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提出“教学的教育性”观点，认为世界上不存在“无教学的教育”，也不存在“无教育的教学”的是( )。
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世界上第一个提出教学具有教育性的教育家是
柏拉图
夸美纽斯
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斯宾塞
世界上第一个提出教学具有教育性的教育家是
柏拉图
夸美纽斯
赫尔巴特
斯宾塞
提出教学的教育性观点认为世界上不存在无教学的教育也不存在无教育的教学的是______．
夸美纽斯
赫尔巴特
柏拉图
杜威
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Tooursurprisethestranger______tobeanoldfriendofmymother's.
WhereisloveHowcanwefindloveThepastagesofmanhaveallbeencarefullylabeledbyanthropologists.DescriptionslikePaleolithicManNeolithicManetc.neatlysumupthewholeperiods.WhenthetimecomesforanthropologiststoturntheirattentiontothetwentiethcenturytheywillsurelychoosethelabelLeglessMan.Historiesofthetimewillgosomethinglikethis:inthetwentiethcenturypeopleforgothowtousetheirlegs.Menandwomenmovedaboutincarsbusesandtrainsfromaveryearlyage.Therewereliftsandescalatorsinalllargebuildingstopreventpeoplefromwalking.Thissituationwasforceduponearthdwellersofthattimebecauseofmileseachday.Butthesurprisingthingisthattheydidn’tusetheirlegsevenwhentheywentonholiday.Theybuiltcablerailwaysskiliftsandroadstothetopofeveryhugemountain.Allthebeautyspotsonearthweremarredbythepresenceoflargecarparks.Thefuturehistorybooksmightalsorecordthatweweredeprivedoftheuseofoureyes.Inourhurrytogetfromoneplacetoanotherwefailedtoseeanythingontheway.Airtravelgivesyouabird’seyeviewoftheworld—orevenlessifthewingoftheaircrafthappenstogetinyourway.Whenyoutravelbycarortrainablurredimageofthecountrysideconstantlysmearsthewindows.Cardriversinparticularareforeverobsessedwiththeurgetogoonandon:theyneverwanttostop.IsitthelureofthegreatmotorwaysorwhatAndasforseatravelithardlydeservesmention.Itisperfectlysummedupinthewordsoftheoldsong:IjoinedthenavytoseetheworldandwhatdidIseeIsawthesea.ThetypicaltwentiethcenturytraveleristhemanwhoalwayssaysI’vebeenthere.YoumentiontheremotestmostevocativeplacenamesintheworldlikeE1DoradoKabulIrkutskandsomeoneisboundtosayI’vebeenthere—meaningIdrovethroughitat100milesanhouronthewaytosomewhereelse.Whenyoutravelathighspeedthepresentmeansnothing:youlivemainlyinthefuturebecauseyouspendmostofyourtimelookingforwardtoarrivingatsomeotherplace.Butactualarrivalwhenitisachievedismeaningless.Youwanttomoveonagain.Bytravelinglikethisyoususpendallexperience;thepresentceasestobeareality:youmightjustaswellbedead.Thetraveleronfootontheotherhandlivesconstantlyinthepresent.Forhimtravelingandarrivingareoneandthesamething:hearrivessomewherewitheverystephemakes.Heexperiencesthepresentmomentwithhiseyeshisearsandthewholeofhisbody.Attheendofhisjourneyhefeelsadeliciousphysicalweariness.Heknowsthatsound.Satisfyingsleepwillbehis:thejustrewardofalltruetravelers.Anthropologistslabelnowadays’menLeglessbecause______.
