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体内CO2分压最高的部位是（）
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体内CO2分压最高的部位是
组织液
细胞内液
毛细血管血液
静脉血液
动脉血液
体内CO2分压最高的部位是
毛细血管血液
动脉m液
静脉血液
组织液
细胞内液
体内CO2分压最高的部位是
静脉血液
毛细血管血液
动脉血液
组织液
细胞外液
体内CO2分压最高的部位是
组织液
细胞内液
毛细血管血液
动脉血液
体内CO2分压最高的部位是
静脉血液
毛细血管血液
动脉血液
组织液
体内CO2分压最高的部位是
组织液
细胞内液
毛细血管血液
静脉血液(8/2011)
体内CO2分压最高的部位是
静脉血液；
细胞内液；
组织液；
毛细血管血液
体内CO2分压最高的部位是
组织液
细胞内液
毛细血管血液
动脉血液
体内CO2分压最高的是
静脉血液
毛细血管血液
组织液
细胞内液
体内CO2分压最高的部位是
静脉血液
毛细血管血液
动脉血液
组织液
细胞内液
体内CO2分压最高处通常在
组织毛细血管内血液
静脉血液
细胞内液
动脉血液
肺泡气
体内CO2分压相对最高的部位在
静脉血液
动脉血液
组织液
细胞内液 E. 肺泡内
体内CO2分压最高的部位是
静脉血液
毛细血管血液
动脉血液
组织液
体内CO2分压最高的部位是
静脉血液
毛细血管血液
动脉血液
组织液
细胞内液
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Text2 Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted-thetroubleisnooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetageatleastintheorythisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchforclickonandsayonlinecompaniescanaimbehaviouraladsatthosemostlikelytobuy Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:ShouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouraladsOrshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission InDecember2010America’sFederalTradeCornmissionFTCproposedaddingadonottrackDNToptiontointernetbrowserssothatuserscouldtelladwertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft’sInternetExplorerandApple’sSafaribothofferDNT;Google’sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandDigltalAdwertisingAllianceDAAagreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespongingtoDNTrequests OnMay31stMicrosoftSetofftherow:ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10theversionduetoappearwindows8wouldhaveDNTasadefault Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GetingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptrackingalthoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehaviouraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft’sdefaultsomemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.AtterallithasanadbusinesstoowhichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequeststhoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGooglewhichreliesalmostwhollyondefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8-thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithGoogle’sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynchMicrosoft’schiefprivacyofficerbloggde:webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol.Coulditreallybethatsimple TheindustryLine6Para.3refersto:
Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessionalsocialscientistsfromallfieldsintheworldworkingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport2010thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince2000. Yetthisenormousresourceinnotcontributingenoughtotoday’sglobalchallengesincludingclimatechangesecuritysustainabledevelopmentandhealth41______Humanityhasthenecessaryagro-technologicaltoolstoeradicatehungerfromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoarificialfertilizers.Heretootheproblemsaresocial:theorganizationanddistributionoffoodwealthandprosperity42____Thisisashame—thecommunityshouldbegraspingtheopportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceintherealworld.ToparaphrasethegreatsocialscientistJosephSchumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnovationwithoutcreativedestruction TodaythesocialsciencesarelargelyfocusedondisciplinaryproblemsandinternalscholarlydebatesratherthanontopicswithexternalimpactAnalysesrevealthatthenumberofpapersincludingthekeywords“environmentalchanged”or“climatechange”haveincreasedrapidlysince200443____ Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissuestheirscopeisoftenlocal:BelgiumisinterestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgiumforexample.Andwhetherthecommunity’sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful Theproblemisnotnecessarilytheamountofavailablefunding44____thisisanadequateamountsolongasitisaimedintherightdirection.Socialscientistswhocomplainaboutalackoffundingshouldnotexpectmoreintoday’seconomicclimate Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFrameworkfundingprogramshavelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocialscientists.Thisyearitwasproposedthatsystembechanged:Horizon2020anewprogramtobeenactedin2014wouldnothavesuchacategoryThishasresultedinprotestsfromsocialscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocialscience;ratherthecompleteopposite45____Thatshouldcreatemorecollaborativeendeavorsandhelptodevelopprojectsaimeddirectlyatsolvingglobalproblems [A]Itcouldbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsocialscientists:onethatisdiscipline-orientedandpublishinginhighlyspecializedjournalsandonethatisproblem-orientedandpublishingelsewheresuchaspolicybriefs [B]Howeverthenumbersarestillsmall:in2010about1600ofthe100000social-sciencespaperspublishedgloballyincludedoneoftheseKeywords [C]theideaistoforcesocialtointegratetheirworkwithothercategoriesincludinghealthanddemographicchangefoodsecuritymarineresearchandthebio-economyclearefficientenergy;andinclusiveinnovativeandsecuresocieties [D]thesolutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunityandwhatitconsiderstobeitsmaingoal.Globalchallengesandsocialinnovationoughttoreceivemuchmoreattentionfromscientistsespeciallytheyoungones[E]Theseissuesallhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior.allrequirebehavioralchangeandsocialinnovationsaswellastechnologicaldevelopment.Stemmingclimatechangeforexampleisasmuchaboutchangingconsumptionpatternsandpromotingtaxacceptanceasitisaboutdevelopingcleanenergy [F]Despitethesefactorsmanysocialscientistsseemreluctanttotacklesuchproblems.AndinEuropesomeareupinarmsoveraproposaltodropaspecificfundingcategoryforsocial-scienceresearchandtointegrateitwithincross-cuttingtopicsofsustainabledevelopment [G]Duringthelate1990snationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofallresearchanddevelopmentfunds-includinggovernmenthighereducationnon-profitandcorporate-variedfromaround4%to25%inmostEuropeannationsitisabout15% 41
Text2 Anoldsayinghasitthathalfofalladvertisingbudgetsarewasted-thetroubleisnooneknowswhichhalf.Intheinternetageatleastintheorythisfractioncanbemuchreduced.Bywatchingwhatpeoplesearchforclickonandsayonlinecompaniescanaimbehaviouraladsatthosemostlikelytobuy Inthepastcoupleofweeksaquarrelhasillustratedthevaluetoadvertisersofsuchfine-grainedinformation:ShouldadvertisersassumethatpeoplearehappytobetrackedandsentbehaviouraladsOrshouldtheyhaveexplicitpermission InDecember2010America’sFederalTradeCornmissionFTCproposedaddingadonottrackDNToptiontointernetbrowserssothatuserscouldtelladwertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.Microsoft’sInternetExplorerandApple’sSafaribothofferDNT;Google’sChromeisduetodosothisyear.InFebruarytheFTCandDigltalAdwertisingAllianceDAAagreedthattheindustrywouldgetcrackingonrespongingtoDNTrequests OnMay31stMicrosoftSetofftherow:ItsaidthatInternetExplorer10theversionduetoappearwindows8wouldhaveDNTasadefault Itisnotyetclearhowadvertiserswillrespond.GetingaDNTsignaldoesnotobligeanyonetostoptrackingalthoughsomecompanieshavepromisedtodoso.UnabletotellwhethersomeonereallyobjectstobehaviouraladsorwhethertheyarestickingwithMicrosoft’sdefaultsomemayignoreaDNTsignalandpressonanyway AlsouncleariswhyMicrosofthasgoneitalone.AtterallithasanadbusinesstoowhichitsayswillcomplywithDNTrequeststhoughitisstillworkingouthow.IfitistryingtoupsetGooglewhichreliesalmostwhollyondefaultwillbecomethenorm.DNTdoesnotseemanobviouslyhugesellingpointforwindows8-thoughthefirmhascomparedsomeofitsotherproductsfavourablywithGoogle’sonthatcountbefore.BrendonLynchMicrosoft’schiefprivacyofficerbloggde:webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol.Coulditreallybethatsimple whichofthefollowingistureaccordingtoParagraph.6
Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessionalsocialscientistsfromallfieldsintheworldworkingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport2010thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince2000. Yetthisenormousresourceinnotcontributingenoughtotoday’sglobalchallengesincludingclimatechangesecuritysustainabledevelopmentandhealth41______Humanityhasthenecessaryagro-technologicaltoolstoeradicatehungerfromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoarificialfertilizers.Heretootheproblemsaresocial:theorganizationanddistributionoffoodwealthandprosperity42____Thisisashame—thecommunityshouldbegraspingtheopportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceintherealworld.ToparaphrasethegreatsocialscientistJosephSchumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnovationwithoutcreativedestruction TodaythesocialsciencesarelargelyfocusedondisciplinaryproblemsandinternalscholarlydebatesratherthanontopicswithexternalimpactAnalysesrevealthatthenumberofpapersincludingthekeywords“environmentalchanged”or“climatechange”haveincreasedrapidlysince200443____ Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissuestheirscopeisoftenlocal:BelgiumisinterestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgiumforexample.Andwhetherthecommunity’sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful Theproblemisnotnecessarilytheamountofavailablefunding44____thisisanadequateamountsolongasitisaimedintherightdirection.Socialscientistswhocomplainaboutalackoffundingshouldnotexpectmoreintoday’seconomicclimate Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFrameworkfundingprogramshavelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocialscientists.Thisyearitwasproposedthatsystembechanged:Horizon2020anewprogramtobeenactedin2014wouldnothavesuchacategoryThishasresultedinprotestsfromsocialscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocialscience;ratherthecompleteopposite45____Thatshouldcreatemorecollaborativeendeavorsandhelptodevelopprojectsaimeddirectlyatsolvingglobalproblems [A]Itcouldbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsocialscientists:onethatisdiscipline-orientedandpublishinginhighlyspecializedjournalsandonethatisproblem-orientedandpublishingelsewheresuchaspolicybriefs [B]Howeverthenumbersarestillsmall:in2010about1600ofthe100000social-sciencespaperspublishedgloballyincludedoneoftheseKeywords [C]theideaistoforcesocialtointegratetheirworkwithothercategoriesincludinghealthanddemographicchangefoodsecuritymarineresearchandthebio-economyclearefficientenergy;andinclusiveinnovativeandsecuresocieties [D]thesolutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunityandwhatitconsiderstobeitsmaingoal.Globalchallengesandsocialinnovationoughttoreceivemuchmoreattentionfromscientistsespeciallytheyoungones[E]Theseissuesallhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior.allrequirebehavioralchangeandsocialinnovationsaswellastechnologicaldevelopment.Stemmingclimatechangeforexampleisasmuchaboutchangingconsumptionpatternsandpromotingtaxacceptanceasitisaboutdevelopingcleanenergy [F]Despitethesefactorsmanysocialscientistsseemreluctanttotacklesuchproblems.AndinEuropesomeareupinarmsoveraproposaltodropaspecificfundingcategoryforsocial-scienceresearchandtointegrateitwithincross-cuttingtopicsofsustainabledevelopment [G]Duringthelate1990snationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofallresearchanddevelopmentfunds-includinggovernmenthighereducationnon-profitandcorporate-variedfromaround4%to25%inmostEuropeannationsitisabout15% 43
西方鼻祖希波克拉底Hippocrates于公元前370多年前就曾提出
Text1 Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPradaMirandaPriestlyplayedbyMerylStreepscoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffectherPriestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentsstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishwoulddescribedinOverdressedEliazabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentoffastfashion.Inthelastdecadeorsoadvancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZaraH&MandUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventorymorefrequentreleaseandmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable-meanttolastonlyawashortwoalthoughtheydon’tadvertisethat–andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheappricesClinearguesthesebrandshavehijackedfashioncyclesshakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace Thevictimsofthisrevolutionofcoursearenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinallits2300-piusstoresaroundtheworlditmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabororderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresourcesandusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals Overdressedisthefashionworld’sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan’sTheOmnivore’sDilemma.Mass-producedclothinglikefastfoodfillsahungerandneedyetisnon-durableandwastefulClineargues.Americansshefindsbuyroughly20billiongarmentsayear–about64itemsperperson–andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveawaythisexcessleadstowaste TowardstheendofOverdressedClineintroducedheridealaBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumontwhosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothes–andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonoteittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan’tbeknockedoff Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment–includingH&MwithitsgreenConsciousCollectionline–Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainabilitybeitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycan’taffordnotto Whatisthesubjectofthetext
Supposeyourclassistoholdacharitysalefoekidsinneedofhelp.Writeyourclassmatesanemailto 1informthemaboutthedetailsandencouragethemtoparticipate. 2Don’tuseyourownnameuse“LiMing”instead.Don’twriteyouraddress.10points
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 9
Text1 Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPradaMirandaPriestlyplayedbyMerylStreepscoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffectherPriestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentsstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishwoulddescribedinOverdressedEliazabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentoffastfashion.Inthelastdecadeorsoadvancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZaraH&MandUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventorymorefrequentreleaseandmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable-meanttolastonlyawashortwoalthoughtheydon’tadvertisethat–andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheappricesClinearguesthesebrandshavehijackedfashioncyclesshakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace Thevictimsofthisrevolutionofcoursearenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinallits2300-piusstoresaroundtheworlditmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabororderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresourcesandusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals Overdressedisthefashionworld’sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan’sTheOmnivore’sDilemma.Mass-producedclothinglikefastfoodfillsahungerandneedyetisnon-durableandwastefulClineargues.Americansshefindsbuyroughly20billiongarmentsayear–about64itemsperperson–andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveawaythisexcessleadstowaste TowardstheendofOverdressedClineintroducedheridealaBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumontwhosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothes–andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonoteittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan’tbeknockedoff Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment–includingH&MwithitsgreenConsciousCollectionline–Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainabilitybeitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycan’taffordnotto ThewordindictmentLine3Para.2isclosestinmeaningto
