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restrictionenzyme；ribozyme
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具有生物催化剂特征的核酶ribozyme其化学本质是
蛋白质
RNA
DNA
酶
ribozyme
T.Cech和S.AItman荣获1989年诺贝尔化学奖是因为发现
Enzyme
Ribozyme
Abzyme
Deoxyzyme
Ribozyme
核糖核酸质酶ribozyme
年ThomasR.Cech等人发现四膜虫细胞的26SrRNA前体具有自我剪接功能将这种具有催化活性的
Ribozyme核酶
核酶ribozyme
已发现一些RNA前体分子具有催化活性可以准确地自我剪接被称为核糖酶 ribozyme或称核酶
核酶Ribozyme
下列关于ribozyme的叙述正确的是
即核酸酶
本质是蛋白质
本质是核糖核酸
其辅酶是辅酶A(26/2007)
请描述Ribozyme的发现以及意义核酶的分类什么是脱氧核酶
下列关于ribozyme的叙述正确的是
本质是蛋白质
即核酸酶
本质RNA
其辅酶是辅酶A
何谓核酶ribozyme
发现核酶ribozyme的学者是
Jacob＆Monod
Wilmut＆Pauling
Watson＆Crick
Cech＆Altman
R酶核酸质酶ribozyme
Ribozyme的化学本质是
蛋白质
RNA
DNA
糖
下列关于ribozyme的叙述正确的是
即核酸酶
本质是蛋白质
本质是核糖核酸
其辅酶是辅酶A
ribozyme核酶
下列关于ribozyme的叙述正确的是
即核酸酶
本质是蛋白质
本质是核糖核酸
其辅酶是辅酶A
none
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In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect"theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.? Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.An8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers’behavior10itself.? Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere11toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic{13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting. Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationofwhathappened.15lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Directions:ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthefirstA-GandfillthemintothenumberedboxestofromacoherenttextParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdosenotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer’sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout:theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearastherecessionisloominglargepeoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternation.? [B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope’slargestmarketsareatastandstillleavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commercewithlimitedsuccessandexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebigprofitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktradewhichappearstobethekindofmarketretailersneed.? [C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwordsitisuptothebuyerratherthanthesellertodecidewhattobuy.Atanyratethischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumersregardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.? [D]AllinallthisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorankinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atlastthatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationmarketsespeciallyintheircustomersegmentandwholesalestructuresaswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.? [E]Despitevariationsindetailwholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined--FranceGermanyItalyandSpain--aremadeoutofsamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmorn-and-popgrocerystoreswhichunlikelargeretailchainsaretoosmalltobuystraightfromproducersandfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventuresbutmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas"horeca":hotelsrestaurantsandcafes.OverallEurope’sretailwholesalemarketbutthefigureswhenaddedtogethermaskstwoopposingtrends.? [F]Forexamplewholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFranceGermanyItalySpainandtheUnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreoveraverageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsiderate.? [G]HowevernoneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailersandevensomelargefoodproducersandexistingwholesalersfromtryingtheirhandforthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains. 41.______→42.______→43.______→44.______→E→45.______ 42
In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect"theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.? Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.An8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers’behavior10itself.? Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere11toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic{13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting. Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationofwhathappened.15lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenestheyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrulesmoanedthebankshaveforcedthemtoreportenormouslossesandit’sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpaynotthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch. Unfortunatelybanks’lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowablebuttheindependenceofstandard-settersessentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarketsisbeingcompromised.Andunlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyersrevivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult. ??AfterabruisingencounterwithCongressAmerica’sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoardFASBrushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerztheFASB’schairmancriedoutagainstthosewho"questionourmotives".Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbyinggrouppolitelycalls"theuseofjudgmentbymanagement". EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoardIASBdolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanningbutthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevyaEuropeancommissionerwarnedtheIASBthatitdid"notliveinapoliticalvacuum"but"intherealword"andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules. Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanetwithaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelossesbecausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarketsnotthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank’ssharestradebelowtheirbookvaluesuggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglossesyetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains. Togetthesystemworkingagainlossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America’snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythatcleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensionsforexampleagainsthostilityfromspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions. Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto
In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect"theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.? Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.An8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers’behavior10itself.? Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere11toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic{13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting. Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationofwhathappened.15lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Overthepastdecadethousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazon.cornreceivedoneforits"one-click"onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox. Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatentswhichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilskiasthecaseisknownis"averybigdeal"saysDernnisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchoolofLaw.It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents".? Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledStateStreetBankcaseapprovingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilingsinitiallybyemergingInternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepintstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Latermoreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfilesifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.SimilarlysomeWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproductsevenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice. TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudgesratherthanatypicalpanelofthreeandthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould"reconsider"itsStateStreetBankruling. TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupremeCountthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastAprilforexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor"inventions"thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalCircuitare"reactiontotheanti-patenttrendatthesupremecourt"saysHaroldC.WegnerapatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool. Thewordabout-faceLine1Para.3mostprobablymeans
