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阴虚燥咳宜选用
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哪项是治疗阴虚燥咳宜选用的药物
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治疗阴虚燥咳宜选用的药物是
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川贝母
桔梗
阴虚燥咳宜选用的药物是
半夏
瓜蒌
白芥子
川贝母
桔梗
治疗阴虚燥咳宜选用的药物是
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[A]"Customersdon’tbuyproducts"Marysays."Theybuyresults."Maryexplainsthatitisherjobtohelpcustomersgetresults.Resultsarewhattheproductsdoforthecustomers.Customersbuyproductsforwhattheproductsdo. [B]Maryenjoysherjob.Herjobiscustomerservice.Shehelpscustomersusehercompany’sproducts.WhenpeopleaskherwhatshedoesMarysays."Salespeoplesellourproducts.Myjobistomakesuretheystaysold." [C]Shefindssomeonewhoisdoingexactlywhatthecustomerwhocalledisinterestedinseeing.Marycallscustomerswhoarealreadyusingtheproduct.Sheasksifthecustomerwhowantstoseehowtheproductsareusedcanvisitthesecompanies.Mostcustomerscooperate.Theyletothercustomersvisittoseehowproductsareused.Theyhelpothersbecausetheyknowtheymayneedhelpthemselvessomeday.Theyknowtheywillbeabletoaskforhelplateriftheygivehelptoothersnow. [D]MarygetscopiesofsalesordersfromSteveJohnHelenandothersalespeople.WhenshegetstheordersMarytalkstothesalespeopleaboutthecustomers.ItispartofMary’sjobtofindouthowcustomersareusinghercompany’sproducts.Marytellscustomers"I’mintheinformationbusiness.Myjobistogiveyouanyinformationyouneedaboutourproductsandhowthey’reused." [E]Marymakesappointmentsforhercompany’scustomerstovisiteachother.Mary’scompanyisveryhappytohavecust6merscomparehowtheyuseitsproducts.Thecompanyfeelsthatthisishowcustomershelpsellitsproductstoothercustomers. [F]SometimesMaryhelpscustomerstohelpeachother.Customerscalltoaskaboutusinghercompany’sproducts.Marygivesthemproductliterature.Shealsogivestheminformationfromherfilesonhowproductscanbeused.Sometimescustomerswanttoseeproductsbeingused.Thesecustomersareinterestedinseeingexactlywhatisdonewiththeproducts.WhenthishappensMarylooksinherfiles.’Shelookstoseewhichcustomersareusingtheproducts.Thenshelookstoseehowtheproductsareused.[G]Marykeepsfilesofinformationaboutproductsandcustomers.Filesaregroupsofdocumentssetuptomakeiteasytofindanydocumentorrecordwhichisneeded.InherfilesMaryhasprintedsheetsabouthercompany’sproducts.Theseprintedsheetsaboutthethingsthecompanymakesarecalledproductliterature.Productliteraturetellsaboutthethingsthecompanymakes.Theliteraturealsotellswhattheproductsdo.Theideaistoshowhowproductshelpcustomerswhousethem. [H]Maryhasalistofallthecompany’scustomers.WhenshereceivescopiesofordersMarychecksthemtoseeifthereareanynewcustomers.Maryalsocheckstoseeifanyoldcustomersarebuyingproductthathasnotbeenmadebefore.Marychecksorderstoseewhichcustomersbuyit.AnytimecustomersbuyproductstheyhavenotusedbeforeMarycallstoseeifshecanhelp.Maryasksifthecustomerneedsinformation.Shealsoaskshowthecustomerisusingtheproduct.Maryputsinformationinherfilesonhowcustomersusehercompany’sproducts. Order: 45
ThePakistanipresidentGen.PervezMusharrafannouncedheretodaythatadelegationofPakistaniofficialswouldflytotheTaliban~sheadquartersinthesouthernAfghancityofKandaharMondaytorenewdemandsthatthemilitiasurrenderSaudifugitiveOsamaBinLaden. U.S.officialshavenamedBinLadenwhohasbeengivenshelterbytheTalibanrulersinAfghanistanastheprimesuspectinTuesday’sterroristattacksinWashingtonandNewYork. "Weareawareofthegravityofthesituationandknowthatinthelivesofnationssuchsituationsdoarisethatrequiremakingimportantdecisions"MusharrafsaidatameetingwithPakistaninewspapereditors. TheTaliban’sleaderMohammadOmarhasrefusedtogiveupBinLadenclaimingheisnotresponsiblefortheU.S.attacks. "ThePakistangovernmentisleaningontheTalibangovernmenttohandoverOsamatosavethisentireregionfromcatastrophe"saidNajamSethieditoroftheweeklynewspaperFridayTimeswhoparticipatedinthemeetingwithMusharraf."IamnotsurewhetherthereismuchchanceofthathappeningbutthepressureisonfromthePakistangovernment." PakistanhasbeenakeysupporteroftheTalibanwhichcontrolsmorethan90percentofAfghanistanandhasenforcedastrictinterpretationofIslamiclawinthecountry. OmartheTalibanleadertodayconvenedanemergencymeetingofclerics圣职人员intheAfghancapitalKabul."AsregardsthepossibleattackbyAmericaonthesacredsoilofAfghanistanveteranhonorableclericsshouldcometoKabulforashariadecision"OmarsaidinastatementbroadcastontheTaliban’sRadioShariattoday.ShariaisIslamiclaw. OmarwhoreportedlyleftMs.KandaharheadquartersseveraldaysagoinanticipationofaU.S.attackaskedAfghanstoprayandreadtheKorantomeetwhathecalleda"test"accordingtothestatement.Heindicatedhewouldnotattendthemeetingofclericsthoughhereportedlymetwithasmallgroupofseniorclericstoday. ThePakistan-basedAfghanIslamicPressreportedtodayithadreceivedastatementfromBinLadendispatchedbyanaidefromanundisclosedlocationinAfghanistaninwhichhedeniedinvolvementinlastweek’sattacksontheWorldTradeCenterandthePentagon. "IamresidinginAfghanistan"thestatementsaid"IhavetakenanoathofallegiancetoOmarwhichdoesnotallowmetodosuchthingsfromAfghanistan.Wehavebeenblamedinthepastbutwewerenotinvolved." Thephrasethegravityofthesituationinthecontextcanbestmean
Directions: TomafriendofyourswouldliketovisityourpartofChina.Writealettertogivehimadviceaboutthefollowingsubjects: Whenandhowtotravel;whattobring;howlongtostay;weather;healthandmedicine;whichplacestovisit;whattobuy. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
Hawaii’snativeminorityisdemandingagreaterdegreeofsovereigntyoveritsownaffairs.Butmuchofthearchipelago’spoliticalestablishmentwhichincludestheWhiteAmericanswhodominateduntiltheSecondWorldWarandpeopleofJapaneseChineseandFilipinooriginisopposedtotheidea. TheislandswereannexedbytheUSin1898andsincethenHawaii’snativepeopleshavefaredworsethananyofitsotherethnicgroups.Theymakeupover60percentofthestate’shomelesssufferhigherlevelsofunemploymentandtheirlifespanisfiveyearslessthantheaverageHawaiians.TheyaretheonlymajorUSnativegroupwithoutsomedegreeofautonomy. ButasovereigntyadvisorycommitteesetupbyHawaii’sfirstnativegovernorJohnWaiheehasgiventhenatives’causeamajorboostbyrecommendingthattheHawaiiannativesdecidebythemselveswhethertore-establishasovereignHawaiiannation. HowevertheHawaiiannativesarenotunitedintheirdemands.Somejustwantgreaterautonomywiththestate—asenjoyedbymanyAmericanIndiannativesovermatterssuchaseducation.ThisisapositionsupportedbytheOfficeofHawaiianAffairsOHAastateagencysetupin1978torepresenttonatives’interestsandwhichhasnowbecomethemoderatefaceofthenativesovereigntymovement.MoreambitiousintheKaLahuigroupwhichdeclareditselfanewnationin1987andwantsfullofficialindependencefromtheUS. ButifHawaiiannativesaregivengreaterautonomyitisfarfromclearhowmanypeoplethiswillapplyto.Thestateauthoritiesonlycountthosepeoplewithmorethan50percentHawaiianbloodasnative. Nativedemandsarenotjustbasedonpoliticalgrievancesthough.Theyalsowanttheirclaimon660000hectaresofHawaiiancrownlandtobeaccepted.Itisonthisissuethatnativegroupsarefacingmostoppositionfromthestateauthorities.In1933thestategovernmentpaidtheOHAUS$136millioninbackrentonthecrownlandandmanyofficialssaythatbyacceptingthispaymenttheagencyhasgivenupitsclaimstolegallyowntheland.TheOHAhasvigorouslydisputedthis. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofJohnWaihee
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
[A]"Customersdon’tbuyproducts"Marysays."Theybuyresults."Maryexplainsthatitisherjobtohelpcustomersgetresults.Resultsarewhattheproductsdoforthecustomers.Customersbuyproductsforwhattheproductsdo. [B]Maryenjoysherjob.Herjobiscustomerservice.Shehelpscustomersusehercompany’sproducts.WhenpeopleaskherwhatshedoesMarysays."Salespeoplesellourproducts.Myjobistomakesuretheystaysold." [C]Shefindssomeonewhoisdoingexactlywhatthecustomerwhocalledisinterestedinseeing.Marycallscustomerswhoarealreadyusingtheproduct.Sheasksifthecustomerwhowantstoseehowtheproductsareusedcanvisitthesecompanies.Mostcustomerscooperate.Theyletothercustomersvisittoseehowproductsareused.Theyhelpothersbecausetheyknowtheymayneedhelpthemselvessomeday.Theyknowtheywillbeabletoaskforhelplateriftheygivehelptoothersnow. [D]MarygetscopiesofsalesordersfromSteveJohnHelenandothersalespeople.WhenshegetstheordersMarytalkstothesalespeopleaboutthecustomers.ItispartofMary’sjobtofindouthowcustomersareusinghercompany’sproducts.Marytellscustomers"I’mintheinformationbusiness.Myjobistogiveyouanyinformationyouneedaboutourproductsandhowthey’reused." [E]Marymakesappointmentsforhercompany’scustomerstovisiteachother.Mary’scompanyisveryhappytohavecust6merscomparehowtheyuseitsproducts.Thecompanyfeelsthatthisishowcustomershelpsellitsproductstoothercustomers. [F]SometimesMaryhelpscustomerstohelpeachother.Customerscalltoaskaboutusinghercompany’sproducts.Marygivesthemproductliterature.Shealsogivestheminformationfromherfilesonhowproductscanbeused.Sometimescustomerswanttoseeproductsbeingused.Thesecustomersareinterestedinseeingexactlywhatisdonewiththeproducts.WhenthishappensMarylooksinherfiles.’Shelookstoseewhichcustomersareusingtheproducts.Thenshelookstoseehowtheproductsareused.