首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
Generally speaking, a British is widely regarded as a quiet, shy and conservative person who is (...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《相同项单选集》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
______parentslovetheirchildren.
General speaking
Speaking general
Generally speaking
Speaking generally
热门试题
更多
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 11处填
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics.Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem.Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself.Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples.Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being.
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics.Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem.Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself.Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples.Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being.
Dogsareconstantlylearningfromthereactionofhumanownerspickingupfacialcuesandanticipatingtheirowner’sbehavioranewresearchsuggests.ThefindingspublishedonlineinthejournalLearningandBehaviorshowthatdogsessentiallyarealwaysintrainingandhelpexplainhowmanyownersunknowinglyteachandrewardtheirdog’sbadbehavior. ResearchconductedattheUniversityofFloridafocusedontheroleofeyecontactandfacialcuesininfluencingcaninebehavior.Earlierstudieshavesuggestedthatdogsseemtoknowwhentheyarebeingwatchedandevenwaittoperformforbiddenbehaviorlikedigginginthegardenwhentheyknowtheirownersaren’tlooking.Inthisstudyresearchersstudiedhowhumancuestriggeredbeggingbehavioramong35petdogs18shelterdogsand8wolvesraisedincaptivity.Firsttheanimalsweretaughtthatthehumanstrangershelpingwiththeexperimentwerereliablesourcesoftastytreats.ThetestersstoodclosetogetherandcalledtotheanimalandbothofferedrewardsofSpamcubesorBeggin’Stripstreats. Afterfourrewardstheexperimentbegan.Twotestersstoodagainstafenceorwallabout20feetapartandwithfoodintheirpockets.Thedogwasheldabout20feetawayequidistantfrombothtesters.Inoneconditiononetesterfacedthedogwhiletheotherturnedherback.Inanotheratesterheldabooknearherfacewhiletheothertesterheldthebookinfrontofherfaceasifshewerereading.Inathirdconditiononetesterheldabucketneartheshoulderwhiletheotherputthebucketoverherheadblockinghereyes. Thenbothtesterscalledouttothedogs.Alltheanimals—petdogsshelterdogsandwolves—ignoredthepersonwhosebackwasturnedandsoughtfoodfromthepersonwhowaslookingatthem."Thequestionwasaredogsandwolvesresponsivetoahuman’sattentionalstate"saidMoniqueUdellanassistantprofessorofpsychologyatFlaglerCollegeFla.Butwhenthetestersheldbooksitwasonlythedomesticdogswhoavoidedthepersonwhoappearedtobereadingthebook."Inahousewherethey’reusedtopeoplereadingbookstheyaresensitivetothosetypesofcues"saidDr.Udell.Interestinglyinthebucketexperimenttheanimalsforthemostpartwereequallylikelytoseekfoodfromthepersonwiththebucketoverherheadasthepersonholdingthebucket. Theexperimentshowsthatdogsaretunedintowhetherhumansarepayingattention."Dogsdon’thavetoreadourminds.Dogsreadourbehavior"saidDr.Udell.Petownersoftengetfrustratedwithbaddogbehaviorwithoutrealizingthattheythemselveshavereinforcediteitherbygivingthedogatreatwhentheybegskippingabathwhentheyprotestorlettingthemsleeponthebedorcouch. Thebesttitleforthetextis
[A]Variousdefinitionsandinterpretationsofhappiness.[B]Oneepisodeofenjoyinghappiness.[C]Somemisconceptionsabouthappiness.[D]Wheretoseekhappiness[E]Happinessisequivalenttotheabilitytorejoice.[F]Thecomplexityofhowtodefinehappiness.AreyouhappyIaskedmybrotherIanoneday.Yes.No.Itdependswhatyoumeanhesaid.ThentellmeIsaidwhenwasthelasttimeyouthinkyouwerehappyApril1967hesaid.Itservedmerightforputtingaseriousquestiontosomeonewhohasjokedhiswaythroughlife.ButIan’sanswerremindedmethatwhenwethinkabouthappinessweusuallythinkofsomethingextraordinaryapinnacleofsheerdelight--andthosepinnaclesseemtogetrarertheolderweget.41.