaustthemselvesdoingexercisessweatinginsaunabathsbeingpummelledandmassagedbyweirdmachines.Thereallywealthydiet-mongerspayvastsumsfor’healthcures’.Fortwoweekstheycanenteranatureclinicandbestarvedtodeathforahundredguineasaweek.Don’tthinkit’sonlythemiddle-agedwhogoinforthesefadseither.43______44______wellforonethingthey’realwayshungry.Youcan’tbehungryandhappyatthesametime.Allthehorribleconcoctionstheyeatinsteadoffoodleavethempermanentlydissatisfied.’Wonderfoodisacompletefoodtheadvertisementsays.’Justdissolveateaspoonfulinwater...’Acompletefooditmaybebutnotquiteascompleteasajuicysteak.Andofcoursethey’realwaysmiserablebecausetheyfeelsoguilty.Hungerjustprovestoomuchforthemandintheendtheylashoutanddevourfivehugeguilt-inducingcreamcakesatasitting.AndwhocanblamethemAtleastthreetimesadaytheyareexposedtotemptation.45______What’sallthisself-inflictedtortureforSaintlypeopledeprivethemselvesoffoodtoattainastateofgrace.Unsaintlypeopledosotoattainastateofmisery.Itwillbeagreatdaywhenallthedietersintheworldabandontheirslimmingcourses;whentheyhatdouttheirplatesanddemandsecondhelpings! A.Manyoftheseb.rightyoungthingsyouseearesufferingfromchronicmalnutrition:theyarelivingonnothingbutairwaterandthegoodwillofGod. B.Dietersdeprivethemselvesof’deliciousfoodtoattainagracestaturebutsomepeoplethinkitismiserableandfoolishforthemtodoso. C.Dietersundertaketostarvefftemselvesoftheirownfreewill;sowhyaretheysomiserable D.Theyspendatrulymemorableeveningtogetherandneverseeeachotheragain. E.Whatanuttertortureitis’alwayswatchingotherstuckingintopilesofmouth-wateringfoodwhileyoumunchawaterbiscuitandsipunsweetenedlemonjuice! F.Peoplewhoareonadietmustn’thavechocolateandthisishardforsomegirls. G.Whatamiserablelotofdietersare!Youcanalwaysrecognisethemfromthesourexpressionontheirfaces. 45
从政府部门代理人与供应商之间关系的角度来看政府采购制度减少了采购实体与供应商之间的共谋和腐败现象这是由于
Text4Sciencehaslongsincehadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGalileo’s17th-centurytrifil’forhisrebellingbelieftheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlack’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury~Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscritics-butnolonger.Asfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattacked’antiscience’inseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity.Defendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchas"TheFlightfromScienceandReason"heldinNewYorkCityin1995and"ScienceintheAgeofMissinformation"whichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo.Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople;GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedsciencesobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenpmenathatcontradictthescientificworldview.Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberthosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalutopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest.Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrlichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarnfingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth.Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless."Theterm’antiscience’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science."Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened." Theauthorsattitudetowardtheissueofsciencevs.antiscienceis
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PartBDirections:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwo.extrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsHere’safamiliarversionoftheboy-meets-girlsituation.Ayoungmanhasatlastpluckedupcouragetoinviteadazzlingyoungladyouttodinner.Shehasacceptedhisinvitationandheisoverjoyed.Heisdeterminedtotakehertothebestrestaurantintownevenifitmeansthathewillhavetoliveonmemoriesandhopesduringthemonthtocome.Whentheygettotherestauranthediscoversthatthisetherial轻飘的creatureisonadiet.Shemustn’teatthisandshemustn’tthat.Ohbutofcourseshedoesn’twanttospoilhisenjoyment.Lethimbyallmeanseatasmuchfatteningfoodashewants:it’sthesurestwaytoanearlygrave.41______42______.Theyspendmostoftheirtimeturningtheirnosesupatfood.Theyareforeverconsultingcalorie卡路里charts;gazingatthemselvesinmirrors;andleapingontoweighing-machinesinthebathroom.Theyspendalifetimefightingalosingbattleagainstspreadinghipsprotrudingtummiesanddoublechins.Somewageall-outwaronFAT.Meredietingisnotenough.Theyexhaustthemselvesdoingexercisessweatinginsaunabathsbeingpummelledandmassagedbyweirdmachines.Thereallywealthydiet-mongerspayvastsumsfor’healthcures’.Fortwoweekstheycanenteranatureclinicandbestarvedtodeathforahundredguineasaweek.Don’tthinkit’sonlythemiddle-agedwhogoinforthesefadseither.43______44______wellforonethingthey’realwayshungry.Youcan’tbehungryandhappyatthesametime.Allthehorribleconcoctionstheyeatinsteadoffoodleavethempermanentlydissatisfied.’Wonderfoodisacompletefoodtheadvertisementsays.’Justdissolveateaspoonfulinwater...’Acompletefooditmaybebutnotquiteascompleteasajuicysteak.Andofcoursethey’realwaysmiserablebecausetheyfeelsoguilty.Hungerjustprovestoomuchforthemandintheendtheylashoutanddevourfivehugeguilt-inducingcreamcakesatasitting.AndwhocanblamethemAtleastthreetimesadaytheyareexposedtotemptation.45______What’sallthisself-inflictedtortureforSaintlypeopledeprivethemselvesoffoodtoattainastateofgrace.Unsaintlypeopledosotoattainastateofmisery.Itwillbeagreatdaywhenallthedietersintheworldabandontheirslimmingcourses;whentheyhatdouttheirplatesanddemandsecondhelpings! A.Manyoftheseb.rightyoungthingsyouseearesufferingfromchronicmalnutrition:theyarelivingonnothingbutairwaterandthegoodwillofGod. B.Dietersdeprivethemselvesof’deliciousfoodtoattainagracestaturebutsomepeoplethinkitismiserableandfoolishforthemtodoso. C.Dietersundertaketostarvefftemselvesoftheirownfreewill;sowhyaretheysomiserable D.Theyspendatrulymemorableeveningtogetherandneverseeeachotheragain. E.Whatanuttertortureitis’alwayswatchingotherstuckingintopilesofmouth-wateringfoodwhileyoumunchawaterbiscuitandsipunsweetenedlemonjuice! F.Peoplewhoareonadietmustn’thavechocolateandthisishardforsomegirls. G.Whatamiserablelotofdietersare!Youcanalwaysrecognisethemfromthesourexpressionontheirfaces. 41
多数发展中国家都实行利率管制原因除经济贫困和资金严重不足外主要还在于
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Text3Morethanoneintenpeoplewhoareregularlyexposedtoorganophosphatepesticides有机磷酸脂农药willsufferunrecoverablephysicalandmentaldamageateamofpsychiatristswarns.Theinvestigatorssaythattheirsisthefirstseriousattempttoestimatethenumberofpeoplesufferingbecauseofchroniclow-levelexposuretothepesticides."Thisisaworryinghighlevelofillness"saysoneresearcher.ThefindingsbytheresearcherwhoalsotreatsmanyofthevictimsconflictwiththoseoftheBritain’sgovernmentagencymonitoringoccupationalhealthwhichsaysthereisnogoodevidencetosuggestchronicexposureleadstowidespreadillness.Theresearchteamsentquestionnairesto400farmersselectedatrandomfromaphonebook.Of179whoreplied130reportedthattheyhadbeenexposedtoorganophosphates.And21farmerscomplainedofenoughsymptomstobeclassedassufferingfromorganophosphatepoisoning.Allowingforbiasinherentinthesurveymethodtheysuggestthataround10percentoffarmersexposedtothepesticidessufferfrompoisoning.Theresearchersalsouncoveredaconsistentpatternofsymptomsrangingfromextremetirednessandspeechdifficultytosuicidalimpulses.Againthiscontrastswiththegovernmentagency’sviewthatthereisnoclearpatternofsymptomsforpesticidepoisoningmakingadiagnosisdifficult.Theybelievetherealfigureforpoisoningismuchhigheronceyouincludecancersandheartdiseaselinkedtothepesticide.LastyearBritishspecialistsalsofoundevidenceofalinkbetweenorganophosphatesandsevereboneabnormalitiesineightmen.OneoftheresearchersAnthonyLyonsofQueen’sMedicalcentreinNottinghamsayspreliminaryresultsfromalargerfollow-upstudysuggesttheextentofbonedamagemaybeworsethantheyfeared.Allthosewhosufferfromorganophosphatepoisoningcomplainofbecoming"exquisitelysensitive"toanyfurtherexposure.ThisisbadnewsforanyGulfWarveteranssentbacktotheMiddleEast.ManyscientistsanddoctorsareconvincedthatGulfWarSyndromeisatleastpartlycausedbyorganophosphatepesticideswhichweresprayedintentsandonclothestoprotecttroopsfrombitinginsects.AspokesmanforBritain’sMinistryofDefensesaystherearenoimmediateplanstosendgroundtroopstotheGulf.ButtheUSismoving5000troopsintotheregion.Returningtroops"wouldbemorevulnerabletopoisoning"saysoneoftheleadingUSauthoritiesonsuchpoisoning. Amongthefarmersinvestigatedhowmanyofthemclaimedtobesufferingfromorganophosphatepoisoning
GenerallyspeakingaBritishiswidelyregardedasaquietshyandconservativepersonwhois1onlyamongthosewithwhomheisacquainted.Whenastrangerisatpresentheoftenseemsnervouseven2.Youhavetotakeacommutertrainanymorningoreveningto3thetruthofthis. Serious-lookingbusinessmenandwomensitreadingtheirnewspapersordozinginacomer;hardlyanybodytalkssincetodosowouldbeconsideredquite4. 5thereisanunwrittenbutclearlyunderstoodcodeofbehaviorwhichoncebrokenmakestheoffenderimmediatelytheobjectof6. IthasbeenknownasafactthataBritishhasa7forthediscussionoftheirweatherandthatifgivenachancehewilltalkaboutit8. SomepeoplearguethatitisbecausetheBritishweatherseldom9forecastaddhencebecomesasourceofinterestand10toeveryone. Thismaybeso.11aBritishcannothavemuch12intheweathermenwhoafterpromisingfinesunnyweatherforthefollowingdayareoftenprovedwrong13acloudovertheAtlanticbringsrainyweathertoalldistricts!Themaninthestreetseemstobeasaccurate--orasinaccurateastheweathermeninhis14. Foreignersmaybesurprisedatthenumberofreferences15weatherthattheBritish16toeachotherinthecourseofasingleday.Veryoftenconversationalgreetingsare17bycommentsontheweather."Nicedayisn’tit""Beautiful!"maywellbeheardinsteadof"Goodmorninghowareyou"Althoughtheforeignermayconsiderthisexaggeratedandcomicitis18pointingoutthatitcouldbeusedtohisadvantage.IfhewantstostartaconversationwithaBritishbutisatalosstoknow19tobeginhecoulddowelltomentionthestateoftheweather.Itisasafesubjectwhichwill20ananswerfromeventhemostreservedoftheBritish. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsIntoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved.Forexamplethe’UnitedStatesisamajorConsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.46OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.47ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinmmcanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates.Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.48Firstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem.Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar.Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.49Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparative’advantageinthedesireditems.Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.50EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapan’andSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinmmcanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates.
1.yourapplicationforvisatoenterSingapore; 2.thereasonfortheapplication; 3.therequireddocuments. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"James"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsIntoday’scomplexeconomicworldneitherindividualsnornationsareself-sufficient.Nationshaveutilizeddifferenteconomicresources;peoplehavedevelopeddifferentskills.Thisisthefoundationofworldtradeandeconomicactivity.Asaresultofthistradeandactivityinternationalfinanceandbankinghaveevolved.Forexamplethe’UnitedStatesisamajorConsumerofcoffeeyetitdoesnothavetheclimatetogrowanyofitsown.ConsequentlytheUnitedStatesmustimportcoffeefromcountriessuchasBrazilColombiaandGuatemalathatgrowcoffeeefficiently.46OntheotherhandtheUnitedStateshaslargeindustrialplantscapableofproducingavarietyofgoodssuchaschemicalsandairplaneswhichcanbesoldtonationsthatneedthem.Ifnationstradeditemforitemsuchasoneautomobilefor10000bagsofcoffeeforeigntradewouldbeextremelycumbersomeandrestrictive.SoinsteadofbarterwhichisthetradeofgoodswithoutanexchangeofmoneytheUnitedStatesreceivesmoneyinpaymentforwhatitsells.47ItpaysforBraziliancoffeewithdollarswhichBrazilcanthenusetobuywoolfromAustraliawhichinmmcanbuytextilesfromGreatBritainwhichcanthenbuytobaccofromtheUnitedStates.Foreigntradetheexchangeofgoodsbetweennationstakesplaceformanyreasons.48Firstasmentionedaboveisthatnonationhasallofthecommoditiesthatitneeds.Rawmaterialsarescatteredaroundtheworld.LargedepositsofcopperareminedinPeruandZairediamondsareminedinSouthAfricaandpetroleumisrecoveredintheMiddleEast.Countriesthatdonothavetheseresourceswithintheirownboundariesmustbuyfromcountriesthatexportthem.Foreigntradealsooccursbecauseacountryoftendoesnothaveenoughofaparticularitemtomeetitsneeds.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisamajorproducerofsugaritconsumesmorethanitcanproduceinternallyandthusmustimportsugar.Thirdonenationcansellsomeitemsatalowercostthanothercountries.Japanhasbeenabletoexportlargequantitiesofradiosandtelevisionsetsbecauseitcanproducethemmoreefficientlythanothercountries.ItischeaperfortheUnitedStatestobuythesefromJapanthantoproducethemdomestically.AccordingtoeconomictheoryJapanshouldproduceandexportthoseitemsfromwhichitderivesacomparativeadvantage.49Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparative’advantageinthedesireditems.Finallyforeigntradetakesplacebecauseofinnovationorstyle.50EventhoughtheUnitedStatesproducesmoreautomobilesthananyothercountryitstillimportslargenumbersofautosfromGermanyJapan’andSwedenprimarilybecausethereisamarketforthemintheUnitedStates. Itshouldalsobuyandimportwhatitneedsfromthosecountriesthathaveacomparative’advantageinthedesireditems
拉弗曲线说明的是税率与税收经济增长之间的一般关系它包括的内容是
自由外汇FreeForeignExchange与记账外汇ForeignExchangeofAccount
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