[G]Marykeepsfilesofinformationaboutproductsandcustomers.Filesaregroupsofdocumentssetuptomakeiteasytofindanydocumentorrecordwhichisneeded.InherfilesMaryhasprintedsheetsabouthercompany’sproducts.Theseprintedsheetsaboutthethingsthecompanymakesarecalledproductliterature.Productliteraturetellsaboutthethingsthecompanymakes.Theliteraturealsotellswhattheproductsdo.Theideaistoshowhowproductshelpcustomerswhousethem. [H]Maryhasalistofallthecompany’scustomers.WhenshereceivescopiesofordersMarychecksthemtoseeifthereareanynewcustomers.Maryalsocheckstoseeifanyoldcustomersarebuyingproductthathasnotbeenmadebefore.Marychecksorderstoseewhichcustomersbuyit.AnytimecustomersbuyproductstheyhavenotusedbeforeMarycallstoseeifshecanhelp.Maryasksifthecustomerneedsinformation.Shealsoaskshowthecustomerisusingtheproduct.Maryputsinformationinherfilesonhowcustomersusehercompany’sproducts. Order: 43
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Amultinationalcorporationisacorporateenterprisewhichthoughheadquarteredinonecountryconductsitsoperationsthroughbranchesthatitownsorcontrolsaroundtheworld.TheorganizationsmostlybasedintheUnitedStatesWesternEuropeandJapanhavebecomemajoractorsontheinternationalstageforsomeofthemarewealthierthanmanyofthecountriestheyoperatein.Thelessdevelopedcountriesoftenwelcomethemultinationalsbecausetheyareasourceofinvestmentandjobs.Yettheirpresencehasitsdrawbacksfortheseorganizationssoondevelopimmensepoliticalandeconomicinfluenceinthehostcountries.Developmentbecomesconcentratedinafewindustriesthatareorientedtotheneedsoftheoutsiders;profitsarefrequentlyexportedratherthanreinvested;andlocalbenefitsgomainlytoasmallrulinggroupwhoseinterestsaretiedtothoseoftheforeignersratherthantothoseoftheirownpeople.Theeffectistofurtherincreaseexportdependencyandtolimitthelessdevelopedcountries’controloftheirowneconomies. Itseemsthatboththemodernizationandworld-systemapproachesmaybevalidincertainrespects.Themodernizationmodeldoeshelpusmakesenseofthehistoricalfactofindustrializationandofthevariousinternaladjustmentsthatsocietiesundergoduringthisprocess.Theworld-systemmodelremindsusthatcountriesdonotdevelopinisolation.Theydosoinacontextoffierceinternationalpoliticalandeconomiccompetitionacompetitionwhoseoutcomefavorsthestrongerparties. Todaythelessdevelopedcountriesarestrugglingtoachieveinthecourseofafewyearsthematerialadvantagesthattheolderindustrializednationshavetakengenerationstogain.Theresultisoftenatug-of-warbetweentheforcesofmodernizationandthesentimentsoftraditionwithserioussocialdisturbanceastheresult.Theresponseshavetakenmanydifferentforms:militaryoverthrowbyarmyofficersdeterminedtoimposesocialorder;fundamentalistreligiousmovementsurgingareturntoabsolutemoralitiesandcertaintiesofthepast;nationalismasanewideologytounitethepeopleforthechallengeofmodernization.Andsometimessocialchangetakesplaceinawaythatisnotevolutionarybutrevolutionary. Whatdoesthewordtug-of-warprobablyreferto
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Thefoodyoueatdoesmorethanprovideenergy.Itcanhaveadramaticeffectonyourbody’sabilitytofightoffheartdiseasecancerdiabeteshighbloodpressurestrokeandweakbones.Withremarkableconsistencyrecentresearchhasfoundthatadiethighinplant-basedfoods—fruitsvegetablesdriedpeasandbeansgrainsandstarchystaplessuchaspotatoes—isthebody’sbestweaponinthwartingmanyhealth-relatedproblems.Thesefoodsworkagainstsomanydiseasesthatthesamehealthyingredientsyoumightusetoprotectyourheartorwardoffcancerwillalsobenefityourintestinaltractandbones. Scientistshaverecentlyestimatedthatapproximately30to40percentofallcancerscouldbeavertedifpeopleatemorefruitsvegetablesandplant-basedfoodsandminimizedhigh-fathigh-calorieediblesthathavescantnutritionalvalue.Upto70percent’ofcancersmightbeeliminatedifpeoplealsostoppedsmokingexercisedregularlyandcontrolledtheirweight.Inthepastresearchershadlinkedfatconsumptionwiththedevelopmentofcancersbuttheycurrentlybelievethateatingfruitsvegetablesandgrainsmaybemoreimportantinpreventingthediseasethannoteatingfat."Theevidenceaboutahigh-fatdietandcancerseemedalotstrongerseveralyearsagothanitdoesnow"saysMelaniePolkaregistereddietitiananddirectorofnutritioneducationattheAmericanInstituteforCancerResearch. Theroadtostrongbonesispavedwithcalcium-richfood.Leafygreenvegetablesandlow-fatdairyproductsareexcellentsourcesofcalciumthemineralthatputsstiffnessintoyourskeletalsystemandkeepsyourbonesfromturningrubberyandfragile.Yourbodyusescalciumformorethankeepingyourbonesstrong.Calciumpermitscellstodivideregulatesmusclecontractionandrelaxationandplaysanimportantroleinthemovementofproteinandnutrientsinsidecells.Ifyoudon’tabsorbenoughfromwhatyoueattosatisfytheserequirementsyourbodywilltakeitfromyourbones.Becauseyourbodydoesn’tproducethisessentialmineralyoumustcontinuallyreplenishthesupply.Eventhoughtherecommendeddailyamountis1200mgmostadultsdon’teatmorethan500mg.Onereasonmayhavebeentheperceptionthatcalcium-richdairyproductswerealsoloadedwithcalories."Inthepastwomeninparticularworriedthatdairyproductswerehighincalories"saysLethaY.GriffinM.D.ofPeachtreeOrthopaedicsinAtlanta."Buttodayyoucangetcalciumwithouteatinganyhigh-fatorhigh-caloriefoodsbychoosingskimmilkorlow-fatyogurt."Alsolow-fatdairyproductscontainphosphorousandmagnesiumandaregenerallyfortifiedwithvitaminDallofwhichhelpyourbodyabsorbandusecalcium.Ifyoufinditdifficulttoincludeenoughcalciuminyourdietaskyourdoctoraboutsupplements.They’reapotentwaytogetcalciumaswellasvitaminDandotherminerals.Butifyourelyonpillsinsteadofacalcium-richdietyouwon’tbenefitfromtheothernutrientsthatfoodprovides.GettingtherecommendedvitaminDmaybeeasysinceyourbodymakesthevitaminwhenyourskinisexposedtothesun’srays. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Thefoodyoueatdoesmorethanprovideenergy.Itcanhaveadramaticeffectonyourbody’sabilitytofightoffheartdiseasecancerdiabeteshighbloodpressurestrokeandweakbones.Withremarkableconsistencyrecentresearchhasfoundthatadiethighinplant-basedfoods—fruitsvegetablesdriedpeasandbeansgrainsandstarchystaplessuchaspotatoes—isthebody’sbestweaponinthwartingmanyhealth-relatedproblems.Thesefoodsworkagainstsomanydiseasesthatthesamehealthyingredientsyoumightusetoprotectyourheartorwardoffcancerwillalsobenefityourintestinaltractandbones. Scientistshaverecentlyestimatedthatapproximately30to40percentofallcancerscouldbeavertedifpeopleatemorefruitsvegetablesandplant-basedfoodsandminimizedhigh-fathigh-calorieediblesthathavescantnutritionalvalue.Upto70percent’ofcancersmightbeeliminatedifpeoplealsostoppedsmokingexercisedregularlyandcontrolledtheirweight.Inthepastresearchershadlinkedfatconsumptionwiththedevelopmentofcancersbuttheycurrentlybelievethateatingfruitsvegetablesandgrainsmaybemoreimportantinpreventingthediseasethannoteatingfat."Theevidenceaboutahigh-fatdietandcancerseemedalotstrongerseveralyearsagothanitdoesnow"saysMelaniePolkaregistereddietitiananddirectorofnutritioneducationattheAmericanInstituteforCancerResearch. Theroadtostrongbonesispavedwithcalcium-richfood.Leafygreenvegetablesandlow-fatdairyproductsareexcellentsourcesofcalciumthemineralthatputsstiffnessintoyourskeletalsystemandkeepsyourbonesfromturningrubberyandfragile.Yourbodyusescalciumformorethankeepingyourbonesstrong.Calciumpermitscellstodivideregulatesmusclecontractionandrelaxationandplaysanimportantroleinthemovementofproteinandnutrientsinsidecells.Ifyoudon’tabsorbenoughfromwhatyoueattosatisfytheserequirementsyourbodywilltakeitfromyourbones.Becauseyourbodydoesn’tproducethisessentialmineralyoumustcontinuallyreplenishthesupply.Eventhoughtherecommendeddailyamountis1200mgmostadultsdon’teatmorethan500mg.Onereasonmayhavebeentheperceptionthatcalcium-richdairyproductswerealsoloadedwithcalories."Inthepastwomeninparticularworriedthatdairyproductswerehighincalories"saysLethaY.GriffinM.D.ofPeachtreeOrthopaedicsinAtlanta."Buttodayyoucangetcalciumwithouteatinganyhigh-fatorhigh-caloriefoodsbychoosingskimmilkorlow-fatyogurt."Alsolow-fatdairyproductscontainphosphorousandmagnesiumandaregenerallyfortifiedwithvitaminDallofwhichhelpyourbodyabsorbandusecalcium.Ifyoufinditdifficulttoincludeenoughcalciuminyourdietaskyourdoctoraboutsupplements.They’reapotentwaytogetcalciumaswellasvitaminDandotherminerals.Butifyourelyonpillsinsteadofacalcium-richdietyouwon’tbenefitfromtheothernutrientsthatfoodprovides.GettingtherecommendedvitaminDmaybeeasysinceyourbodymakesthevitaminwhenyourskinisexposedtothesun’srays. percentofallcancerscouldbeavertedifpeopleatemorefruitsvegetablesandplant-basedfoodsandminimizedhigh-fathigh-calorieedibles.