__________.Forachildhappinesshasamagicalquality.Iremembermakinghide-outsinnewlycuthayplayingcopsandrobbersinthewoodsgettingaspeakingpartintheschoolplay.Ofcoursekidsalsoexperiencelowsbuttheirdelightatsuchpeaksofpleasureaswinningaraceorgettinganewbikeisunreserved.Intheteenageyearstheconceptofhappinesschanges.Suddenlyit’sconditionalonsuchthingsasexcitementlovepopularityandwhetherthatzitwillclearupbeforepromnightIcanstillfeeltheagonyofnotbeinginvitedtoapartythatalmosteveryoneelsewasgoingto.ButIalsorecalltheecstasyofbeingpluckedfromobscurityatanothereventtodancewithaJohnTravoltalook-alike.Inadulthoodthethingsthatbringprofoundjoy--birthlovemarriage--alsobringresponsibilityandtheriskofloss.Lovemaynotlastsexisn’talwaysgoodlovedonesdie.Foradultshappinessiscomplicated.42.__________.MydictionarydefineshappyasluckyorfortunatebutIthinkabetterdefinitionofhappinessisthecapacityforenjoyment.Themorewecanenjoywhatwehavethehappierweare.It’seasytooverlookthepleasurewegetfromlovingandbeinglovedthecompanyoffriendsthefreedomtolivewherewepleaseevengoodhealth.Iaddedupmylittlemomentsofpleasureyesterday.FirsttherewassheerblisswhenIshutthelastlunchboxandhadthehousetomyself.ThenIspentanuninterruptedmorningwritingwhichIlove.WhenthekidscamehomeIenjoyedtheirnoiseafterthequietoftheday.LaterpeacedescendedagainandmyhusbandandIenjoyedanotherpleasure-intimacy.Sometimesjusttheknowledgethathewantsmecanbringmejoy.43.__________.Youneverknowwherehappinesswillturnupnext.WhenIaskedfriendswhatmakesthemhappysomementionedseeminglyinsignificantmoments.Ihateshoppingonefriendsaid.Butthere’sthisclerkwhoalwayschatsandreallycheersmeup.Anotherfriendlovesthetelephone.EverytimeitringsIknowsomeoneisthinkingaboutme.44.__________.Igetathrillfromdriving.OnedayIstoppedtoletaschoolbusturnontoasideroad.Thedrivergrinnedandgavemeathumbs-upsign.Weweretwoalliesinaworldofmadmotorists.Itmademesmile.Weallexperiencemomentslikethese.Toofewofusregisterthenashappiness.45.__________.Psychologiststellusthattobehappyweneedablendofenjoyableleisuretimeandsatisfyingwork.Idoubtthatmygreat-grandmotherwhoraised14childrenandtookinwashinghadmuchofeither.Shedidhaveanet-workofclosefriendsandfamilyandmaybethisiswhatfulfilledher.Ifshewashappywithwhatshehad’perhapsitwasbecauseshedidn’texpectlifetobeverydifferent.Weontheotherhandwithsomanychoicesandsuchpressuretosucceedineveryareahaveturnedhappinessintoonemorethingwegottahave.We’resoself-consciousaboutourrighttoitthatit’smakingusmiserable.Sowechaseitandequateitwithwealthandsuccesswithoutnoticingthatthepeoplewhohavethosethingsaren’tnecessarilyhappier.Whilehappinessmaybemorecomplexforusthesolutionisthesameasever.Happinessisn’taboutwhathappenstous--it’sabouthowweperceivewhathappenstous.It’stheknackoffindingapositiveforeverynegativeandviewingasetbackasachallenge.It’snotwishingforwhatwedon’thavebutenjoyingwhatwedopossess.
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 5处填
Directions. Arecruitmentdrivefor100000OlympicvolunteerswhichaimstohelptheChineseandforeignersgetinvolvedinthe2008GameswasofficiallylaunchedinBeijinglastmonth.Youintendtoapplyforcertainpositionsandnowwritealettertherecruitmentofficeshowingyourmotivationandstatingyoureligibilityfortherequirements. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
Dogsareconstantlylearningfromthereactionofhumanownerspickingupfacialcuesandanticipatingtheirowner’sbehavioranewresearchsuggests.ThefindingspublishedonlineinthejournalLearningandBehaviorshowthatdogsessentiallyarealwaysintrainingandhelpexplainhowmanyownersunknowinglyteachandrewardtheirdog’sbadbehavior. ResearchconductedattheUniversityofFloridafocusedontheroleofeyecontactandfacialcuesininfluencingcaninebehavior.Earlierstudieshavesuggestedthatdogsseemtoknowwhentheyarebeingwatchedandevenwaittoperformforbiddenbehaviorlikedigginginthegardenwhentheyknowtheirownersaren’tlooking.Inthisstudyresearchersstudiedhowhumancuestriggeredbeggingbehavioramong35petdogs18shelterdogsand8wolvesraisedincaptivity.Firsttheanimalsweretaughtthatthehumanstrangershelpingwiththeexperimentwerereliablesourcesoftastytreats.ThetestersstoodclosetogetherandcalledtotheanimalandbothofferedrewardsofSpamcubesorBeggin’Stripstreats. Afterfourrewardstheexperimentbegan.Twotestersstoodagainstafenceorwallabout20feetapartandwithfoodintheirpockets.Thedogwasheldabout20feetawayequidistantfrombothtesters.Inoneconditiononetesterfacedthedogwhiletheotherturnedherback.Inanotheratesterheldabooknearherfacewhiletheothertesterheldthebookinfrontofherfaceasifshewerereading.Inathirdconditiononetesterheldabucketneartheshoulderwhiletheotherputthebucketoverherheadblockinghereyes. Thenbothtesterscalledouttothedogs.Alltheanimals—petdogsshelterdogsandwolves—ignoredthepersonwhosebackwasturnedandsoughtfoodfromthepersonwhowaslookingatthem."Thequestionwasaredogsandwolvesresponsivetoahuman’sattentionalstate"saidMoniqueUdellanassistantprofessorofpsychologyatFlaglerCollegeFla.Butwhenthetestersheldbooksitwasonlythedomesticdogswhoavoidedthepersonwhoappearedtobereadingthebook."Inahousewherethey’reusedtopeoplereadingbookstheyaresensitivetothosetypesofcues"saidDr.Udell.Interestinglyinthebucketexperimenttheanimalsforthemostpartwereequallylikelytoseekfoodfromthepersonwiththebucketoverherheadasthepersonholdingthebucket. Theexperimentshowsthatdogsaretunedintowhetherhumansarepayingattention."Dogsdon’thavetoreadourminds.Dogsreadourbehavior"saidDr.Udell.Petownersoftengetfrustratedwithbaddogbehaviorwithoutrealizingthattheythemselveshavereinforcediteitherbygivingthedogatreatwhentheybegskippingabathwhentheyprotestorlettingthemsleeponthebedorcouch. Thenewstudyfoundthat
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 15处填
[A]Variousdefinitionsandinterpretationsofhappiness.[B]Oneepisodeofenjoyinghappiness.[C]Somemisconceptionsabouthappiness.[D]Wheretoseekhappiness[E]Happinessisequivalenttotheabilitytorejoice.[F]Thecomplexityofhowtodefinehappiness.AreyouhappyIaskedmybrotherIanoneday.Yes.No.Itdependswhatyoumeanhesaid.ThentellmeIsaidwhenwasthelasttimeyouthinkyouwerehappyApril1967hesaid.Itservedmerightforputtingaseriousquestiontosomeonewhohasjokedhiswaythroughlife.ButIan’sanswerremindedmethatwhenwethinkabouthappinessweusuallythinkofsomethingextraordinaryapinnacleofsheerdelight--andthosepinnaclesseemtogetrarertheolderweget.41.__________.Forachildhappinesshasamagicalquality.Iremembermakinghide-outsinnewlycuthayplayingcopsandrobbersinthewoodsgettingaspeakingpartintheschoolplay.Ofcoursekidsalsoexperiencelowsbuttheirdelightatsuchpeaksofpleasureaswinningaraceorgettinganewbikeisunreserved.Intheteenageyearstheconceptofhappinesschanges.Suddenlyit’sconditionalonsuchthingsasexcitementlovepopularityandwhetherthatzitwillclearupbeforepromnightIcanstillfeeltheagonyofnotbeinginvitedtoapartythatalmosteveryoneelsewasgoingto.ButIalsorecalltheecstasyofbeingpluckedfromobscurityatanothereventtodancewithaJohnTravoltalook-alike.Inadulthoodthethingsthatbringprofoundjoy--birthlovemarriage--alsobringresponsibilityandtheriskofloss.Lovemaynotlastsexisn’talwaysgoodlovedonesdie.Foradultshappinessiscomplicated.42.__________.MydictionarydefineshappyasluckyorfortunatebutIthinkabetterdefinitionofhappinessisthecapacityforenjoyment.Themorewecanenjoywhatwehavethehappierweare.It’seasytooverlookthepleasurewegetfromlovingandbeinglovedthecompanyoffriendsthefreedomtolivewherewepleaseevengoodhealth.Iaddedupmylittlemomentsofpleasureyesterday.FirsttherewassheerblisswhenIshutthelastlunchboxandhadthehousetomyself.ThenIspentanuninterruptedmorningwritingwhichIlove.WhenthekidscamehomeIenjoyedtheirnoiseafterthequietoftheday.LaterpeacedescendedagainandmyhusbandandIenjoyedanotherpleasure-intimacy.Sometimesjusttheknowledgethathewantsmecanbringmejoy.43.__________.Youneverknowwherehappinesswillturnupnext.WhenIaskedfriendswhatmakesthemhappysomementionedseeminglyinsignificantmoments.Ihateshoppingonefriendsaid.Butthere’sthisclerkwhoalwayschatsandreallycheersmeup.Anotherfriendlovesthetelephone.EverytimeitringsIknowsomeoneisthinkingaboutme.44.__________.Igetathrillfromdriving.OnedayIstoppedtoletaschoolbusturnontoasideroad.Thedrivergrinnedandgavemeathumbs-upsign.Weweretwoalliesinaworldofmadmotorists.Itmademesmile.Weallexperiencemomentslikethese.Toofewofusregisterthenashappiness.45.__________.Psychologiststellusthattobehappyweneedablendofenjoyableleisuretimeandsatisfyingwork.Idoubtthatmygreat-grandmotherwhoraised14childrenandtookinwashinghadmuchofeither.Shedidhaveanet-workofclosefriendsandfamilyandmaybethisiswhatfulfilledher.Ifshewashappywithwhatshehad’perhapsitwasbecauseshedidn’texpectlifetobeverydifferent.Weontheotherhandwithsomanychoicesandsuchpressuretosucceedineveryareahaveturnedhappinessintoonemorethingwegottahave.We’resoself-consciousaboutourrighttoitthatit’smakingusmiserable.Sowechaseitandequateitwithwealthandsuccesswithoutnoticingthatthepeoplewhohavethosethingsaren’tnecessarilyhappier.Whilehappinessmaybemorecomplexforusthesolutionisthesameasever.Happinessisn’taboutwhathappenstous--it’sabouthowweperceivewhathappenstous.It’stheknackoffindingapositiveforeverynegativeandviewingasetbackasachallenge.It’snotwishingforwhatwedon’thavebutenjoyingwhatwedopossess.