WhereisloveHowcanwefindloveThepastagesofmanhaveallbeencarefullylabeledbyanthropologists.DescriptionslikePaleolithicManNeolithicManetc.neatlysumupthewholeperiods.WhenthetimecomesforanthropologiststoturntheirattentiontothetwentiethcenturytheywillsurelychoosethelabelLeglessMan.Historiesofthetimewillgosomethinglikethis:inthetwentiethcenturypeopleforgothowtousetheirlegs.Menandwomenmovedaboutincarsbusesandtrainsfromaveryearlyage.Therewereliftsandescalatorsinalllargebuildingstopreventpeoplefromwalking.Thissituationwasforceduponearthdwellersofthattimebecauseofmileseachday.Butthesurprisingthingisthattheydidn’tusetheirlegsevenwhentheywentonholiday.Theybuiltcablerailwaysskiliftsandroadstothetopofeveryhugemountain.Allthebeautyspotsonearthweremarredbythepresenceoflargecarparks.Thefuturehistorybooksmightalsorecordthatweweredeprivedoftheuseofoureyes.Inourhurrytogetfromoneplacetoanotherwefailedtoseeanythingontheway.Airtravelgivesyouabird’seyeviewoftheworld—orevenlessifthewingoftheaircrafthappenstogetinyourway.Whenyoutravelbycarortrainablurredimageofthecountrysideconstantlysmearsthewindows.Cardriversinparticularareforeverobsessedwiththeurgetogoonandon:theyneverwanttostop.IsitthelureofthegreatmotorwaysorwhatAndasforseatravelithardlydeservesmention.Itisperfectlysummedupinthewordsoftheoldsong:IjoinedthenavytoseetheworldandwhatdidIseeIsawthesea.ThetypicaltwentiethcenturytraveleristhemanwhoalwayssaysI’vebeenthere.YoumentiontheremotestmostevocativeplacenamesintheworldlikeE1DoradoKabulIrkutskandsomeoneisboundtosayI’vebeenthere—meaningIdrovethroughitat100milesanhouronthewaytosomewhereelse.Whenyoutravelathighspeedthepresentmeansnothing:youlivemainlyinthefuturebecauseyouspendmostofyourtimelookingforwardtoarrivingatsomeotherplace.Butactualarrivalwhenitisachievedismeaningless.Youwanttomoveonagain.Bytravelinglikethisyoususpendallexperience;thepresentceasestobeareality:youmightjustaswellbedead.Thetraveleronfootontheotherhandlivesconstantlyinthepresent.Forhimtravelingandarrivingareoneandthesamething:hearrivessomewherewitheverystephemakes.Heexperiencesthepresentmomentwithhiseyeshisearsandthewholeofhisbody.Attheendofhisjourneyhefeelsadeliciousphysicalweariness.Heknowsthatsound.Satisfyingsleepwillbehis:thejustrewardofalltruetravelers.Whatdoesabird’seyeviewmean
Weobeyhim______weareafraidofhim______wehonorandlovehim.
Itwasthedoctor'scarelessnessthat______theseriousaccident.
WhereisloveHowcanwefindloveThepastagesofmanhaveallbeencarefullylabeledbyanthropologists.DescriptionslikePaleolithicManNeolithicManetc.neatlysumupthewholeperiods.WhenthetimecomesforanthropologiststoturntheirattentiontothetwentiethcenturytheywillsurelychoosethelabelLeglessMan.Historiesofthetimewillgosomethinglikethis:inthetwentiethcenturypeopleforgothowtousetheirlegs.Menandwomenmovedaboutincarsbusesandtrainsfromaveryearlyage.Therewereliftsandescalatorsinalllargebuildingstopreventpeoplefromwalking.Thissituationwasforceduponearthdwellersofthattimebecauseofmileseachday.Butthesurprisingthingisthattheydidn’tusetheirlegsevenwhentheywentonholiday.Theybuiltcablerailwaysskiliftsandroadstothetopofeveryhugemountain.Allthebeautyspotsonearthweremarredbythepresenceoflargecarparks.Thefuturehistorybooksmightalsorecordthatweweredeprivedoftheuseofoureyes.Inourhurrytogetfromoneplacetoanotherwefailedtoseeanythingontheway.Airtravelgivesyouabird’seyeviewoftheworld—orevenlessifthewingoftheaircrafthappenstogetinyourway.Whenyoutravelbycarortrainablurredimageofthecountrysideconstantlysmearsthewindows.Cardriversinparticularareforeverobsessedwiththeurgetogoonandon:theyneverwanttostop.IsitthelureofthegreatmotorwaysorwhatAndasforseatravelithardlydeservesmention.Itisperfectlysummedupinthewordsoftheoldsong:IjoinedthenavytoseetheworldandwhatdidIseeIsawthesea.ThetypicaltwentiethcenturytraveleristhemanwhoalwayssaysI’vebeenthere.YoumentiontheremotestmostevocativeplacenamesintheworldlikeE1DoradoKabulIrkutskandsomeoneisboundtosayI’vebeenthere—meaningIdrovethroughitat100milesanhouronthewaytosomewhereelse.Whenyoutravelathighspeedthepresentmeansnothing:youlivemainlyinthefuturebecauseyouspendmostofyourtimelookingforwardtoarrivingatsomeotherplace.Butactualarrivalwhenitisachievedismeaningless.Youwanttomoveonagain.Bytravelinglikethisyoususpendallexperience;thepresentceasestobeareality:youmightjustaswellbedead.Thetraveleronfootontheotherhandlivesconstantlyinthepresent.Forhimtravelingandarrivingareoneandthesamething:hearrivessomewherewitheverystephemakes.Heexperiencesthepresentmomentwithhiseyeshisearsandthewholeofhisbody.Attheendofhisjourneyhefeelsadeliciousphysicalweariness.Heknowsthatsound.Satisfyingsleepwillbehis:thejustrewardofalltruetravelers.Whydoestheauthorsaywearedeprivedoftheuseofoureyes
Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.是否在黄浦江上再建一座大桥委员们意见不一
Behindourhouseisthestartofafascinatingtrail小径.Thistrailisoneoftheoldroadsthatwindthroughuntoldmilesofforest.My36BeansandIwalkthetrailfrequently.NormallyBeanssniffsalongsidethetrailtofollowthesmellofadeertrackorexploresomecauseknownonlytohim. Beansisawhitedogquitehandsomeandverysmart.Henotonlyunderstandswhatwetellhimbutalsooftenmakessoundsasifheweretryingto37back. Onemorningwetookadifferentroutewhichledustoanunfamiliartrail.Iwassurethistrailwouldeventuallyleadustoourfamiliar38.Butno.Weseemedtobefaroffcourse.AftertwohoursIsuddenlyrealizedthatBeansprobably39thewayhome.SoIurged"Beanstakemehome."Herandownanewtrail.Butitmerelyledtoanintersection岔道口oftrails. Soonitbecame40thatweweregettingnowhere.Ibegantopicturetherestofthedayinthe41withoutfoodordrink.Wehadwalkedabouttenmiles.ButBeansseemedtotally42Thesniffingandexploringwasgoingwellforhim. Finallywe43acrossroadnearahighway.LadyLucksuggestedIshouldturnleft.Wedidand44reachedacottagebesideafield.Iknockedonthedoorandexplainedmysituationtoanoldman.Helaughedandthendroveushome. SinceouradventureI45thatBeansprobablyknewallalonghowtogethome. Hewasjusthavingtoomuchfanexploringnewtrails. 42
Behindourhouseisthestartofafascinatingtrail小径.Thistrailisoneoftheoldroadsthatwindthroughuntoldmilesofforest.My36BeansandIwalkthetrailfrequently.NormallyBeanssniffsalongsidethetrailtofollowthesmellofadeertrackorexploresomecauseknownonlytohim. Beansisawhitedogquitehandsomeandverysmart.Henotonlyunderstandswhatwetellhimbutalsooftenmakessoundsasifheweretryingto37back. Onemorningwetookadifferentroutewhichledustoanunfamiliartrail.Iwassurethistrailwouldeventuallyleadustoourfamiliar38.Butno.Weseemedtobefaroffcourse.AftertwohoursIsuddenlyrealizedthatBeansprobably39thewayhome.SoIurged"Beanstakemehome."Herandownanewtrail.Butitmerelyledtoanintersection岔道口oftrails. Soonitbecame40thatweweregettingnowhere.Ibegantopicturetherestofthedayinthe41withoutfoodordrink.Wehadwalkedabouttenmiles.ButBeansseemedtotally42Thesniffingandexploringwasgoingwellforhim. Finallywe43acrossroadnearahighway.LadyLucksuggestedIshouldturnleft.Wedidand44reachedacottagebesideafield.Iknockedonthedoorandexplainedmysituationtoanoldman.Helaughedandthendroveushome. SinceouradventureI45thatBeansprobablyknewallalonghowtogethome. Hewasjusthavingtoomuchfanexploringnewtrails. 38
Wearingaseatbeltsaveslivesitreducesyourchanceofdeathorseriousinjurybymorethanhalf．
HainanIslandis______largestislandofChina.