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetween"things"wasalreadyclear 46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether. WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined. 48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations. WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding. Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun. Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding.
Hawaii’snativeminorityisdemandingagreaterdegreeofsovereigntyoveritsownaffairs.Butmuchofthearchipelago’spoliticalestablishmentwhichincludestheWhiteAmericanswhodominateduntiltheSecondWorldWarandpeopleofJapaneseChineseandFilipinooriginisopposedtotheidea. TheislandswereannexedbytheUSin1898andsincethenHawaii’snativepeopleshavefaredworsethananyofitsotherethnicgroups.Theymakeupover60percentofthestate’shomelesssufferhigherlevelsofunemploymentandtheirlifespanisfiveyearslessthantheaverageHawaiians.TheyaretheonlymajorUSnativegroupwithoutsomedegreeofautonomy. ButasovereigntyadvisorycommitteesetupbyHawaii’sfirstnativegovernorJohnWaiheehasgiventhenatives’causeamajorboostbyrecommendingthattheHawaiiannativesdecidebythemselveswhethertore-establishasovereignHawaiiannation. HowevertheHawaiiannativesarenotunitedintheirdemands.Somejustwantgreaterautonomywiththestate—asenjoyedbymanyAmericanIndiannativesovermatterssuchaseducation.ThisisapositionsupportedbytheOfficeofHawaiianAffairsOHAastateagencysetupin1978torepresenttonatives’interestsandwhichhasnowbecomethemoderatefaceofthenativesovereigntymovement.MoreambitiousintheKaLahuigroupwhichdeclareditselfanewnationin1987andwantsfullofficialindependencefromtheUS. ButifHawaiiannativesaregivengreaterautonomyitisfarfromclearhowmanypeoplethiswillapplyto.Thestateauthoritiesonlycountthosepeoplewithmorethan50percentHawaiianbloodasnative. Nativedemandsarenotjustbasedonpoliticalgrievancesthough.Theyalsowanttheirclaimon660000hectaresofHawaiiancrownlandtobeaccepted.Itisonthisissuethatnativegroupsarefacingmostoppositionfromthestateauthorities.In1933thestategovernmentpaidtheOHAUS$136millioninbackrentonthecrownlandandmanyofficialssaythatbyacceptingthispaymenttheagencyhasgivenupitsclaimstolegallyowntheland.TheOHAhasvigorouslydisputedthis. VariousnativeHawaiiansdemandallthefollowingEXCEPT
Amultinationalcorporationisacorporateenterprisewhichthoughheadquarteredinonecountryconductsitsoperationsthroughbranchesthatitownsorcontrolsaroundtheworld.TheorganizationsmostlybasedintheUnitedStatesWesternEuropeandJapanhavebecomemajoractorsontheinternationalstageforsomeofthemarewealthierthanmanyofthecountriestheyoperatein.Thelessdevelopedcountriesoftenwelcomethemultinationalsbecausetheyareasourceofinvestmentandjobs.Yettheirpresencehasitsdrawbacksfortheseorganizationssoondevelopimmensepoliticalandeconomicinfluenceinthehostcountries.Developmentbecomesconcentratedinafewindustriesthatareorientedtotheneedsoftheoutsiders;profitsarefrequentlyexportedratherthanreinvested;andlocalbenefitsgomainlytoasmallrulinggroupwhoseinterestsaretiedtothoseoftheforeignersratherthantothoseoftheirownpeople.Theeffectistofurtherincreaseexportdependencyandtolimitthelessdevelopedcountries’controloftheirowneconomies. Itseemsthatboththemodernizationandworld-systemapproachesmaybevalidincertainrespects.Themodernizationmodeldoeshelpusmakesenseofthehistoricalfactofindustrializationandofthevariousinternaladjustmentsthatsocietiesundergoduringthisprocess.Theworld-systemmodelremindsusthatcountriesdonotdevelopinisolation.Theydosoinacontextoffierceinternationalpoliticalandeconomiccompetitionacompetitionwhoseoutcomefavorsthestrongerparties. Todaythelessdevelopedcountriesarestrugglingtoachieveinthecourseofafewyearsthematerialadvantagesthattheolderindustrializednationshavetakengenerationstogain.Theresultisoftenatug-of-warbetweentheforcesofmodernizationandthesentimentsoftraditionwithserioussocialdisturbanceastheresult.Theresponseshavetakenmanydifferentforms:militaryoverthrowbyarmyofficersdeterminedtoimposesocialorder;fundamentalistreligiousmovementsurgingareturntoabsolutemoralitiesandcertaintiesofthepast;nationalismasanewideologytounitethepeopleforthechallengeofmodernization.Andsometimessocialchangetakesplaceinawaythatisnotevolutionarybutrevolutionary. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtheproblemsbroughtbymultinationals
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