[A]Variousdefinitionsandinterpretationsofhappiness.[B]Oneepisodeofenjoyinghappiness.[C]Somemisconceptionsabouthappiness.[D]Wheretoseekhappiness[E]Happinessisequivalenttotheabilitytorejoice.[F]Thecomplexityofhowtodefinehappiness.AreyouhappyIaskedmybrotherIanoneday.Yes.No.Itdependswhatyoumeanhesaid.ThentellmeIsaidwhenwasthelasttimeyouthinkyouwerehappyApril1967hesaid.Itservedmerightforputtingaseriousquestiontosomeonewhohasjokedhiswaythroughlife.ButIan’sanswerremindedmethatwhenwethinkabouthappinessweusuallythinkofsomethingextraordinaryapinnacleofsheerdelight--andthosepinnaclesseemtogetrarertheolderweget.41.__________.Forachildhappinesshasamagicalquality.Iremembermakinghide-outsinnewlycuthayplayingcopsandrobbersinthewoodsgettingaspeakingpartintheschoolplay.Ofcoursekidsalsoexperiencelowsbuttheirdelightatsuchpeaksofpleasureaswinningaraceorgettinganewbikeisunreserved.Intheteenageyearstheconceptofhappinesschanges.Suddenlyit’sconditionalonsuchthingsasexcitementlovepopularityandwhetherthatzitwillclearupbeforepromnightIcanstillfeeltheagonyofnotbeinginvitedtoapartythatalmosteveryoneelsewasgoingto.ButIalsorecalltheecstasyofbeingpluckedfromobscurityatanothereventtodancewithaJohnTravoltalook-alike.Inadulthoodthethingsthatbringprofoundjoy--birthlovemarriage--alsobringresponsibilityandtheriskofloss.Lovemaynotlastsexisn’talwaysgoodlovedonesdie.Foradultshappinessiscomplicated.42.__________.MydictionarydefineshappyasluckyorfortunatebutIthinkabetterdefinitionofhappinessisthecapacityforenjoyment.Themorewecanenjoywhatwehavethehappierweare.It’seasytooverlookthepleasurewegetfromlovingandbeinglovedthecompanyoffriendsthefreedomtolivewherewepleaseevengoodhealth.Iaddedupmylittlemomentsofpleasureyesterday.FirsttherewassheerblisswhenIshutthelastlunchboxandhadthehousetomyself.ThenIspentanuninterruptedmorningwritingwhichIlove.WhenthekidscamehomeIenjoyedtheirnoiseafterthequietoftheday.LaterpeacedescendedagainandmyhusbandandIenjoyedanotherpleasure-intimacy.Sometimesjusttheknowledgethathewantsmecanbringmejoy.43.__________.Youneverknowwherehappinesswillturnupnext.WhenIaskedfriendswhatmakesthemhappysomementionedseeminglyinsignificantmoments.Ihateshoppingonefriendsaid.Butthere’sthisclerkwhoalwayschatsandreallycheersmeup.Anotherfriendlovesthetelephone.EverytimeitringsIknowsomeoneisthinkingaboutme.44.__________.Igetathrillfromdriving.OnedayIstoppedtoletaschoolbusturnontoasideroad.Thedrivergrinnedandgavemeathumbs-upsign.Weweretwoalliesinaworldofmadmotorists.Itmademesmile.Weallexperiencemomentslikethese.Toofewofusregisterthenashappiness.45.__________.Psychologiststellusthattobehappyweneedablendofenjoyableleisuretimeandsatisfyingwork.Idoubtthatmygreat-grandmotherwhoraised14childrenandtookinwashinghadmuchofeither.Shedidhaveanet-workofclosefriendsandfamilyandmaybethisiswhatfulfilledher.Ifshewashappywithwhatshehad’perhapsitwasbecauseshedidn’texpectlifetobeverydifferent.Weontheotherhandwithsomanychoicesandsuchpressuretosucceedineveryareahaveturnedhappinessintoonemorethingwegottahave.We’resoself-consciousaboutourrighttoitthatit’smakingusmiserable.Sowechaseitandequateitwithwealthandsuccesswithoutnoticingthatthepeoplewhohavethosethingsaren’tnecessarilyhappier.Whilehappinessmaybemorecomplexforusthesolutionisthesameasever.Happinessisn’taboutwhathappenstous--it’sabouthowweperceivewhathappenstous.It’stheknackoffindingapositiveforeverynegativeandviewingasetbackasachallenge.It’snotwishingforwhatwedon’thavebutenjoyingwhatwedopossess.
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 7处填
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 19处填
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 3处填
Halfwaythrough"TheRebelSell"theauthorspausetomakefunof"free-range"chicken.Payingovertheoddstoensurethatdinnerwasnotinapreviouslifeconfinedtotinycagesisallwellandgood.But"afree-rangechickenisaboutasplausibleasasun-lovingearthworm":givenachoicechickensprefertocurlupinanicedarkcornerofthebarn.Onlyabout15%of"free-range"chickensactuallyusethespaceavailabletothem. ThisisjustonecaseinwhichJosephHeathwhoteachesphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontoandAndrewPotterajournalistandresearcherbasedinMontrealfindfaultwithwell-meaningbutintheirviewultimatelynaiveconsumerswhohopetodistancethemselvesfromconsumerismbybuyingtheirshoesfromMotherJonesmagazineinsteadofNike.MrHeathandMrPotterarguethat"thecounterculture"inallitsattemptstobesubversivehasdonenothingmorethancreatenewsegmentsofthemarketandthusendsupfeedingtheverymonsterofconsumerismandconformityithopestodestroy.IntheprocesstheycoverMarxFreudtheexperimentsonobedienceofStanleyMilgramthefilms"Pleasantville""TheMatrix"and"AmericanBeauty"15th-centurytablemannersNormanMailertheUnabomberreal-estatepricesincentralTorontomorethanoncethevoluntary-simplicitymovementandtheworld’sfunniestjoke. WhyrangesowidelyTheauthors’beefiswithaverysmallgroup:left-wingactivistswhoeschewsmallerpotentiallyusefulcampaignsinfavorofgrandstatementsaboutthehopelessnessofconsumercultureandthedangersof"sellingout".Insteadofencouragingusefulactivitiessuchaspushingfornewlegislationwould-beleftistsarelefttoparticipateinunstructuredpointlessdemonstrationsagainst"globalization"orbuyfair-tradecoffeeandfree-rangechickenwhichonlysubstitutessnobberyforactivism.TwoauthorsofbooksthatrailedagainstbrandsNaomiKlein"NoLogo"andAlissaQuart"Branded"comeinforspecialderisionfordiagnosingtheproblemsofconsumerismbutrefusingtoofferpracticalsolutions. AnticipatingcriticismperhapsMessrsHeathandPottermakesuretoputforthafewoftheirownsolutionssuchasthe35-hourworkingweekandschooluniformstokeepteenagersfromcompetingwitheachothertowearever-more-expensiveclothes.Increasingconsumptiontheyarguethroughoutisnotimposeduponstupidworkersbyoverbearingcompaniesbutarisesasaresultofacultural"armsrace":eachpersonbuysmoretokeephisstandardoflivinghighrelativetohisneighbors’.Imposingsomerestrictionssuchasashorterworkingweekmightnotstopthearmsracebutitwouldatleastcurbitsmostoffensiveexcesses.Thisassumesonefindsexcessconsumptionoffensive;eventheauthorsdonotseementirelysure. Butonthewaytosuchmodestsuggestionstheauthorswanttocriticiseeveryaspectofthecounterculturefromitsdisdainforhomogenisationfranchisesandbrandstoitspoliticaloffshoots.Asaresultthebookwanders:chaptersonuniformsandonthesearchfor"cool"couldhavebeencut.Moreovertheauthorsmakethemistakeofassumingthattheconsumerstheysympathisewith--theoneswhobuybrandsandliveintracthouses--knowenoughtoseparatethemselvesfromtheirpurchaseswhereasthefree-trade-coffeebuyersswallowthebrandmessageswholeasitwere. Stillitwouldbeashameifthebook’sramblingskeptitfromgettingread.Whenitfocusesonexplaininghowthecounterculturegrewoutofpost-WorldWarⅡcritiquesofmodernsociety"TheRebelSell"isalivelyreadwithenoughhumourtokeepthemoretheoreticalstretchesofitsargumentinteresting.Attheveryleastitputsitsfingeronatrend:therewillbeplentyoffuturecriticsofcapitalismliningupfortheirfree-rangechicken. Thejokeaboutfree-rangechickenisusedinthetextto
Foryearssmokershavebeenexhortedtotaketheinitiativeandquit:useanicotinepatchchewnicotinegumtakeaprescriptionmedicationthatcanhelpcallahelplinejustsayno.Butanewstudyfindsthatstoppingisseldomanindividualdecision.Smokerstendtoquitingroupsthestudyfindswhichmeanssmokingcessationprogramsshouldworkbestiftheyfocusongroupsratherthanindividuals.Italsomeansthatpeoplemayhelpmanymorethanjustthemselvesbyquitting:quittingcanhavearippleeffectpromptinganentiresocialnetworktobreakthehabit. ThestudybyDr.NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchoolandJamesFowleroftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofollowedthousandsofsmokersandnonsmokersfor32yearsfrom1971until2003studyingthemaspartofalargenetworkofrelativesco-workersneighborsfriendsandfriendsoffriends. ItwasatimewhenthepercentageofadultsmokersintheUnitedStatesfellto21percentfrom45percent.Astheinvestigatorswatchedthesmokersandtheirsocialnetworkstheysawwhattheysaidwasastrikingeffect—smokershadformedlittlesocialclustersandastheyearswentbyentireclustersofsmokerswerestoppingenmasse.Sowereclustersofclustersthatwereonlylooselyconnected.Dr.Christakisdescribedwatchingthevanishingclustersaslikelyingonyourbackinafieldlookingupatstarsthatwereburningout."It’snotlikeonelittlestarturningoffatatime"hesaid"Wholeconstellationsareblinkingoffatonce." Asclusterafterclusterofsmokersdisappearedthosethatremainedwerepushedtothemarginsofsocietyisolatedwithfewerfriendsfewersocialconnections."Smokersusedtobethecenteroftheparty"Dr.Fowlersaid"butnowthey’vebecomewallflowers.""We’veknownsmokingwasbadforyourphysicalhealth"hesaid"Butthisshowsitalsoisbadforyoursocialhealth.Smokersarelikelytodrivefriendsaway." "Thereisanessentialpublichealthmessage"saidRichardSuzmandirectoroftheofficeofbehavioralandsocialresearchattheNationalInstituteonAgingwhichfinancedthestudy."Obviouslypeoplehavetotakeresponsibilityfortheirbehavior"Mr.Suzmansaid."Butasocialenvironment"headded"canjustoverpowerfreewill."Withsmokingthatcanbeagoodthingresearchersnoted.Buttherealsoisasadside.AsDr.StevenSehroederoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscopointedoutinaneditorialaccompanyingthepaper"ariskofthemarginalizationofsmokingisthatitfurtherisolatesthegroupofpeoplewiththehighestrateofsmoking—personswithmentalillnessproblemswithsubstanceabuseorboth. Whatcanweconcludefromthelastparagraph
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 15
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity. Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts. TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.The"BasicFour"campaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries. Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.Thenewpyramidcalled"MyPyramid"abandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation. Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized. Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice. Thephrasecavedinlines3-4paragraph2mostprobablymeans
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 9处填
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 13处填