Text3 Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionableaswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingusfromasteroidstriketopandemicflutoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears-sowhyshouldn’tweTakeabroaderlookatourspecies’placeintheuniverseanditbecomesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortensifnothundredsofthousandsofyearssee100000AD:Livinginthedeepfuture.LookupHomosapiensintheIUCN’sRedListofthreatenedspeciesandyouwillread:ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributedadaptablecurrentlyincreasingandtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline. SowhatdoesourdeepfutureholdAgrowingnumberofresearchersandorganisationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.ForexampletheLongNowFoundationbasedinSanFranciscohascreatedaforumwherethinkersandscientistsareinvitedtoprojecttheimplicationsoftheirideasoververylongtimescales.ItsflagshipprojectisamechanicalclockburieddeepinsideamountaininTexasthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence Thentherearescientistswhoaregivingseriousconsiderationtotheideathatweshouldrecogniseanewgeologicalera:theAnthropocene.Theytooarepullingthecamerarightbackandaskingwhathumanity’simpactwillbeontheplanet-inthecontextofstratigraphictime Perhapsperverselyitmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday’stechnologyanditssocialconsequencesisdazzlinglycomplicatedandit’sperhapsbestlefttoscience-fictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.That’sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArcanewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooftenthepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshapingthehistoryoftheplanetandourspeciestomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobesurethefutureisnotallrosy:whileourspeciesmayflourishagreatmanyindividualsmaynot.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtomitigatemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumansandtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.Thinkingaboutourplaceindeeptimeisagoodwaytofocusonthechallengesthatconfrontustodayandtomakeafutureworthlivingin Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessionalsocialscientistsfromallfieldsintheworldworkingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport2010thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince2000. Yetthisenormousresourceinnotcontributingenoughtotoday’sglobalchallengesincludingclimatechangesecuritysustainabledevelopmentandhealth41______Humanityhasthenecessaryagro-technologicaltoolstoeradicatehungerfromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoarificialfertilizers.Heretootheproblemsaresocial:theorganizationanddistributionoffoodwealthandprosperity42____Thisisashame—thecommunityshouldbegraspingtheopportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceintherealworld.ToparaphrasethegreatsocialscientistJosephSchumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnovationwithoutcreativedestruction TodaythesocialsciencesarelargelyfocusedondisciplinaryproblemsandinternalscholarlydebatesratherthanontopicswithexternalimpactAnalysesrevealthatthenumberofpapersincludingthekeywords“environmentalchanged”or“climatechange”haveincreasedrapidlysince200443____ Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissuestheirscopeisoftenlocal:BelgiumisinterestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgiumforexample.Andwhetherthecommunity’sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful Theproblemisnotnecessarilytheamountofavailablefunding44____thisisanadequateamountsolongasitisaimedintherightdirection.Socialscientistswhocomplainaboutalackoffundingshouldnotexpectmoreintoday’seconomicclimate Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFrameworkfundingprogramshavelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocialscientists.Thisyearitwasproposedthatsystembechanged:Horizon2020anewprogramtobeenactedin2014wouldnothavesuchacategoryThishasresultedinprotestsfromsocialscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocialscience;ratherthecompleteopposite45____Thatshouldcreatemorecollaborativeendeavorsandhelptodevelopprojectsaimeddirectlyatsolvingglobalproblems [A]Itcouldbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsocialscientists:onethatisdiscipline-orientedandpublishinginhighlyspecializedjournalsandonethatisproblem-orientedandpublishingelsewheresuchaspolicybriefs [B]Howeverthenumbersarestillsmall:in2010about1600ofthe100000social-sciencespaperspublishedgloballyincludedoneoftheseKeywords [C]theideaistoforcesocialtointegratetheirworkwithothercategoriesincludinghealthanddemographicchangefoodsecuritymarineresearchandthebio-economyclearefficientenergy;andinclusiveinnovativeandsecuresocieties [D]thesolutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunityandwhatitconsiderstobeitsmaingoal.Globalchallengesandsocialinnovationoughttoreceivemuchmoreattentionfromscientistsespeciallytheyoungones[E]Theseissuesallhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior.allrequirebehavioralchangeandsocialinnovationsaswellastechnologicaldevelopment.Stemmingclimatechangeforexampleisasmuchaboutchangingconsumptionpatternsandpromotingtaxacceptanceasitisaboutdevelopingcleanenergy [F]Despitethesefactorsmanysocialscientistsseemreluctanttotacklesuchproblems.AndinEuropesomeareupinarmsoveraproposaltodropaspecificfundingcategoryforsocial-scienceresearchandtointegrateitwithincross-cuttingtopicsofsustainabledevelopment [G]Duringthelate1990snationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofallresearchanddevelopmentfunds-includinggovernmenthighereducationnon-profitandcorporate-variedfromaround4%to25%inmostEuropeannationsitisabout15% 45
Text3 Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionableaswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingusfromasteroidstriketopandemicflutoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears-sowhyshouldn’tweTakeabroaderlookatourspecies’placeintheuniverseanditbecomesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortensifnothundredsofthousandsofyearssee100000AD:Livinginthedeepfuture.LookupHomosapiensintheIUCN’sRedListofthreatenedspeciesandyouwillread:ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributedadaptablecurrentlyincreasingandtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline. SowhatdoesourdeepfutureholdAgrowingnumberofresearchersandorganisationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.ForexampletheLongNowFoundationbasedinSanFranciscohascreatedaforumwherethinkersandscientistsareinvitedtoprojecttheimplicationsoftheirideasoververylongtimescales.ItsflagshipprojectisamechanicalclockburieddeepinsideamountaininTexasthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence Thentherearescientistswhoaregivingseriousconsiderationtotheideathatweshouldrecogniseanewgeologicalera:theAnthropocene.Theytooarepullingthecamerarightbackandaskingwhathumanity’simpactwillbeontheplanet-inthecontextofstratigraphictime Perhapsperverselyitmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday’stechnologyanditssocialconsequencesisdazzlinglycomplicatedandit’sperhapsbestlefttoscience-fictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.That’sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArcanewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooftenthepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshapingthehistoryoftheplanetandourspeciestomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobesurethefutureisnotallrosy:whileourspeciesmayflourishagreatmanyindividualsmaynot.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtomitigatemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumansandtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.Thinkingaboutourplaceindeeptimeisagoodwaytofocusonthechallengesthatconfrontustodayandtomakeafutureworthlivingin WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph5
Text4 OnafivetothreevotetheSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday-amodestpolicyvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitutionthedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates InArizonav.UnitedStatesthemajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourcontestedprovisionsofArizona’scontroversialplantohavestateandlocalpoliceenforcefederalimmigrationlaw.TheConstitutionalprinciplesthatWashingtonalonehasthepowertoestablishauniformRuleofNaturalizationandthatfederallawsprecedestatelawsarenoncontroversial.Arizonahadattemptedtofashionstatepoliciesthatranparalleltotheexistingfederalones JusticeAnthonyKennedyjoinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourt’sliberalsruledthatthestateflewtooclosetothefederalsun.OntheoverturnedprovisionsthemajorityheldthecongresshaddeliberatelyoccupiedthefieldandArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederal’sprivilegedpowers HowevertheJusticessaidthatArizonapolicewouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhocomeincontactwithlawenforcement.That’sbecauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimmigrationenforcementandexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooperatewithfederalcolleagues TwoofthethreeobjectingJustice-SamuelAlitoandClarenceThomas-agreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesconflictedwiththefederalstatute.TheonlymajorobjectioncamefromJusticeAntoninScaliawhoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoingbacktothealienandSeditionActs The8-0objectiontoPresidentObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionasashockingassertionassertionoffederalexecutivepower.TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona’slawsconflictedwithitsenforcementprioritiesevenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.IneffecttheWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith Somepowersdobelongexclusivelytothefederalgovernmentandcontrolofcitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtopreventstatesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatusitcould.Itneverdidso.Theadministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidn’twanttocarryoutCongress’simmigrationwishesnostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyrejectedthisremarkableclaim OnwhichofthefollowingdidtheJusticesagreeaccordingtoParagraph4
Itisspeculatedthatgardensarisefromabasicneedintheindividualswhomadethem:theneedforcreativeexpression.Thereisnodoubtthatgardensevidenceanimpossibleurgetocreateexpressfashionandbeautifyandthatself-expressionisabasichumanurge;46Yetwhenonelooksatthephotographsofthegardencreatedbythehomelessitstrikesonethatforalltheirdiversityofstylesthesegardensspeakosvariousotherfundamentalurgesbeyondthatofdecorationandcreativeexpression OneoftheseurgeshadtodowithcreatingastateofpeaceinthemidstofturbulenceastillpointoftheturningworldtoborrowaphrasefromT.S.Eliot.47Asacredplaceofpeacehowevercrudeitmaybeisadistinctlyhumanneedasopposedtoshelterwhichisadistinctlyanimalneed.Thisdistinctionissomuchsothatwherethelatterislackingasitisfortheseunlikelygardensthefoemerbecomesallthemoreurgent.Composureisastateofmindmadepossiblebythestructuringofone’srelationtoone’senvironment.48Thegardensofthehomelesswhichareineffecthomelessgardensintroducefromintoanurbanenvironmentwhereiteitherdidn’texistorwasnotdiscernibleassuchInsodoingtheygivecomposuretoasegmentoftheinarticulateenvironmentinwhichtheytaketheirstand Anotherurgeorneedthatthesegardensappeartorespondtoortoarisefromissointrinsicthatwearebarelyeverconsciousofitsabidingclaimsonus.Whenwearedeprivedofgreenofplantsoftrees49mostofusgiveintoademoralizationofspiritwhichweusuallyblameonsomepsychologicalconditionsuntilonedaywefindourselvesingardenandfeeltheexpressionvanishasifbymagicInmostofthehomelessgardensofNewYorkCitytheactualcultivationofplantsisunfeasibleyetevensothecompositionsoftenseemtorepresentattemptstocallarrangementofmaterialsaninstitutionofcolorssmallpoolofwaterandafrequentpresenceofpetalsorleavesaswellasofstuffedanimals.Ondisplayherearevariousfantasyelementswhosereferenceatsomebasiclevelseemstobethenaturalworld.50Itisthisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturethatfullyjustifiestheuseofwordgardenthoughinaliberatedsensetodescribethesesyntheticconstructions.Inthemwecanseebiophilia-ayearningforcontactwithnonhumanlife－assuminguncannyrepresentationalforms mostofusgiveintoademoralizationofspiritwhichweusuallyblameonsomepsychologicalconditionsuntilonedaywefindourselvesingardenandfeeltheexpressionvanishasifbymagic
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 11
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 15
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 13
现代医学模式为
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 3
Text4 OnafivetothreevotetheSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday-amodestpolicyvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitutionthedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates InArizonav.UnitedStatesthemajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourcontestedprovisionsofArizona’scontroversialplantohavestateandlocalpoliceenforcefederalimmigrationlaw.TheConstitutionalprinciplesthatWashingtonalonehasthepowertoestablishauniformRuleofNaturalizationandthatfederallawsprecedestatelawsarenoncontroversial.Arizonahadattemptedtofashionstatepoliciesthatranparalleltotheexistingfederalones JusticeAnthonyKennedyjoinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourt’sliberalsruledthatthestateflewtooclosetothefederalsun.OntheoverturnedprovisionsthemajorityheldthecongresshaddeliberatelyoccupiedthefieldandArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederal’sprivilegedpowers HowevertheJusticessaidthatArizonapolicewouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhocomeincontactwithlawenforcement.That’sbecauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimmigrationenforcementandexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooperatewithfederalcolleagues TwoofthethreeobjectingJustice-SamuelAlitoandClarenceThomas-agreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesconflictedwiththefederalstatute.TheonlymajorobjectioncamefromJusticeAntoninScaliawhoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoingbacktothealienandSeditionActs The8-0objectiontoPresidentObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionasashockingassertionassertionoffederalexecutivepower.TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona’slawsconflictedwithitsenforcementprioritiesevenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.IneffecttheWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith Somepowersdobelongexclusivelytothefederalgovernmentandcontrolofcitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtopreventstatesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatusitcould.Itneverdidso.Theadministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidn’twanttocarryoutCongress’simmigrationwishesnostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyrejectedthisremarkableclaim TheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofenforcement
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 17
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 1
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 19
Text1 Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPradaMirandaPriestlyplayedbyMerylStreepscoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffectherPriestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentsstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment Thistop-downconceptionofthefashionbusinesscouldn’tbemoreoutofdateoratoddswiththefeverishwoulddescribedinOverdressedEliazabethCline’sthree-yearindictmentoffastfashion.Inthelastdecadeorsoadvancesintechnologyhaveallowedmass-marketlabelssuchasZaraH&MandUniqlotoreacttotrendsmorequicklyandanticipatedemandmoreprecisely.Quickerturnaroundsmeanlesswastedinventorymorefrequentreleaseandmoreprofit.Theselabelsencouragestyle-consciousconsumerstoseeclothesasdisposable-meanttolastonlyawashortwoalthoughtheydon’tadvertisethat–andtorenewtheirwardrobeeveryfewweeks.Byofferingon-trenditemsatdirt-cheappricesClinearguesthesebrandshavehijackedfashioncyclesshakinganindustrylongaccustomedtoaseasonalpace Thevictimsofthisrevolutionofcoursearenotlimitedtodesigners.ForH&Mtooffera$5.95knitminiskirtinallits2300-piusstoresaroundtheworlditmustrelyonlow-wageoverseaslabororderinvolumesthatstrainnaturalresourcesandusemassiveamountsofharmfulchemicals Overdressedisthefashionworld’sanswertoconsumer-activistbestsellerslikeMichaelPollan’sTheOmnivore’sDilemma.Mass-producedclothinglikefastfoodfillsahungerandneedyetisnon-durableandwastefulClineargues.Americansshefindsbuyroughly20billiongarmentsayear–about64itemsperperson–andnomatterhowmuchtheygiveawaythisexcessleadstowaste TowardstheendofOverdressedClineintroducedheridealaBrooklynwomannamedSarahKateBeaumontwhosince2008hasmadeallofherownclothes–andbeautifully.ButasClineisthefirsttonoteittookBeaumontdecadestoperfecthercraft;herexamplecan’tbeknockedoff Thoughseveralfast-fashioncompanieshavemadeeffortstocurbtheirimpactonlaborandtheenvironment–includingH&MwithitsgreenConsciousCollectionline–Clinebelieveslastingchangecanonlybeeffectedbythecustomer.Sheexhibitstheidealismcommontomanyadvocatesofsustainabilitybeitinfoodorinenergy.Vanityisaconstant;peoplewillonlystartshoppingmoresustainablywhentheycan’taffordnotto Priestlycriticizesherassistantforher
Itisspeculatedthatgardensarisefromabasicneedintheindividualswhomadethem:theneedforcreativeexpression.Thereisnodoubtthatgardensevidenceanimpossibleurgetocreateexpressfashionandbeautifyandthatself-expressionisabasichumanurge;46Yetwhenonelooksatthephotographsofthegardencreatedbythehomelessitstrikesonethatforalltheirdiversityofstylesthesegardensspeakosvariousotherfundamentalurgesbeyondthatofdecorationandcreativeexpression OneoftheseurgeshadtodowithcreatingastateofpeaceinthemidstofturbulenceastillpointoftheturningworldtoborrowaphrasefromT.S.Eliot.47Asacredplaceofpeacehowevercrudeitmaybeisadistinctlyhumanneedasopposedtoshelterwhichisadistinctlyanimalneed.Thisdistinctionissomuchsothatwherethelatterislackingasitisfortheseunlikelygardensthefoemerbecomesallthemoreurgent.Composureisastateofmindmadepossiblebythestructuringofone’srelationtoone’senvironment.48Thegardensofthehomelesswhichareineffecthomelessgardensintroducefromintoanurbanenvironmentwhereiteitherdidn’texistorwasnotdiscernibleassuchInsodoingtheygivecomposuretoasegmentoftheinarticulateenvironmentinwhichtheytaketheirstand Anotherurgeorneedthatthesegardensappeartorespondtoortoarisefromissointrinsicthatwearebarelyeverconsciousofitsabidingclaimsonus.Whenwearedeprivedofgreenofplantsoftrees49mostofusgiveintoademoralizationofspiritwhichweusuallyblameonsomepsychologicalconditionsuntilonedaywefindourselvesingardenandfeeltheexpressionvanishasifbymagicInmostofthehomelessgardensofNewYorkCitytheactualcultivationofplantsisunfeasibleyetevensothecompositionsoftenseemtorepresentattemptstocallarrangementofmaterialsaninstitutionofcolorssmallpoolofwaterandafrequentpresenceofpetalsorleavesaswellasofstuffedanimals.Ondisplayherearevariousfantasyelementswhosereferenceatsomebasiclevelseemstobethenaturalworld.50Itisthisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturethatfullyjustifiestheuseofwordgardenthoughinaliberatedsensetodescribethesesyntheticconstructions.Inthemwecanseebiophilia-ayearningforcontactwithnonhumanlife－assuminguncannyrepresentationalforms Asacredplaceofpeacehowevercrudeitmaybeisadistinctlyhumanneedasopposedtoshelterwhichisadistinctlyanimalneed.