ThePakistanipresidentGen.PervezMusharrafannouncedheretodaythatadelegationofPakistaniofficialswouldflytotheTaliban~sheadquartersinthesouthernAfghancityofKandaharMondaytorenewdemandsthatthemilitiasurrenderSaudifugitiveOsamaBinLaden. U.S.officialshavenamedBinLadenwhohasbeengivenshelterbytheTalibanrulersinAfghanistanastheprimesuspectinTuesday’sterroristattacksinWashingtonandNewYork. "Weareawareofthegravityofthesituationandknowthatinthelivesofnationssuchsituationsdoarisethatrequiremakingimportantdecisions"MusharrafsaidatameetingwithPakistaninewspapereditors. TheTaliban’sleaderMohammadOmarhasrefusedtogiveupBinLadenclaimingheisnotresponsiblefortheU.S.attacks. "ThePakistangovernmentisleaningontheTalibangovernmenttohandoverOsamatosavethisentireregionfromcatastrophe"saidNajamSethieditoroftheweeklynewspaperFridayTimeswhoparticipatedinthemeetingwithMusharraf."IamnotsurewhetherthereismuchchanceofthathappeningbutthepressureisonfromthePakistangovernment." PakistanhasbeenakeysupporteroftheTalibanwhichcontrolsmorethan90percentofAfghanistanandhasenforcedastrictinterpretationofIslamiclawinthecountry. OmartheTalibanleadertodayconvenedanemergencymeetingofclerics圣职人员intheAfghancapitalKabul."AsregardsthepossibleattackbyAmericaonthesacredsoilofAfghanistanveteranhonorableclericsshouldcometoKabulforashariadecision"OmarsaidinastatementbroadcastontheTaliban’sRadioShariattoday.ShariaisIslamiclaw. OmarwhoreportedlyleftMs.KandaharheadquartersseveraldaysagoinanticipationofaU.S.attackaskedAfghanstoprayandreadtheKorantomeetwhathecalleda"test"accordingtothestatement.Heindicatedhewouldnotattendthemeetingofclericsthoughhereportedlymetwithasmallgroupofseniorclericstoday. ThePakistan-basedAfghanIslamicPressreportedtodayithadreceivedastatementfromBinLadendispatchedbyanaidefromanundisclosedlocationinAfghanistaninwhichhedeniedinvolvementinlastweek’sattacksontheWorldTradeCenterandthePentagon. "IamresidinginAfghanistan"thestatementsaid"IhavetakenanoathofallegiancetoOmarwhichdoesnotallowmetodosuchthingsfromAfghanistan.Wehavebeenblamedinthepastbutwewerenotinvolved." AccordingtothetextallthefollowingstatementsaretrueEXCEPT
[A]"Customersdon’tbuyproducts"Marysays."Theybuyresults."Maryexplainsthatitisherjobtohelpcustomersgetresults.Resultsarewhattheproductsdoforthecustomers.Customersbuyproductsforwhattheproductsdo. [B]Maryenjoysherjob.Herjobiscustomerservice.Shehelpscustomersusehercompany’sproducts.WhenpeopleaskherwhatshedoesMarysays."Salespeoplesellourproducts.Myjobistomakesuretheystaysold." [C]Shefindssomeonewhoisdoingexactlywhatthecustomerwhocalledisinterestedinseeing.Marycallscustomerswhoarealreadyusingtheproduct.Sheasksifthecustomerwhowantstoseehowtheproductsareusedcanvisitthesecompanies.Mostcustomerscooperate.Theyletothercustomersvisittoseehowproductsareused.Theyhelpothersbecausetheyknowtheymayneedhelpthemselvessomeday.Theyknowtheywillbeabletoaskforhelplateriftheygivehelptoothersnow. [D]MarygetscopiesofsalesordersfromSteveJohnHelenandothersalespeople.WhenshegetstheordersMarytalkstothesalespeopleaboutthecustomers.ItispartofMary’sjobtofindouthowcustomersareusinghercompany’sproducts.Marytellscustomers"I’mintheinformationbusiness.Myjobistogiveyouanyinformationyouneedaboutourproductsandhowthey’reused." [E]Marymakesappointmentsforhercompany’scustomerstovisiteachother.Mary’scompanyisveryhappytohavecust6merscomparehowtheyuseitsproducts.Thecompanyfeelsthatthisishowcustomershelpsellitsproductstoothercustomers. [F]SometimesMaryhelpscustomerstohelpeachother.Customerscalltoaskaboutusinghercompany’sproducts.Marygivesthemproductliterature.Shealsogivestheminformationfromherfilesonhowproductscanbeused.Sometimescustomerswanttoseeproductsbeingused.Thesecustomersareinterestedinseeingexactlywhatisdonewiththeproducts.WhenthishappensMarylooksinherfiles.’Shelookstoseewhichcustomersareusingtheproducts.Thenshelookstoseehowtheproductsareused.[G]Marykeepsfilesofinformationaboutproductsandcustomers.Filesaregroupsofdocumentssetuptomakeiteasytofindanydocumentorrecordwhichisneeded.InherfilesMaryhasprintedsheetsabouthercompany’sproducts.Theseprintedsheetsaboutthethingsthecompanymakesarecalledproductliterature.Productliteraturetellsaboutthethingsthecompanymakes.Theliteraturealsotellswhattheproductsdo.Theideaistoshowhowproductshelpcustomerswhousethem. [H]Maryhasalistofallthecompany’scustomers.WhenshereceivescopiesofordersMarychecksthemtoseeifthereareanynewcustomers.Maryalsocheckstoseeifanyoldcustomersarebuyingproductthathasnotbeenmadebefore.Marychecksorderstoseewhichcustomersbuyit.AnytimecustomersbuyproductstheyhavenotusedbeforeMarycallstoseeifshecanhelp.Maryasksifthecustomerneedsinformation.Shealsoaskshowthecustomerisusingtheproduct.Maryputsinformationinherfilesonhowcustomersusehercompany’sproducts. Order: 41