Addictionissuchaharmfulbehaviorinfactthatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:ifit’shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluenceimaginetryingtorunfromasaber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunch.AndyetsaysDr.NoraVolkowdirectorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstandaddiction"theuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningofcivilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingstomakethemfeelgood." That’sbecausedrugsofabuseco-opttheverybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostileworld.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscallsalience—thatisspecialrelevance.Threatsforexamplearehighlysalientwhichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodandsexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabusecapitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugsourmemorysystemsrewardcircuitsdecisionmakingskillsandconditioningkickin—salienceinoverdrive—tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving."Somepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddiction"saysVolkow."Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctionseveryonewillbecomeanaddictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol." Thatcangofornonchemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviorsfromgamblingtoshoppingtosexmaystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbeabehavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow’sresearchgroupforexamplehasshownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibithyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli—includingthemouthlipsandtongue.Forthemactivatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthefloodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturnintoanaddictionthough. Ofcoursenoteveryonebecomesanaddict.That’sbecausewehaveothermoreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluateconsequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowingexactlyhowthathappens.PaulusforexamplelookedatdrugaddictsenrolledinaVAhospital’sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhoweremorelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealsolessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjusttonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobelessadeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-makingtasks.Sureenoughbrainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsofactivationintheprefrontalcortexwhererationalthoughtcanoverrideimpulsivebehavior.It’simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedtheseabilitiesintherelapsersaneffectratherthanacauseofthechemicalabuse—butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthedruguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.TohissurprisePaulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetimehecouldaccuratelypredict:whowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans. Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain’srewardsystempoweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelookingspecificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsandbindtothecompound.Thehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectofthebrainchemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignalyoucanloosenthedrug’shold. AccordingtoDr.NoraVolkowtheuseofdrugs
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 19
Foryearssmokershavebeenexhortedtotaketheinitiativeandquit:useanicotinepatchchewnicotinegumtakeaprescriptionmedicationthatcanhelpcallahelplinejustsayno.Butanewstudyfindsthatstoppingisseldomanindividualdecision.Smokerstendtoquitingroupsthestudyfindswhichmeanssmokingcessationprogramsshouldworkbestiftheyfocusongroupsratherthanindividuals.Italsomeansthatpeoplemayhelpmanymorethanjustthemselvesbyquitting:quittingcanhavearippleeffectpromptinganentiresocialnetworktobreakthehabit. ThestudybyDr.NicholasChristakisofHarvardMedicalSchoolandJamesFowleroftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanDiegofollowedthousandsofsmokersandnonsmokersfor32yearsfrom1971until2003studyingthemaspartofalargenetworkofrelativesco-workersneighborsfriendsandfriendsoffriends. ItwasatimewhenthepercentageofadultsmokersintheUnitedStatesfellto21percentfrom45percent.Astheinvestigatorswatchedthesmokersandtheirsocialnetworkstheysawwhattheysaidwasastrikingeffect—smokershadformedlittlesocialclustersandastheyearswentbyentireclustersofsmokerswerestoppingenmasse.Sowereclustersofclustersthatwereonlylooselyconnected.Dr.Christakisdescribedwatchingthevanishingclustersaslikelyingonyourbackinafieldlookingupatstarsthatwereburningout."It’snotlikeonelittlestarturningoffatatime"hesaid"Wholeconstellationsareblinkingoffatonce." Asclusterafterclusterofsmokersdisappearedthosethatremainedwerepushedtothemarginsofsocietyisolatedwithfewerfriendsfewersocialconnections."Smokersusedtobethecenteroftheparty"Dr.Fowlersaid"butnowthey’vebecomewallflowers.""We’veknownsmokingwasbadforyourphysicalhealth"hesaid"Butthisshowsitalsoisbadforyoursocialhealth.Smokersarelikelytodrivefriendsaway." "Thereisanessentialpublichealthmessage"saidRichardSuzmandirectoroftheofficeofbehavioralandsocialresearchattheNationalInstituteonAgingwhichfinancedthestudy."Obviouslypeoplehavetotakeresponsibilityfortheirbehavior"Mr.Suzmansaid."Butasocialenvironment"headded"canjustoverpowerfreewill."Withsmokingthatcanbeagoodthingresearchersnoted.Buttherealsoisasadside.AsDr.StevenSehroederoftheUniversityofCaliforniaSanFranciscopointedoutinaneditorialaccompanyingthepaper"ariskofthemarginalizationofsmokingisthatitfurtherisolatesthegroupofpeoplewiththehighestrateofsmoking—personswithmentalillnessproblemswithsubstanceabuseorboth. ThewordenmasseLine4Paragraph3mostprobablymeans