—Youwants______sandwich—YesIusuallyeatalotwhenI'mhungry.
申请认定教师资格应当提交教师资格认定申请表和下列证明和材料______和户籍所在地的街道办事处乡人民政府或者工作单位所毕业学校对其思想品德有无犯罪记录等方面情况的鉴定及材料证明
MadameCurie's______encouragedmanywomentostudyscienceandmanyofthem______.
Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.我们相信农民的生活会越来越好
WhenIlivedinSpainsomeSpanishfriendsofminedecidedtovisitEnglandbycar.Beforetheylefttheyaskedmeforadviceabouthowtofindaccommodation.IsuggestedthattheyshouldstayatbedandbreakfasthousesbecausethiskindofaccommodationgivesaforeignvisitoragoodchancetospeakEnglishwiththefamily.Myfriendslistenedtomyadvicebuttheycamebackwithsomefunnystories.Wedidn’tstayatbedandbreakfasthousestheysaidbecausewefoundthatmostfamilieswereawayonholiday.Ithoughtthiswasstrange.FinallyIunderstoodwhathadhappened.MyfriendsspokelittleEnglishandtheythoughtVACANCIESmeantholidaysbecausetheSpanishwordforholidayisvacation.SotheydidnotgotohousewherethesignoutsidesaidVACANCIESwhichinEnglishmeanstherearefreerooms.ThenmyfriendswenttohousewherethesignsaidNOVACANCIESbecausetheythoughtthismeantthepeoplewhoownedthehousewerenotawayonholiday.Buttheyfoundthatthesehouseswereallfull.Asaresulttheystayedathotels!Welaughedaboutthisandaboutmistakesmyfriendsmadeinreadingothersigns.InSpanishthewordDIVERSIONmeansfun.InEnglishitmeansthatworkmenarerepairingtheroadandthatyoumusttakeadifferentroad.WhenmyfriendssawthewordDIVERSIONonaroadsigntheythoughttheyweregoingtohavefun.Insteadtheroadisblockedbyacrowd.Englishpeoplehaveproblemstoowhentheylearnforeignlanguages.OnceinPariswhensomeoneofferedmesomemorecoffeeIsaidThankyouinFrench.ImeantthatIwouldlikesomemore.Howevertomysurprisethecoffeepotwastakenaway!LaterIfoundoutthatThankyouinFrenchmeansNothankyou.IwassurprisedwhenthecoffeepotwastakenawaybecauseI______.
Peoplehavealwaysbeenaboutexactlyhowlifeonearthbegan.
Behindourhouseisthestartofafascinatingtrail小径.Thistrailisoneoftheoldroadsthatwindthroughuntoldmilesofforest.My36BeansandIwalkthetrailfrequently.NormallyBeanssniffsalongsidethetrailtofollowthesmellofadeertrackorexploresomecauseknownonlytohim. Beansisawhitedogquitehandsomeandverysmart.Henotonlyunderstandswhatwetellhimbutalsooftenmakessoundsasifheweretryingto37back. Onemorningwetookadifferentroutewhichledustoanunfamiliartrail.Iwassurethistrailwouldeventuallyleadustoourfamiliar38.Butno.Weseemedtobefaroffcourse.AftertwohoursIsuddenlyrealizedthatBeansprobably39thewayhome.SoIurged"Beanstakemehome."Herandownanewtrail.Butitmerelyledtoanintersection岔道口oftrails. Soonitbecame40thatweweregettingnowhere.Ibegantopicturetherestofthedayinthe41withoutfoodordrink.Wehadwalkedabouttenmiles.ButBeansseemedtotally42Thesniffingandexploringwasgoingwellforhim. Finallywe43acrossroadnearahighway.LadyLucksuggestedIshouldturnleft.Wedidand44reachedacottagebesideafield.Iknockedonthedoorandexplainedmysituationtoanoldman.Helaughedandthendroveushome. SinceouradventureI45thatBeansprobablyknewallalonghowtogethome. Hewasjusthavingtoomuchfanexploringnewtrails. 44