WhatisitthatbringsaboutsuchanintimateconnectionbetweenlanguageandthinkingIstherenothinkingwithouttheuseoflanguagenamelyinconceptsandconceptcombinationsforwhichwordsneednotnecessarilycometomindHasnoteveryoneofusstruggledforwordsalthoughtheconnectionbetween"things"wasalreadyclear 46Wemightbeinclinedtoattributetotheactofthinkingcompleteindependencefromlanguageiftheindividualformedorwereabletoformhisconceptswithouttheverbalguidanceofhisenvironment.Yetmostlikelythementalshapeofanindividualgrowingupundersuchconditionswouldbeverypoor.Thuswemayconcludethatthementaldevelopmentoftheindividualandhiswayofformingconceptsdependtoahighdegreeuponlanguage.Thismakesusrealizetowhatextentthesamelanguagemeansthesamementality.Inthissensethinkingandlanguagearelinkedtogether. WhatdistinguishesthelanguageofsciencefromlanguagesasweordinarilyunderstandthewordHowisitthatscientificlanguageisinternational47Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.AsanillustrationletustakethelanguageofEuclideangeometryandAlgebra.Theymanipulatewithasmallnumberofindependentlyintroducedconceptsrespectivelysymbolssuchastheintegralnumberthestraightlinethepointaswellaswithsignswhichdesignatethefundamentalconcepts.Thisisthebasisfortheconstructionrespectivelydefinitionofallotherstatementsandconcepts.Theconnectionbetweenconceptsandstatementsontheonehandandthesensorydataontheotherhandisestablishedthroughactsofcountingandmeasuringwhoseperformanceissufficientlywelldetermined. 48Thesuper-nationalcharacterofscientificconceptsandscientificlanguageisduetothefactthattheyhavebeensetupbythebestbrainsofallcountriesandalltimes.Insolitudeandyetincooperativeeffortasregardsthefinaleffecttheycreatedthespiritualtoolsforthetechnicalrevolutionswhichhavetransformedthelifeofmankindinthelastcenturies.Theirsystemofconceptshasservedasaguideinthebewilderingchaosofperceptionssothatwelearnedtograspgeneraltruthsfromparticularobservations. WhathopesandfearsdoesthescientificmethodimplyformankindIdonotthinkthatthisistherightwaytoputthequestion.Whateverthistoolinthehandofmanwillproducedependsentirelyonthenatureofthegoalsaliveinthismankind.Oncethesegoalsexistthescientificmethodfurnishesmeanstorealizethem.Yetitcannotfurnishtheverygoals.49Thescientificmethoditselfwouldnothaveledanywhereandit’wouldnotevenhavebeenbornwithoutapassionatestrivingforclearunderstanding. Perfectionofmeansandconfusionofgoalsseem—inmyopinion—tocharacterizeourage.50Ifwedesiresincerelyandpassionatelythesafetythewelfarearidthefreedevelopmentofthetalentsofallmenweshallnotbeinwantofthemeanstoapproachsuchastate.Evenifonlyasmallpartofmankindstrivesforsuchgoalstheirsuperioritywillproveitselfinthelongrun. Whatsciencestrivesforisanutmostacutenessandclarityofconceptsasregardstheirmutualrelationandtheircorrespondencetosensorydata.
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
OnApril202000inAccraGhanatheleadersofsixWestAfricancountriesdeclaredtheirintentiontoproceedtomonetaryunionamongthenon-CFAfranccountriesoftheregionbyJanuary2003asfirststeptowardawidermonetaryunionincludingalltheECOWAScountriesin2004.Thesixcountries1themselvestoreducingcentralbankfinancingofbudgetdeficits210percentofthepreviousyearsgovernment3;reducingbudgetdeficitsto4percentofthesecondphaseby2003;creatingaConvergenceCounciltohelp4macroeconomicpolicies;and5upacommoncentralbank.Theirdeclaration6that"MemberStates7theneed8strongpoliticalcommitmentand9to10allsuchnationalpolicies11wouldfacilitatetheregionalmonetaryintegrationprocess." ThegoalofamonetaryunioninECOWAShaslongbeenanobjectiveoftheorganizationgoingbacktoitsformationin1975andisintendedto12broaderintegrationprocessthatwouldincludeenhancedregionaltradeand13institutions.Inthecolonialperiodcurrencyboardslinkedsetsofcountriesintheregion.14independence15thesecurrencyboardswere16withthe17oftheCFAfranczonewhichincludedthefrancophonecountriesoftheregion.AlthoughtherehavebeenattemptstoadvancetheagendaofECOWASmonetarycooperationpoliticalproblemsandothereconomicprioritiesinseveraloftheregion’scountrieshaveto18inhibitedprogress.AlthoughsomeproblemsremaintherecentinitiativehasbeenbolsteredbytheelectioninI999ofademocraticgovernmentandaleaderwhoiscommittedtoregional19inNigeriathelargesteconomyoftheregionraisinghopesthatthelong-delayedprojectcanbe20 Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Hawaii’snativeminorityisdemandingagreaterdegreeofsovereigntyoveritsownaffairs.Butmuchofthearchipelago’spoliticalestablishmentwhichincludestheWhiteAmericanswhodominateduntiltheSecondWorldWarandpeopleofJapaneseChineseandFilipinooriginisopposedtotheidea. TheislandswereannexedbytheUSin1898andsincethenHawaii’snativepeopleshavefaredworsethananyofitsotherethnicgroups.Theymakeupover60percentofthestate’shomelesssufferhigherlevelsofunemploymentandtheirlifespanisfiveyearslessthantheaverageHawaiians.TheyaretheonlymajorUSnativegroupwithoutsomedegreeofautonomy. ButasovereigntyadvisorycommitteesetupbyHawaii’sfirstnativegovernorJohnWaiheehasgiventhenatives’causeamajorboostbyrecommendingthattheHawaiiannativesdecidebythemselveswhethertore-establishasovereignHawaiiannation. HowevertheHawaiiannativesarenotunitedintheirdemands.Somejustwantgreaterautonomywiththestate—asenjoyedbymanyAmericanIndiannativesovermatterssuchaseducation.ThisisapositionsupportedbytheOfficeofHawaiianAffairsOHAastateagencysetupin1978torepresenttonatives’interestsandwhichhasnowbecomethemoderatefaceofthenativesovereigntymovement.MoreambitiousintheKaLahuigroupwhichdeclareditselfanewnationin1987andwantsfullofficialindependencefromtheUS. ButifHawaiiannativesaregivengreaterautonomyitisfarfromclearhowmanypeoplethiswillapplyto.Thestateauthoritiesonlycountthosepeoplewithmorethan50percentHawaiianbloodasnative. Nativedemandsarenotjustbasedonpoliticalgrievancesthough.Theyalsowanttheirclaimon660000hectaresofHawaiiancrownlandtobeaccepted.Itisonthisissuethatnativegroupsarefacingmostoppositionfromthestateauthorities.In1933thestategovernmentpaidtheOHAUS$136millioninbackrentonthecrownlandandmanyofficialssaythatbyacceptingthispaymenttheagencyhasgivenupitsclaimstolegallyowntheland.TheOHAhasvigorouslydisputedthis. Hawaii’snativeminorityrefersto
Thefoodyoueatdoesmorethanprovideenergy.Itcanhaveadramaticeffectonyourbody’sabilitytofightoffheartdiseasecancerdiabeteshighbloodpressurestrokeandweakbones.Withremarkableconsistencyrecentresearchhasfoundthatadiethighinplant-basedfoods—fruitsvegetablesdriedpeasandbeansgrainsandstarchystaplessuchaspotatoes—isthebody’sbestweaponinthwartingmanyhealth-relatedproblems.Thesefoodsworkagainstsomanydiseasesthatthesamehealthyingredientsyoumightusetoprotectyourheartorwardoffcancerwillalsobenefityourintestinaltractandbones. Scientistshaverecentlyestimatedthatapproximately30to40percentofallcancerscouldbeavertedifpeopleatemorefruitsvegetablesandplant-basedfoodsandminimizedhigh-fathigh-calorieediblesthathavescantnutritionalvalue.Upto70percent’ofcancersmightbeeliminatedifpeoplealsostoppedsmokingexercisedregularlyandcontrolledtheirweight.Inthepastresearchershadlinkedfatconsumptionwiththedevelopmentofcancersbuttheycurrentlybelievethateatingfruitsvegetablesandgrainsmaybemoreimportantinpreventingthediseasethannoteatingfat."Theevidenceaboutahigh-fatdietandcancerseemedalotstrongerseveralyearsagothanitdoesnow"saysMelaniePolkaregistereddietitiananddirectorofnutritioneducationattheAmericanInstituteforCancerResearch. Theroadtostrongbonesispavedwithcalcium-richfood.Leafygreenvegetablesandlow-fatdairyproductsareexcellentsourcesofcalciumthemineralthatputsstiffnessintoyourskeletalsystemandkeepsyourbonesfromturningrubberyandfragile.Yourbodyusescalciumformorethankeepingyourbonesstrong.Calciumpermitscellstodivideregulatesmusclecontractionandrelaxationandplaysanimportantroleinthemovementofproteinandnutrientsinsidecells.Ifyoudon’tabsorbenoughfromwhatyoueattosatisfytheserequirementsyourbodywilltakeitfromyourbones.Becauseyourbodydoesn’tproducethisessentialmineralyoumustcontinuallyreplenishthesupply.Eventhoughtherecommendeddailyamountis1200mgmostadultsdon’teatmorethan500mg.Onereasonmayhavebeentheperceptionthatcalcium-richdairyproductswerealsoloadedwithcalories."Inthepastwomeninparticularworriedthatdairyproductswerehighincalories"saysLethaY.GriffinM.D.ofPeachtreeOrthopaedicsinAtlanta."Buttodayyoucangetcalciumwithouteatinganyhigh-fatorhigh-caloriefoodsbychoosingskimmilkorlow-fatyogurt."Alsolow-fatdairyproductscontainphosphorousandmagnesiumandaregenerallyfortifiedwithvitaminDallofwhichhelpyourbodyabsorbandusecalcium.Ifyoufinditdifficulttoincludeenoughcalciuminyourdietaskyourdoctoraboutsupplements.They’reapotentwaytogetcalciumaswellasvitaminDandotherminerals.Butifyourelyonpillsinsteadofacalcium-richdietyouwon’tbenefitfromtheothernutrientsthatfoodprovides.GettingtherecommendedvitaminDmaybeeasysinceyourbodymakesthevitaminwhenyourskinisexposedtothesun’srays. Whichkindoffoodisrecommendedtopreventheartdiseasecancerdiabeteshighbloodpressurestrokeandweakbones
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