In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect"theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.? Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.An8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers’behavior10itself.? Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere11toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic{13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting. Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationofwhathappened.15lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
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In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect"theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.? Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.An8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers’behavior10itself.? Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere11toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic{13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting. Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationofwhathappened.15lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
试阐述心理旋转和心理扫描的典型实验你认为它们对心理学的贡献主要表现在哪里
Overthepastdecadethousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazon.cornreceivedoneforits"one-click"onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox. Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatentswhichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilskiasthecaseisknownis"averybigdeal"saysDernnisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchoolofLaw.It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents".? Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledStateStreetBankcaseapprovingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilingsinitiallybyemergingInternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepintstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Latermoreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfilesifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.SimilarlysomeWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproductsevenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice. TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudgesratherthanatypicalpanelofthreeandthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould"reconsider"itsStateStreetBankruling. TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupremeCountthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastAprilforexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor"inventions"thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalCircuitare"reactiontotheanti-patenttrendatthesupremecourt"saysHaroldC.WegnerapatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?
Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2. Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneeconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityandifitsstabilitydependsonitsintensitytheyareentitledtocontinuance. Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedandifwehappentoloveitweinvertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofcenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.46Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffecttheinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.Theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid. Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet47butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicrightregardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous. Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.48Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweakorthattheypreyonlyon"worthlessspecies". Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomic-mindedforesterstheygrowtooslowlyorhavetoolowasalevaletopayastimbercrops.49InEuropewhereforestryisecologicallymoreadvancedthenoncommercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunitytobepreservedassuchwithinreason. Tosumupasystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.50Ittendstoignoreandthuseventuallytoeliminatemanyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvaluebutthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Itassumesfalselylthinkthattheeconomicpartsofthebioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheuneconomicparts.Ittendstorelegatetogovernmentmanyfunctionseventuallytoolargetoocomplexortoowidelydispersedtobeperformedbygovernment. Ittendstoignoreandthuseventuallytoeliminatemanyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvaluebutthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning
InhisbookTheTippingPointMalcolmGladwellarguesthat"socialepidemics"aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividualsoftencalledinfluentialswhoareunusuallyinformedpersuasiveorwellconnected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling--wethinkweseeithappeningallthetime--butitdoesn’texplainhowideasactuallyspread. Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe"two-stepflowofcommunication":Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentialsthoseselectpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooksbrandsorneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcasesacursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearingpromotingordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends. Intheirrecentworkhoweversomeresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infacttheydon’tseemtoberequiredatall. Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluencewiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey--whoseoutsidepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedianotinterpersonalinfluence--eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon’tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswhoaccordingtothetwo-step-flowtheoryaresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccurhowevereachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintanceswhomustinturninfluencetheirsandsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistantforexamplethecascadeofchangewon’tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople. Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluencetheresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced. Theauthorsuggeststhatthetwo-step-flowtheory
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould? 1.describethedrawingbriefly 2.explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3.giveyourcomments. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-centuryperhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.? Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies. WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWar2atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothePublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdaysitwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.TheirswasaseriousbusinessandeventhosereviewswhoworetheirlearninglightlylikeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewmancouldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacallingandwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress."Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism"Newmanwrote"thatIamtemptedtodefine’journalism’as’atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare’." Unfortunatelythesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCarduswhowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.DuringhislifetimethoughhewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccriticsandastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography1947becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprintandhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.? IsthereanychancethatCardus’scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.JournalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeathandpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreovertheamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.? WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?
Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenestheyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrulesmoanedthebankshaveforcedthemtoreportenormouslossesandit’sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpaynotthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch. Unfortunatelybanks’lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowablebuttheindependenceofstandard-settersessentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarketsisbeingcompromised.Andunlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyersrevivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult. ??AfterabruisingencounterwithCongressAmerica’sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoardFASBrushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerztheFASB’schairmancriedoutagainstthosewho"questionourmotives".Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbyinggrouppolitelycalls"theuseofjudgmentbymanagement". EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoardIASBdolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanningbutthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevyaEuropeancommissionerwarnedtheIASBthatitdid"notliveinapoliticalvacuum"but"intherealword"andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules. Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanetwithaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelossesbecausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarketsnotthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank’ssharestradebelowtheirbookvaluesuggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglossesyetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains. Togetthesystemworkingagainlossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America’snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythatcleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensionsforexampleagainsthostilityfromspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof
Overthepastdecadethousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazon.cornreceivedoneforits"one-click"onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox. Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatentswhichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilskiasthecaseisknownis"averybigdeal"saysDernnisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchoolofLaw.It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents".? Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledStateStreetBankcaseapprovingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilingsinitiallybyemergingInternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepintstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Latermoreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfilesifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.SimilarlysomeWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproductsevenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice. TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudgesratherthanatypicalpanelofthreeandthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould"reconsider"itsStateStreetBankruling. TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupremeCountthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastAprilforexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor"inventions"thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalCircuitare"reactiontotheanti-patenttrendatthesupremecourt"saysHaroldC.WegnerapatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool. Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof
InhisbookTheTippingPointMalcolmGladwellarguesthat"socialepidemics"aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividualsoftencalledinfluentialswhoareunusuallyinformedpersuasiveorwellconnected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling--wethinkweseeithappeningallthetime--butitdoesn’texplainhowideasactuallyspread. Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe"two-stepflowofcommunication":Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentialsthoseselectpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooksbrandsorneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcasesacursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearingpromotingordevelopingwhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends. Intheirrecentworkhoweversomeresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infacttheydon’tseemtoberequiredatall. Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluencewiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey--whoseoutsidepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedianotinterpersonalinfluence--eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon’tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswhoaccordingtothetwo-step-flowtheoryaresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccurhowevereachpersonsoaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintanceswhomustinturninfluencetheirsandsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistantforexamplethecascadeofchangewon’tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople. Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluencetheresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced. Theunderlinedphrasethesepeopleinparagraph4referstotheoneswho
OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-centuryperhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.? Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies. WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWar2atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothePublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdaysitwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.TheirswasaseriousbusinessandeventhosereviewswhoworetheirlearninglightlylikeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewmancouldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacallingandwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress."Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism"Newmanwrote"thatIamtemptedtodefine’journalism’as’atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare’." Unfortunatelythesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCarduswhowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.DuringhislifetimethoughhewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccriticsandastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography1947becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprintandhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.? IsthereanychancethatCardus’scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.JournalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeathandpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreovertheamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.? NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWar2werecharacterizedby
Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2. Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneeconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityandifitsstabilitydependsonitsintensitytheyareentitledtocontinuance. Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedandifwehappentoloveitweinvertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofcenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.46Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffecttheinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.Theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid. Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet47butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicrightregardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous. Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.48Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweakorthattheypreyonlyon"worthlessspecies". Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomic-mindedforesterstheygrowtooslowlyorhavetoolowasalevaletopayastimbercrops.49InEuropewhereforestryisecologicallymoreadvancedthenoncommercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunitytobepreservedassuchwithinreason. Tosumupasystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.50Ittendstoignoreandthuseventuallytoeliminatemanyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvaluebutthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Itassumesfalselylthinkthattheeconomicpartsofthebioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheuneconomicparts.Ittendstorelegatetogovernmentmanyfunctionseventuallytoolargetoocomplexortoowidelydispersedtobeperformedbygovernment. Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweakorthattheypreyonlyonworthlessspecies.