Behindourhouseisthestartofafascinatingtrail小径.Thistrailisoneoftheoldroadsthatwindthroughuntoldmilesofforest.My36BeansandIwalkthetrailfrequently.NormallyBeanssniffsalongsidethetrailtofollowthesmellofadeertrackorexploresomecauseknownonlytohim. Beansisawhitedogquitehandsomeandverysmart.Henotonlyunderstandswhatwetellhimbutalsooftenmakessoundsasifheweretryingto37back. Onemorningwetookadifferentroutewhichledustoanunfamiliartrail.Iwassurethistrailwouldeventuallyleadustoourfamiliar38.Butno.Weseemedtobefaroffcourse.AftertwohoursIsuddenlyrealizedthatBeansprobably39thewayhome.SoIurged"Beanstakemehome."Herandownanewtrail.Butitmerelyledtoanintersection岔道口oftrails. Soonitbecame40thatweweregettingnowhere.Ibegantopicturetherestofthedayinthe41withoutfoodordrink.Wehadwalkedabouttenmiles.ButBeansseemedtotally42Thesniffingandexploringwasgoingwellforhim. Finallywe43acrossroadnearahighway.LadyLucksuggestedIshouldturnleft.Wedidand44reachedacottagebesideafield.Iknockedonthedoorandexplainedmysituationtoanoldman.Helaughedandthendroveushome. SinceouradventureI45thatBeansprobablyknewallalonghowtogethome. Hewasjusthavingtoomuchfanexploringnewtrails. 36
WhenIlivedinSpainsomeSpanishfriendsofminedecidedtovisitEnglandbycar.Beforetheylefttheyaskedmeforadviceabouthowtofindaccommodation.IsuggestedthattheyshouldstayatbedandbreakfasthousesbecausethiskindofaccommodationgivesaforeignvisitoragoodchancetospeakEnglishwiththefamily.Myfriendslistenedtomyadvicebuttheycamebackwithsomefunnystories.Wedidn’tstayatbedandbreakfasthousestheysaidbecausewefoundthatmostfamilieswereawayonholiday.Ithoughtthiswasstrange.FinallyIunderstoodwhathadhappened.MyfriendsspokelittleEnglishandtheythoughtVACANCIESmeantholidaysbecausetheSpanishwordforholidayisvacation.SotheydidnotgotohousewherethesignoutsidesaidVACANCIESwhichinEnglishmeanstherearefreerooms.ThenmyfriendswenttohousewherethesignsaidNOVACANCIESbecausetheythoughtthismeantthepeoplewhoownedthehousewerenotawayonholiday.Buttheyfoundthatthesehouseswereallfull.Asaresulttheystayedathotels!Welaughedaboutthisandaboutmistakesmyfriendsmadeinreadingothersigns.InSpanishthewordDIVERSIONmeansfun.InEnglishitmeansthatworkmenarerepairingtheroadandthatyoumusttakeadifferentroad.WhenmyfriendssawthewordDIVERSIONonaroadsigntheythoughttheyweregoingtohavefun.Insteadtheroadisblockedbyacrowd.Englishpeoplehaveproblemstoowhentheylearnforeignlanguages.OnceinPariswhensomeoneofferedmesomemorecoffeeIsaidThankyouinFrench.ImeantthatIwouldlikesomemore.Howevertomysurprisethecoffeepotwastakenaway!LaterIfoundoutthatThankyouinFrenchmeansNothankyou.IfyouseearoadsignthatsaysDiversionyouwill______.
态度的结构包括______
I'mnotquitesurehowtogetthere.I'dbetter______amap.