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity. Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts. TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.The"BasicFour"campaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries. Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.Thenewpyramidcalled"MyPyramid"abandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation. Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized. Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice. Thebiggestproblemwiththenewpyramidseemstobethat
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 1处填
SowhatisdepressionDepressionisoftenmoreaboutangerturned1thanitisaboutsadness.Butit’susually2assadness.Depressioncan3atallagesfromchildhoodtooldageandit’stheUnitedStates’No.14problem. Whensomeoneisdepressedherbehavior5changeandshelosesinterestinactivitiesshe6enjoyedlikesportsmusicfriendships.Thesadnessusuallylastseverydayformostofthedayandfortwoweeksormore. What7depressionA8eventcancertainlybring9depressionbutsomewillsayithappens10aspecificcause.Sohowdoyouknowifyou’rejusthavingabadday11arereallydepressedDepressionaffectsyour12moodsbehaviorandevenyourphysicalhealth.Thesechangesoftengo13orarelabeled14simplyabadcaseoftheblues. Someonewho’struly15depressionwillhave16periodsofcryingspellsfeelingsof17likenotbeingabletochangeyoursituationand18likeyou’llfeelthiswayforeverirritationoragitation.Adepressedpersonoften19fromothers.Depressionseldomgoesawaybyitselfandthegreatest20ofdepressionissuicide.Theriskofsuicideincreasesifthedepressionisn’ttreated. 17
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 17处填
Halfwaythrough"TheRebelSell"theauthorspausetomakefunof"free-range"chicken.Payingovertheoddstoensurethatdinnerwasnotinapreviouslifeconfinedtotinycagesisallwellandgood.But"afree-rangechickenisaboutasplausibleasasun-lovingearthworm":givenachoicechickensprefertocurlupinanicedarkcornerofthebarn.Onlyabout15%of"free-range"chickensactuallyusethespaceavailabletothem. ThisisjustonecaseinwhichJosephHeathwhoteachesphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontoandAndrewPotterajournalistandresearcherbasedinMontrealfindfaultwithwell-meaningbutintheirviewultimatelynaiveconsumerswhohopetodistancethemselvesfromconsumerismbybuyingtheirshoesfromMotherJonesmagazineinsteadofNike.MrHeathandMrPotterarguethat"thecounterculture"inallitsattemptstobesubversivehasdonenothingmorethancreatenewsegmentsofthemarketandthusendsupfeedingtheverymonsterofconsumerismandconformityithopestodestroy.IntheprocesstheycoverMarxFreudtheexperimentsonobedienceofStanleyMilgramthefilms"Pleasantville""TheMatrix"and"AmericanBeauty"15th-centurytablemannersNormanMailertheUnabomberreal-estatepricesincentralTorontomorethanoncethevoluntary-simplicitymovementandtheworld’sfunniestjoke. WhyrangesowidelyTheauthors’beefiswithaverysmallgroup:left-wingactivistswhoeschewsmallerpotentiallyusefulcampaignsinfavorofgrandstatementsaboutthehopelessnessofconsumercultureandthedangersof"sellingout".Insteadofencouragingusefulactivitiessuchaspushingfornewlegislationwould-beleftistsarelefttoparticipateinunstructuredpointlessdemonstrationsagainst"globalization"orbuyfair-tradecoffeeandfree-rangechickenwhichonlysubstitutessnobberyforactivism.TwoauthorsofbooksthatrailedagainstbrandsNaomiKlein"NoLogo"andAlissaQuart"Branded"comeinforspecialderisionfordiagnosingtheproblemsofconsumerismbutrefusingtoofferpracticalsolutions. AnticipatingcriticismperhapsMessrsHeathandPottermakesuretoputforthafewoftheirownsolutionssuchasthe35-hourworkingweekandschooluniformstokeepteenagersfromcompetingwitheachothertowearever-more-expensiveclothes.Increasingconsumptiontheyarguethroughoutisnotimposeduponstupidworkersbyoverbearingcompaniesbutarisesasaresultofacultural"armsrace":eachpersonbuysmoretokeephisstandardoflivinghighrelativetohisneighbors’.Imposingsomerestrictionssuchasashorterworkingweekmightnotstopthearmsracebutitwouldatleastcurbitsmostoffensiveexcesses.Thisassumesonefindsexcessconsumptionoffensive;eventheauthorsdonotseementirelysure. Butonthewaytosuchmodestsuggestionstheauthorswanttocriticiseeveryaspectofthecounterculturefromitsdisdainforhomogenisationfranchisesandbrandstoitspoliticaloffshoots.Asaresultthebookwanders:chaptersonuniformsandonthesearchfor"cool"couldhavebeencut.Moreovertheauthorsmakethemistakeofassumingthattheconsumerstheysympathisewith--theoneswhobuybrandsandliveintracthouses--knowenoughtoseparatethemselvesfromtheirpurchaseswhereasthefree-trade-coffeebuyersswallowthebrandmessageswholeasitwere. Stillitwouldbeashameifthebook’sramblingskeptitfromgettingread.Whenitfocusesonexplaininghowthecounterculturegrewoutofpost-WorldWarⅡcritiquesofmodernsociety"TheRebelSell"isalivelyreadwithenoughhumourtokeepthemoretheoreticalstretchesofitsargumentinteresting.Attheveryleastitputsitsfingeronatrend:therewillbeplentyoffuturecriticsofcapitalismliningupfortheirfree-rangechicken. Thewordeschewparagraph3isclosestinmeaningto