In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect"theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.? Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.An8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers’behavior10itself.? Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere11toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic{13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting. Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationofwhathappened.15lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Directions:ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthefirstA-GandfillthemintothenumberedboxestofromacoherenttextParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdosenotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer’sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout:theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearastherecessionisloominglargepeoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternation.? [B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope’slargestmarketsareatastandstillleavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commercewithlimitedsuccessandexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebigprofitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktradewhichappearstobethekindofmarketretailersneed.? [C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwordsitisuptothebuyerratherthanthesellertodecidewhattobuy.Atanyratethischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumersregardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwilltakehold.? [D]AllinallthisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorankinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atlastthatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportantdifferencesamongthebiggestnationmarketsespeciallyintheircustomersegmentandwholesalestructuresaswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwholesalinginwhichparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.? [E]Despitevariationsindetailwholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined--FranceGermanyItalyandSpain--aremadeoutofsamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmorn-and-popgrocerystoreswhichunlikelargeretailchainsaretoosmalltobuystraightfromproducersandfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventuresbutmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas"horeca":hotelsrestaurantsandcafes.OverallEurope’sretailwholesalemarketbutthefigureswhenaddedtogethermaskstwoopposingtrends.? [F]Forexamplewholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFranceGermanyItalySpainandtheUnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreoveraverageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsiderate.? [G]HowevernoneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailersandevensomelargefoodproducersandexistingwholesalersfromtryingtheirhandforthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains. 41.______→42.______→43.______→44.______→E→45.______ 44
请问不同年级的数学成绩进行比较是否可行为什么
Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenestheyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrulesmoanedthebankshaveforcedthemtoreportenormouslossesandit’sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpaynotthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch. Unfortunatelybanks’lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowablebuttheindependenceofstandard-settersessentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarketsisbeingcompromised.Andunlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyersrevivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult. ??AfterabruisingencounterwithCongressAmerica’sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoardFASBrushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerztheFASB’schairmancriedoutagainstthosewho"questionourmotives".Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbyinggrouppolitelycalls"theuseofjudgmentbymanagement". EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoardIASBdolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanningbutthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevyaEuropeancommissionerwarnedtheIASBthatitdid"notliveinapoliticalvacuum"but"intherealword"andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules. Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanetwithaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelossesbecausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarketsnotthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank’ssharestradebelowtheirbookvaluesuggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglossesyetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains. Togetthesystemworkingagainlossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America’snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythatcleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensionsforexampleagainsthostilityfromspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions. AccordingtoParagraph4McCreevyobjectstotheIASB’sattemptto
In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect"theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.? Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.An8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers’behavior10itself.? Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere11toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic{13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting. Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationofwhathappened.15lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect"theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.? Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.An8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers’behavior10itself.? Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere11toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic{13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting. Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationofwhathappened.15lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect"theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.? Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.An8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers’behavior10itself.? Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere11toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic{13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting. Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationofwhathappened.15lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
In1924AmericanNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workersproductivity.Insteadthestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect"theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3ofbeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.? Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheplant.Accordingto5oftheexperimentstheirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreasedbutalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschangedproductivityrose.An8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers’behavior10itself.? Afterseveraldecadesthesamedatawere11toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecordnosystematic{13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting. Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationofwhathappened.15lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMondayoutput16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondayworkers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycasebefore20aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2. Onebasicweaknessinaconservationsystembasedwhollyoneeconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandcommunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yetthesecreaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityandifitsstabilitydependsonitsintensitytheyareentitledtocontinuance. Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedandifwehappentoloveitweinvertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofcenturysongbirdsweresupposedtobedisappearing.46Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffecttheinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.Theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid. Itispainfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet47butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinueasamatterofintrinsicrightregardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous. Aparallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymammalsandfish-eatingbirds.48Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweakorthattheypreyonlyon"worthlessspecies". Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomic-mindedforesterstheygrowtooslowlyorhavetoolowasalevaletopayastimbercrops.49InEuropewhereforestryisecologicallymoreadvancedthenoncommercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunitytobepreservedassuchwithinreason. Tosumupasystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.50Ittendstoignoreandthuseventuallytoeliminatemanyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvaluebutthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Itassumesfalselylthinkthattheeconomicpartsofthebioticclockwillfunctionwithouttheuneconomicparts.Ittendstorelegatetogovernmentmanyfunctionseventuallytoolargetoocomplexortoowidelydispersedtobeperformedbygovernment. Scientistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffecttheinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem.Theevidencehadtobeeconomicinordertobevalid.
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