请设计一个活动达到以下目的1．学习使用形容词描述天气2．练习willbe句式
WhenIlivedinSpainsomeSpanishfriendsofminedecidedtovisitEnglandbycar.Beforetheylefttheyaskedmeforadviceabouthowtofindaccommodation.IsuggestedthattheyshouldstayatbedandbreakfasthousesbecausethiskindofaccommodationgivesaforeignvisitoragoodchancetospeakEnglishwiththefamily.Myfriendslistenedtomyadvicebuttheycamebackwithsomefunnystories.Wedidn’tstayatbedandbreakfasthousestheysaidbecausewefoundthatmostfamilieswereawayonholiday.Ithoughtthiswasstrange.FinallyIunderstoodwhathadhappened.MyfriendsspokelittleEnglishandtheythoughtVACANCIESmeantholidaysbecausetheSpanishwordforholidayisvacation.SotheydidnotgotohousewherethesignoutsidesaidVACANCIESwhichinEnglishmeanstherearefreerooms.ThenmyfriendswenttohousewherethesignsaidNOVACANCIESbecausetheythoughtthismeantthepeoplewhoownedthehousewerenotawayonholiday.Buttheyfoundthatthesehouseswereallfull.Asaresulttheystayedathotels!Welaughedaboutthisandaboutmistakesmyfriendsmadeinreadingothersigns.InSpanishthewordDIVERSIONmeansfun.InEnglishitmeansthatworkmenarerepairingtheroadandthatyoumusttakeadifferentroad.WhenmyfriendssawthewordDIVERSIONonaroadsigntheythoughttheyweregoingtohavefun.Insteadtheroadisblockedbyacrowd.Englishpeoplehaveproblemstoowhentheylearnforeignlanguages.OnceinPariswhensomeoneofferedmesomemorecoffeeIsaidThankyouinFrench.ImeantthatIwouldlikesomemore.Howevertomysurprisethecoffeepotwastakenaway!LaterIfoundoutthatThankyouinFrenchmeansNothankyou.MySpanishfriendswantedadviceabout______.
Theairofcountrysideiscleanerthan______ofcitybutIdon'tliketolive______far.
Behindourhouseisthestartofafascinatingtrail小径.Thistrailisoneoftheoldroadsthatwindthroughuntoldmilesofforest.My36BeansandIwalkthetrailfrequently.NormallyBeanssniffsalongsidethetrailtofollowthesmellofadeertrackorexploresomecauseknownonlytohim. Beansisawhitedogquitehandsomeandverysmart.Henotonlyunderstandswhatwetellhimbutalsooftenmakessoundsasifheweretryingto37back. Onemorningwetookadifferentroutewhichledustoanunfamiliartrail.Iwassurethistrailwouldeventuallyleadustoourfamiliar38.Butno.Weseemedtobefaroffcourse.AftertwohoursIsuddenlyrealizedthatBeansprobably39thewayhome.SoIurged"Beanstakemehome."Herandownanewtrail.Butitmerelyledtoanintersection岔道口oftrails. Soonitbecame40thatweweregettingnowhere.Ibegantopicturetherestofthedayinthe41withoutfoodordrink.Wehadwalkedabouttenmiles.ButBeansseemedtotally42Thesniffingandexploringwasgoingwellforhim. Finallywe43acrossroadnearahighway.LadyLucksuggestedIshouldturnleft.Wedidand44reachedacottagebesideafield.Iknockedonthedoorandexplainedmysituationtoanoldman.Helaughedandthendroveushome. SinceouradventureI45thatBeansprobablyknewallalonghowtogethome. Hewasjusthavingtoomuchfanexploringnewtrails. 40
Directions:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.我不需要买新车我的那辆旧车还很好
______thecostthehatdoesn'tsuitme.
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowthatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely.Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefuturework.ShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanywaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployerShouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentersofproductionandworkTheindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedom.Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseofthelandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes.Laterastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyroadpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylive.Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpreindustrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamiliestohiswife.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes.Itwasnotonlywomenwhoseworkstatussuffered.Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcluded—aproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives.Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheidealistgoalcrea-tingjobsforalltotheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs.Whatdoestheworddauntinginthethirdparagraphmean
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowthatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely.Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefuturework.ShouldwecontinuetotreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanywaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployerShouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentersofproductionandworkTheindustrialagehasbeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmayhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadauntingthought.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnotmeanteconomicfreedom.Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thand18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseofthelandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes.Laterastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyroadpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylive.Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpreindustrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamiliestohiswife.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes.Itwasnotonlywomenwhoseworkstatussuffered.Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcluded—aproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives.Allthismaynowhavetochange.Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheidealistgoalcrea-tingjobsforalltotheurgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTmentionedasafactorcontributingtothespreadofemployment
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