Dogsareconstantlylearningfromthereactionofhumanownerspickingupfacialcuesandanticipatingtheirowner’sbehavioranewresearchsuggests.ThefindingspublishedonlineinthejournalLearningandBehaviorshowthatdogsessentiallyarealwaysintrainingandhelpexplainhowmanyownersunknowinglyteachandrewardtheirdog’sbadbehavior. ResearchconductedattheUniversityofFloridafocusedontheroleofeyecontactandfacialcuesininfluencingcaninebehavior.Earlierstudieshavesuggestedthatdogsseemtoknowwhentheyarebeingwatchedandevenwaittoperformforbiddenbehaviorlikedigginginthegardenwhentheyknowtheirownersaren’tlooking.Inthisstudyresearchersstudiedhowhumancuestriggeredbeggingbehavioramong35petdogs18shelterdogsand8wolvesraisedincaptivity.Firsttheanimalsweretaughtthatthehumanstrangershelpingwiththeexperimentwerereliablesourcesoftastytreats.ThetestersstoodclosetogetherandcalledtotheanimalandbothofferedrewardsofSpamcubesorBeggin’Stripstreats. Afterfourrewardstheexperimentbegan.Twotestersstoodagainstafenceorwallabout20feetapartandwithfoodintheirpockets.Thedogwasheldabout20feetawayequidistantfrombothtesters.Inoneconditiononetesterfacedthedogwhiletheotherturnedherback.Inanotheratesterheldabooknearherfacewhiletheothertesterheldthebookinfrontofherfaceasifshewerereading.Inathirdconditiononetesterheldabucketneartheshoulderwhiletheotherputthebucketoverherheadblockinghereyes. Thenbothtesterscalledouttothedogs.Alltheanimals—petdogsshelterdogsandwolves—ignoredthepersonwhosebackwasturnedandsoughtfoodfromthepersonwhowaslookingatthem."Thequestionwasaredogsandwolvesresponsivetoahuman’sattentionalstate"saidMoniqueUdellanassistantprofessorofpsychologyatFlaglerCollegeFla.Butwhenthetestersheldbooksitwasonlythedomesticdogswhoavoidedthepersonwhoappearedtobereadingthebook."Inahousewherethey’reusedtopeoplereadingbookstheyaresensitivetothosetypesofcues"saidDr.Udell.Interestinglyinthebucketexperimenttheanimalsforthemostpartwereequallylikelytoseekfoodfromthepersonwiththebucketoverherheadasthepersonholdingthebucket. Theexperimentshowsthatdogsaretunedintowhetherhumansarepayingattention."Dogsdon’thavetoreadourminds.Dogsreadourbehavior"saidDr.Udell.Petownersoftengetfrustratedwithbaddogbehaviorwithoutrealizingthattheythemselveshavereinforcediteitherbygivingthedogatreatwhentheybegskippingabathwhentheyprotestorlettingthemsleeponthebedorcouch. Thepossiblereasonwhymostanimalsturnedtothepersonwiththebucketisthat
Halfwaythrough"TheRebelSell"theauthorspausetomakefunof"free-range"chicken.Payingovertheoddstoensurethatdinnerwasnotinapreviouslifeconfinedtotinycagesisallwellandgood.But"afree-rangechickenisaboutasplausibleasasun-lovingearthworm":givenachoicechickensprefertocurlupinanicedarkcornerofthebarn.Onlyabout15%of"free-range"chickensactuallyusethespaceavailabletothem. ThisisjustonecaseinwhichJosephHeathwhoteachesphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontoandAndrewPotterajournalistandresearcherbasedinMontrealfindfaultwithwell-meaningbutintheirviewultimatelynaiveconsumerswhohopetodistancethemselvesfromconsumerismbybuyingtheirshoesfromMotherJonesmagazineinsteadofNike.MrHeathandMrPotterarguethat"thecounterculture"inallitsattemptstobesubversivehasdonenothingmorethancreatenewsegmentsofthemarketandthusendsupfeedingtheverymonsterofconsumerismandconformityithopestodestroy.IntheprocesstheycoverMarxFreudtheexperimentsonobedienceofStanleyMilgramthefilms"Pleasantville""TheMatrix"and"AmericanBeauty"15th-centurytablemannersNormanMailertheUnabomberreal-estatepricesincentralTorontomorethanoncethevoluntary-simplicitymovementandtheworld’sfunniestjoke. WhyrangesowidelyTheauthors’beefiswithaverysmallgroup:left-wingactivistswhoeschewsmallerpotentiallyusefulcampaignsinfavorofgrandstatementsaboutthehopelessnessofconsumercultureandthedangersof"sellingout".Insteadofencouragingusefulactivitiessuchaspushingfornewlegislationwould-beleftistsarelefttoparticipateinunstructuredpointlessdemonstrationsagainst"globalization"orbuyfair-tradecoffeeandfree-rangechickenwhichonlysubstitutessnobberyforactivism.TwoauthorsofbooksthatrailedagainstbrandsNaomiKlein"NoLogo"andAlissaQuart"Branded"comeinforspecialderisionfordiagnosingtheproblemsofconsumerismbutrefusingtoofferpracticalsolutions. AnticipatingcriticismperhapsMessrsHeathandPottermakesuretoputforthafewoftheirownsolutionssuchasthe35-hourworkingweekandschooluniformstokeepteenagersfromcompetingwitheachothertowearever-more-expensiveclothes.Increasingconsumptiontheyarguethroughoutisnotimposeduponstupidworkersbyoverbearingcompaniesbutarisesasaresultofacultural"armsrace":eachpersonbuysmoretokeephisstandardoflivinghighrelativetohisneighbors’.Imposingsomerestrictionssuchasashorterworkingweekmightnotstopthearmsracebutitwouldatleastcurbitsmostoffensiveexcesses.Thisassumesonefindsexcessconsumptionoffensive;eventheauthorsdonotseementirelysure. Butonthewaytosuchmodestsuggestionstheauthorswanttocriticiseeveryaspectofthecounterculturefromitsdisdainforhomogenisationfranchisesandbrandstoitspoliticaloffshoots.Asaresultthebookwanders:chaptersonuniformsandonthesearchfor"cool"couldhavebeencut.Moreovertheauthorsmakethemistakeofassumingthattheconsumerstheysympathisewith--theoneswhobuybrandsandliveintracthouses--knowenoughtoseparatethemselvesfromtheirpurchaseswhereasthefree-trade-coffeebuyersswallowthebrandmessageswholeasitwere. Stillitwouldbeashameifthebook’sramblingskeptitfromgettingread.Whenitfocusesonexplaininghowthecounterculturegrewoutofpost-WorldWarⅡcritiquesofmodernsociety"TheRebelSell"isalivelyreadwithenoughhumourtokeepthemoretheoreticalstretchesofitsargumentinteresting.Attheveryleastitputsitsfingeronatrend:therewillbeplentyoffuturecriticsofcapitalismliningupfortheirfree-rangechicken. Thepassageisobviouslytakenfroma
热门题库
更多
高考生物
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号