环境污染物可通过下列哪种化学作用的方式在环境中进行分布转化和迁移
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 7
Directions: Writeane-mailofabout100wordstoaforeignteacherinyourcollegeinvitinghim/hertobeajudgefortheupcomingEnglishspeechcontest.Youshouldincludethedetailsyouthinknecessary.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthee-mailUse"LiMing"instead Donotwritetheaddress10points
Text3 Nowutopiahasgrownunfashionableaswehavegainedadeeperappreciationoftherangeofthreatsfacingusfromasteroidstriketopandemicflutoclimatechange.Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto Butsuchgloominessismisplaced.Thefossilrecordshowsthatmanyspecieshaveenduredformillionsofyears-sowhyshouldn’tweTakeabroaderlookatourspecies’placeintheuniverseanditbecomesclearthatwehaveanexcellentchanceofsurvivingfortensifnothundredsofthousandsofyearssee100000AD:Livinginthedeepfuture.LookupHomosapiensintheIUCN’sRedListofthreatenedspeciesandyouwillread:ListedasLeastConcernasthespeciesisverywidelydistributedadaptablecurrentlyincreasingandtherearenomajorthreatsresultinginanoverallpopulationdecline. SowhatdoesourdeepfutureholdAgrowingnumberofresearchersandorganisationsarenowthinkingseriouslyaboutthatquestion.ForexampletheLongNowFoundationbasedinSanFranciscohascreatedaforumwherethinkersandscientistsareinvitedtoprojecttheimplicationsoftheirideasoververylongtimescales.ItsflagshipprojectisamechanicalclockburieddeepinsideamountaininTexasthatisdesignedtostillbemarkingtimethousandsofyearshence Thentherearescientistswhoaregivingseriousconsiderationtotheideathatweshouldrecogniseanewgeologicalera:theAnthropocene.Theytooarepullingthecamerarightbackandaskingwhathumanity’simpactwillbeontheplanet-inthecontextofstratigraphictime Perhapsperverselyitmaybeeasiertothinkaboutsuchlengthytimescalesthanaboutthemoreimmediatefuture.Thepotentialevolutionoftoday’stechnologyanditssocialconsequencesisdazzlinglycomplicatedandit’sperhapsbestlefttoscience-fictionwritersandfuturologiststoexplorethemanypossibilitieswecanenvisage.That’sonereasonwhywehavelaunchedArcanewpublicationdedicatedtothenearfuture Buttakealongerviewandthereisasurprisingamountthatwecansaywithconsiderableassurance.Assooftenthepastholdsthekeytothefuture:wehavenowidentifiedenoughofthelong-termpatternsshapingthehistoryoftheplanetandourspeciestomakeevidence-basedforecastsaboutthesituationsinwhichourdescendantswillfindthemselves Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobesurethefutureisnotallrosy:whileourspeciesmayflourishagreatmanyindividualsmaynot.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtomitigatemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumansandtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.Thinkingaboutourplaceindeeptimeisagoodwaytofocusonthechallengesthatconfrontustodayandtomakeafutureworthlivingin Ourvisionofthefutureusedtobeinspiredby
Peopleareonthewholepooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamlesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4hetheorisedthatajudge5ofapperaringtoosoft6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytoforcedcommunityserviceonthatdayTo8thisideaheturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheorythe9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesamedaybutDr.Simonsohosuspectedthetruthwas11Hestudiedtheresultsof9323MBAinterviews12by31admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant’sscoreontheGranduateManagentAdimssionTestorGMATastandardizedexamwhichis16outof800pointstomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorherDr.Simonsohofoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17thatthenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmallbutto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatecouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20 5
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